English Alive 4 TG

Nelson Thornes Caribbean English
English Alive!
Teacher’s Guide
for CSEC
Alan Etherton
Thelma Baker
Joyce Jonas
Judith Pereira
Text © Alan Etherton 2004
The right of Alan Etherton to be identified as author of this work has been asserted
by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

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Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may
be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
Published in 2004 by:

Nelson Thornes Ltd
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CHELTENHAM
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978 1 4085 0254 9
Page make-up by Northern Phototypesetting Co. Ltd, Bolton
ii
3
English Alive! for CSEC Teacher’s Guide
Contents
Answers to English Alive! for CSEC
Unit 1 Grandma 4.1

Unit 2 They Have Done Well 4.1
Unit 3 Who Told the Truth? 4.4
Unit 4 The Sting 4.5
Unit 5 Tourism 4.7
Unit 6 Crossing the Line 4.11
Unit 7 Drama 4.13
Unit 8 Gold! 4.15
Unit 9 City of the Future? 4.17
Unit 10 Bajan Entertainment 4.20
Unit 11 O’Hare 4.22
Unit 12 The Penny Post 4.44
Unit 13 Louis Pasteur 4.28
Unit 14 AIDS 4.30
Unit 15 Moving On 4.32
Unit 16 People 4.35
Unit 17 Rebecca 4.37
Unit 18 Letters to the Editor 4.39
Unit 19 In Court 4.41
Unit 20 English in Business (1) 4.42
Unit 21 English in Business (2) 4.45
Unit 22 History 4.47
Unit 23 Reporting the News 4.51
Unit 24 The Persuaders 4.54
Unit 25 Offences 4.56
Unit 26 Applying for a Job 4.58
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English
English Alive!Alive!
Booksfor
1, CSEC
2, 3, 4 Teacher’s Guide : Book 4
Unit 1 Grandma
1.3. Exercise 2. p9
1. B 4. B 7. D 10. A
Understanding p2
2. A 5. D 8. C 11. B
A 1. C 3. D 5. C
3. B 6. C 9. A 12. D
2. B 4. A
B 1. She did not make the most of time at school.

2. She is honest, she wants to offer advice and 1.8.
she did not do her best at school.
Enjoying poetry
3. It means ‘Don’t waste time’.
4. She was trying to warn her not to worry too Questions on ‘Husks’ and ‘Carrion Crows’ p13
much if she lost a boyfriend.
1. Both poets describe two sides or aspects of
5. She was very happy to think that Deena had
crows: their skill and beauty in flight and their
understood her advice and was likely to profit
search for carrion. McNeill describes their skill
from it. The tear was one of happiness.
in the first half of his poem and the search for
carrion in the second part. Seymour does the
1.4. opposite. He starts by describing crows waiting
for a dead animal to eat and then applauds the
Vocabulary: meaning in context p3 beauty of the crows in flight.
English Alive! Teacher’s Guide © Alan Etherton, Nelson Thornes Ltd 2004
1. C 4. A 7. A 10. B 2. I disagree with the view that McNeill’s poem

2. B 5. D 8. B 11. D might not be about crows. I cannot see any
3. D 6. C 9. A 12. A attempt to present a hidden story under the
guise of a description of crows.
3. Lines 9–14 in Seymour’s poem deal with a
1.6. similar quality, i.e. that of the birds in flight.
Answering multiple-choice vocabulary 4. The ‘starved eyes’ are the eyes of hungry crows.
questions They ‘reconnoitre our steppes’ to look for
carrion to feed on.
Exercise 1. p8
5. I agree with that interpretation. Nevertheless
1. C 4. B 7. B 10. B you should encourage students to think about
2. B 5. A 8. D 11. A these lines – they may have ideas that you had
3. D 6. D 9. A 12. C not thought of.
6. D
7. C
Unit 2 They Have Done Well

2.3. 3. We can infer that another Jamaican ‘son of the
soil’ reached a high position overseas not long
Understanding p15 ago.
1. a) One type of Jamaican in Canada is the 4. One society is in the Caribbean country from
person who has settled down and done well. The which an emigrant came; the other society is in
other type has shown anti-social and criminal the country to which the emigrant goes.
behaviour. 5. He can become a citizen of his new country and
b) He wants to give a balanced picture of register as a voter.
Jamaicans overseas and hopes that the success of 6. He says that many overseas Jamaicans hope to
Alvin Curling will prove to be an inspiration to return to Jamaica to settle down eventually and
other Jamaicans living overseas. are worried that if they become citizens of an
2. They are all people from the Caribbean who overseas country they will not be allowed to
have emigrated and done well. return to Jamaica later on. He thinks this
4.1
English
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1, CSEC
reasoning is faulty because Jamaicans are to delete. In line 4 above, delete ‘over’. The draft
allowed to have dual citizenship. summary is now the final summary.)
7. He should provide inspiration for Jamaicans 2. Target: 50 words
living in Canada and other overseas countries, Key words: advice to Jamaicans who live
especially those who have not yet become overseas
citizens of the country to which they have Notes: becm fully integr
emigrated. becm citz
reg as vot
play act part in comm.
2.4.
Vocabulary: meaning in context p16 Draft summary:
A 1. C 4. D 7. A 10. C Jamaicans living overseas should seek to become
2. A 5. C 8. B 11. B fully integrated in their new country. They
3. B 6. A 9. D 12. B should become citizens and register as voters.
B 1. h 4. b 7. e 9. d (Stop and count: 21 words, so we can use another 29
2. j 5. c 8. g 10. f words.)
3. a 6. i In this way they can play an active part in the
community, while retaining Jamaican citizenship
and the ability to settle here later. (44 words, so
2.5. the draft summary becomes the final summary.)
Paragraphing (review) Exercise 3
Exercise 1. p18 1. Deena had a big lunch at my restaurant in Food

Street and enjoyed it. Soon after leaving the
1. Para 1: yes, it has a topic sentence. restaurant, she had a pain in her stomach, so she
Para 2: there is only one sentence. sought medical help.
Paras 3–7: yes, they have topic sentences. 2. Deena visited the Casualty Department of my
2. Paragraphs 5 and 6 could be joined. (Other hospital early one afternoon. After waiting two
paragraphs could also be joined.) hours and still in pain, she left and went to see
her family doctor.
3. The answers depend on which passages are
chosen. 3. Deena came to me at 3.30 p.m. on Wednesday
with suspected food poisoning. I prescribed
medicine for her and was told that she recovered
2.6. later in the day.
Writing: making a summary 4. I had a sharp pain in my stomach after having
lunch at a restaurant. I went to Chopemup
Exercise 2 p19 Hospital but hadn’t seen a doctor two hours
1. Target: 50 words later, so I went to see Dr Chan. (Stop and count:
Key words: information in 2.2 about Alvin 34 words, so we can use another 20 words only.)
Curling He gave me some medicine. I took some at the
Notes: Sp Ont Legis clinic and feel better already. (49 words)
from Ja l970s
legis 18+ yrs – Lib Party
former Minister 2.7.
Writing: punctuating dialogue
Draft summary:
Exercise 4 p21
Alvin Curling was born in Jamaica but emigrated
to Canada in the 1970s. As a member of the 1. On her way to class, Nancy saw a girl who said,
Liberal Party, he represented voters in the “Look at Nancy. She is getting smaller. She looks
Ontario Legislature for over 18 years and was a almost like a baby.”
former Minister. (Stop and count: 36 words, so we 2. In the class, the teacher said, “Has anyone
can use another 14 words only.) checked on Nancy?” The students laughed.
In 2004, he was honoured by being elected as “I am here, Miss Morris,” Nancy answered. “I
the Speaker of the Ontario Legislature. (One word am right behind you.” But Nancy was so small
too many, so we must find a word or short expression the teacher could not see her.
4.2
4.2
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“Well, Miss, I cannot see you too well.” 2.9.

The teacher told Nancy, “You will have to go
home until you are big again.” Grammar: asking questions
3. “Wake up! Wake up!” Nancy’s mother said to Exercise 8 p24
her.
1. Does 5. Do 9. Does 13. Does
Nancy opened her eyes. “Oh!” she said. “I was
having a horrible dream. I dreamt that I was 2. Does 6. Do 10. Do 14. Do
getting smaller.” 3. Do 7. Does 11. Do
Her mother laughed. “Well, you’re not,” she
4. Does 8. Does 12. Does
said. “Now it’s time for you to get dressed and
washed.” Exercise 9
Exercise 5 p22 1. does 5. does, does 9. does 13. do
1. As soon as Deena entered the room, we all 2. does 6. does 10. do 14. do
began to sing, “Happy birthday! Happy birthday, 3. does 7. does 11. does 15. do
dear Deena!” 4. does 8. do 12. do
She was very surprised but very happy. “Thank
you very much,” she said.
2. Deena showed us a lovely gold bracelet. 2.10.
“Where did you get that?” Nataya asked her. Enjoying poetry
Deena said, “My mother gave me it. She bought
it in Trinidad several months ago.” The tone of the poem is gentle and mocking.
“It’s beautiful,” Natalie said. “You are very
Questions on ‘Roman Holiday’ p26

lucky.”
1. I doubt whether a man would regard a funeral as
3. “I’m going to have a party on Saturday,” Deena ‘lovely’ (line 1). In line 24, the expression ‘it can
told me. “I hope you can come.” put one out so’ is more likely to come from a
“Thank you very much,” I replied. “What time woman than a man. In lines 27 and 28, we have:
will it be?”
But it really was a lovely funeral,
“It will start at 5 p.m.,” Deena said, “and finish
at about 10 p.m.” And I don’t know when I’ve cried so much,
“Thanks very much,” I said. “I’ll be there.” And that reminds me, my dear …
All three lines strongly suggest that the narrator
is a woman.
2.8. 2. The first two lines are mildly amusing and
Grammar: suggest that the whole poem is not meant to be
the Simple Present tense (active) serious.
3. The narrator is referring to the coronation of a
Exercise 6 p23 member of the British royal family. Perhaps the
1. works 5. knows 9. leads speaker compares a funeral to a coronation
2. appears 6. expect 10. rains because there were many people at the church as
well as a complete service and a choir.
3. seem 7. looks
4. Perhaps most of the people were mourning a
4. speaks 8. tries
dead person. Perhaps they were overcome by the
Exercise 7 p24 atmosphere of the funeral service. Perhaps most
1. looks 5. looks 9. looks
of the mourners were women.
2. looks 6. looks 10. looks

5. The woman was so overcome that she could
hardly speak. The narrator uses ‘poor’ to show
3. looks 7. look
that she felt sorry to see how overcome the
4. look 8. looks woman was.
4.3
4.3
English
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6. The expression means ‘upset’. The poet used be amused by the woman and the society she
this expression because it is the type of lives in – but tolerant. He mocks but he does not
expression which some women use and suggests bite.
that the narrator was not particularly upset by 8. I think he set out to make gentle fun of people
somebody’s death but was somewhat annoyed who treat a funeral as an outing or a social
when she discovered that she had gone to the occasion and go to one even if they did not know
wrong funeral. the dead person well or at all. I think he is
7. We cannot be sure what his real attitude is. extremely successful and certainly achieves his
If we judge solely by the poem, he seems to aim without being bitter or antagonistic.
Unit 3 Who Told The Truth?

3.3. 3.4.
Understanding p29 Vocabulary: meaning in context p30
A 1. D 3. C 5. B 7. D 1. C 4. C 7. D 10. B
2. A 4. A 6. A 8. B 2. A 5. A 8. C 11. D
B 1. The reports vary considerably in their 3. B 6. C 9. C 12. B
treatment of police casualties. The first report
is hostile to the police, so it does not mention
police casualties at all. The second report 3.5.
mentions that five policemen were injured and
Vocabulary: antonyms
that one policeman was attacked by people
armed with knives and iron pipes. Exercise 1 p32
2. I would need a post mortem investigation to
1. D 4. D 7. D 9. C
recover the bullet from the body of Mary Blank
and try to confirm that it came from the gun of 2. D 5. B 8. D 10. D
a police officer. I would want an expert to 3. A 6. A
show the angle at which the bullet entered her
body (to see whether or not it came from
above). I would need to examine the light 3.6.
fittings to see if there is any sign that a bullet Writing: making summaries p33
glanced off one of them. I would look for the
hole made by the other bullet – the police 1. (According to the report, some students were
officer said that he fired two shots in the air. I protesting against proposed cuts in social
would need to interview the police officer and welfare benefits.) Police attacked the
any witnesses, including Jack Williams. demonstrators , injuring 32 of them and fatally
3. The first report claims that the police made an shooting Mary Blank.
unprovoked attack on a group of peaceful 2. Angered by a poster supporting a football team,
demonstrators. The second report claims that half-drunk students and hooligans started to
the police were trying to stop looting by half- loot a shop in Market Street. The owner was
drunk hooligans who resented a poster slashed with a knife but managed to phone the
supporting a rival football team. police. Eight policemen arrived and arrested
4. I think the second report is the more truthful. some of the hundreds of looters. When a
The evidence of Jack Williams seems policeman was attacked by men and women
convincing and some of the looters were armed with knives and iron pipes, he fired two
caught carrying away stolen goods. shots in the air. (Stop and count: 66 words, so we
can use another 14 words only.)
A shot glanced off a light fitting and accidentally
killed one of the attackers. (Total: 80 words. But
that is not satisfactory because we are told to
4.4
4.4
English
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include ‘policemen injured; people arrested’, so we have 2. It is a metaphor.

to make changes and allow for the inclusion of nine 3. The old forms are ‘thee’, ‘shalt’, ‘thou’,
more words. Change the draft to read:) ‘buildeth’, ‘Nay, thy’ and ‘enkindleth’. The poet
Half-drunk students and hooligans looted a shop uses them to create the impression of something
in Market Street yesterday. The owner was which happened centuries ago. In addition, the
stabbed but managed to phone the police, who use of the old forms gives the poem a
arrived and arrested some of the hundreds of seriousness which suits the theme.
looters. When a policeman was attacked by
4. He thought that the stranger might have done
hooligans armed with knives, he fired two shots
something wrong and be pursued by people
in the air. A shot glanced off a light fitting and
seeking revenge. Thus he woke him up before
accidentally killed a woman. Five policemen
daylight came so that the stranger could set off
were injured; eight people were arrested. (Total:
without being seen.
68 words, so we could insert up to 12 more words)
5. He uses a simile.
6. The first ‘nobleness’ refers to Yussouf’s generosity

3.7. towards the stranger. The second ‘nobleness’
Problems of agreement refers to the fact that Ibrahim confessed that he
had killed his host’s son. (We do not know how or
Exercise 2 p34 why the death occurred. It might have been in a
fair fight or as an act of treachery.)
1. classmates, has, 9. are, are, is, like, are, those
hopes 7. It was caused by self-conquest which, in turn,
was produced by Yussouf ’s kindness.
2. rooms, is, are 10. knows, student, has, is
8. I think it was a desire to find out who killed his

3. are, those, are 11. is, are
son and to obtain revenge.
4. were, they, they 12. are, like, increases
9. Yussouf has told Ibrahim to ride off into the
5. was 13. were, was desert ‘never to return’. This could have been a
6. are, is 14. camera, cameras, are delayed death sentence by which the death of
7. is, are 15. Is
Yussouf ’s son is avenged. Alternatively, the
ability of Yussouf to resist the temptation to kill
8. need, needs
Ibrahim removes his ‘one black thought’ and
purifies him. Removing the black thought might
be seen as a form of revenge. (No doubt other
3.9. interpretations are possible.)
Enjoying poetry p38 10. One can learn that the Arabs who lived long ago
had a high standard of conduct. We can also
Questions on ‘Yussouf’ learn not to be hasty in seeking revenge. We
1. It refers to the stranger – Ibrahim, the man who might also be tempted to try to follow the
killed Yussouf ’s son. nobleness shown by Yussouf.
Unit 4 The Sting

4.3. delegates and which need a very large
meeting-place.
Understanding p44 3. They were probably suspicious. In addition,
A 1. A 3. B 5. A 7. A
they might have moved from the addresses
2. D 4. C 6. B 8. A
which the marshals had.
4. They thought that it was all part of their
B 1. The Marshals’ Service in Washington paid for welcome and that they had not really been
the drinks and food. arrested.
2. It is used as a meeting-place for organisations
which have hundreds or thousands of
4.5
4.5
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4.4. b) Recently a wanted murderer was delighted

and surprised when he received an invitation
Vocabulary: meaning in context p45 to a lavish party and the offer of a
A 1. C 4. D 7. D 9. A
complimentary ticket to a popular football
2. A 5. B 8. A 10. B
match.
3. C 6. A 2. a) ‘I want you to dress up as a chicken for a
B 1. g 4. h 7. f 9. a
party next month,’ Police Inspector Smith
2. i 5. j 8. d 10. c
said to a very surprised detective in his
3. e 6. b
Washington DC Marshals’ Service.
b) ‘Mr Peter Jones?’ a happy official said to a
wanted arsonist. ‘Good. Yes, your name is on
4.6. my list. Welcome to the party!’
Writing: making a summary p47 3. a) Police Sgt Paul Williams carefully fastened a
revolver under his left wing and looked at
Target: 100 words himself in the mirror. ‘That’s the weirdest
Key words: summary of passage about the sting chicken I’ve ever seen,’ he thought.
b) Safe in his home on the outskirts of
Notes: provided, as in textbook
Washington, John Blank, expert in armed
robbery and burglary, strolled out to check his
Draft summary: mailbox.
Police in the Marshals’ Service of Washington, DC
Exercise 1 p49
recently set out to catch some wanted criminals.
a) Starting with a statement:
They invited a large number of wanted criminals to a 1.

lavish party. When the ‘guests’ arrived, their ID was Jack Williams, 43, was seriously injured when
checked and they were ushered into a spacious room. looters burst into his shop after the annual
(Stop and count: 44 words. ‘DC’ counts as one word, as soccer match at the IHE. While four men held
does ID’. We can use another 56 words on the last two him, a hysterical woman slashed his chest and
points.) arms with an eight-inch knife.
b) Starting with dialogue:
When all the guests had been checked in, a smiling
‘I didn’t have a chance,’ Jack Williams, 43, said
host announced to the unsuspecting men and
from his hospital bed. ‘A gang of half-drunk
women that they were all under arrest. Armed police
students rushed into my shop and started to
officers appeared and arrested 98 incredulous people
beat me up. Some of them held me while a
wanted by the police for serious crimes. (84 words. If
drunken woman slashed at me with a knife.’
we wish, we can insert more words, as shown in bold
c) Starting with action:
below.)
Jack Williams winced with pain as he told his
story. From his bed in Chopemup Hospital,
Final summary: Williams explained how he came to have knife
Police in the Marshals’ Service of Washington, D.C. wounds across his chest and arms.
recently used a clever trick to catch some wanted Notice that the method used to start the news story
criminals. They invited a large number of hardened will depend on how much space is available in the
criminals to a lavish party and offered free tickets newspaper. If there is only limited space, the report
to a popular football game. When the happy will probably start with a statement. If there is not
‘guests’ arrived, their I.D. was checked and they were much important news that day, the report may be
ushered into a spacious room. When all the turned into a much longer account with the
formalities had been completed, a smiling host emphasis on drama and interest.
announced to the unsuspecting men and women that
they were under arrest. Armed police officers
appeared and arrested 98 astonished criminals 4.9.
wanted for a variety of serious offences. (Total: 94
words) Setting out dialogue
Exercise 2 p50
4.8. “We still have a few details to attend to,” Inspector
Writing: starting a story p49 Evans said. “As you know, the theme for the party
will be the football match between the Bengals and
1. a) Some methods of catching wanted criminals the Redskins. We want to make it look authentic, so
involve cunning rather than force. we need a mascot for each team. We already have a
4.6
4.6
English
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chicken for the Bengals. Now we need a volunteer for 5. He appears to love her very much and is anxious
the Redskins.” that his death should not disturb her.
Inspector Evans glanced at the assembled detectives 6. The stressed syllables are shown in bold type:
and fixed his eyes on me. I knew that trouble was And mock you with me after I am gone.
coming.
Questions on ‘I Shall Return’
“That’s good, Johnson,” he said to me. “Thank you.
1. I think he was overseas, a long way from his
You can be a Red Indian. I’m sure Stella will help you
Caribbean home.
with details of the costume.” Stella nodded.
2. We cannot be sure exactly where the poet wanted
“Who me?” I started to say. “But I didn’t say a
to go but it is to a place with forests, mountains,
word.”
streams and villages. The reference to sapphire
“Don’t be so modest,” Inspector Evans said with a skies suggests clear skies and perhaps sunny days.
grin. “I saw you nod your head. I take it you did mean The reference to ‘fiddle and fife’ could suggest
to volunteer, didn’t you?” Scotland or a place in the Caribbean.
I was trapped. I had been a detective for two months 3. a) The sounds are /l/ and /w/.
only. My career was on the line. b) The sound is /b/.
“Eh, yes,” I said a little reluctantly. c) The sound is /d/.
“Well, that’s settled then,” Inspector Evans said. 4. It means ‘bring to reality’.
“Now I’ll just run through the arrangements for 5. He has apparently been separated from a
checking the identity of our ‘guests’ …” country or place for a long time.
6. McKay’s poem is descriptive and showing a
longing to (stay alive and) return to a place he

