LINKING” WORDS AND PHRASES

USEFUL VOCABULARY

To state Personal In my opinion, / In my view, l To my mznd,'j (Personally) I believe that / Ifeel (very) strongly that /

opuu"on: It seems to me that l I thm‘lc that people should be encouraged to use public trarzsport m‘ the czty'.

To list One advantage of] Another advantage of / One other advantage of / The main advantage of /

advantages The greatest advantage of l The first advantage ofhaving your own busmes's Ls" that you do not

and have to take orders.

disadvantages:
One dzs‘advantage of / Another disadvantage of / One other dzs'advantage of / The _mazn'

dzs'advantage of /' The greatest dzs'advantage of / The first dzs'advantage of havingyour own busznes's

Ls" that you have to Work long hours.

T0 list pom'ts: Firstflfy), IFLr’st of all, / In the first place, / To start With,‘ / To begm' with, / Secondly, /

T‘hzr'dly, / Fmally‘, everyone knows that smoking 15' extremely bad for ones’ health.

To show sequence: ' BEGINNHVG: Fzrs't, / To start wüh, / To begm‘ wzth,’ ler'st ofall, get everyone out of the buildm'g.

CONTINUING: Secondly, / After thzs‘lthat, / Then, / Ned, call the fire brigade.

CONCLUDING: Finally, lLastly, /Last but not least keep a safe drs'tance firm: the fire.

T_o add more pom’ts What Ls" more, / Furthermore, I Moreover, [Apartfiorn this/that, [In- addzt'on (to this"), IBes'zd'es (thzs'),
dogs are very usefid in polzc‘e work.
on the same tepic:

Dogs are also very useful tn' police work.

Dogs are Very useful in police work too.

Not only do dogs help the blzn'd7 but they are Very useful ln' polw'e work as well

To show cause: The BBC decided not~to show the programme because / due to the fact that / szn'ce / as

it would upset too many people.

The programme would upset too many people; for thu" reason / therefore the BBC

deczde'd not to show it

To show effect/ She won a scholarship therefore, / so / consequently, / as a consequence, / as a result, l

result / consequences: for thzs‘ reason, she was able to com“ her studies.

To show He deczded' to learn Russza'n so that he could read Tolstoy.

purpose: He deczde‘d Ito learn Russm'n so as to / m’ order to read Tolstoy.

 LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES

To glv‘c For ms’tance, [For example, by runnm‘g, swumn'm‘g or jogging three times" a weekyou feel

examples: younger and live longer.

By talan'g regular exerczs'e such as l lzke' running, swun'mln'g or jogging you feel younger and lzv'e longer.

Ifyou Want to feel younger and ltv'e longer, you should take regular aerczs'e, parttc’ularly, l

zn' partw'ular, lespectally', runrun'g, swimming or joggln'g.

Seatbelts. are known to save lives, yet /however, l nevertheless, / but lnonetheless, many people
.

refuse to wear them.

Although [Even though /In sprt'e of the fact that / Despa‘e the fact that seatbelts' are Imown to save

lives, many people refiue to wear them.

Tum the dzal' when / whenever / before / as soon as / the buaer sounds.

I haven’t been back home smce' 1982.

We met as I was crossing the street.

I saw hzm' whtle‘ I was crosS'zn'g the street.

We neversee each other now that they’ve moved to another neighbourhood.

Thats’ the woman who lives next door to me.

Relattv'és:
Hes’ the man whose car was stolen yesterday.

Ihats’ the cat whlc'h scratched me.

London Ls" the city where I Was bom.

Fmall'y, /Lastly, l All in all, / Taking everythzng' into account, / On the whole, I
To m‘troducc
All thz'ngs-conslder'ed, / In concth'w'n, / To sum up, no one Izke‘ly to find a cure for
a conclusion:
. the common cold tn' the nearfuture.
.—’
 LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES

TRANSLATIONS

e)lNTRODUCING OPlNlON.
-l agree ...-....E~stoy de acuerdo
-As l said before ,,,,,, Como diie antes
4 disagree that ....... No estoy de acuerdo
~As far as l know........ Que yo sepa
~1 strongly believe / feel í’hat......Creo firmemente que
—A’e fer as'l’m- concerned ...... Por lo que a mi respecta
—i really think ...... Realmente p‘iensoque
-ln my view........ a mí modo de ver
“ln my-ropim‘on ...... e-n- ~m~~i opinión
-F rom my point of'víew......Desde mi punto de vista-
-It seems to me ....... Me parece que
~83: far.....con mucho
—Persona1\y. .. ....personaïmen’te
According .te.......eeg‘u'n l de acuerdo con

—A‘{though {though .....aunque

However....... sin embargo / no ebsïanïe
—Jn contest (to j with). . .. en. amnesia can
-Neveñheíess ........ no obstanfe
Jnstead (0,1“ .......... e’n vez de l

Anyway“..... de todos modos \.'

-'Despnt’e (the Ia'ct'that)........a pesar de (que)
~1n spite of (the fact that-).......a pesa-r» de (que)
—On the contrary ...... por e1 contrario
—On the one hand ........on the other hand........ por un -.’ado..... por ctm
4n any 0338.......en cualquier caso

C)u-—"IVJNG JNFÜRMAUON.
Furthermore ..... además í es más
—In addition to....‘adem’a‘s (de)
-M-oreover..... además

—What’s mare ......y además

— ad as we]! .......y también
—As wen as......así como
—Líkewise ..... así mismo f de la misma manera
—Too.-...tambie’n
-T.h.e point ¡s that....... la cuestión Heme-es que
-That's the reason why.. ..esta es la razón por la que
---“There Is no point in........ no sirve de nada ¡no tiene senfido
-Both .....and .......ta‘n'tofi...como
~F.or.instanceJ example ........por ejemplo
-Not only ...... but aiso ..... no sólo ......sino también
-m the seme way......... def mismo modo
\
d)Gi\/H\.JG CONCLUSION.
-in con-ciusío’n......p_ara concr’uir
-i will SUm up by saying.......resumiré / concluiré diciendoqus
—i' n short..... en resumen í resumienüo
-T.o sum Up ...... para resumir

e}TALi<iNG‘ ABOUT CAUSES AND RESULTS.