4.11.
loves. Shakespeare’s poem is sadly romantic and
Enjoying poetry: sonnets centred on his death and the effect which it
might have on somebody whom he loves.
Questions on ‘Sonnet 71’ p52 Shakespeare’s tone is sombre, earnest and sad.
1. It is an example of personification because it McKay’s tone is lighter and more cheerful.
gives life to an inanimate object, i.e. the bell, by
calling it surly and sullen.
4.12.
2. We can omit ‘Nay’.
3. The verb ‘am’ comes after ‘compounded’. The
Test p53
normal order would be: ‘When perhaps I am 1. ‘S’ stands for ‘saving somebody’.
compounded with clay…’ The order of the ‘S’ stands for ‘being saved’.
words has been changed to improve the rhythm ‘S’ stands for ‘saw it as a witness’.
of the line (and perhaps to get a rhyme for
2. S = start a composition with a statement.
‘decay’ which the poet intends to use).
A = start with action of some kind.
4. ‘Rehearse’ rhymes with ‘verse’ in line 9. D = start with dialogue.
Unit 5 Tourism
5.1. kinds of manipulative writing that are widespread
today.
Writing: straight and crooked
thinking p55 Exercise 1 p56
1. This is illogical. We cannot say that all things act
This is probably one of the most important pages in
in the same way as two things.
the book. Students may be able to give further
examples from newspapers, radio reports or the 2. In the first sentence, we have to define ‘weaker’
news on television. It is important that they should in terms of physical strength to make it true. In
be able to defend themselves against the various some spheres, especially moral ones, women are
4.7
4.7
English
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the stronger sex. Thus the generalisation in the If that were the case, we should all be walking or
first sentence makes it false. In the second riding a horse to work – and visiting a foreign
sentence, we would have to define ‘good’ as country by clinging to a floating log.
meaning ‘victorious over males’ to make it true. 11. We cannot compare people with land, i.e. we
Within their own sex, some women are good cannot compare unlike things. Change to ‘The
professional wrestlers. The third sentence is population of Trinidad is greater than that of
wrong. A team of females aged 16–21 would Guyana’.
certainly beat teams of males aged 4–6 or 85–90.
12. This is untrue. There are some differences of
To make the third sentence true, we have to
usage but ‘totally different’ is a gross
define ‘Any’ as referring only to a team of
exaggeration and does not give us a very
comparable age and experience.
favourable impression of the writer’s
3. Some people might agree with the underlying intelligence.
idea in this sentence but it is poorly expressed. If
men do not have a code of ethics, they cannot
adhere to it. The idea is better expressed by 5.3.
saying ‘Most men do not adhere to any code of
ethics’. That sentence will be untrue because Understanding p58
most men do adhere to some sort of code of A 1. C 3. C 5. D 7. A
ethics. 2. A 4. B 6. D
4. Untrue. The statement that ‘the people … B 1. She noticed that her friend was waiting for a
consisted of women’ implies that no men were bus.
involved in the task of producing descendants, 2. Nadia was in favour of tourism but Donna
which is biologically impossible. The writer resented it.

should have used ‘included’ and not ‘consisted 3. It suggests that she was resentful because she
of ’. In that case, we can omit ‘It seems likely could not see how tourism was of benefit to
that’. her personally.
5. If we follow this argument, there will be no 4. ‘Negative tone’ means ‘speaking badly of
penalty for a motorist who kills a family by something’ here.
driving when he is drunk. The fact that students 5. She meant, ‘Do you think I would be
are human beings does not exempt them from ungrateful?’
punishment or debar them from rewards.
Rather, the opposite applies. Rewards and
punishments are more likely to improve human 5.4.
beings than if we ignore the morality or Vocabulary: meaning in context p59
correctness of people’s actions.
1. B 4. B 7. A 10. B
6. The writer does not put forward any reason why
men, rather than women, should rule a country. 2. A 5. C 8. B 11. A
In a democracy, the voters decide who will rule. 3. D 6. B 9. D 12. B
(They operate through their MPs in some
countries or directly – at a presidential election –
in other countries.) 5.5.
7. It is not the position of adverbs that we put
Writing: summary practice p60
before a verb; it is the adverbs themselves. In
any case, adverbs are not always put before a Target: 70 words
verb. In many cases, they are put after a verb. Key words: advantages and/or good aspects of
8. Change ‘worst’ to ‘worse’ because only two sets tourism
of conditions are mentioned, i.e. before and after I am Donna.
heavy rain. Notes: 5 major adv/good points – 1–4 words each
9. Illogical and containing a false analogy. The task half country’s income
of governing a country requires skills and new/better facilities
abilities which have nothing to do with boxing thousands of jobs
or weight-lifting. The analogy with boxing only helps small businesses
points to the writer’s inability to think clearly. hotels buy local produce
10. This is not a progressive way to face the future. Note: It is helpful for students to write out the target,
We cannot prepare for the future simply by key words and notes because this forces them to
relying on what has been acceptable in the past. understand exactly what they have to do.
4.8
4.8
English
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Draft summary: three more ships in January, making this cruise

Tourism has many advantages for our country. For a shipping season one of the best seen in years.
start, it produces nearly half the country’s income. It 5. Barbados and Antigua are already well-
leads to the provision of new and better facilities for established tourist resorts. Guyana is likely to
tourists and local people. It provides thousands of increase in popularity within the next year or
jobs in hotels, shops, etc. and it helps small two. It has a wide diversity of natural attractions
businesses to develop. (Stop and count: 48 words, so we to offer visitors.
can use another 22 words .We must expand the last point 6. Tourism is a phenomenon which has developed
to use up most of the 22 words. If that is not possible, we immensely since the Second World War, largely
will have to insert details earlier in the summary.) because of the development of large planes
One very important way in which tourism helps us is which can carry passengers thousands of miles,
seen by the fact that hotels buy as much local (fresh) faster (or miles faster) and more cheaply than
produce as possible. This benefits farmers. (Total: 75 ships can do.
words, so we have to delete 5 words. Rewrite the last two 7. Every European country is anxious to encourage
sentences.) and develop tourism. Now it is quite common
Tourist hotels buy a great deal of (fresh) local for students to take a year off (known as a ‘gap’
produce, and this is a definite benefit for our year) between leaving school and entering a
farmers. (Final total: 67 words) university. They save up the money for the first
stage of their journey. Then they work at each
stage to get the money for the next stage.
5.6.
8. One result of a ‘gap’ year is that students learn
Grammar: phrases and clauses (revision) more about how people live in other countries.
The experience also tends to make students

Exercise 2 p61 more mature. As a result, they work harder
1. a phrase when they enter a university.
2. a phrase
3. two clauses
4. a clause
5.8.
5. either: ‘left lying around’ – a phrase; ‘at the Making comparisons: using pie charts
airport’ – a phrase; ‘with suspicion’ – phrase
Exercise 4 p64
or: ‘left lying around at the airport’ – a phrase;
‘with suspicion’ – a phrase 1. a) This is a fact.
b) This is a fact.
6. a clause
c) This is an opinion.
7. a clause (which contains a phrase ) d) This is a fact. (The use of ‘may’ makes the
8. a clause, a phrase statement a fact. If we change ‘may’ to ‘will’
we will have an opinion.)
9. a clause, a clause, a phrase
e) This seems to be untrue because 20% of the
10. a phrase economy is based on agriculture.
Exercise 3 p62 f) This is untrue. (The use of ‘it is certain’
makes the statement untrue.)
1. Although tourism is extremely important to the
g) This is untrue. (It is untrue in Country A.)
economy of our country, it is not the only source
h) This is untrue.
of revenue for the Government.
i) This is an opinion (and is probably true).
2. In the opinion of one expert, tourism is the j) This is an opinion (and may be untrue).
driver of economic activity across all sectors of
2. a) It is the least important in Country A.
the economy: agriculture, manufacturing,
b) Agriculture may become less important if
transportation and entertainment, as well as
there is a major increase in tourism revenue
other important areas of Jamaican life.
and if people leave agriculture to work in the
3. The Tourism Minister, Aloun Assamba, stressed tourist sector.
the importance of tourism. ‘We are not doing c) I would not try to reduce the number of
well simply because others are doing badly,’ she tourists because there is no sign that they are
said. ‘We are reaping the benefits of the hard harmful to the country.
work done by people involved in the industry.’ d) An IT specialist, an electrician, a plumber.
4. At the moment, seven to eight vessels visit Ocho e) Tourism and manufacturing are the two most
Rios every week. This figure will be increased by important sectors.
4.9
4.9
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5.9. b) Not many modern lovers write ballads to,

for, or about their girlfriends.
Writing: the good and the bad p65 c) Cannons are no longer used during a war.
d) Not many elderly men wear stockings.
These mistakes should be corrected in Story 1:
e) Many elderly people manage to keep at least
Line Word(s) Change to become some of their teeth.
1. ask asked 3. He should be serious, even sombre because
want wanted that is the tone of a fatalistic speech.
he him 4. I think his description is reasonably accurate,
2. said yes, lets go said, “Yes, let’s go.” especially if we make allowances for the fact that
3. Uncles uncle’s this speech was written about 400 years ago.
Point Point.
4. that That 5.11.
me my
do did Argumentative writing
5. anything, anything.
Exercise 5 p71
then Then,
hook had hooked 1. This is untrue. In varying degrees, there is racial
6. he hisself him himself prejudice of some kind in (almost) every
7. want wanted country. People are sometimes uneasy with
8. on my on to/onto people who are different from themselves.
will would 2. This is an unkind and unwise statement. They
off of should be seen often and heard whenever
10. fish to go fish go possible.

11. a hour an hour
3. There is some truth in this statement but ‘rarely’
catch caught
is unjustified and a lot depends on what is
quiet quite
meant by ‘understand’.
12. see saw
13. from motor-boat from the motor-boat 4. Television can have both good and bad effects on
currant current adults and children; it is true that some
14. weigh way programmes and attitudes by TV companies
15. passed past have a bad effect.
16. Me and my friend My friend and I 5. This is untrue. Change ‘usually’ to ‘sometimes’.
19. wake woke 6. This is untrue. Change ‘most’ to ‘some’.
see saw
20. She He 7. Too sweeping and therefore untrue. It would be
holding (had) held a different place without scientists but what
21. fishmen fishermen does ‘scientists’ mean anyway? Is a skilled and
us us. experienced farmer a scientist?
then Then 8. This is vague speculation and not worth
22. head, it head. It repeating.
23. a hour an hour
Exercise 6
24. thankful grateful
me, me. Normally, ‘discuss’ means ‘consider all the major
25. please pleased aspects of a topic’ so we have to consider all sides
and perhaps give a conclusion or concluding opinion.
Exercise 7
5.10.
1. One side only: why they are more useful.
Enjoying poetry
2. Consider both sides.
Questions on ‘The Seven Ages of Man’ p69 3. Consider both sides.
A 1. C 3. C 5. B 4. Consider both sides.
2. C 4. A 6. D
5. One side only: show that it may have a harmful
B 1. He means that each person normally passes effect.
through seven stages (or ages) in the course of 6. Consider both sides.
his or her life.
2. Evidence includes: Exercise 8
a) Not many infants now have a nurse. (line 6) The answer depends on which topic students choose.
4.10
4.10
English
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Unit 6 Crossing the Line

6.3. 6. penultimate – next to the last (We know that the
last clause is number 8 and that clarification is
Understanding p74 needed of clause 7, i.e. the next to last one.)
A 1. B 3. B 5. A 7. C 7. hospice – a special nursing or medical home
2. B 4. C 6. D 8. D where people with a terminal illness are nursed
B 1. The main reason seems to have been the before they die (where he will probably spend
doctor’s concern for his patient and for his last few weeks)
himself. The persistence of his patient was 8. demurrage – a fine payable by whoever detains a
wearing him down. ship longer than an agreed period. (detains the
2. He was enthusiastic and very helpful. We are ship beyond the agreed term … a fine)
told that the doctor had to curb his assistant’s 9. herbivorous – eating vegetable matter only (not
‘enthusiasm’ (line 20). Another relevant word interested in eating the carcase)
here is ‘Gleefully’ in line 19.
10. philistines – people who are not interested in
3. It tells us that he did not make a deep incision
cultural matters (persuade … to take an interest
and attempt to operate inside the patient’s
in the traditional culture … not having a great
body. He made a cut to convince his patient
deal of success)
that an operation had been carried out but he
made sure that it was superficial so that no 11. succulent – juicy (the juice gets on your clothes)
harm was done to the Colonel. 12. loquacious – talkative (spend most of your time
4. He deceived him by making him think that listening)
there had been a snake in his stomach and by
confessing that he had been wrong although
he had been right. 6.7.
Writing skills: telling a story
6.4. Exercise 2 p81
Vocabulary: meaning in context p76 One of the Colonel’s men is telling the story in the
A 1. B 4. B 7. B 9. C
form of a letter to a friend:
2. A 5. A 8. B 10. B Dear Rahim,
3. A 6. D Great news! The Colonel was right after all. He has
B 1. h 6. b 11. s 16. l had an operation and the doctor pulled out a snake
2. j 7. c 12. q 17. o as thick as my arm. The Colonel is resting in bed but
3. a 8. g 13. r 18. m he is delighted …
4. f 9. d 14. k 19. n
Exercise 3 p82
5. i 10. e 15. t 20. p
Assume that the doctor is the narrator, as in 6.2.
Then:
6.5. Two servants led the way silently across the marble
Comprehension: hall to the room where Colonel O’Reilly was resting
looking for clues to meaning after his operation. One of them tapped quietly on
the door and listened attentively.
Exercise 1 p78
‘Please go in,’ he whispered to me. ‘The Colonel is
Clues are given in brackets. expecting you.’
1. how – in what way (the cause) The servants opened the door and followed me into a
2. belong to – are members of (membership) spacious room in the middle of which was an ornate
bed large enough for several people.
3. belong to – are owned by (plans to build several
more) Exercise 4 p83
4. jargon – (some of the words mean nothing a) I am going to be a third person narrator, as on
unless you are an IT expert) page 81.
5. ambiguous – capable of having more than one b) I will start at point E on the timeline, i.e. at the
meaning (we still don’t know) operation.
4.11
4.11
English
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c) I will start with action. (I notice that I do not 6.9.

have to finish the story.)
Expressing sentences in a different way
d) For Dr Gordon Harris it was undoubtedly the
strangest operation he had ever carried out. He Exercise 5 p83
made sure that Colonel O’Reilly was
1. a) The only way of satisfying Colonel O’Reilly
unconscious and breathing steadily. Then he
was by cheating.
picked up his scalpel and made a neat incision
b) His strange accent made it difficult for us to
about six inches long across his patient’s
understand him.
abdomen. He took great care to break the skin
c) Not even a delay of two hours in/by a traffic
but to penetrate no further. His aim was to
jam made Yvonne angry.
provide evidence of an operation without
d) My friend and I dislike swimming in the river
actually carrying one out.
near our house.
The doctor worked slowly and then paused for a e) Uncle’s plane must have been delayed by bad
moment to admire his work. Then he reached weather.
for the antiseptic ointment and applied it lightly f) There were l200 prosecutions for driving
to the wound. With the help of his assistant, he offences last year.
bandaged the wound. g) My mother took my sister and me shopping.
‘I wonder what the General Medical Council h) Marlon is a better swimmer than Peter.
would say,’ he thought to himself, ‘if they ever 2. a) Either John or Peter will go with you.
found out that I had carried out a totally b) Neither Francine nor her sister can swim
unnecessary abdominal operation on a multi- well.
millionaire whose family have held political c) Deena likes to listen to the radio rather than
power here for at least a century. But what was do housework.

the alternative?’ or Deena likes listening to the radio more
than doing housework.
6.8. d) There’s no need for Natoya to go shopping
now.
Writing: setting out dialogue p83 or Natoya does not need to go shopping now.
Dr Harris put his head round the pharmacy door. e) We have no intention of visiting Mike until
late this month.
“Winston. Come into the office a moment. There’s
f) The police officer would/did not allow us to
something I want to discuss with you.”
enter the building.
Winston followed his employer into his office, g) The man told us that unless we paid a
wondering what had happened or was about to hundred dollars each month for the television
happen. set he would take it back again.
“Sit down,” Dr Harris said. “I needn’t remind you
that everything that happens here is strictly
confidential …” 6.11.
“Yes, I understand,” Winston hurried to say. He
realised that this was going to be a very serious
Enjoying poetry
matter indeed. “I would never dream of saying Questions on ‘Day’s End’ p86
anything to anybody about your work.”
a) There is alliteration in:
“That’s good,” Dr Harris continued, “because I’ve
line 2: the /f/ sound
decided to operate on Colonel O’Reilly and I don’t
line 3: the /b/ sound
want anything to go wrong.”
line 4: the /fl/ sound
“Operate?” Winston queried. “What’s wrong with
b) The expression means ‘tries to find a place
him?”
where it can grow, albeit insecurely’.
“For months he’s been certain that he has a snake in
his stomach,” Dr Harris said. c) There are many possible reasons why the poet
starts by describing the scene. He is painting a
“A snake? That’s impossible!” Winston said.
picture with words, and a portrait of a person
“That’s what I’ve told him – at least a dozen times but needs a suitable background. The grim
he’s absolutely convinced that he has a large snake landscape reinforces the rather grim picture of
moving around inside him. He keeps on begging me to the woman and contrasts with her inner spirit.
operate, so at last I’ve decided to put him out of his Another possible reason is that the poet was
misery and drag the snake out by its tail.” emotionally moved by both the view and the old
Winston looked at his employer in bewilderment. woman, and perhaps he felt that one of them
4.12
4.12
English
Booksfor
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was complementary to the other. The two lines e) The expression means ‘bones that, after her
which later refer to the landscape are lines 27 death, would become part of the earth’. The idea
and 28. is repeated in line 36.
d) He was impressed by the tenderness of her f) The meeting is ‘sure’ because the old woman
eyes. has to die eventually.
Unit 7 Drama
7.3.
2. He can use conflict and a plot to arouse and
Understanding p90 maintain the interest of the audience.
A 1. B 4. A 7. C 9. D 3. The answer depends on the location of the
2. A 5. A 8. A 10. B
school.
4. I would probably choose (e). More people will
3. D 6. D
see the play and I will probably be paid more.
B 1. He wanted him to give him access to water for 5. There are numerous examples. The choice will
his farm. depend on the individual.
2. She had been married to Crew for 30 years
whereas Brigit was only a daughter-in-
law who had no great affection for Crew.
3. She probably implied that Sonson was annoyed
because Brigit had rebuffed his attempts to
become too familiar with her .
4. “Rachel is preparing to hold the Nine-Night
Ceremony for her dead husband, Crew. Her
eldest son and her daughter-in-law (the wife
of her younger son) are not helpful.”
5. I think that a medium or spirit will reveal 7.6.
some surprising news about Crew or his spirit.
Grammar:
7.4. the Present Continuous tense (revision)
Vocabulary: meaning in context p92
Exercise 1 p93
1. j 5. h 9. g 1. Is 4. Is 7. Am 9. Are
2. i 6. b 10. c
2. Is 5. Are 8. Is 10. Is
3. e 7. d
4. f 8. a 3. Is 6. Are
Exercise 2 p94
7.5. 1. are being taken, are being escorted
Discussion p92 2. are being pulled, is being built
Drama 3. is being serviced, is being replaced
4. is being repaired, is being checked, is being

l. The answer depends on whether the theatre is
a small local one or one in a major city. updated
In addition to a producer (and assistant), 5. is being resurfaced, is being widened
people will be needed (a) to obtain and erect 6. is being delivered, is being given
the scenery, (b) to provide costumes, (c) to
7. is being interviewed
provide lighting and perhaps sound effects, (d)
as prompters, (e) for make-up, (f) to control 8. is … being worn
seating, (g) for the sale of tickets, (h) to
9. is being admitted
prepare a programme, (i) as ushers, (j) for PR
work, etc. 10. Are …being served
4.13
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English
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7.7. 7.8.
Punctuation (1): using a full stop Punctuation (2): review exercises
Exercise 3 p95 Exercise 4 p96
1. Ethanol is an important chemical compound. It 1. ‘Its’ has an apostrophe when it is the short form
is useful in many ways. of ‘It is’ or ‘It has’. ‘Its’ never has an apostrophe
2. Since it was first diagnosed in the 1980s, AIDS
when it is used to show possession as in ‘That
has spread across the world, killing an dog has hurt one of its legs’.
increasing number of people each year. It has 2. We never put an apostrophe on ‘hers’, ‘ours’,
become the main danger to health in many ‘yours’, ‘theirs’ or ‘his’.
countries. There is no cure for it at present. 3. We can use a semicolon at the end of a
3. The prisoners alleged that they were treated statement sometimes.
badly. They suffered from hunger and the cold 4. B and D (a semicolon and a full stop)
climate. Therefore their health began to 5. a) No colon is needed.
deteriorate and their human rights were abused. b) Put a colon after ‘things’.
4. When the police first entered the house and c) Put a colon after ‘events’.
commenced their search, it appeared that there d) No colon is needed.
was nobody on the ground floor or upstairs. e) Put a colon after ‘careers’.
Then a detective discovered a trapdoor. It led 6. A full stop.
down to a cellar.
7. We normally use inverted commas (in written
5. This tyre is not the same as the other one. That work) for the following: the title of a book,
was a Dunlop tyre, as far as I remember. direct speech, the name of a magazine, the name
Therefore this tyre did not come from the of a newspaper, a word from another language.
suspect’s truck.
8. a) She watched the door. It opened suddenly.
6. The survivor’s expression told us nothing. Her Her father came in, carrying a large parcel and
voice revealed a lot, showing that she was still looking very pleased with himself.
under a lot of stress from being buried by the b) She watched the door. It opened suddenly and
earthquake. her father entered. He was carrying a large
7. Yes, you’ll have to stop him from leaving the parcel and looked very pleased about
country, I suppose. Fix it with the stations, ports something.
and airports. Then let me know if there is any c) He was exhausted; he would not surrender;
trace of him. help would arrive eventually. (Or use a full
8. The key witness has disappeared, leaving the
stop instead of each semicolon.)
d) He was exhausted but he would not
prosecution uncertain whether or not to proceed
with the case. Therefore the suspect has not yet surrender. Help would arrive eventually. Then
been formally charged. he would be a free man again.
9. In these two triangles, two sides and an included Exercise 5 p97

angle are equal. Therefore the triangles are 1. Father shook his head sadly as his son, Paul, left
congruent. This is what we set out to prove in the room, for the third successive month his
the beginning. report card showing nothing but d’s.
10. In modern times, a new topic has appeared in “I’m finally convinced,” he told his wife, “that
Geography. It is called Urban Geography. It Paul must have a sixth sense.”
involves studying how towns and cities have
“What makes you think that?” she replied in a
developed and how the land is used in them.
puzzled tone.
“Well,” said her husband, “his report cards show
no signs of the other five.”
2. A panda walked into a restaurant, had a good
meal and then stood up. It took out a gun, fired
a shot into the ceiling and started to walk to the
door.
“Hey!” said the waiter. “What’s wrong with
you?”
4.14
4.14
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The panda stopped and took a book about

7.12.
animals out of a bag.
“The punctuation in this book isn’t much good.
Understanding p101
Look me up and see what you get.” 1. C 3. D 5. C 7. A
The waiter looked in the book and saw this 2. C 4. A 6. A 8. D
entry: “Panda – large black-and-white animal like
a bear. Eats, shoots and leaves.”
“Do you understand now?” the panda said. It
picked up the book and walked out. 7.13.
Vocabulary p102
7.9. 1. g 4. b 7. d 9. h
Grammar: 2. i 5. c 8. f 10. e
using the right possessive adjective
3. a 6. j
Exercise 6 p98
1. his 5. my/our 9. your, my
2. her, her 6. its 10. one’s
3. our, his, her 7. their, their 11. your

4. its 8. her 12. their
7.10.
Grammar: using prepositions
Exercise 7 p99
1. B 4. A 7. D 9. C
2. C 5. C 8. A 10. B
3. D 6. B
Unit 8 Gold!
8.3. 8.4.
Understanding (1) p105 Understanding (2) p108
1. C 5. B 9. A 13. A 1. a) You will have to make a long and arduous
2. B 6. B 10. C 14. A journey.

b) There is a shortage of food, so sometimes you
3. D 7. D 11. C 15. C
may not know where your next meal is
4. B 8. A 12. C coming from.
4.15
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English
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c) Working conditions are primitive and very because he preferred to go out with his friends
tough. The ground is frozen all the time, and in the evenings. At one time, he wanted to
you have to thaw it before you can dig into it. become a musician. He joined a band but was
2. He did this to attract men into a hall where he not good enough, so he left and became a
charged each man a dollar to listen to the rest of member of a local gang.
the news. 2. The gang leader made Dave sell drugs and twice
3. A man took advantage of a drunken companion the police nearly caught him. Dave stole from
by selling him a claim which the seller thought shops and found a girl-friend. Then one day, a
was of little value. The next day, he refused to member of a rival gang shot him and nearly
return the buyer’s money. However, the claim killed him. The police took him to a hospital,
later proved to be valuable, so the seller had where he needed an urgent operation to save his
harmed himself by taking advantage of a life.
drunken man. In this way, justice was done. 3. Meanwhile, Mark worked hard at school and had
good results. He went to a university in Jamaica
and then emigrated to the USA, where he
8.5.
entered medical school. When he graduated as a
Vocabulary: meaning in context p108 doctor, Mark decided not to stay in the USA. He
wanted to return to Jamaica and help people
A 1. C 3. B 5. A 7. D
there.
2. B 4. D 6. C 8. C
4. Mark became a surgeon and started work at a
B 1. i 6. b 11. q 16. t
well-known hospital in Jamaica. He liked to help
2. f 7. c 12. n 17. l
people and always did his best to save lives.
3. e 8. j 13. k 18. o
Then one day he had a surprise when the police

4. a 9. g 14. m 19. r
brought in a man who had been shot in a gang
5. d 10. h 15. s 20. p
fight. Mark recognised the wounded man. It was
Dave, who had been at school with him.
8.6. 5. Mark operated on Dave and saved his life but he
Say it another way knew that Dave would never walk or work again.
He felt sorry for Dave but he thought to himself,
Exercise 1 p110 ‘Well, you made your choice. You brought this
1. There was an abundance of gold in the area. trouble on yourself.’
2. There was a scarcity of food in Dawson City.
Exercise 3 p112
3. The men became so excited that they could not
1. Carlotta did not want …
settle down to work.
2. Janet did not go …
4. Dawson City was so remote that food was very
expensive. 3. One of the players did not agree …
5. The men drifted from one claim to another, 4. Dave did not live …
showing everybody what they had found. 5. Dave did not become …
6. The ground had to be thawed before it could be 6. Mary did not waste …
dug. 7. My brother did not see …
7. Food had to be brought by river or across the
8. The policemen did not stop …
mountains.
9. Nadia did not buy …
8. The shelf was too high for Anne to reach.
10. The Government did not increase …
9. The ground was too hard for us to dig.
11. The storm did not affect …
10. I doubt whether he is telling the truth.
12. The fire did not destroy …
8.7. Exercise 4
Grammar: 1. Did you remember
using the Simple Past tense (1) (revision) 2. did you get
Exercise 2 p111 3. did Natoya say
1. Some years ago, Mark and Dave were in the 4. Did anybody phone
same class at school. Dave did not work hard 5. Did it rain
4.16
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English
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6. Did the taxi stop 8.9.

7. did not agree
Enjoying poetry
8. did your brother pay
Questions on ‘Fuss-pot’ p115
9. didn’t you tell
1. We can’t be sure whether she is alive or not.
10. Didn’t you lock
Lines 11–16 suggest that she is dead. Lines
11. Didn’t anybody tell 18–20 suggest that she is alive. Taken as a
12. The fire did not destroy … whole, the poem suggests that the woman was a
fuss-pot at one time but that the threat of
approaching death has mellowed her. Perhaps
8.8. lines 21 and 22 indicate that the woman is still
Grammar: alive but they can also be interpreted as showing
using the Simple Past tense (2) (revision) that she is dead.
2. This can mean ‘her personality or way of life’.
Exercise 5 p114
3. It probably refers to other people in the house
1. was used, were removed, was made, were not with her, i.e. she caused as much trouble to
forced, were not put them as she could.
2. were rescued, were nearly overcome, were 4. This means she scolded or criticised them. The
heard, were admitted, were given expression is used figuratively.
3. were built, was made, were built, were used, 5. It ends at line 10.
were developed
6. They were fond of her and realised that she was
4. Was … stolen, Was … arrested dying or seriously ill.

5. Were … invited, Were … asked 7. The approach or threat of death is an event too
big for her to criticise or complain about.
8. I think he was struck by the change in the
personality of the old woman as she approached
death, or was threatened by it, and his poem was
intended to be a tribute to her.
Unit 9 City of the Future?

9.3. their act was a contribution to the national
economy and a way of preserving jobs.
Understanding p119 4. This would relieve shoppers of the burden of
A l. A 4. A 7. B 9. D
acting responsibly. They would be able to act
2. C 5. C 8. C 10. A
with happy irresponsibility (by buying things
3. B 6. A
they do not need) in keeping with the spirit of
a fairyland.
B 1. It would be a utopia for marketing people and 5. He is not in favour of the idea of setting death
business companies because it would not be dates and feels strongly that this technique is
too difficult to persuade people to buy things wasteful and grossly irresponsible.
(which they do not need).
2. Cars would deteriorate quite swiftly after 6000
km, so motorists would be glad to change to a 9.4.
new car. If an owner disposed of a car on one Vocabulary p120
of the regular turn-in dates, he would be given
a bond. 1. A paradise is a (mythical or figurative) place
3. They would be happy to dispose of a surplus where everything is perfect for you. A fool’s
ship full of surplus products, knowing that paradise is a place which appears perfect or very
4.17
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good but which proves to be not at all what was 2. We encouraged her to apply for the job.
expected. A utopia is a place (originally 3. Wooden houses are easily rebuilt.
visualised as an island) where everything is
4. They will be rewarded provided (that) they work
ideal, especially as far as laws and living
hard.
conditions are concerned.
5. The accused man surrendered his passport to
2. It may crack and cause the plane to crash.
the police.
3. The parts of a product (such as a car) are put
6. You should not have borrowed my bicycle
together to produce something.
without first asking me.
4. If there is a big surplus of goods, it will not be
7. There are no jangling cash registers to disrupt
possible for manufacturers to demand a
reasonable price for their goods. Consumers will the holiday mood.
look for cheaper and cheaper products, and 8. The electrician spent nearly an hour repairing
manufacturers will be forced out of business the faulty switch.
because they will be unable to make a profit. 9. Each child is given a name at birth or soon
5. Wheels, brakes and lights are components of a afterwards.
car. 10. That shop is open all the time, including (on)
6. A contractor employs a sub-contractor. If a new Sundays.
hotel is being built, sub-contractors may be used
to (a) supply the windows, (b) do all the electrical
work, (c) paint and decorate the hotel, etc. 9.8.
7. It is a very large store of some commodity and is Vocabulary: what’s the difference? p125
intended to be used in an emergency or when

the regular supply-line is broken, e.g. by a local 1. personal: relating to a person, intimate, e.g.
war or similar trouble. Some people regard their age and financial
standing as personal matters.
8. He might repair computers or air-conditioners.
personnel: staff, workers, people working or
9. If a person sells state secrets to a foreign involved in some project, e.g.
country, this would be an unpatriotic act. At one time, the person in charge of recruiting
10. I will repair it or replace it. staff was called the Personnel Manager but in
some companies this title was been changed
11. It means ‘extremely big’.
to ‘Human Resources Manager/Executive’.
12. I would expect to see things on sale.
2. human: having the qualities of or relating to a
13. He or she is thinking about something. man, woman or child, e.g.
14. It means ‘the first model of a new type of A poet once wrote: ‘To err is human; to
something’. forgive, divine.’
humane: merciful, kind and considerate especially
15. They buy handbags, watches, ear-rings and
when trying to avoid suffering, e.g.
brooches.
When an old dog or cat is dying, a vet will
16. The government pays farmers for the crops they often use a humane way of putting it to sleep
produce. Other countries complain because if permanently.
products are subsidised the producers can afford
3. lose: be unable to find or retain; be defeated in a
to sell them cheaply, which makes them unfairly
game, e.g.
competitive.
I hope our team doesn’t lose the first test
match of this series.
9.5. loose: slack, not tight, e.g.
That wheel looks loose; you’d better check
the nuts and tighten them if necessary.
1. D 4. A 7. C 9. D 4. award: often a certificate given for bravery or
2. B 5. A 8. D 10. A another achievement, e.g.
A Nobel prize is an award made for
3. B 6. B
outstanding achievement in a field such as
Chemistry, Physics, Medicine, Literature, etc.
9.7. reward: often money given for information about
criminals or for returning lost property. A
Writing: say it another way p124
reward can also be something which is good to
1. There is very little demand for wigs now. have and which is the result of some activity, e.g.
4.18
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There is a reward of $200,000 for information 9.10.

leading to the conviction of whoever
murdered a well-known businessman two Writing: making up a plot for a story p128
days ago. (review)
5. ‘Past’ is never used as a verb. ‘Passed’ is a verb, • Two examples of conflict with another
e.g. person:
Two boys ran past us. Later on, we passed Two players on opposite sides in a football or
them when they were playing outside a shop. cricket match used to attend the same school.
6. A person can be wounded in a battle or war. Now they come into conflict during a vital game.
People are injured in accidents. Two brothers are in conflict: one is a drug-dealer;
7. ‘Alternately’ means ‘in turn, one after another’ the other is a narcotics detective.
but ‘alternatively’ introduces a new or • Two examples of conflict with external
alternative method of doing something. circumstances:
8. ‘Beside’ means ‘at the side of ’. ‘Besides’ means A cyclist is in trouble when the brake cable on
‘in addition to’. his bike snaps and he is unable to stop.
9. ‘Morale’ refers to the confidence of people, An elderly person in a hotel is smoking in bed
especially in times of trouble or emergency. We when he falls asleep.
can say that the morale of some soldiers was low • Two examples of somebody who is in conflict
after a series of defeats in war. with himself or herself:
‘Morals’ are standards or principles which A beautiful and talented singer becomes very
people follow through life. popular and wealthy but destroys himself/
herself by becoming a drug addict.
10. If somebody is ‘unqualified’, he or she has no

qualifications or is not qualified. A fisherman has always been brave and somewhat
If a person is ‘disqualified’, he or she is not foolhardy. One day he takes one risk too many –
allowed to continue in an occupation or event and loses.
because of something wrong or bad. A qualified
Exercise 1 p129
accountant may be disqualified if he is found to
be corrupt. Suggested outline plot for ‘The Mysterious Old Man’
in (1):
9.9. noticed him in hire car quite near house

photo of house and some family members
Writing about proverbs
saw again in town and near school – following me?
Questions p126 told mother – phone call – very excited
1. a) literal; b) metaphorical c) metaphorical
old man was paternal grandfather (father dead)
2. a) metaphorical b) metaphorical; c) literal
came from overseas to visit and help family
3. a) literal; b) metaphorical c) metaphorical
Exercise 2 p130
Suggested outline plot for story about Donna in (4):
liked to listen to US radio stations on FM radio
Questions p128
heard police appeal for information about a wanted
The theme and plan depend upon which proverb a
murderer
student decides to write about.
matched description of guest at hotel where Donna
Suggested answer for topic 1:
worked
Jordan is a quiet member of a group of friends at
checked hotel register – name different; noted room
school. He is pleasant but does not push himself and
number
is often taken for granted as something of a nonentity.
However, in an emergency (such as a fire or trouble at man went out twice and returned
sea) he is the one who rescues friends who are Donna noted description – informed police
trapped. Friends realise that there is a much greater anonymously
strength of character in him than they had imagined. police arrived, man arrested and taken away
Note that in (3), ‘speed’ means ‘success’. The proverb This is a simple plot because there is not much time
means ‘The faster you attempt to do something, the or space in an examination to make up something
less successful you may be’ = ‘Work carefully’. more complex.
4.19
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Unit 10 Bajan Entertainment

10.3. atmosphere and should be reduced as much as
possible.
Understanding p133
8. If I won a lottery, I would share my money with
A 1. C 3. D 5. A 7. B members of my family.
2. B 4. A 6. C 8. A or If I win a lottery, I will share my money with
B 1. We cannot give an exact answer because we do members of my family.
not know in which century the account starts. 9. Some people do not look after their pets and
The account covers several centuries: from the allow them to wander about the streets.
time when the first slaves were still living in 10. A novelist cannot write about anything unless
Africa until early in the twenty-first century. he has experience of it.
2. It was not popular because it included satire or A novelist cannot write about anything unless
and comment about social conditions in he has had experience of it.
Barbados, and it is likely that some of the
11. If you had told me that you were coming, we
words mocked colonial officials or criticised
would have met you at the airport but we didn’t
them in a way which they did not like.
know, so we didn’t go there.
3. Compared with Jamaica (from which reggae
came), the people of Barbados were better off, 12. There is more than one way of repairing this
so it had less appeal for them. pipe. (Similarly: There is more than one reason
4. The reaction was favourable because ‘soca’ had …; There is more than one factor …)
more action and was easier for people to dance Exercise 2 p139
to. Thus ‘soca’ lasted longer than ‘spouge’.
1. Thank you for your letter which was received on
4 August. (or which we/I received)
10.4. 2. Members of the gang will be prosecuted if their
crimes are discovered and somebody is able to
identify them.
A 1. B 3. D 5. A 7. D 3. When Miss Stewart had obtained what she
2. A 4. C 6. A 8. C wanted at the market, she went home by bus.
B 1. i 4. g 7. c 9. d 4. It was about 5 p.m. when we reached Tanya’s
2. j 5. h 8. f 10. b home. She was alone at home because her
3. a 6. e mother had gone out. (And perhaps omit ‘at home’
after ‘alone’.)
5. In parts of Canada it is so cold that only white
10.7.
people live there. (The temperature has no bearing
Grammar: common errors on the colour of the people.)
6. Oxygen is a gas which makes it possible for
Exercise 1 p138
people to live on Earth. Without it, there would
1. My brother, who is working in a bank, is be no people living here.
studying to be an accountant.
7. When we were waiting for a bus, a lorry came by
2. It’s late and Uncle hasn’t come yet. Maybe he’s and splashed us when it went through a puddle.
not coming this evening.
8. Francine was so tired that she fell asleep on the
3. We have been best friends for at least five years. bus and did not wake up until the bus reached
4. My nephew has been living in this country for a the terminus.
long time and is very happy here. 9. My mother told me that her parents had been
5. Michael has written to us to tell us about his life married for fifty years before they died.
in London. 10. Why didn’t you write and tell me that you were
6. We are all very grateful to Mrs Wilson for coming?
everything she has done to help us recover from 11. Does your brother want to come to the party on
the fire. Saturday or does he have too much work to do?
7. (The subject is ‘pollution’.) Pollution from 12. You can eat this fruit now. It has all been washed
factories and vehicles increases the heat in the very thoroughly.
4.20
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10.8. Exercise 6
Suggested theme and plan for ‘The importance of
Grammar: reflexive and emphatic
water in the life of man’ in (3):
pronouns (revision)
I will give an account of the importance of water in
Exercise 3 p140 the life of man.
1. herself 9. ourselves drinking – can’t survive without it
2. yourselves 10. herself farming and food – water essential
3. yourself 11. himself water as an early means of transport, migration,
4. myself 12. himself fishing
5. itself 13. yourself water as a means of disposing of sewage and other

rubbish
6. oneself 14. herself
water as a medium for relaxation and entertainment
7. themselves 15. yourself
8. themselves
10.12.
10.9.
Enjoying poetry
Writing a factual account (1)
Possible answers to the questions in the introduction
Exercise 4 p143 on page 147:
1. I will give a friend advice on how to choose and • It means something like ‘It is in rural areas that
keep a cat. you find genuine people and an honest way of

2. I will explain how tourism affects my country. life’.
3. I will give an account of the ways in which • He admires rural life and perhaps he has become
climate influences the occupations and habits of disgusted or disenchanted with urban life.
people in my country. • Yes, I do. One of the values of poetry is that it
4. I will describe my hobby, stamp-collecting, and leads the reader to use his/her imagination and
give my reasons for thinking that it is useful. to think about life and the way we live. Ask the
students to think about the idea expressed in
5. I will give an account of a sports meeting in lines 12–13, for example.
which I competed months ago.
6. I will give an account of farming in my country. Questions on ‘Country’ p147
or I will describe the part which farming has 1. He wants us to understand ‘basically good or
always played in the life of humans. pure and not tarnished by the acts and way of
life of town-dwellers’.
10.10. 2. He is criticising people who no longer follow the
ideals of a religion.
Writing a factual account (2)
3. Perhaps they wriggle their toes to show their
Exercise 5 p145 enjoyment. He is trying to tell us that the people
are satisfied with what they are doing or are
Suggested theme and plan for ‘The value of learning
going to do.
a foreign language’ in (5):
4. He is using the word sarcastically and perhaps
I will explain the value of learning a foreign
bitterly.
language.
5. He means that laws are made and you must obey
learning English as a foreign language
them. He could also mean that people write bad
read and understand communications: notices, things about you.
books, email etc
6. It means ‘unspoilt by town life’.
communicate with others: travel, job, emigration,
7. In rural areas you will find genuine people who
social
live by standards higher than those in an urban
provides wider opportunities for jobs, travel area.
can also enjoy films and TV programmes 8. I agree to some extent but the theme is a
This is probably long enough for a CXC composition. generalisation and there are exceptions to it.
4.21
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Questions on ‘The Death of Lancelot, 5. She had been crying and the tears prevented her
as Told by Gwenivere’ p149 from seeing normally.
1. The lame rider and horse serve as an 6. The dropped ears indicate peace and safety. The
introduction to the pathetic situation which the rabbit feels no need to be alert to danger because
poem will reveal. They also indicate the passage there is no danger there.
of time; the major characters have grown very 7. shine (faintly) (Line 42: Surely my love will burn
old and are approaching death. within me still.)
2. It is aaa, bbb, ccc, etc. 8. I think he wanted to depict the love which
3. The prayer was not answered. Gwenivere was Gwenivere held (tragically) for Lancelot and to
punished for adultery (with Lancelot) and for show that, despite its sad consequences, she
breaking her vows as a nun and abbess. remained true to him.
4. The repetition shows the effect of the idea of old Yes, I think he has achieved it. This is a very sad
age on the narrator, Gwenivere. It also contrasts and moving poem. The more you read it and
with the previous two lines and the mental think about it, the more powerful it will be seen
image which Gwenivere cherishes of her lover. It to be.
helps to show the depth of her feeling.
11 O’Hare
Unit
11.1. 8. He had to protect a known criminal and prevent
justice from being done, so this was an immoral
Pre-reading p150 (and thus sordid) way of life.
Two links are mentioned. We learn from the two 9. On the one hand, he wanted to cleanse the
stories that Easy Eddie was the father of Butch family name for the sake of his son. On the
O’Hare. A second link lies in the fact that both men other hand, he knew that if he told the
lost their lives as a result of a sacrifice made authorities the truth about Al Capone he would
voluntarily. Butch died while defending his country. be killed. In the end, he had to choose between
His father died while trying to give his son ‘some his son and himself.
semblance of integrity’. 10. Here, ‘the greatest gift’ was a clean family name
or a father of whom the son could be proud and
not ashamed.
11.3.
Understanding p151
1. He intended to fly on a reconnaissance mission 11.4.
to find out about the enemy. Vocabulary: meaning in context p152
2. Somebody forgot to make sure that the fuel tank
1. D 4. A 7. A 10. C
in his plane was full.
2. C 5. D 8. D 11. B
3. It had no planes left to defend it against an
attack from the air. 3. C 6. B 9. A 12. A
4. It confirmed that he had shot down five enemy

bombers.
11.5.
5. He was apparently 29. (See line 12.)
Vocabulary
6. He was the lawyer for Al Capone, a well-known
gangster, and this involved keeping Al Capone Exercise 1 p153
out of prison.
1. B 4. B 7. C 10. B
7. This means that Easy Eddie had a lot of money
2. B 5. A 8. C 11. C
and could buy almost anything he liked, so he
led a life of luxury. 3. B 6. D 9. A 12. D
4.22
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11.6. 9. Put a comma after ‘Dixon’ and after ‘tourists’.