As a resuit......por consiguiente.
Because i as I since.-.....porque, ya que, "puesto que
Cons'eque‘ntiy....... por qonsiguien’te
-So....... por eso ‘
~Tu"erefore.......por lo tanto
«in this way.......de este mado
Because of....a causa de-
-Due 'to (the fact that) ......debido a (que)
-for this reason ..... por esr'a razón

f).G.lVlN..G .A.D’\./ANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.

~Against ......en contra

—in favour of.....a favor de

Advantage.“ ..ventaja
~Argument...... argumenta 1’ paiémr'ca l, razón
—Disadvantage / drawback.......... inconyem'eme

g)iNTRODUCiNG A SEREES OF POiNTS.

First of al}.....io primero de món '
-Firstiy..... primeramente
—In the first place.....en primer Riga;
—‘Secondi‘y.....en segun-do iu-gar
—T-hire’iy.......en “tercer iuga-r
Jhen ......finaiiy...... después......finalmente

h)-L~INK~-l.—NG WORDS.
Genera“): speaking ...... en iérminos generates
-Ac’cuaiiy .....verdaderamem‘e
—1~.‘0\.~ada-ys ...... hoy en día
—Tha‘c's to say 1 that 33 ..... es tien-ir
~To finish.....para terminar
~As ¡"eiiowsu . , Jo sx‘guiefiue
—§n any case......en cuaiquve‘r case
—To. begin with ......para empezar
«To some {em-ent. .hasrsa’ Ciert'o punto
~To a large ex‘e-‘n’t .......en buen-a medida
—To a greater! lesser e.xtent.....en m'ay'or f menor medida
—At least. . ....ai menos
-From now an .....a partir de ahora
Jn other words,..-.en otras palabras
-Ap-a-rt.~‘from.....aparte de
.- —At this rate..... a este iri‘mro / paso
And so 0ra.....etc.
-fo-r exampie ......por ejemplo
 .' Ó],
y ' " ' . . " ,

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correct liukm'g words from the ' “it

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Linking words/phrases make your Writing more interesting lo the reader. list below.
and easier to understand. 4 '
far um'mplc, what is more, as a

'

"
Some linking words (9.9. and, because. but, sq. since. etc) can join two
short sentences into one longer sentence. result, on Ihe other hand
e.g. He ¡s clever, He is hard-working. -
He's clever and hard-working. Watching films at the m'nema has
Ann is happy. She passed her exams. -
many advantages. To begin with.
Ann is happy because she passed her exams.
modem" cinemas are usually equipped
Some linking words/phrases (eg. ln addition, What is more, However, On
the other hand, etc) show how ideas are related either between two with the latest technolo'vg. l) .............
sentences or two paragraphs. , films have better
e.g. l have wntt'en to you three limes already. ~ picture and sound quality. 2) ................
1 still have not received a reply from you.
, you can sec all the
I have when to you three times already. HOWever, I still have not
received a reply from you. latest films as soon as they are released.

first Firstly the employees who delivered the cooker were extremely rude 3) , going to
complaint { and careless. While installing the appliance they made a the cinema has certain drawbacks. 4)
considerablemess, then they Iett wrt_'hout lidying the kitchen up.
:Hdding ......................................... , the price of a
Imore points k
ticket can be cxpcnsive and Cinemas are
second Furthermore, alter they had gone, I noticed that the cooker was
badly scratched and the operating instructions were missing. often crowded.
complaint
especially
Llnklng words/phrases can be used to: at weekends.
show time: when, whenever, betore, while, as soon as, etc
list points or show sequence: first(ly), to start with, next, finally, etc
add more points: furthermore. moreover, in addmo"n. and, also, what is' more, etc
show cause or effect: because, since, as a result. so. consequently. etc
give examples: for instance, tor example. such as, especially, etc
/ v;
show contrast: however. on the other hand, despite. though, etc
introduce a conclusion: all in all, to conclude. to sum up. finally. etc
(tor more examples see Appendix I) '- (Gi/Lima“ the correct
linkm'g word/“phrase to join
the sente'u'ce_s'.:_
Q/ï) Circle the correct linking words/phrases, as in the example.
1 st'm_ol,n"_jt"Watiedlfmfle;m”. He had not
studied; ¿a gh_£"i(_si_n'ce. while)
1 Mobile phones are expensn"c@lso they are very convenient.
2 She is very generous and shares. everything. SinCclOn the
“ other hand. she can be moody at times.
3 Growin'g your own vegetables is cheaper than
buying them. Even thoughfWhat is more, home-
grown vegetables are usually tastier.
.‘/‘
¿4 j Many young people are taught computer skills '
at school. Despite/As a result, they have a better
chance of finding a job. _‘ to the football
s'hflismy,_Amo"""t"h_er' .w__ouldn't let
,5 I admire Jackie because/therefore she has
happiness in' both her profesional _and pmfn‘tc: ¡{g re"Ï_H’C..L€.FD.Á>E
6' I/ Ar"r travcl IS the most cxpensn‘e form of t
_

transport. All in all/However, it ts" thefaq‘clsh'f