10. Put a comma after ‘Singh’ and after
Grammar: relative pronouns (1)
‘prosecution’.
Exercise 2 p154
1. that dives at Spiny Bay
11.8.
2. that is sitting just behind Donna
3. who guides a liner into harbour safely

Grammar: relative pronouns (2)
4. who raises a family by herself Exercise 5 p157
5. who drive under the influence of alcohol 1. which measures small distances
6. who work in Caribbean hospitals 2. which contains both synonyms and antonyms
7. that works in a large hotel 3. which almost always follows ‘q’
8. who travel on cruise ships 4. that was supposed to leave at 2 p.m.
9. who try to smuggle drugs 5. that was in its bowl
10. who robbed a jewellery shop last week 6. which was said to be escape-proof
Exercise 3 p155 7. which is known as The Rock and attracts

tourists
1. That is the lady who is in charge of the
exhibition. 8. which precedes ‘q’ in the alphabet
2. What was the name of the actor who played the 9. which make a poem more striking and effective
part of the detective? 10. that is landing now

3. Can you recommend a lady who can give my
daughter piano lessons?
4. Those are the men who built our house. 11.9.
5. The police are anxious to trace the youth who Punctuation and setting out dialogue
started the fire.
Exercise 6 p158
6. The lady who sold me these tickets said we can
get our money back. One night a woman woke up and discovered that her
husband was not in their bedroom. She put on a
7. The manager is talking to the lady who
dressing-gown and went downstairs to look for him.
complained about a camera.
She found him sitting at the kitchen table with a cup
8. Shall we invite the boy who has just come to live of coffee in front of him. He seemed to be deep in
next to us? thought, just staring at the wall. She watched him
9. Two of the players who took part in the test wipe a tear from his eye and take a sip of his coffee.
match came from our school. “What’s the matter?” she asked. “Why are you down
10. The watchman who fell asleep while on duty has here at this time of night?”
been reprimanded. Her husband looked up and said, “Do you remember
many years ago when we were dating and you were
only 16?”
11.7.
“Yes, I do,” she replied.
Defining and non-defining clauses
He paused. The words were not coming easily .
Exercise 4 p156 “Do you remember when your father caught us
1. Put a comma after ‘Butch O’Hare’. kissing and cuddling out on the verandah?”
2. No commas are needed. “Yes, I remember,” said his wife, lowering herself
3. No commas are needed. into a chair beside him.
4. Put a comma after ‘Wilson’ and ‘herself ’. The husband continued, “Do you remember when he
shoved his shotgun in my face and said, ‘Either you
5. No commas are needed. marry my daughter or I’ll send you to jail for 20
6. Put a comma after ‘brother’ and after years’?”
‘accountant’. “Yes, I remember that too,” the woman said quietly.
7. No commas are needed. The man wiped another tear from his cheek. “I
8. Put a comma after ‘sister’ and after ‘bank’. would have got out today.”
4.23
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11.15. 6. They tell us that the dead man lived sensibly and
made a monthly budget. They also tell us that –
Enjoying poetry in a good sense – the dead man was proud of his
achievements or that the son is proud of his
Questions on ‘Too Soon It Was My
father and his achievements. In line 26, we
Allotted Task’ p164
cannot be sure whether the adjective ‘proud’
1. He did not want his father to die. is meant to apply to the father or to the son
2. He was not happy to have to go through his (in the handwriting of a man of whom I am
father’s possessions. He was sad and did what proud).
he had to with a heavy heart. 7. The meaning is not entirely clear but lines 27
3. He had to set about the task efficiently and not and 28 may mean: ‘Memories of a dead person
stop to think about each item that he came will last for ever but they come to life for a
across. moment on such little things as the ones
mentioned’ (in lines 21–6).
4. This means ‘the things left behind by somebody
who lived simply and prudently’. 8. The silver links are cuff-links, worn at the wrists
of a shirt. When the poet’s son wears the silver
5. His father had fought in a foreign war, so the son
cuff-links, they will link him with his father and
thought that the clothes might be useful to
his father’s father.
surviving veterans.
Unit 12 The Penny Post

12.3. This incident reminds us that there is
often/always opposition to new ideas (perhaps less
Understanding p167 so now than in the nineteenth century), especially
A 1. D 3. A 5. D 7. A
from people who may fear (rightly or wrongly) that
2. D 4. B 6. A
they will lose something by embracing new ideas.
B 1. When necessary, the letter was held up against

the light of a candle in a dark room. 12.4.
2. Yes, I think they were justified. They prevented
cheating and increased the revenue to the
government. They also made it possible for A 1. D 4. C 7. B 9. D
poor people to write to other people within 2. B 5. D 8. A 10. C
the UK. They reduced the cost of the postal 3. A 6. A
service while increasing its efficiency. B 1. g 4. a 7. e 9. d
3. It is not really feasible to single out two of the 2. j 5. b 8. c 10. f
five proposals. However, perhaps (i) and (v) 3. h 6. i
are the best. Proposal (i) helps everybody and
especially poor people. Proposal (v) prevents
cheating. 12.5.
4. They probably resented interference in what A cloze passage p169
they considered to be their territory. They
were either politicians or nominees of Alternatives are possible in many cases; some are
politicians: groups not well known for an given below.
intelligent reaction to innovation at that time. 1. Prior/Up
5. In 1836, the proposals were new and ‘came as
2. paid/produced
a shock’. The opposition was to be expected,
especially from people with entrenched 3. unreliable/inefficient/uncertain
‘kingdoms’ to protect. When the reforms 4. mail (Not ‘a letter’ because we are asked to put
proved to be workable and excellent, ‘a suitable word’ in each blank space, and ‘a
opposition could no longer be justified. letter’ consists of two words.)
4.24
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5. studying/examining/investigating/researching that they don’t like each other and show it.
6. reforms/improvements/changes g) This means ‘on the quiet; without anybody
else knowing’. It is sometimes claimed that in
7. carried
some countries officials make a lot of money
8. proposed/believed/suggested/thought/ on the QT, i.e. through bribery or corruption.
considered/recommended h) This means ‘to be in a good position’. Cows
9. be like to eat clover, so if they are put in a field
containing clover, they will be happy.
10. weight
i) This means ‘to do something which annoys
11. rather somebody or to break a regulation’.
12. lowest/minimum/cheapest/basic j) This means ‘do something wrong but not be
detected or punished’.
13. afford/manage/contrive
2. a) to reform and lead a better life
14. experiment/investigation
b) to be greedy and eat too much
15. found/noticed/discovered/observed c) to bribe somebody
16. deliver/handle d) to do something which very nearly breaks a
law
17. used/followed/employed
e) to be suspicious (that there is something
18. attitude/approach wrong with a plan)
19. aroused/brought/met/encountered/provoked f) to think (wrongly) that you are living in some
20. approved/implemented/adopted/accepted/ kind of a paradise
agreed g) to withdraw (from an agreement)
h) to be at the end of your resources (material or
emotional)
12.6. i) to speak frankly and bluntly
j) to see somebody breaking the law or doing
Vocabulary: idioms p170
something bad
1. a) The expression comes from boxing. If a boxer
is losing badly and/or looks liable to be hurt,
a second in his corner can throw a towel into 12.7.
the ring as a sign that the boxer will now stop
fighting and acknowledge defeat. The Grammar: inversion of subject and verb
expression can simply mean ‘give up’ or
‘admit failure and stop trying to do
Exercise 1 p172
something’. If a farmer throws in the towel, 1. I had never heard such an incredible story.
he may sell his farm and look for another 2. Leela had never seen such a magnificent display.
occupation.
3. Nobody before has ever run as fast as he did.
b) This means ‘to take whatever is available and
not choose’. You may decide to go to the 4. I will never again agree to lend him money.
cinema but cannot decide which one to go to. or I will never agree to lend him money again.
You may decide to take pot luck and go to the 5. Paul not only scored two goals but he helped the
nearest one without knowing what film is defence as well.
being shown there.
6. She is not only related to the managing director
c) This means ‘to do something to deflate
but (she) has a share in the firm as well.
somebody’s pride or reduce his power/
influence’. A conceited or arrogant person 7. Miss Smith not only owns this house but (she)
may annoy others. Then they may try to find owns two shops as well.
a way of taking the offender down a peg. 8. The game had no sooner started than it poured
d) This means ‘to postpone’. Sometimes a sports with rain.
meeting has to be put off because of a storm. or As soon as the game started, it poured with
e) This means ‘to tolerate (something which we rain.
may not like)’. If you can’t afford to buy a car, 9. The two sides had no sooner reached agreement
you may have to put up with walking or than a fresh dispute arose.
riding a bicycle.
f) This means ‘to be very hostile to somebody 10. We had hardly reached home when the
and ready to attack the person’. Sometimes telephone started to ring.

we can say that X and Y are at daggers drawn 11. We had scarcely started the journey when the
at the place where they work. This means driver began to argue about the fare.
4.25
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English
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12. It is only in recent times that people have 12.9.

accepted that women have the same rights as
men. Grammar: relative pronouns (3)
13. It was only after several hours of questioning Exercise 3 p173
that the suspect admitted that he had taken part
1. Have you repaired the lock (which/that) you
in the raid on the bank.
broke?
14. The man changed his plea to ‘Guilty’ only at the
2. We ate all the food (which/that) we had taken
last minute.
with us.
3. The mistake (which/that) Abiose made was not
12.8. very serious.
Grammar: correcting errors 4. The programme (which/that) Mother likes starts
at seven o’clock.
Exercise 2 p172
5. Nickesha has found the key (which/that) she
1. Change ‘their ownselves’ to ‘themselves’. lost last week.
2. Delete the last word, ‘with’. 6. Now we can visit interesting places (which/that)
3. Change ‘overcomed’ to ‘overcome’. we never dreamt of visiting before.
4. Delete ‘all the more’. Possibly change ‘the rest’ 7. Have you still got the receipt (which/that) the
to ‘a rest’ but this depends upon the sales assistant gave you?
context/situation. 8. What’s the name of the player (that/whom) the
5. After ‘single’ insert ‘item of ’. referee sent off?
6. Change ‘bent’ to ‘bend’. 9. The girl (whom/that) Glenford married comes

from Antigua.
7. Some subjects are comparatively new, e.g.
Economics, Botany, etc. 10. That’s the policewoman (whom/that) we saw in
or Some subjects are comparatively new. the supermarket yesterday.
Examples include Economics, Botany, etc. 11. What have you done with the book (which/that)
8. Change ‘is’ to ‘are’. I borrowed from the library a couple of days
ago?
9. Spell ‘barbed-wire’ correctly.
12. Can you remember the name of the tourist
10. Move ‘both’ to come after ‘by’.
Uncle was talking to for nearly an hour?
11. Change ‘other’ to ‘another’ or change ‘other or Can you remember the name of the tourist to
three’ to ‘three more’. whom Uncle was talking for nearly an hour?
12. Change ‘to help’ to ‘helping’.
13. Change the order of the first three words to

12.10.
become ‘I need hardly’.
Grammar:
14. Change ‘boring’ to ‘bored’.
relative pronouns (4) – using ‘whose’
15. Change ‘elder’ to ‘older’ or put both sentences
together to make ‘Michael is my elder brother’. Exercise 4 p174
16. Delete ‘in’ after ‘lack’ or change ‘lack’ to ‘are 1. That’s the man whose boat sank in the harbour
lacking’. during the night.
17. Insert ‘herself ’ after ‘enjoyed’ or delete ‘on’. 2. The motorist whose car was damaged by a bus
18. You should form a habit of taking plenty of was very angry.
exercise. 3. My brother, whose hobby is gardening, grew
or You should make a habit of taking plenty of these flowers.
exercise. 4. The fishermen whose boat was wrecked during
19. Change ‘rewarded’ to ‘awarded’. the storm have been rescued.
20. Delete ‘rouse up’ and insert ‘arouse’. 5. I feel sorry for the boy whose leg was injured
during a game at school.
6. What’s the name of the girl whose bicycle was
stolen during the night?
7. I think I know the name of the man whose dog
chased us yesterday.
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8. What was wrong with the player whose place • Theme: I will describe some of the common
you took in the second half of the game? problems in learning to swim and then I will
9. The girl whose costume was the most original give an account of one method.
and striking won the first prize. • Starting – method D (Dialogue):
10. One group whose players were half-drunk was “You won’t let go of me, will you?” my sister
barred from performing. Tracy asked me anxiously.
Her question illustrates a key problem when you
11. My friend, whose ambition is to be a doctor, is
learn to swim. You need to have somebody with
extremely good at science subjects.
you who can be trusted completely.
12. I got these stamps from a relative whose job
• Starting – method S (State your theme):
frequently involves travelling to foreign
There are a number of problems involved in
countries.
teaching somebody to swim. The first thing a
learner has to do is find somebody whom he or
12.11. she can trust completely.
• Starting – method A (Action):
Grammar: synthesis
My young brother held on to my hand and tried
Exercise 5 p175 to sit on the bottom of the swimming-pool. He
soon discovered that this was nearly impossible.
Many alternatives are possible.
His body tended to float to the surface each
1. We won the game despite the injury to our time.
centre-back.
5. The contribution which a religion can make to
or We won the game despite the fact that our
the life of an ordinary person.
centre-back was injured.

• Theme: I think a religion can make a major
2. We arrived on time in spite of a severe storm
contribution to the life of an ordinary person.
which partly flooded the road.
• Starting – method O (Opinion – give one):
3. Donna helped us prepare for the party by baking
I feel sure that a religion can make a major
a lot of cakes and by making many sandwiches.
contribution to the life of an ordinary person. It
4. The Maroon avoided capture by hiding in some can provide comfort, protection, standards of
bushes for twelve hours. conduct to follow and an abiding feeling that
5. Even if we help them, they still won’t reach the whatever may happen to you there is a God who
top of the mountain today. loves you and cares for you.
6. Regardless of the dangers, Errol decided to swim • Starting – method P (Proverb or
to the land. Quotation):
I think it was a Chinese philosopher who
7. Although the bicycle was not in perfect
once said, “The main difference between
condition, he decided to buy it.
human beings and wild animals is that we can
8. Natoya agreed to help us despite her reluctance pray – and that, if we do, our prayer will be
to get mud on her clothes. answered.”
9. Even if the temperature reaches 35 degrees, the • Starting – methods A and D (Action and
material still won’t ignite. Dialogue):
10. The suspect persisted in his innocence and said, Francine knelt at the side of her bed and closed
‘I didn’t go near the shop.’ her eyes.
“Dear God,” she said inwardly, “thank you very
11. Our country is not far from the equator and
much for keeping me free from accident and ill
therefore it is always very warm or hot.
health today. Thank you for helping me with my
12. The small boat hit a sharp rock which caused it work and activities …”
to sink quite quickly.
Exercise 7 p178
12.13. This is a suggested answer for topic 6.
Writing: starting a composition 6. What is your ambition and how are you going to
try to achieve it?
Exercise 6 p177
• Theme: I will explain that my ambition is to
These are suggested answers for topics 1 and 5. become a doctor or a nurse and I will describe
1. Learning to swim how I hope to achieve my ambition.
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• Starting – method S (Story or anecdote): • Starting – method D (Dialogue):

I remember that when I was quite young, I used Last night, my mother suddenly said to me,
to dress up as a doctor or nurse and put “What’s your ambition? Maybe I can help you to
bandages on my dolls and friends … achieve it.”
• Starting – method S (State your theme): I was so surprised that at first I did not know
My ambition is to become a doctor. If I can’t do what to reply. Then I remembered.
that, I hope to become a nurse. I realise that “If I get a chance, I’d like to become a doctor,” I
there are several obstacles to be overcome but said. “And if I don’t quite manage to do that,
this is how I hope to achieve my ambition and then I’d like to be a nurse. Either way, I can help
be of service to the community and to my own the community and help the family at the same
family. time.”
Unit 13 Louis Pasteur

13.2. 13.5.
Reading p185 Writing summaries: good and bad
8. It means ‘violent and mad’. Exercise 1 p189

9. ‘Dreadful’ is justified because the disease was The summary will depend on which country it is
invariably fatal and people who caught it about. If we use the notes in the book, we will
suffered in a painful way. start with about 50 words and have a target of
10. Young dogs are immunised (by injection) to about 110–15 words. Then we might make this
prevent them from catching rabies. summary:
11. He knew that an injection could prevent Before the ninth century, many Arawaks had reached
somebody from catching rabies but he did not Jamaica from South America. When Columbus
know whether an injection would cure arrived in 1494, the Arawaks were gradually killed by
somebody who already had it. There was a weapons and disease. In 1517, the Spaniards
theoretical risk of an injection failing or making imported slaves from Africa to replace the
matters worse for somebody who already had Amerindians. During the seventeenth century, the
rabies. The dilemma was solved when a test case British forced Spaniards to leave Jamaica and it
appeared (from Alsace) and was treated became a British colony. (Stop and count: 55 words, so
successfully. we can use another 55–65 words = 4–5 lines)
12. She wanted Pasteur to treat her son and cure his British settlers continued the slave trade and grew
rabies. cocoa, coffee, sugar cane and bananas. The economy
prospered but was troubled by pirates and uprisings,
the most successful of which was led by the
13.3. Maroons. In 1834 slavery was banned but indentured
Vocabulary: meaning in context p185 labourers were brought from India and China.
Eventually Jamaica became an independent country
1. C 4. D 7. B 9. A in 1962. (Total: 110 words)
2. B 5. C 8. B 10. B
3. B 6. A
13.6.
13.4. Writing: rules and regulations
Vocabulary practice p186 Exercise 2 p190
1. A 4. D 7. A 9. B • Before you enter the pool: 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10
2. D 5. D 8. D 10. D • In the pool: 3, 4 and 6
3. C 6. B • After swimming: 7 and 9
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Exercise 3 p191 5. –, in/at, on, in, of, by, in 12. In, at, in, from, in
This is some suggested advice for (a) a baby-sitter: 6. in/during, with, – 13. at, of, –, in, in, by, in
7. to, in, from, for 14. in, in, of

Before you start your work 8. to, in, by 15. on, through
1. Check whether the job will be safe for you. Find 9. from, –, in, with, for 16. against, of, to, for
out who else will be in the home with you. Try
10. into, to 17. In, of, by, of, of, for
to check on the background of the family.
11. in, in 18. on, on, of
2. Agree on the hours of starting and finishing.
Check on the rate of payment, if any.
3. Decide how you will get to the baby’s home and 13.8.
how you will return to your own home,
Grammar:
especially if this will be late at night.
using the Present Perfect tense (revision)
4. Ask for and obtain the phone number of the
employer if this is possible, so that you can Exercise 5 p194
contact him/her in an emergency. 1. has broken 6. has chosen 11. has drunk
5. Make sure that you know how to look after a 2. has found 7. has stolen 12. has cleaned
baby or child of the relevant age.
3. has sharpened 8. has left 13. has eaten
6. Find out where food and clean clothes (if
4. has taken 9. has lost 14. has repaired
needed) will be.
5. has lit 10. has hidden 15. has torn
7. Decide whether to take homework or some
other work with you. Exercise 6

8. Find out what you are expected to do with 1. have just been helping, have not been waiting
incoming phone calls. 2. has been cleaning
3. have you been doing, have just been tidying,

On the job have been putting
9. Check security. Make sure that the doors are
4. have members of the committee been
locked and that nobody could sneak in through discussing, have been talking, have been
an open window. studying, have been arguing
10. If the baby/child is asleep, let it sleep but keep a
5. has been rising, have been going
close eye on it and/or check on it frequently
without disturbing it. 6. has been attending, has been receiving
11. If the baby or child is awake, try to keep it 7. have been sitting, have not been talking
amused or occupied but watch it all the time. 8. has your sister been working
Keep small objects away. Make sure it cannot 9. has been travelling
reach anything dangerous. Don’t slack off. Be
10. have been working
watchful all the time. Its life may be in your
hands. Exercise 7
12. If the phone rings, take messages but don’t be 1. Two new factories have been opened by our
distracted – watch the baby/child even while you company recently.
are using the phone. 2. Our fence has been damaged by an old tree.
13. Make a note of anything odd, troublesome or
3. The price of petrol and kerosene has been
bad, e.g. the baby vomits a lot, the child has a increased by all the suppliers.
high temperature or breathing problems. Inform
the parents when they come home. 4. One of the robbers has been arrested by the
police.
5. Tanya has been offered a job in a lawyer’s office
by Miss Warren.
13.7.
6. Those plants have been watered by somebody
Prepositions already.
or Those plants have already been watered by
Exercise 4 p191 somebody.
1. in, in 3. in, on, of 7. This material has been tested by experts to make
2. of, in, in, for, to 4. in, of, – sure that it will not break.
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8. The lock on this door has been changed by 3. The poet may be thinking of homeless people
somebody recently. who sleep in large empty buildings. Or she may
9. This car has been checked carefully by a skilled be thinking that the homeless people have to
and very reliable mechanic. sleep in the streets and, since they will probably
die there, the streets can be called their ‘tombs’.
10. The price of this necklace has already been
reduced by 20% by the manager. 4. It deepens the sense of hopelessness and misery
which surrounds the homeless people.
5. Stanza five is addressed to a different group of
13.9. people – to those who tell homeless people to
make an effort to improve but who do not
Enjoying poetry
provide genuine help.
Questions on ‘This is a Hymn’ p196 6. They are people who urge very poor and
Sometimes there is no completely ‘right’ answer to a homeless people to improve their lives but who
question about a poem. In many cases, there are do not provide material help. The poet chides
alternative answers. As long as the students’ answers them as being heartless.
are plausible and reasonable, they are as acceptable 7. In stanza five, the tone becomes accusatory but
as any answers given here. changes back in stanza six to one of pity and
1. I suspect that at one time he was a homeless sympathy for people who are ‘the victims of the
man because the poem is full of sympathy for world’.
homeless people. 8. Perhaps we can use ‘poverty’ or ‘humiliation’
2. The alliterating sound is /b/. It slows down the here. It depends upon which meaning of ‘salt’
reader and helps to create a serious atmosphere the poet had in mind.
when the reader picks his/her way carefully 9. She feels deeply sympathetic towards homeless
through lines 3, 4 and 5. and disadvantaged people.
Unit 14 AIDS
14.3. 4. The disease is spreading all the time and there
is no way of stopping it. Eventually the
Understanding p199 growing number of people who are becoming
A 1. B 4. B 7. B 9. B
infected with HIV will develop AIDS.
5. At present the number of people with HIV in
2. C 5. A 8. D 10. A
3. B 6. D
Africa is much greater than the number who
have it in Europe or North America. It follows
B 1. ‘Impaired’ means ‘injured or weakened’ that – when these people move on from HIV to
whereas ‘destroyed’ means ‘eliminated or AIDS – the number of deaths from AIDS will
wiped out’. Thus ‘destroyed’ indicates much be far higher in Africa than in Europe or North
greater damage than ‘impaired’. America. In addition, drugs which can retard
2. Pneumonia is a potentially fatal infection of
the development of AIDS are available in
the lungs. If it affects a person with AIDS, his Europe and North America but are too
immune system will be unable to give him the expensive for people in Africa to buy.
protection which he would otherwise have
had, and he will die. The disease is called
opportunistic because the bacterium that 14.4.
causes it has an opportunity to develop in the
absence of antibodies.
3. It is a decision or verdict reached by a doctor 1. B 4. A 7. A 9. B
after examining a patient and involves telling
2. B 5. D 8. C 10. D
the patient what appears to be wrong with
him, e.g. what disease or ailment he is 3. C 6. A
suffering from.
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14.5.
aims. We would be most grateful if we might
Vocabulary practice please have permission to use school premises as
set out below. All the money raised by these
Exercise 1 p202
events will go to AIDS Relief in Johannesburg for
1. D 4. C 7. B 9. D use in South Africa and countries in the East
2. A 5. A 8. D 10. D Africa region.
3. D 6. C 1. The events would be: (i) an indoor concert at
which voluntary singers and bands would
perform. There would be an admission fee; (ii)
14.6. an outdoor fun fair with stalls designed to
Vocabulary: problem words provide fun for visitors but also to make a
profit.
Exercise 2 p203 For the concert we would like to use the
1. adapt 5. ensure 9. borrow, lend school hall and any two adjacent classrooms.
2. affect 6. awards 10. breath, breathe
For the fun fair we would like to use the
school grounds but have access to any six
3. altogether 7. Besides
classrooms in case it rains on the day on which
4. alternately 8. borne we hope to have the fun fair.
Exercise 3 2. We are uncertain about the dates for these
events and would be happy to be guided by
1. clothes, them 5. confidence, 9. damage,
you. The concert would probably last from
positive trail
about 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. The fun fair would

2. complement, 6. conscientious 10. dead, died last from about 2.30 p.m. until 6.30 p.m.
aged
3. If it would help, may I say that three or four
3. comprehensive 7. contemptible students will be delighted to come to see you
4. conclusively 8. continuous at any time convenient to you so that we can
answer any queries and provide any
information which you need.
14.7.
Yours sincerely,
Writing a speech of thanks p204 Vimala Almeida
Miss Smith, Miss Patel, Fellow Students:
On behalf of the whole class, I should like to thank
14.9.
you most sincerely for coming here today on your
day off from work to give us a better understanding Equivalent (similar) sentences
of the danger of AIDS and of the slaughter it is
causing in so many parts of Africa. We really do Exercise 4 p205
appreciate your help, and I can promise you that we 1. D 3. C 5. B 7. B
will do our best to organise events and raise funds to 2. A 4. A 6. C 8. A
support the work of AIDS Relief in South Africa.
Thank you very much indeed!
14.10.
Grammar: the Past Perfect tense
14.8.
Writing a letter p205 Exercise 5 p208
The following are examples only.
Dear Miss Wilkinson,
1. I realised that I had left my keys at home.
Permission to use school premises to raise
funds to help with AIDS Relief work 2. Francine found out that her brother had moved
from Canada to Florida.
Last week a number of students in this form
volunteered to organise events to raise funds for 3. I knew that the road had not been repaired.
AIDS Relief in East and South Africa. If we can 4. She was quite sure that she had already paid the
get permission from you, we are tentatively bill.
drawing up plans to hold (a) an indoor concert 5. Did anybody notice that the diversion notice had
and (b) an outdoor fun fair in support of our been taken down?
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6. Mr Chan noticed that mice had been in his store. 14.11.

7. Leela asked me where my brother had gone.
Punctuation:
8. He remembered that he had not locked the door. using an apostrophe (revision)
9. Marcia wondered whether the plane had landed
yet. Exercise 7 p210
1. Don’t, There’s 5. friend’s
10. My mother wanted to know where we had been.
2. – 6. minutes’, hour’s
Exercise 6 p208
3. bride’s, It’s, Rodrigues’(s) 7. Holmes’(s)
1. When he had repaired a puncture in his bicycle,
Marlon rode to his friend’s house. 4. policeman’s 8. farmer’s
2. After my father had telephoned the shop, a man

came to repair our TV set. 14.12.
3. After the storm had gone, we went outside to
Enjoying poetry
clear up the yard.
4. When David had weighed the parcel at the Post Questions on ‘Dives’ p211
Office, he posted it. 1. Each person will have his/her own opinion on
5. I went to see my friend when I had washed and this point.
dressed properly. 2. He does this by describing the tourists and
6. The patient was discharged from hospital when mentioning their ‘expensive’ watches, ‘bland’
he had recovered completely. sun glasses and ‘blue’ stares that never blinked.
7. When we had eaten the food, we washed the 3. They might be injured or killed by sharks or the
dishes and put them away. propellers of the ship.
8. When the men had repaired our telephone, I 4. The movement of the penny was like the swift
rang my cousin to tell him that the phone was movement of a mouse. Also, the boys watched
working again. as attentively as a cat watches a mouse or birds.
9. After Wayne had told us about the accident, we 5. It seems more poetical at line 9 and again at line
realised that it was not his fault. 14.
10. We felt sad when the plane had left. 6. Only the poet can answer this question but
‘downwards’ would seem to be a better word
11. After we had driven for about half an hour, we
here.
reached the beach.
7. The alliterating sound is /d/.
12. When she had finished the painting, she left it
to dry. 8. This is a matter of opinion but some
punctuation would help.
13. After we had followed a path through the forest
for nearly an hour, we sat down to have a rest. 9. The main feature is the movement of the
pennies through the water and the boys
14. Our home seemed much quieter but less
watching them to retrieve them.
cheerful after Uncle and Auntie had left on the
long flight home.
15. When Mother had washed the fish thoroughly,
she showed us the best way to cook it.
Unit 15 Moving On
15.3. 2. It implies that their work had not been very
successful. It could also imply that their efforts
Understanding p214 had been amateurish and even crude.
3. It probably means ‘thus’ or ‘in that way’ but it
A 1. C 3. B 5. C 7. B
2. C 4. D 6. B
can also mean ‘true’.
4. It won’t work for the bank because it does not
B 1. They have come to tell the tenant farmers that produce an adequate return on the capital
they must leave. employed. As a result, the tenant farmers must
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leave and make way for a more profitable use 4. Peter reminded his sister to tell him when she
of the land. was ready to use the computer.
5. The tenants realised that the bank’s method 5. Miss Johnson asked Suresh to explain why he
would ruin the land – line 41. This does not was/had been absent on Friday.
bother the owner men. They propose to take a
6. Mrs Taylor told Francine not to forget to post
quick profit and then get rid of the land.
her letter when she went out.
7. Grandma told Howard not to start smoking. It
15.4. could kill him.
Vocabulary: meaning in context p216 8. Mrs Blake told her son not to leave his clothes
on his bed.
1. D 4. B 7. D 9. C
9. The guide told Ian not to dive down to the wreck
2. C 5. D 8. A 10. D
without taking a companion with him. He said
3. B 6. B the currents were dangerous down there. (at
that spot)
15.6. 10. The security guard warned us not to leave
luggage unattended in the airport.
Vocabulary practice p218
11. Noel asked his sister not to forget to tell their
1. C 4. D 7. D 10. D mother that he had gone fishing.
2. A 5. A 8. C 11. D 12. The woman told Tanya to read the form carefully
3. C 6. D 9. B 12. A before she signed it. She told her to check the
small print and make sure that she understood
it.
15.7.
Vocabulary: problem words 15.9.
Exercise 1 p220 Grammar: reporting statements
1. in spite 5. economic 9. eligible (indirect speech) (revision)
2. discovered 6. interesting, 10. imminent Exercise 4 p223
bored
1. Nadia told her friend that she would bring her
3. disinterested 7. elder, older 11. exhaustive bicycle back the next day. She said she was
4. duel 8. elicit 12. Infamous, grateful to her friend for letting her use it.
famous 2. The dentist told Stacy to open her mouth wide.
Exercise 2 He told her not to worry. It would not hurt her.
1. formally 5. gaol 9. me 3. Uncle said he would repaint the kitchen when

he had finished dealing with a leak in the roof.
2. reign 6. grateful 10. infatuated
He said he hoped to finish both jobs by the end
3. is, are 7. hard 11. industrious, hard of the week.
4. is 8. air 12. Invaluable 4. One of the tenant farmers said he could not pay
his rent then but he would pay it three months
later if the bank agreed.
15.8.
5. The man from the bank said he was sorry but it
Grammar: was too late. The monster could not wait;
reporting orders and requests (revision) tractors would be there in five days’ time. They
had to get off (the land) before then.
Exercise 3 p221
6. The owner man told the farmers that they could
1. The man told me to take the second turning on
go west to California. They could find work
my left.
picking fruit. There was no future for them
2. The nurse at the clinic told Ram to come back where they were.
and see her if he had/got a pain in his throat
7. He told the farmers that the bank would bring in
again.
tractors. They would make very big farms and
3. Mr Menon asked his wife to (please) get some grow cotton until the soil was useless. Then they
salted fish when she went out. would sell the land to people from the East Coast.
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8. When he was 22, Delroy told his mother that he 6. The police sergeant asked Maria if she had seen
had made up his mind. He was going to London the accident happen.
the following week. A friend had offered him a 7. The tourist enquired if the Carnival was held at
good job over there. the same time every year in Trinidad.
9. Delroy’s mother told him that she had lived in 8. A neighbour asked Samantha if her young
London when she had been a little girl. She said brother had started school yet.
it was crowded and noisy over there but it would
9. Miss Simms asked the mechanic if it would take
be easier for him to get a decent job.
long to repair her car.
10. The television announcer said that Hurricane
10. Paul asked his brother if he could (please) use
Andrew had changed course and was unlikely to
the computer when his brother had finished.
come/go their way. It had taken a more westerly
route and would have little effect on them. 11. Nadia asked Peter if she was as tall as his sister.
12. Miss Wilson asked Mike if his sister still worked

15.10. in a bank.
Grammar: indirect questions (1)

15.12.
Exercise 5 p224
Writing: summary
1. Mike asked the woman how much a flight to
Miami was. Questions p227
or Mike asked the woman the price/cost of a
a) Two major factors have been omitted from the
flight to Miami.
second summary. They are:
2. Stacy asked us when the procession • The bank has decided to foreclose on the land
starts/started. (Use ‘starts’ if the procession has not and force the tenants to leave.
started when the question is reported. Use ‘started’ if • The fertility of the land was damaged by
the procession had already started.) growing the same (cotton) crop on the land
3. Daljit asked me what the record for the 100 and not rotating the crops.
metres is/was. b) In the second summary, lines 3 to 6 are taken
4. Inspector Daley asked the suspect where the rest from 15.1.
of the money was. c) The sentence ‘At this time, there was a demand
5. Miss Dosman asked Victor why he had not done for cotton because it was needed to make
his homework. explosives and uniforms’ introduces a point
which was not in the original material. This
6. The man asked us how many tickets we wanted.
occurs in the second summary.
7. Pathma’s aunt asked her which ring she
d) There is repetition in the second summary
preferred.
because much of the information in the first
8. Miss Reid asked a builder how much it would sentence is repeated in the second sentence.
cost to extend their house.
9. We asked the stranger what he wanted.
15.13.
10. Colin asked me what the score was.
Enjoying poetry
15.11. Questions on ‘The Woman Speaks to the Man
Grammar: indirect questions (2) Who Has Employed Her Son’ p229
1. The tone changes at line 21. In the previous line,
Exercise 6 p225 the narrator was writing about the time when
1. Natoya asked me if I had seen Nnke recently. she was bringing up her son (under difficult
2. One of the tourists asked the guide if there were conditions). Then in line 21 she moves to attack
alligators in the river. the gangster who had taken her son into his
gang, armed him and set him on the path to a
3. Alicia asked her new friend, Francine, if she violent death.
liked coffee.
2. There is grim humour in line 16 which partly
4. The sales assistant asked me if she could help masks considerable anger directed to the father of
me. her son. The words ‘unbiased indifference’ have
5. Donna asked her mother if her father was going to be pronounced carefully and slowly, so they
to Florida again the following month. carry extra emphasis and suggest controlled fury.
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3. She hates him for condemning her son to death. 6. Unfortunately, it is indeed relevant in some
4. They could mean that she is playing an families where:
imaginary game for the life or soul of her son. a) the father has disappeared, leaving the
Since she acts as both mother and father of her mother to bring up the children unaided
son, she has an additional chance of saving him. b) a son lacks the influence of a father and falls
into bad company
5. She is prepared for her son’s death. c) the son may die by violent means as a result
of the influence of a gang leader.
Unit 16 People
16.3. 16.6.
Writing: starting a story p231 Vocabulary practice p234
The author starts 16.2 using S = a statement. 1. D 4. B 7. C 9. A
Another way of starting the story using S = a 2. D 5. A 8. C 10. D

statement: 3. C 6. D
The people of 28 Alice Street tended to be an
argumentative lot but there was one point on which
they all agreed. Miss Cleothilda was Queen of the
16.7.
Band and undisputed Queen of the Yard … Problem words
Exercise 1 p235
6.4. 1. its 11. morale
Understanding p232 2. lacks 12. have
A 1. C 3. D 5. A 7. C 3. lying 13. is
2. A 4. C 6. C 8. A 4. lain 14. Mother
B 1. This is one way of showing Miss Cleothilda’s 5. liable 15. necessity
status: she did not buy cheap food.
6. looked 16. noisy, violence
2. They had to suffer as a result of Miss
Cleothilda’s behaviour. 7. lose 17. can Jamaica, curb
3. She believed that she was superior to most 8. is, much, are, many 18. out, being
other people, so she would not give way to
9. have, has 19. overtake, crest
other people and compromise with them. She
insisted on having her own way. 10. maybe, may be, are 20. past
4. Her obvious pride, her unaccommodating
nature, and her habit of lecturing customers
16.9.
are some of the many reasons why she made
enemies. Descriptions of people in a short story
Exercise 2 p236
16.5. 1. The answer depends very much on how
Vocabulary: meaning in context p233 important Miss Cleothilda will be in the plot. I
can use perhaps 2–5 lines to describe her.
1. A 4. A 7. D 10. D
2. Even in middle-age, Miss Cleothilda ruled the
2. B 5. A 8. C 11. A yard around her home with all the hauteur of a
3. C 6. B 9. B 12. B long-serving Queen of the Band.
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3. When Miss Cleothilda walked across her yard in Exercise 6

Alice Street, the children stopped their games Technique (a) Mrs Joe (b) Joe Gargery
and paused to stare at her in awe.
Clothes lines 13–14. –
4. Colonel O’Reilly was not a man to be trifled
with. He was accustomed to being in charge of General lines 6, 11–13. lines 7–10
everything and of having his own way. appearance
Details of body lines 3, 11. lines 7–8, 31
Movement lines 28–32 lines 30–1
16.10.
Character, details, lines 3–4, 6, . lines 7–10, 30–1
Writing: different attitudes actions 11–13, 29, 32
Exercise 3 p238 What the person lines 32–8. lines 27

says
Three suggested openings for (a), (b) and (g):
What others say – –
a) My secondary school is an ancient primary
school with a wing attached to provide space for What the author lines 1–14 lines 7–10
science laboratories, an office and the Principal’s says
study. It was probably built during the struggle Exercise 8 p243
between the Maroons and the Redcoats with an
As soon as Sgt Williams approached the witness, he
addition supplied soon after independence.
knew that he would get no cooperation from her
b) My present school is a classic case of trying to although she must have seen the accident. She was
get a gallon into a pint pot. Classrooms built to short, plain and sullenly resentful of the world about
hold 30 children now accommodate nearly
her. Yes, she reluctantly admitted that she had heard

double that number. Two classes have no a noise but she declared that she had seen nothing.
classroom and have to wander around the school She wore faded blue jeans and a crumpled white T-
looking hopefully for rooms vacated by classes shirt. Her hair was unbrushed and her trainers were
doing PE. dirty. But it was her face that told Sgt Williams he
g) The existing school is best viewed as a challenge was wasting his time seeking information. She
to the staff, the children and myself. Despite avoided looking directly at him and rarely opened her
somewhat crowded conditions, we aim to thin compressed lips. And when she did, her lips
provide youngsters with an education which will curled downwards in derision and scorn.
equip them to lead fruitful lives while making a
distinct contribution to the community.
16.14.
Enjoying poetry
16.11.
Questions on ‘Scarce Resource’ p244
Writing: what does ‘describe’ mean? p239
1. The expression is ‘extreme of lawlessness to
The purpose of this section is to alert students to the discipline’.
fact that ‘describe’ in an examination question does 2. I think he was overseas – perhaps in Canada, the
not always call for descriptive writing. UK or North America. There was freezing air
1. factual 6. narrative outside the house and central heating (with a
2. narrative and factual 7. mainly descriptive
thermostat) inside it. The house was a ‘late-
+ some narrative Victorian’ building.
3. descriptive 8. narrative + factual

3. I think it was shortly before dawn. We are told
that the room was in darkness but that gentle
4. descriptive 9. narrative
light rays forecast the arrival of the day. At the
5. factual 10. descriptive end of the poem, the poet mentions ‘early
morning serenity’, which confirms that the time
was probably shortly before dawn.
16.12. 4. The curtains were warmed by the first rays of
Writing: describing people – a checklist the sun.
5. The old pipes probably contained water, so
Exercise 5 p240 ‘rustling’ might not be the best word to describe
Earl Lovelace uses all the techniques listed on page the noise they made. We could perhaps use
240 to describe Miss Cleothilda. ‘gurgling’, ‘breathing’ or ‘bubbling’.
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6. The lines seemed slightly forced, as if the poet 7. Perhaps at that time he was leading a very busy
was determined to make a poetic mountain (4 life, so he welcomed the brief moment of
lines) out of a very slight mole-hill (the act of peacefulness and the opportunity for prayer and
breathing). The lines seem rather different from reflection. It is not easy to say why he wished it
the tone in the rest of the poem. could be a ‘global phenomenon’ unless he
wished the whole world could have a similar
time of peace.
Unit 17 Rebecca
17.3. ‘monster(s)’. These give a sense of the writer in a

place that she once knew well but has now changed
Understanding p248 almost beyond recognition.
A 1. B 4. A 7. D 9. A
2. C 5. D 8. D 10. C
3. B 6. A 17.5.
B 1. I think she was very fond of it and had very Vocabulary: meaning in context p249
moving memories of events which occurred at
the house. A 1. B 4. C 7. B 9. B
2. She had forgotten or was not aware (in her 2. D 5. D 8. C 10. C
dream) that many years had passed since she 3. B 6. A
had last seen the house. Thus the neglected B 1. g 4. b 7. f 9. e
state of the drive puzzled her because the drive 2. j 5. h 8. c 10. a
had been well maintained in previous years. 3. i 6. d
3. The expression means ‘it stood there
undamaged’.
4. ‘the vanguard of ’ and/or ‘made indifferent
sentinels’
17.6.
5. It implies that the house had been badly A writer’s skill (2) p250
damaged by a fire some years previously or
had become a ruin somehow. What will happen next in the book? The writer will
describe what happened at Manderley and how the
house became ‘an empty shell’.
17.4. More examples of balance within a sentence include:
A writer’s skill (1) p249 • it was narrow and unkempt; not the drive that
we had known (lines 10–11)
Her aim was to introduce the main setting for her
story: the house called Manderley. She also wanted • The drive was a ribbon now, a thread of its
to show what had happened to the drive as a way of former self (line 23)
stressing that many years had passed by since the • with gravel surface gone, and choked with grass
events which she is going to unfold in the book. She and moss (lines 23–4)
achieves her aim by describing the drive in detail
• No hand had checked their progress, and they
before leading the reader to the house. I would say
had gone native now (lines 28–9)
that she was very successful in showing the passage
of time. • the grey stone shining in the moonlight of my
dream, the mullioned windows reflecting
Get the students to find words, phrases and ideas
that support this idea, such as ‘rusted’, ‘unkempt’, • the green lawns and the terrace (lines 41–2)
(nature) ‘uncontrolled’, ‘skeleton’, the writer not • Nettles were everywhere, the vanguard of an
recognising some trees – some now look like army. (line 51)
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17.7. 17.10.
Writing: describing places Punctuation:
using a question mark (revision)
Exercise 1 p252
Three suggested answers are: Exercise 3 p254
a) a market: Students should put a question mark after 4, 8, 10,
sight – the people and the things for sale 12, 14 and 15 and a full stop at the end of each of the
smell – the smells of the things for sale other sentences.
touch – the feel of some of the things for sale,
e.g. fruit and fish
taste – perhaps the taste of some of the things 17.11.
for sale
hearing – the noise of the people and perhaps of
Grammar: giving advice
chickens and animals Exercise 4 p255
b) a ship at sea: 1. You’d better go to the dentist.
sight – the passengers, other ships, land, flying-
2. One of us had better take it back and pay for it.
fish, the sea, the sky
hearing – the noise of the ship’s engines, people 3. We’d better go down to the shops this afternoon
talking or evening.
smell – the smell of food at meal times 4. You’d better make sure you wear your seat belt
taste – This depends upon how good a sailor you in future.
are!
5. You’d better put some antiseptic ointment on

h) a restaurant: that cut and then use a dressing.
sight – the dining-area, people, tables, murals,
6. You’d better sit at or near the front.
food
hearing – waiters and diners 7. I’d better shut the windows.
taste – the food 8. You’d better check your rear tyres. I think one of
smell – the food them has a puncture in it.
9. You’d better pick up all your toys and put them
17.8. away before Ma returns.
10. You’d better ask Lynton to have a look at it.
Arranging ideas
or You’d better take it back to the store.
Exercise 2 p253
1. either village – nearest town – village (for a rural
resident) 17.12.
or town/city – district – immediate area (for an
urban resident) Asking questions
2. type, size, atmosphere/discipline, types of Exercise 5 p257
pupils, members of staff, principal. transport,
1. Are 5. Do 9. does
housing, shopping facilities
2. Does 6. does 10. am
3. general area – specific location – features and
reasons for liking it 3. Is 7. does 11. Are
4. store: site, arrangement of goods/departments, 4. Does 8. do 12. Is

things sold, staff, prices, hours Exercise 6 p258
5. from big things down to small things, moving 1. Did 5. Has 9. were, Were
clockwise round the room
2. Did 6. did 10. did
6. type, location, external appearance and grounds,
3. Were 7. have
inside – front entrance to other end (or as far as
worshippers are allowed to go) 4. Was 8. did
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17.13. 17.14.
Is it similar? Enjoying poetry
Exercise 7 p259 Questions on ‘The Castle’ p260
1. A similar; B and C not similar 1. We can’t be sure of the answer to this question.
2. B similar; A and C not similar I think he is amusing himself and his readers but
there may be a moral lurking beneath the story.
3. A, B, C not similar
(See answer (4) below.)
4. A similar; B and C not similar 2. Yes, they strongly suggest that he is not very
serious.
3. The king might be Fear itself.
4. The poet may be mocking traditional tales of
knights who slew monsters and set free
beautiful maidens. He may also be mocking
people who sacrifice themselves pointlessly. If
the knight set out to kill King Fear he was bound
to fail, and there was some truth in the writing
on the castle wall: LIVING IS FEARING.
Unit 18 Letters to the Editor

18.3. 18.4.
Understanding p263 Vocabulary: meaning in context p264
A 1. D 3. D 5. C 7. C 1. C 4. B 7. A 10. D
2. B 4. A 6. A 2. A 5. D 8. B 11. B
B 1. It was to draw attention to the fact that mining 3. A 6. C 9. A 12. B
sand at that point on the Rio Grande was
spoiling the attraction of the river for people.
She probably hoped that her letter might 18.5.
persuade the authorities to withdraw
Vocabulary practice p265
permission for anybody to mine sand there.
2. It was probably going upstream because the 1. D 6. A 11. B 16. D
colour of the water changed before the raft 2. C 7. B 12. C 17. C
reached the area where sand was being mined.
If the raft had been going downstream, it 3. C 8. D 13. C 18. B
would have seen and heard the sieve before 4. D 9. B 14. D 19. D
the water became discoloured. 5. D 10. A 15. D 20. A
3. The land on which the sieve is standing may
get eaten away and the sieve may fall into the
river. 18.6.
4. She feels that the noise and discolouration of Vocabulary: problem words p267
the water spoil the river for visitors to the
area. 1. own, owns 5. respectable,
respectful
2. personnel, trained 6. running
3. principles, thorough 7. septic
4. risen, rise 8. shiver
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9. for 14. me
10. source 15. started, already of the victim was offensive and details of the
injuries which she received at the hands of a
11. consists 16. wake, got
drunken madman were shocking. There was no
12. sports 17. you’re, your need at all to print such sickening details and I
13. teems 18. abundance, until, it am sure that all parents will join me in deploring
the lack of taste shown by your news editor.
I hope you will reprimand the reporters and
18.7. editor concerned and require them to be more
Answering comprehension p269 considerate of their readers in future. I hope your
questions advertisers will also object to the way in which
this murder was reported.
1. a) 0 b) 0 c) 0 d) 11/2 e) 2
2. a) 0 b) 2 c) 0 d) 1 e) 0 Yours sincerely,
3. a) 0 b) 1 /2
1
c) 2 d) 1 /2
1
e) 2 (name)
4. a) 11/2 b) 1 c) 11/2 d) 0 e) 1
5. a) 1 b) 11/2 c) 11/2 d) 1/2 e) 11/2
6. a) 2 b) 1 /2
1
c) 0 d) 2 e) 0
18.11.
18.8. Is it similar?
Writing: making a summary Exercise 3 p273
A similar; B similar; C not similar (‘Jamaica’
Exercise 1 p271 1.
omitted)
A summary of the letter in 18.2:
2. A and B not similar; C similar
A lady is complaining that the authorities allow very
noisy machinery to be used on the Rio Grande at 3. A not similar; B and C similar
Portland to mine sand. She feels that it spoils the 4. A not similar; B similar; C border-line – partly
atmosphere and natural beauty of the place, so it similar
should not be permitted. (42 words) 5. A and B not similar; C similar
A summary of the letter in 18.7: 6. A similar; B and C not similar
A reader is worried about the increase in the amount
of crime. He thinks that much of it is caused by
unemployed youth, so he suggests that unemployed
18.12.
boys aged 15–25 should be drafted into the Army if
they are not studying. They will be trained for a year. Enjoying poetry
(49 words)
Questions on ‘The Fringe of the Sea’ p276
1. He uses alliteration, using the sound /f/.
18.10.
2. It applies to the poet and other people. The early
Making a complaint morning makes people agile.
Exercise 2 p272 3. He perhaps feels that it echoes the sound made

by waves and the sea.
A suggested letter of complaint for question 2 (a
letter to a newspaper): 4. It means ‘searching through or playing with the
water at random’.
5. They are near the surface of the sea. ‘High blue
Dear Sir,
chambers’ is a metaphor.
Unnecessary details of violence
6. From lines 6 to 21, the rhythm of the poem
I wish to complain most strongly about the is deliberately leisurely. It reflects the
totally unnecessary details of violence which movements described by the poet: sauntering,
appeared in your newspaper on l April. stopping and watching. From lines 22 to 26, the
The headline was ‘Savagery in Spanish town’ and poet describes a succession of more vigorous
the report appeared on page 3. The photograph actions, and the rhythm changes to reflect the
actions.
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Unit 19 In Court
19.3. 19.6.
Understanding p278 Conditional sentences (1)
A 1. C 4. A 7. B 9. C Exercise 3 p283
2. D 5. D 8. B 10. D
1. c 4. b 7. a 9. g
3. C 6. D
2. j 5. h 8. e 10. d
B 1. This statement means ‘We are certain that the
youth did not take a knife with him to use as a 3. f 6. i
weapon when he went out.’ Exercise 4 p284
2. He should not use any type of weapon in a fight. 1. a) ii d) iii g) i i) v
3. He felt that the system of education at b) ix e) x h) vi j) vii
Greenslade was badly thought out because c) viii f) iv
pupils from the school often appeared before
the Juvenile courts as offenders and because
although the system had been in operation for
19.7.
some years it had not been successful.
4. The expression means ‘offences which Grammar: what’s wrong?
somebody else has committed but for which
Exercise 5 p285
they are morally responsible’. The Chairman

felt that the system of education at Greenslade 1. B 4. D 7. A 9. A
would inevitably produce young criminals, so 2. B 5. B 8. A 10. B
the people who set up and ran the system
3. C 6. D
were morally responsible for crimes
committed by their pupils.
5. They were relieved that the boy had not been
sent to prison. 19.8.
A cloze passage p286
19.4. 1. C 5. B 9. B 13. C
Vocabulary: meaning in context p279 2. A 6. B 10. C 14. D
A 1. B 4. D 7. C 9. A 3. C 7. C 11. D 15. A
2. A 5. A 8. B 10. C 4. A 8. D 12. B 16. C
3. B 6. D
B 1. h 4. j 7. c 9. f
2. a 5. d 8. b 10. e 19.9.
3. g 6. i
Grammar: conditional sentences (2)
19.5. Exercise 6 p287

1. kept, would be, would make, would complain
Vocabulary: proverbs and sayings
2. were, would take, would ask
Exercise 1 p281 3. lived, had
1. A No; B No; C Yes 4. won, Would you spend, would you save, would
2. A Yes; B No; C No share, would also give
3. A Yes; B No; C Yes 5. were, would not mention, were, would omit
4. A No; B Yes; C Yes, perhaps 6. were
1. g 4. i 7. a 9. f 1. a) Yes; b) No
2. a) Two; b) 4-4; c) It drew; d) Marlon’s
2. j 5. b 8. c 10. d
team
3. e 6. h 3. a) No; b) Yes; c) No
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19.10. of time, the speaker may not! Gang warfare will

get him.
Enjoying poetry
4. He appears to be vindictive, as we see from lines
Questions on ‘A Fairy Tale’ p289 5 and 6. He has many problems, one of them
being no home life or guidance at home. He
1. The answer depends on the individual. It is not
speaks of joining a gang. We can guess that,
typical of the teenagers I know but I suspect it
unless he changes, his future prospects are very
may be typical in some places.
limited, and he is likely to be killed, badly
2. It implies arrogance and possible stupidity injured or imprisoned.
because it is highly likely that the ‘old fool’ is
5. He implies that the advice given (by whom?) to
well aware of them. He may well know that ‘life
a young narrator is false; it is like a fairy tale.
is strife between mother and father’.
The person who gives the advice is said to have
3. The mood is immature and resentful although, no idea of the realities of life.
if lines 14 and 15 are true, the speaker’s
6. (This depends entirely on the individual.) It may
attitude is understandable. The narrator had a
already be too late to help the young narrator.
hard life as a child. If the mood lasts any length
Unit 20 English in Business (1)

20.3. b) overheads: costs which a company incurs, such

as rent, utilities, etc.
Understanding p294 depreciation: a fall in the value of an asset with
1. B 4. C 7. C 9. A
the passage of time, e.g. a car depreciates (or
becomes less valuable) every year
2. D 5. A 8. C 10. B
fair wear and tear: normal minor damage
3. A 6. D caused by use and ageing as the years pass by
dividend: a share of the profit; it is given by a
company to each shareholder
an investor: somebody who puts money into a
20.4. business or buys shares in the hope of getting
Vocabulary: meaning in context p295 an income or a profit eventually
an investment: anything (usually a company)
1. C 4. B 7. C 9. C into which a person puts money in the hope
2. A 5. B 8. D 10. B of making a profit
A Service Department usually looks after repairs
3. C 6. A
to equipment, machinery etc.
A Human Resources Department recruits and
looks after staff.
20.5. A Customer Relations Department usually
handles complaints and tries to polish the
Vocabulary: business expressions (1) p296 image of a company.
1. a) a pay-roll: a list of employees to be paid 2. Brief explanations of the expressions:
piece work: payment for each thing made or a) The owners of a company close the company
job done as opposed to payment by the hour, down.
day, week, etc. b) A person declares that he/she is unable to pay
a bonus: an extra payment (which usually his debts.
depends on performance) c) A person or an animal is put in a place where
commission: a payment made every time a he/she/it is not in normal contact with others
person sells or does something in case the animal or person is infected, e.g.
wages: money paid to employees who are paid dogs entering some countries are put in
by the day or week special kennels for six months and are not
salary: money paid to employees who are paid allowed out. This is done in case the dogs
by the month have rabies.
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d) The goods are banned and cannot be bought, belongs to the purchaser; the seller has no
sold, imported, etc. further rights in it.
e) The duty on goods imported or exported is c) A consignor sends something; the consignee
increased or lowered. receives it.
f) A decision is made by somebody without d) A deposit account is one in which money is
consulting others affected by the decision. put to earn interest. Usually the account-
g) This is an agreement by two parties – usually holder has no cheque book and cannot draw
two sides in a trade dispute or similar matter. money out whenever he likes. If somebody
h) The machine is checked to see that it is in has a current account, he can put money in,
good working-order. and take money out, at any time.
i) A promise (or guarantee) is said to be no 2. a) A trade mark is a sign or word which
good any longer. somebody has formally registered with a
j) This implies that the person who signed the government office. It cannot be used by other
cheque does not have enough money in people without permission.
his/her bank account for the cheque to be b) If Firm X infringes the trademark of Firm Z,
cashed. Then ‘refer to drawer’ means ‘Sorry. Firm X uses the trade mark of Firm Z without
We can’t cash this cheque. See the person permission and may be sued by Firm Z.
who signed the cheque and try and get your
3. a) an agenda: the business to be done at a
money from him.’
meeting
k) This happens when a person seeks the
b) the minutes: a record of what happened and
permission of a bank to take out more money
was agreed or considered at a meeting
than he has in his bank account. In effect, the
c) a motion: a formal proposal at a meeting
bank then lends him money and charges a
d) a proposer: a person who puts a proposal

high rate of interest for providing the money.
before a meeting
l) A contractor will do a job and work out
e) a seconder: a person who formally seconds a
exactly what it costs in terms of labour,
proposal so that it can be discussed.
materials, etc. Then he will receive this
f) an amendment: a change to a proposal
money plus an agreed additional percentage.
g) a resolution: an agreement made by members
m) A mortgage is a loan to enable somebody to
of an organisation
buy a house. The house becomes security for
h) unanimously: with everybody agreeing, e.g. 10
the loan. It is sometimes possible to get a
members – 10 in favour
second (= additional) mortgage if the value
i) nem con: with nobody voting against a
of a property at least equals the value of the
proposal, e.g. 10 members – 8 in favour, 2 did
two outstanding mortgages.
not vote; they abstained; nobody voted
n) Every driver must insure his/her car. The
against the proposal
amount he pays annually for insurance is
j) to abstain from voting: to decide not to vote
called the premium. Normally premiums rise
steadily every year. If a motorist has an Note: Many organisations have a rule that no
accident or makes insurance claims, his proposal can be considered at a meeting unless it has
premium may rise sharply. been proposed and seconded by members.
o) If a motorist does not make any claims under
his insurance policy, he can get a reduction in
the cost of the premium he pays. This
20.8.
reduction is called a ‘no claims bonus’. Writing; making a summary p298
For many students, it will be helpful to develop an
20.6. automatic response to some examination tasks. As
soon as they see the word ‘summary’, they can think:
Vocabulary: business expressions (2) p296
a) Who is it for?
1. a) A deputy is senior to an assistant. The head
b) Target length?
of a business may have one deputy but several
assistants. c) Key words?
b) Leasehold property remains the property of Point (c) is extremely important. In 20.8 there are
its owner but he may let somebody live in it three key words/expressions but it is almost certain
for 5, 20 or 99 years (or even 999 years). At that many students will fail to notice one or more of
the end of the lease, the owner takes back the the three key words. As a result, their summary may
property. When property is sold freehold, it be deficient.
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Who is it for? A teacher/examiner.

Target length? 100 words. As soon as possible after 10 April, I will send you
a quotation for the work. Meanwhile, we
Key words: how (he) found out about bribery appreciate the opportunity to quote for the
how the bribery was carried out alterations.
why the bribery was carried out
Yours sincerely
Draft summary:
Exercise 2 p302
Grandpa Blake found out about bribery in the
company by reading letters in a file. £300 a month Suggested text for the body of the letter for (2):
(in cash) was sent to some of the company’s depots.
The money was used to bribe ship’s officers so that
Dear Miss Buchanan
they would not report adversely on the fuel supplied.
(Stop and count: 47 words, so we can safely add another Order: tables and chairs
50 words = about 3 lines) Thank you for your help when I visited your
If the officers were not bribed, they might (falsely) factory two days ago. I am now happy to confirm
claim that the ship had been delayed by poor quality the verbal order given at the end of my visit.
coal. A delay would be costly for the ship-owners, who Please supply the following:
expected Blake’s company to pay for it. (83 words) 12 steel and plastic tables (model K6)
Note: If there is time in an examination, we could at $320 each $3840.00
slightly expand the summary to be nearer 100 words. 60 metal chairs (model D4) at
For example, we could change the second sentence to $120 each $7200.00
become: ‘Each month Grandpa Blake had to Total $11,040.00

withdraw £300 in cash from the company’s bank.
The money was sent to some of the company’s You agreed that the tables and chairs would be
overseas depots.’ This will add another 12 words and delivered to the Happy Restaurant at 16 City
make the total length 95 words. Road some time on the morning of 16 July.
Yours sincerely
20.12.
Writing business letters: layout p300 20.14.
• See the notes which follow the specimen letter. Asking for further information
• There are several different (and acceptable) ways
Exercise 3 p303
of setting out a business letter.
Suggested text for the body of the letter for (2):
• The writer could have included his email address
and/or fax number at the top of his letter.
• A business letter may become part of legal Dear Sir or Madam
action, so three rules apply: Travel Club
1. Keep it simple.
Please send details of your travel club and two
2. Keep it short.
application forms to:
3. Keep it accurate. (Look again at the fourth
point of 20.11.) Francine Warren
248 Any Street
Exercise 1 p301
Anytown
The body of the letter might be:
Thank you.
Dear Mr Lall Yours sincerely
Alterations to 26 Fifth Avenue (signed)
Thank you for your letter of 1 April.
Note: The letter is set out as shown above for the
I confirm our telephone conversation of 3 April.
convenience of whoever will send the details and
Mr Jagjit Singh will visit you at 10 a.m. on 10
application forms. It is not necessary to repeat
April to collect all the necessary information and
the sender’s name and address in the body of the
agree with you as to the type of equipment to be
letter but the above method makes it more likely
installed.
that the sender will receive what she wants.
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Francine has asked for two application forms: one

for a relative and one for her own family. 1. What will the cost be per student at your
hotel, based on two students sharing a
standard double room?
20.15.
2. What would the additional cost be for a single
Writing business letters: making an p304 supplement for any students who prefer not to
enquiry share a double room?
Suggested headings for the example letters: 3. What meals, if any, are included in the above
• Spare Parts: FLYCRAFT model planes charges?
• Health requirements: Cos, Greece 4. Is it possible for your hotel to arrange

transport from the airport to the hotel and
Exercise 4 p305 later from the hotel to the airport? Is the cost
of this transport included in the room rate or
Dear Sir or Madam not? If it is not included, what will the charge
be per student?
Accommodation: 4–16 August
5. Is there an airport departure charge? If there
A group of 40 students and members of staff
is, how much is it per person?
from this school are planning to stay in Miami
next August, arriving p.m. on 4 August and Thank you for your help.
departing a.m. on 16 August. I would be most Yours sincerely
grateful if you could please supply the following
information.
Unit 21 English in Business (2)

Exercise 1 p307 3.
To: Amir Singh, Marketing (date)

1.
From: Donna Dixon, Accounts
To: Pathma, Fire (date)
We’re just getting ready for a visit by the
From: Carlton, Motor auditors. I have an expenses claim here from you
Please see attached enquiry. It turned up in a for US $128 for ‘travelling expenses’.
batch of our files. Can you please give me some details of this
May I leave you to deal with it? claim? When and how were the expenses
incurred?
Carlton
Thanks.
Donna
2.
To: Roy James, Accounts (date)

From: Tina Lawrence, HR 21.4.
Abiose says that the MD is returning from the Understanding p309
USA, arriving at the airport at 1430. I think you
usually collect her but I need to check that A 1. A 0 B0 C2 D0
somebody will be there. Couldn’t get you on the 2. A 2 B0 C0 D 1/2
computer or phone. 3. A 11/2 B 1/2 C0 D 11/2 or 2
Can you please let me know ASAP whether or 4. A 2 B2 C 11/2 D0
not you will meet the MD? Thanks. 5. A 2 B0 C0 D2
6. A 1 B2 C0 D0
Tina 7. A 0 B0 C2 D2
8. A 0 B 1/2 C2 D2
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B 1. Three reasons are: 21.7.

a) It is a better form of treatment for people
with glaucoma. Writing reports
b) 3% of the people in Jamaica suffer from
Exercise 3 p317
glaucoma, so a cure would be very useful.
c) Black people are more vulnerable to the 1. Across the top, from left to right, put these
effects of glaucoma than other people are, headings: OK, Needs work, Replace
and most Jamaicans are black. Down the left-hand side, put headings such as
Also: these, in a vertical column: paint, tyres, engine,
d) The government is convinced that, in clutch, brakes, hand brake, lights, gears, interior,
addition to treating glaucoma, ganja-based body.
medications may be able to treat other
2. If we keep the report simple, its design will
serious ailments.
depend on whether it is to be seen by each
e) The work is valuable to humanity and a
member of staff or only by the persons
credit to Jamaica.
responsible for compiling the report. Assuming
f) Eventually a manufacturing plant will
that the latter is the case, we might have this
provide jobs as well as helping people with
format:
glaucoma and other problems.
2. a) Somebody in New York might be unwilling Across the top: Excellent, Satisfactory, Weak,
to use any drug which has not been Unsatisfactory
approved by the FDA. Down the left-hand side, in a vertical column:
b) Another person living in New York might Attitude to work, Punctuality, Health, Team
be delighted to use Canasol as a cure for a spirit, Appearance, Fitness for promotion.
condition which is causing blindness.

Exercise 4
Accident to Paul Morris
21.5. At about 4 p.m. on Friday, 14 May, I was standing at
Vocabulary: meaning in context p311 the top of the stairs near Room 17. A group of
students were going down the stairs when one of
A 1. D 4. A 7. C 9. C
them – Brian Walker – slipped and fell forward. As he
2. A 5. A 8. B 10. B
fell, other students were knocked down from behind.
3. B 6. B
Paul Morris was near the bottom of the stairs. He
B 1. i 4. a 7. j 10. e
was knocked down when other students fell on him.
2. g 5. h 8. l 11. f
Two other students had minor cuts and bruises.
3. k 6. b 9. c 12. d
When I went to help Paul, we discovered that he
could not stand up. He had obviously damaged his
21.6. left leg. At this point, I informed you and Paul was
later taken to hospital.
Vocabulary: problem words
As far as I could see, nobody was to blame for this
Exercise 2 p312 incident. Brian Walker stumbled and slipped. Neither
Brian nor anybody else behaved improperly.
1. as, dairy 9. comprehensive,
insurance Exercise 5 p318
2. daily, diary 10. hard, except The contents of this report will depend upon the
individual student and school. Since the report is
3. literate 11. extensive, damage
accompanied by a covering letter, there will be no
4. adapt 12. proceeded, quickly need to put names, addresses, etc. on the report.
5. adopted 13. industrial Then we might have a format similar to this one for
6. stationery 14. illegible, ineligible
(b):
7. guard, guide, a 15. respectable,

As requested by you, a group of prefects studied the
whereas, respectable school canteen and consulted students at all levels in
the school. Subject to the availability of funds, we
8. is, comprehension
would respectfully make the following suggestions:
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The report could then contain suggestions about such 8. It’s no good trying to follow fashion blindly.
matters as: Fashions are always changing. Then the
hours when open to students designers and businessmen make money.
non-food items, e.g. tables, chairs, lighting, 9. The woman asked me how far it is from Trinidad
ventilation, etc. to Tobago. I told her it is about 21 miles.
food to be available: types, quantity, prices, drinks 10. She wanted to know how long it would take to
speed of serving sail to Tobago. We told her that that depended
cleanliness and hygiene. on the type of boat she used and,of course, on
the weather at the time.
21.8.
Punctuation practice 21.9.
Enjoying poetry
Exercise 6 p318
1. Smith’s, Kissoon’s 7. hour’s Questions on ‘The Despairing Lover’ p320
2. one’s 8. – 1. It is gently mocking, satirical and anti-romantic.
3. reader’s 9. baby’s 2. distraught, upset
4. minutes’, friend’s 10. sun’s 3. A girl spurned Damon.
5. – 11. month’s, months’ or A girl preferred to watch her television set

rather than go out with Damon.
6. Uncle’s, else’s 12. Chan’s, neighbour’s
or She did not go out with married men.
p319 or She said, ‘Marriage yes, partner no.’
Exercise 7
1. We stopped to watch some men repairing a 4. cliff top
burst water pipe not far from our school. 5. He thought of committing suicide.
2. Those men make many souvenirs for tourists, or Maybe he thought Phyllis was watching.
e.g. dolls, statues, small boats, etc. 6. He realised that it was possible to get a new love
3. The price was too high. Therefore Miss Walker but not a new neck.
decided not to buy the car. It was several years or Maybe he had to walk a long way to reach the
old already. precipice and by the time he arrived, he had
4. We must buy enough food this afternoon. Then thought over his situation.
we won’t have to try to get some tomorrow 7. It refers to ‘torment’ in line 27 which, in turn,
when the hurricane is getting nearer. refers to his unrequited love for Phyllis.
5. The bus service is being improved, thus enabling 8. It did not prove to be fatal. It was not too deep.
people to travel more easily. 9. Don’t take love affairs too seriously. There is
6. I haven’t seen your sister for months. How is always as good a fish in the sea as ever came out
she now? of it – although you may not feel that at the
time.
7. Oh, she’s fine. She’s got a job in an insurance
company in town. 10. Students can have fun answering this question.
Unit 22 History
22.3. b) He is trying to present the cause of the
uprising as accidental and trivial.
Understanding p323 2. a) He is trying to make it appear that the
A 1. C 4. B 7. D 10. C
Indian troops were provoked and insulted
2. D 5. B 8. D 11. C
by British officers. This would help to
3. C 6. A 9. A 12. B
justify the uprising.
b) He is trying to show that the British were
B 1. a) He is trying to undermine the prestige of desperate to get help.
the emperor.
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3. This seems to have been a move to placate to kill whereas manslaughter is a lesser crime in
Indian soldiers by offering them a better career which somebody does not intend to kill a person
in exchange for their loyalty. but the person dies.
22.4. 22.6.
Vocabulary: meaning in context p325 Vocabulary: definitions
A 1. D 4. C 7. C 9. D Exercise 1 p327
2. B 5. A 8. B 10. C
1. a) a place where a doctor interviews his patients
3. A 6. D
and examines them
B 1. i 4. j 7. e 10. g b) a person who looks after the teeth of his or
2. l 5. a 8. k 11. b her patients
3. f 6. c 9. d 12. h c) current, up-to-date, in accordance with
contemporary thinking
d) a political system in which the politicians
22.5. (and thus the government) are chosen by the
Vocabulary: what’s the difference? p326 free votes of all the electorate
e) style, that which is thought suitable
1. Both places provide shelter and food for people.
f) somebody who advocates one course of action
A house normally belongs to a person or family
but takes another
and is not used for strangers. A hotel is open to g) somebody visiting a region or country other
visiting strangers who pay to stay in it. than his or her own
2. Both words show displeasure but ‘furious’ h) whatever finds favour in the eye of the
denotes greater resentment than ‘annoyed’ does. beholder
3. Both words refer to people we have met, but a 2. Some suggested humorous definitions:
friend is somebody we like and feel close to a) somebody who can stitch you up
whereas we may not like an acquaintance c) a device to stop you from studying or working
particularly. happily
4. Both words denote a slight movement of the d) a place where people who have little to offer
body. We use ‘shivering’ when somebody is cold show as much of it as they dare
but ‘trembling’ when somebody is afraid or very h) men being boys again.
nervous.
5. Both words refer to a desire to eat food but 22.7.
‘greedy’ shows a wish to eat more food than is
reasonable. ‘Hungry’ does not have this Grammar: future actions (revision) p328
connotation. Further examples of the use of the:
6. Both a stream and a river contain water but a • Simple future:
river is bigger than a stream and therefore If you drop those dishes, most of them will
contains more water. break.
7. Both words refer to a person whom we do not My sister will be 15 next month.
know, but a foreigner has come from a foreign • Simple present:
country whereas a stranger may be from one’s The next train leaves in half an hour’s time.
own country. We leave for Barbados in three days’ time.
8. ‘Uncommon’ refers to frequency of occurrence • Present Continuous:
whereas ‘abnormal’ refers to the normality of I’m going shopping in a few minutes. Would
something. Both words show that something is you like to come?
different from ordinary things. Next Saturday we’re playing a team from
9. Both people are law officers. A magistrate’s Antigua.
powers of punishment are less than those of a • ‘Going to’ to show an intention or something
judge, so a magistrate officiates in courts where likely to happen:
the crime is not as serious as in a court where a Be careful! That shelf is going to break at any
judge officiates. minute!
10. Both words refer to the unlawful death of a What are you going to wear to Anna-Marie’s
person. Murder involves a deliberate intention party on Saturday?
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• ‘About to’ to show something will happen very • I would say, ‘Of course not! She was wearing a
soon: new pair of shoes with leather soles and she
Hurry up! The film is about to start. slipped on something.’
The bus was about to start when the driver • I might:
noticed two women running towards it. – say that I have heard there was an earthquake
• Passive Infinitive: tremor shortly before the building collapsed
This parcel is to be taken to the airport before – stress that all materials used in construction
3 p.m. and handed to somebody on the were of high quality and in accordance with
United Airlines desk. safety regulations
How many of the refugees are to be deported – mention that a security firm is investigating
next month? the possibility of sabotage by terrorists or a
• Present Perfect: drug-related gang
Can I use the computer when you have – have simply told the truth and have said that
repaired it? all possibilities were being investigated. (Then
You can’t watch the television until you’ve I suspect that I would have lost my job.)
washed all the dishes and put them away. Exercise 4 p331
• Future Perfect: Some possible statements:
You can’t phone Michael in London now. He
1. I would:
will have gone to bed already.
• express deep regret for the deaths of the
On the 3 August my grandparents will have
workers
been married for exactly 50 years.
• say that arson is suspected and being
Exercise 2 p329 investigated
Most of the answers depend on the individual. • stress that the premises had been inspected
and approved recently by Fire Services
1. I’ll probably wake up at about 6 a.m. personnel
2. I’ll have breakfast at 6.30 tomorrow morning. • say that the company was urgently looking
3. I’ll leave home at 7.15 a.m. I’ll go to school. for new premises to provide jobs for its
employees.
4. It will probably take them three to four days.
2. I would:
5. I haven’t decided what I’m going to do after the
• admit that there had been a mild outbreak of
examinations.
some type of gastric flu which was prevalent
6. No, I don’t think the Olympic Games will ever in the region, perhaps brought in by migrants
be held in a Caribbean country. There are many • mention the splendid health record which the
countries with better facilities which want to company has had for many years at its hotels
hold the Games. • mention that the hotel is now nearly full (but
7. I’ll be 21 in five years’ time. I’m not going to say what it’s full of).
8. I’m not sure. Perhaps I’ll be working in my own 3. I would:
country or overseas. • say that the pollution was caused by a
misunderstanding on the part of a new
Exercise 3 employee and that steps have been taken to
1. will/should have 6. will be waiting, will prevent it happening again
reached look • stress the wonderful record which the
2. will soon be caught 7. have lost, will have, company has in its efforts to protect the
will lend environment
• mention some of the schemes which the
3. are going 8. will find, has been
company has financed to improve
eaten
conservation of the environment
4. Are … taking 9. will be increased • minimise the quantity or type of material to
5. to be sent 10. to start, does, will win make the pollution appear much less
significant than it was.
4. I would:
22.8.
• quote analyses by other scientists showing
Public relations work p330 the beneficial effects of the tonic or of some
of the constituents of the tonic
Possible responses to the first two fictitious
• cast doubt on the veracity and accuracy of the
examples:
overseas reports and carefully suggest that
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they were linked with jealousy on the part of 6. The current was so strong that we couldn’t swim
competitors across the river.
• give examples of the way in which some 7. When the humidity is high, people feel tired.
named people have been helped by the tonic
or The humidity makes people feel tired.
• drink some of the tonic while answering
queries from the press. 8. We are very pleased to welcome you.
or We are delighted to welcome you.

22.9. 9. Donna found it difficult to save money.
A cloze passage p332 10. Victor asked me whether I had seen his brother
anywhere.
1. B 6. B 11. B 16. A
2. D 7. D 12. D 17. C
22.11.
3. B 8. B 13. A 18. A
Enjoying poetry
4. A 9. D 14. C 19. D
5. C 10. A 15. B 20. C Questions on ‘How Could We?’ and
‘I Ain’t Turnin’ Back’ p335
1. How could we choose to let Satan control us?
22.10.
2. I think it refers to her Christian (or other
Say it another way religious) beliefs. Line 1 of the first poem
mentions Satan. In line 25 of the second poem,
Exercise 5 p333
the poet refers to ‘God our creator’.
1. There is no point in arguing with her.

3. In both poems he affirms his determination to
2. Neither Donna nor Leela could unscrew the top resist evil and to follow the religious beliefs of
of the bottle. his mother. The two influences are his mother
3. It is said that he is a very wealthy man. and his/her religious beliefs.
4. I doubt whether we will win on Saturday. 4. At one time he felt that Satan was controlling
him. Now he wants to control himself and resist
5. It does not take Nadia long to send an email.
Satan.
6. Despite the objections of some members of the
5. They both renounce bad ways and show a
committee, the plan was approved.
determination to lead a better life.
7. Sharon suggested that we go for a stroll to the
6. He refers to him as ‘satan’, ‘mr profanity’ and
river.
‘creator of calamity’.
8. I am allowed to do anything at the weekend.
7. a) profanity: showing lack of respect for God;
9. The fire was probably caused by an electrical fault. behaving in a way which is an offence in the
10. Grandma dislikes watching shows on television. eyes of God
calamity: disaster
Exercise 6
b) fornication: sex, especially between two
1. Let me have your opinion of this agreement. unmarried persons
2. What was your date of birth? degradation: becoming worse in conduct and
way of life
3. Are those shoes the right size for you?
petrified: terrified, frightened
4. Do you have any objection to going without us? ploy: trick; bad device
5. I know the family who live in that house.
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Unit 23 Reporting the News

23.2. 23.4.
Understanding p338 Vocabulary: expressions using ‘take’ p341
A 1. A 4. A 7. B 9. D 1. a) try to avoid
2. C 5. D 8. B 10. C b) Airlines take precautions against mechanical
3. B 6. A failure.
B 1. Slander and libel occur when somebody says 2. a) look after
or prints something which is defamatory about b) Can you take care of our cat while we’re away?
a person, i.e. harmful to his or her reputation. 3. a) be upset by
If the defamatory remark is spoken, it is called b) Some people are very sensitive and easily take
slander. If it is printed or spoken on the radio offence at any criticism.
or television, it is libel. The damages for libel
4. a) is proud of
are greater than for slander because more
b) A good chef always takes a pride in the dishes
people will read or hear the defamatory
which he creates.
remark.
5. a) felt sorry for
2. a) He may be innocent.
b) We took pity on the poor beggar and gave
b) If he is found to be innocent, he may sue
the police for defamation of character. him some money.
3. No, we may not conclude that they are always 6. a) Ignore

reliable. We are told that eye-witnesses are b) When people are young, they often take no
‘notoriously prone to exaggerate’. (line 22). notice of advice offered to them by older
4. I would want to interview him and find out people.
why he did this. Then I would either dismiss 7. a) bother
him or warn him that any repetition would b) Sometimes my brother doesn’t take the
lead to dismissal. I would also assign him to trouble to put his clothes away properly.
less responsible work.
8. a) pay attention to
5. They are extremely important because
b) The magistrate urged the youth to take heed
newspapers rely on the income from
of the advice given to him in court.
advertisers to pay their staff and make a profit.
6. This means ‘treated in a respectful way’ by a 9. a) made a great effort
newspaper and that nothing harmful to them b) My brothers took great pains to make
or bad about them and their businesses should attractive costumes for the carnival.
be printed. 10. a) control; be responsible for
7. Here, ‘dilute’ means ‘weaken the effect of ’. b) The Deputy Prime Minister took charge of the
The word is used as a metaphor. If something government while the Prime Minister was in
unpleasant about, or not liked by, an advertiser hospital.
has to be printed, it can be reported in such a
11. a) made the most of your chance
way as to reduce its unpleasant effects. Details
b) When you visited Nigeria, you ought to have
can be omitted and words can be chosen to try
taken the opportunity to learn about living
to create as favourable an impression as
conditions there.
possible.
12. a) want to know more about
b) After watching a game on television,
23.3. Grandma has suddenly started to take an
interest in cricket.
13. a) accept something without thinking much
1. B 4. D 7. D 10. D about it
2. B 5. A 8. C 11. B b) In a game of cricket, we take it for granted
3. A 6. C 9. A 12. C that the umpires are honest men.
14. a) require quite a long time
b) There is something seriously wrong with this
car. It will take the mechanics some time to
fix it.
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15. a) Don’t hurry. Spend as much time (on the job) 8. the gallows: being hanged
as you like. arson: deliberately and illegally setting fire to
b) When you’re free, please check these property
invoices. Take your time. The work is not commuted: reduced
urgent. 9. footloose: prepared to wander or emigrate
16. a) first started to play or do something 10. to act up: to go wrong; to behave in an odd way;
b) When Grandpa grew older, he gave up to break down
football and took up gardening.
Exercise 1 p342
23.6.
1. take no notice 7. took offence
Writing: making a summary p343
2. taken an interest 8. takes pity
3. take charge 9. take care Target: 120 words
4. take precautions 10. take it for granted Key words: main features (consumer magazine)
Notes: no adverts, so obj reports
5. takes a pride 11. take your time
best buys – wide range of goods
6. take the trouble 12. take the trouble results of ext testing
faults exposed, website support re reports
warnings of dish by indiv and coys
23.5. helpful letters from readers – more
Vocabulary: from the newspapers warnings
guidance re legal position and rights
Exercise 2 p343 reliable guide for consumers

1. a compromise solution: an agreement which means (total: about 40–5 words)
that each side has to give way to some extent in
order that both sides agree eventually
Draft summary:
deadlock: a position in negotiations when no
further progress can be made because the two A typical consumer magazine aims to be a reliable
sides cannot agree guide for consumers. It does not accept
advertisements, so it provides objective reports. The
2. magnate: a wealthy and successful (business
main feature is information about the ‘best buys’ in a
person)
wide range of (mainly) domestic goods. The reports
freight rates: the charge for carrying cargo from
are the result of extensive testing and expose
one port or place to another place
weaknesses and faults. They show readers how well
3. supervisee: somebody who has done something goods have performed when tested and provide
wrong and has to report to the police every so useful comparisons. Dishonest tricks by different
often, e.g. once or twice daily types of tradesmen are revealed, as well as doubtful
4. referred to arbitration: passed to an outside person methods used by companies.
or body who will consider all aspects of a In addition, a magazine contains helpful and
problem when two sides are deadlocked. Then interesting letters from readers, which contain
he will recommend or enforce a solution. warnings for consumers. (Stop and count: 99 words, so
5. pilot scheme: an initial plan, meant as a test to see we can use about another 20 words.)
how well something will work The magazine explains the legal position to readers
6. Coroner: an official whose duty it is to investigate and explains the rights of consumers to them. (Total:
how somebody died if violence or anything about 115 words)
unusual is suspected The draft summary now becomes the final summary.
misadventure verdict: a decision that death was
Note: Make the students aware that success in
caused by bad luck
making this type of summary depends mainly on
aquatic training: learning to do the right thing in
these stages:
water, i.e. the sea or a river
a prerequisite: something which is essential (as 1. Make sure you have underlined the key words in
part of a job) your instructions. Then you know what to look
for when you make your notes.
7. consecutive: following one after another
venue: place where something will be done 2. Make relevant notes. They need not be legible to
affiliated: belonging to or members of (some an examiner or to anybody else as long as you
organisation) can read them.
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3. Make a draft summary based on your notes. Stop 8. Instead of going to the fire, he made up a false
somewhere between halfway and near the end. report about it.
Check the number of words. Shorten or 9. A solution suddenly occurred to me.
lengthen accordingly.
10. No advertisements are accepted by the
magazine.
23.7. or No advertising is allowed in the magazine.
Writing
23.9.
Exercise 3 p345
Grammar: ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ (revision)
Suggested answers:
1. Mitzie, You need both physical and mental skills. Exercise 5 p346
You need to be fit enough to push a trolley up 1. There are a number of reasons why people write
and down the aisles and to stay on your feet for a letter to the editor of a newspaper. Sometimes
long periods of time. You need to have an they want to make a complaint or draw the
attractive appearance and a friendly personality. attention of the government to the need for
You need language skills, tact, a sense of action.
humour, and a (controlled) liking for all the
2. People are beginning to think about landing on
weirdos who fly these days.
Mars in much the same way as the landings
2. Sorry, A.P., but I can’t agree with you on this already made on the Moon.
one. You know what they say about the human
3. When astronauts first landed on the Moon, a
body: ‘Use it or lose it!’ Young bodies need the
few decades ago, some cynics suggested that the
exercise they get from sports and games. For

landing was a fake. They claimed that the
many pupils, school is the only place where they
‘landing’ had been made in a deserted part of the
can get the necessary exercise. There’s no need
USA. However, scientists do not accept this
for you to be anxious.
claim and say it was a malicious attempt to
3. You’re dead right, Colin. It is a load of rubbish. belittle the achievement of the space agency
In all the experiments into ghosts and such like, NASA.
nobody has been able to come up with any
4. Tomorrow there is going to be an important
evidence that ghosts exist in schools or
conference on international cooperation in the
anywhere else. Just feel sorry for your friend and
field of tourism, with special emphasis on the
try to assure him/her that there is nothing to
Caribbean. Delegates are expected from the
worry about. It’s all in the mind.
USA, Canada, Europe and Asia. I shall be very
interested to see what the outcome of the
conference is.
23.8.
5. In a football match last week, the captain of the
Say it another way visiting team set a bad example on the field. He
Exercise 4 p345 was warned by the referee, who threatened to
send an adverse report to the Disciplinary
A number of alternatives are possible. Some are Committee of the League.
given below.
6. There is no doubt that many people now lead a
1. My friend has borrowed my pump. much better life than their ancestors did a
or My friend has borrowed a pump from me. century ago but in some countries the very
2. The editor said that he did not want to print my poorest people have not felt the benefit which
report of the fire. people in a town enjoy.
or The editor said he would not print my report 7. Where can we find out the effect which nitrates
of the fire. have on the development of healthy crops? If
3. The magistrate acquitted the defendant. you keep on growing the same crop on the same
4. It is important to be cautious in reporting news. piece of land, the yield will decline steadily, and
(the) crops will be more likely to be affected by a
5. One cannot accept the views of witnesses with
debilitating disease.
safety.
8. Electricity brings light and power to us. Oil
6. That kind of joke does not appeal to me.
lamps are really a nuisance and a source of
7. He was deprived of some of his land by the danger, especially during a storm such as the one
government. we had a few weeks ago.
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23.10. 3. much swifter than 7. It was the best we had

ever seen.
Grammar: using participles
4. show you the best way 8. much more
Exercise 6 p347 comfortable
1. Abiose hurried to meet the postman, hoping 5. older than 9. the second largest
that he had a parcel from Canada for her. 6. superior to 10. is much easier and
2. Dazzled by the lights of an oncoming vehicle, more natural
the lorry-driver swerved and nearly hit a tree.
3. Thinking that his mother had left her keys 23.12.
behind, Wayne grabbed them up and rushed
after her. Enjoying poetry
4. Pillai climbed slowly out of the water, nearly Questions on ‘The Washerwomen’ p350
exhausted by his efforts to save the drowning
1. The alliterating sound is /f/. The poet is trying
child.
to echo the sounds made by the water where the
5. In 2003, Americans invaded Iraq, thinking that women are washing.
the Iraqi leader was preparing to use weapons of
2. They are compared to short-lived hopes that the
mass destruction.
women once had.
6. The stranger hurried down the alley, looking
3. There were some thoughts and hopes (of a
anxiously behind him.
better future) which always remained in the
7. Three shops damaged by the fire will be closed minds of the washerwomen. The hopes are
for two weeks at least. mentioned in lines 30 and 32.

8. We went to bed early, not expecting Peter to 4. I prefer ‘passing left’ (meaning ‘and dying left
arrive that night. behind’).
9. The tree blocking the road was soon removed by 5. A similar idea is expressed in lines 45 and 47.
a gang of workmen. He is stressing the passage of time and the
10. The food contaminated by cockroaches was inevitability of death.
thrown away. 6. It is very effective. The women are bent over the
stones in the river. The women are likened to
devotees bowing before pagan gods.
23.11.
7. He is sympathetic towards the washerwomen.
Grammar: making comparisons He is also understanding and this is seen in his
mention of their dreams and hopes.
Exercise 7 p348
1. feel worse 2. the longest river
Unit 24 The Persuaders

24.2. 2. Many of them are also involved in attempts to
deceive and/or persuade people.
Understanding p354 3. They show that advertisers can adjust their
A 1. B 4. A 7. B 9. A
language to suit the market they are aiming at.
4. The implied threat is that if you do not buy and
2. D 5. C 8. C 10. B
3. A 6. D
take this medicine, you will catch the flu.
5. They can influence people by exploiting the
B 1. They might approve of the way in which desires listed in 24.1.
efforts to persuade people are exposed. They
might say, ‘Yes, we knew about most of this
already.’
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24.3. 4. It might budget (10 x 10,000) + (2 x 80,000) +

40,000 = $300,000. This would be $10,000 a
Vocabulary: meaning in context p356 month for ten months + two months at $80,000
1. D 4. C 7. C 10. C
each + $40,000 to allow for increased prices
and/or some unexpected opportunity. These
2. A 5. B 8. A 11. D
figures are based on the budget for the previous
3. D 6. C 9. D 12. B year but allow for two bigger campaigns instead
of one.
24.4. 5. They might indicate the best times and ways of

advertising (but have to be considered along
Vocabulary: prefixes with other data).
Exercise 1 p357
1. anti-aircraft, anticyclone, anti-British, anti- 24.7.
immigration Meetings: convening a meeting
2. autograph, automotive, automatic,
autobiography, autocrat, autonomous Exercise 3 p361
3. benediction, beneficial, beneficiary, benefit The body of the letter could be:
4. diameter, diagonal, diagram, dialect, dialysis Please note that the next meeting of the Student
Council will be in the school library at 5.30 p.m. on
5. equivalent, equality, equivocal, equitable,
Thursday, 20 June. The agenda will be sent to you
equilibrium, equinox
later. I hope you will be able to attend.
6. ex-husband, ex-boyfriend, ex-president, ex-wife,

ex-chairman
24.8.
7. hypermarket, hyperbole, hypertension,
hyperventilation Meetings: the agenda
8. maladjusted, maladministration, malaria,
Exercise 4 p362
malignant
A possible agenda:
9. pan-American, pan-Pacific, pandemonium,
pandemic, panorama 1. Apologies for absence
10. transport, transmit, transaction, transferred, 2. Minutes of the last meeting

translated 3. Announcements
Exercise 2 p358 4. To consider four disciplinary cases referred to it
1. B 4. C 7. B 9. C 5. To consider membership of the Council
2. C 5. C 8. A 10. C 6. To consider letters from other schools
3. A 6. A 7. Any other business
24.5. 24.9.
Discussion: advertising p358 Meetings: the Minutes
Many different words and advertisements are Exercise 5 p364

possible. Possible Minutes:
24.6. Minutes of the 18th meeting of the Central

College Parent Teacher Association held at
Understanding: graphs p359
the college on 1 April 2005.
1. It had two campaigns. 18.1 Apologies for absence were received from
2. The second campaign, i.e. the one in June, was Lindsay Brooks, Arnette Dickson and Suresh
the more successful. We can tell that from the Kissoon.
considerable increase in sales in the period June 18.2 The Minutes of the meeting held on 2
to December. February were considered and approved.
�
3. Yes, it did.
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24.12.
18.3 Dr Warren made the following
announcements: Grammar: using gerunds
a) Arising from Minute 16.8, discussions were Exercise 7 p368
continuing with Ministry of Education officials
1. hitting 5. cooking, eating 9. repairing
concerning arrears of salary for some members
of staff. 2. writing 6. telling 10. going
b) She was working with the Principal 3. winning 7. seeing

concerning guidelines for admission of new 4. finding 8. visiting
students in the coming academic year.
Exercise 8
18.4 The Principal reported on her discussions
1. For some reason, Tanya avoided speaking to us.
with police officers in an attempt to improve
road safety near the school. Committee members 2. My aunt can’t bear being late for work.
thanked her for her efforts. 3. The man admitted having deceived his employer.
18.5 Dr Warren reported on discussions with the 4. The suspect denied having stolen the money.
Principal concerning a forthcoming meeting
5. We did not foresee meeting him again so soon.
between parents and teachers. It was agreed to
provide two opportunities for parents to come to 6. Will the new job involve you(r) moving to Port
the college, namely at 10.30 a.m. on 1 May or at of Spain?
5.30 p.m. on 4 May. Parents would wear stick-on 7. It is no use trying to make him change his mind.
labels with the names and forms of their children
8. We regret not having sent you a receipt.
on them.
9. The owner of the car denied having been

18.6 A lengthy discussion took place on possible
involved in an accident.
activities on the annual Open Day. Mr Maitland
took down a note of all the views put forward 10. It’s worth waiting until the new model comes
and will discuss them with the Principal and staff out.
before the next meeting of this committee.
18.7 The Treasurer’s report was received and
approved.
It was agreed that the next meeting of the
committee will be at 7 p.m. on Tuesday, 24 April
at the College.
Chair
Unit 25 Offences
25.3. 2. They were frightened of them and regarded
them as offences in the eyes of God, so they
Understanding p370 were hostile to them.
3. The Badlands were probably caused by the
A 1. A 4. A 7. D 9. D
2. B 5. C 8. A 10. B
explosion of nuclear weapons.
4. The people from the Badlands were probably
3. B 6. D
too ill to make the long journey to Waknuk
B 1. There had probably been a war involving the and they would have to go through the
use of nuclear weapons. Waknuk had not been Fringes, where they might be killed. The
greatly affected but other areas had been. people in the Fringes had the strength to
Mutants occurred sometimes even in the attack places in the Waknuk region.
Waknuk area. Others came from outlying
regions in search of food.
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25.4. 6. arrive, to go, be closed

7. have forgotten, to turn
8. to be sharpened
A 1. B 4. A 7. C 9. B 9. to be repainted, be replaced
2. A 5. D 8. A 10. A
10. have been drowned, to rescue
3. C 6. D
B 1. h 4. a 7. c 9. g
2. j 5. i 8. b 10. e 25.7.
3. f 6. d Writing: setting out dialogue (revision)
Exercise 5 p379
25.5. A suggested answer for (c):
Vocabulary practice Sgt Blake glanced at his notebook and then looked
me in the eyes.
Exercise 1 p373
“Where were you at 9.30 p.m. on Tuesday night?” he
1. D 6. A 11. D 16. D
asked.
2. D 7. D 12. C 17. B
“Tuesday? Let’s see. I was at my friend’s home then,”
3. A 8. B 13. B 18. A
I replied. “We were watching a film on TV. I
4. D 9. D 14. A 19. B remember that it finished at ten.”
5. B 10. A 15. D 20. C “The name of your friend?” he asked, with his pencil
Exercise 2 p375 poised to make sure that he missed nothing.
1. D 6. C 11. B 16. C “Marcus Warren. He lives at 68 Brook Street, not far

from here,” I told him. “When it finished, we had a
2. B 7. A 12. A 17. D
snack and I started on my way home.”
3. D 8. D 13. A 18. A
“What time did you leave his house?” Sgt Blake
4. B 9. A 14. D 19. B
asked, beginning to look slightly bored, as if he had
5. D 10. C 15. B 20. C written me off as a suspect already.
25.6. 25.8.
Grammar: infinitives (revision) Writing: plotting practice (revision)

1. have left A suggested plot for (2):
2. to be repaired computer orders her to steal from shop; F refuses
3. to be sleeping computer threatens her; F refuses; hates computer
4. be fined, be confiscated sells to shop cheaply the next day; buys new
computer
5. to have seen, to overtake
classmate at school buys F’s computer (F doesn’t like
6. to have checked, to make
her)
7. to be called
2 days later; Y tells her – classmate arrested for
8. have been rescued, have been delayed, have stealing from shop
cleared
Exercise 7
9. to retire, to visit
10. be approaching, to arrive, to meet, be waiting
A suggested plot for (1):
stranger calls to check telephone; says he works for
Exercise 4 phone company
1. to tell, to start Paul asks to see some ID. Stranger angry – departs
2. to buy Paul notes number of stranger’s car
3. to do, to be thrown/to have been thrown, to Phones phone company – nobody out checking
repair phones
4. to be arguing, to blame Informs police – catch him robbing elderly woman’s
5. have been electrocuted, have been killed home
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Exercise 8 p381 turned down: too old, untrained, black

A suggested plot for (3): paid for own voyage
true story of Mary Seacole saved lives, nurses injured soldiers, sold stores
wanted to help troops in Crimean War made small profit; became famous
applied to War Dept in London, c 1854 settled in London in some comfort
Unit 26 Applying for a Job

26.6. 13. to 15. with 17. with 19. of
14. from 16. of 18. out 20. in
Grammar: using perfect infinitives
Exercise 5 p391
Exercise 2 p387
1. of, about 8. with, with, on 15. on, in
1. have posted, have put/dropped
2. at, from 9. with, against, in, of 16. in
2. to have ended/concluded
3. In, with 10. in, as 17. with, for
3. to have fled, to have had/taken/carried
4. At, with, 11. to, of 18. –, for, to

4. have forgotten, have gone of
5. to have told/notified, have known/decided 5. to, on 12. of, to 19. to, in/to
6. have gone/departed/left, have missed 6. on, at/in 13. to, with 20. of, on, of
7. have hurt/damaged/injured/broken, have 7. in/with, 14. in, out, from
fallen/slipped about
8. to have won, to have bought/purchased
9. have caught/got, have given/taken

26.9.
10. have come/gone, have borrowed, have let
Grammar: prepositions (2)
Exercise 3 p388
Exercise 6
1. to have been injured
1. on 6. of 11. of 16. with
2. have been repaired/have been dealt with
2. about 7. to 12. to 17. of
3. to have been commended
3. on 8. into 13. about 18. in
4. to have been mislaid/lost, have been given
4. on 9. with 14. of 19. of
5. to have been finished/completed
5. into 10. in 15. at 20. to
6. have been hurt/injured/killed
7. have been sold

Exercise 7
1. with 11. at, at, with, of,
8. have been promoted, have been warned/told
through
9. to have been rescued/picked up/saved
2. against, of 12. of, in, for, at, of
10. to have been arrested
3. on, in 13. from, in
4. to, from 14. to, from

26.8.
5. in, in 15. in, of, through
Grammar: prepositions (1) 6. in, without, for, into 16. for, on
Exercise 4 p390 7. in, of, in, with 17. of, in, with
1. to 4. to 7. in 10. to 8. in, with 18. for, to, on/in
2. to 5. to 8. from 11. in 9. about, in , to, with, in 19. in, with, for, of
3. for 6. from 9. for 12. to 10. of, to, from 20. of, at, by
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26.10. 10. Despite his injury, he managed to speak to us.

11. Who does this watch belong to?
Say it another way
12. It looks as if she is very pleased about
Exercise 8 p393 something.
1. Dave is not likely to have forgotten to lock it. 13. Famine is sometimes the result of bad weather.
2. He apologised for having forgotten to post the or Famine is sometimes caused by bad weather.
letter. 14. The police officer asked/told/ordered the tourist
3. Not having been there before, I nearly lost to show him her passport.
myself. 15. It was difficult for her to decide which pair of
4. Those windows should be closed during a storm. shoes to buy.
5. John is to blame for the accident. 16. We were prevented from going through the gate
by a security guard.
6. The damage to the sign went unnoticed.
or The damage to the sign was not noticed by 17. What he said to the manager does not matter.
anybody. 18. She accused the man of having tried to steal her
7. The owners of factories often borrow money bicycle.
from banks. 19. Paula informed the clerk of the mistake in the
8. Everyone has a chance to express his or her view invoice.
at an election. 20. The referee was surrounded by angry players.
9. What a fool you were to argue with her!
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Nelson Thornes Caribbean English

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Published in 2004 by:

ISBN 978 1 4085 0254 9

Page make-up by Northern Phototypesetting Co. Ltd, Bolton

Unit 1 Grandma 4.1

B 1. She did not make the most of time at school.

1. C 4. A 7. A 10. B 2. I disagree with the view that McNeill’s poem

Unit 2 They Have Done Well

Exercise 1. p18 1. Deena had a big lunch at my restaurant in Food

“Well, Miss, I cannot see you too well.” 2.9.

Questions on ‘Roman Holiday’ p26

2. looks 6. looks 10. looks

Unit 3 Who Told The Truth?

include ‘policemen injured; people arrested’, so we have 2. It is a metaphor.

6. The first ‘nobleness’ refers to Yussouf’s generosity

8. I think it was a desire to find out who killed his

Unit 4 The Sting

4.4. b) Recently a wanted murderer was delighted

They invited a large number of wanted criminals to a 1.

longing to (stay alive and) return to a place he

which is biologically impossible. The writer resented it.

Draft summary: three more ships in January, making this cruise

The experience also tends to make students

5.9. b) Not many modern lovers write ballads to,

10. fish to go fish go possible.

Unit 6 Crossing the Line

c) I will start with action. (I notice that I do not 6.9.

power here for at least a century. But what was do housework.

Discussion p92 2. are being pulled, is being built

Drama 3. is being serviced, is being replaced

4. is being repaired, is being checked, is being

9. In these two triangles, two sides and an included Exercise 5 p97

The panda stopped and took a book about

3. our, his, her 7. their, their 11. your

2. B 6. B 10. C 14. A journey.

Then one day he had a surprise when the police

Exercise 2 p111 3. did Natoya say

6. Did the taxi stop 8.9.

4. Was … stolen, Was … arrested dying or seriously ill.

Unit 9 City of the Future?

intended to be used in an emergency or when

There is a reward of $200,000 for information 9.10.

10. If somebody is ‘unqualified’, he or she has no

9.9. noticed him in hire car quite near house

Unit 10 Bajan Entertainment

5. itself 13. yourself water as a means of disposing of sewage and other

keep a cat. you find genuine people and an honest way of

4. It confirmed that he had shot down five enemy

11.6. 9. Put a comma after ‘Dixon’ and after ‘tourists’.

3. who guides a liner into harbour safely

Exercise 3 p155 7. which is known as The Rock and attracts

part of the detective? 10. that is landing now

Unit 12 The Penny Post

B 1. When necessary, the letter was held up against

and ready to attack the person’. Sometimes telephone started to ring.

12. It is only in recent times that people have 12.9.

6. Change ‘bent’ to ‘bend’. 9. The girl (whom/that) Glenford married comes

13. Change the order of the first three words to

centre-back was injured.

• Starting – method S (Story or anecdote): • Starting – method D (Dialogue):

Unit 13 Louis Pasteur

8. It means ‘violent and mad’. Exercise 1 p189