1 The sentence

1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner

1.8A Adverbial clauses of time, place and manner [> LEG 1.44-471

Study: Introduction to adverbial clauses of time, place and manner

(**I Suppose you want to write a paragraph like this:
When we visited London, we went to the Tower. We saw the spot where so many famous
people had lost their heads! We felt as if we had travelled back in time to another world!
If we want to speak or write like this, we have to master adverbial clauses of time (answering
When?),place (answering Where?) and manner (answering How?)

Adverbial clauses of time (past reference) [> LEG 1.45.11

To say when something happened in the past, we use 'joining words' (or conjunctions) like
when, after, as, as soon as, before, by the time (that), once, since, until/till, while:
When we visited London, we went to the Tower. [compare > 9.6AI

Write: Join these sentences with the conjunctions in brackets.

I lost a lot of weight. I was ill. (when)
...I.&
. .a.M. .&.+.*. .I.-.
I phoned home. I arrived in the airport building. (immediately after)
.a:..
.......................................................................
'' -
I............................................................................................................................................................
phoned home immediately after I arrived in the airport building.
3 She had already opened the letter. She realized it wasn't addressed to her. (before)
She had already opened the letter before she realized it wasn't addressedtoher.
............................................................................................................................................................
4 The building had almost burnt down. The fire brigade arrived. (by the time)
The building had almost burnt down by the time the fire brigade arrived.
............................................................................................................................................................
5 We realized that something had gone wrong. We saw him run towards us. (as soon as)
We realized that something had gone wrong as soon as we saw him run towards us.

1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference) [> LEG 1.45.21

When the time clause refers to the future, we normally use the simple present after: after,
as soon as, before, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment, till, untiland when:
The Owens will move to a new flat when their baby is born. (Not *will be born*)

I won't know if I have ot into university. I will get my exam results. (until)
. ~ w m i t . ~ . ~ ~ ~ . . ~ ~ . m ...........
~ . ~
I'II give him your message. He will phone. (as soon as)
I'II give him your message as soon as he phone.
............................................................................................................................................................
We should visit the Duty Free Shop. Our flight will be called. (before)
We should visit the Duty Free Shop before our flight is called.
I'II be dead. They will find a cure for the common cold. (by the time)
I'II be dead by the time they find acureforthe common cold.
............................................................................................................................................................
You'll get a surprise. You will open the door. (the moment)
You'll get a surprise the moment you open the door.
............................................................................................................................................................
 1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner

1.8C Adverbial clauses of place [> LEG 1.461

1 This is the exact spot where @.%W?@?6..bW?pencd: ................................................................

in the red zone / on this street
2 You're not allowed to park anywhere ..................................................................................................
3 Some television programmes are familiar everywhere in the world / you go
.......................................................................
4 Please sit wherever you like / you feel comfortable
............................................................................................................................
everyone can see it / everyone can see it clearly
5 Let's put the television set in a place where .......................................................................................

1.8D Adverbial clauses of manner [> LEG 1.471

Write: Complete the following sentences to say how.

, . .
1 It sounds as if ....@..- .............................................................................................................
I had ordered it. / I like it
2 1 think this omelette is exactly as ........................................................................................................
she already knew / she didn't believe
3 When I told her the news she acted as though ...................................................................................
me
that showcases our findings effectively
4 1 think you should write the report in the way ......................................................................................
it was instructed / it's expected
5 You never do apything the way ..........................................................................................................

1.8E Context
Write: Put in the conjunctions as, as soon as, as if, before, that, the way (that), when, which.
CAUGHT BY THE HEEL!
Mr Boxell was just shutting his shoe shop at the end of the day
.....&%?P... a man in a well-cut suit walked in and asked for an
the way the
expensive pair of shoes. There was something about ...................
as if
man walked that made Mr Boxell suspicious. He felt ................... he had
seen him before somewhere, and then remembered that he had - on
TV! The man was a wanted criminal! The man tried on a few pairs of
before he bought a pair ...................
shoes ................... that Mr Boxell strongly
recommended. 'They're a bit tight,' the man complained. 'They'll stretch,
as
sir,' Mr Boxell said. ................... Mr Boxell had expected, the man
When
limped into the shop next day to complain about the shoes. ...................
he entered the shop, he was surrounded by police. Mr Boxell had
that were a size too
deliberately sold the man a pair of shoes ...................
small, knowing he would return them the next day!

The man limped into the shop

1 The sentence

The complex sentence: reason and contrast

Adverbial clauses of reason ,[ LEG 1.481

Study: 1 Adverbial clauses of reason answer the question Why? We often give reasons by using
El 'joming words' (or conjunctions) like because, as, seeing (that), and since. I

2 We often begin sentences with as and since. [Compare s~nce(t~me)> 1.8AI

As (Since) it's a public holiday, you won't find many shops open.
3 We often use because in the second half of a sentence:
Jim's trying to find a place of his own because he wants to feel independent.

Write: Join these sentences w~ththe conjunctions to say why. More than one order is possible.
Service in this hotel ought to improve. There's
&Wi%.-.. .w.
.ltateC.*. .a,..-.
The Air Traffic Controllers are on strike. We have cancelled our holiday. (as)

Could you sell your old computer to me? You have no fusher.use for it. (seeing (that))
..','
...........................................................................*.'............................>a..-............................................

She's never in when I phone. I'll have to write to her. (since)

............................................................................................................................................................
I've had to have the document translated. I can't read Russian. (since)
............................................................................................................................................................

Contrast (1) ,1 LEG I .so]

Study: although, considering (that), though,

El

Write: Join these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets to introduce contrast.
More than one order is possible.
1 1'9 going to buy a computer. I haven't got much money. (even though)
rfi .-. ~ . . ~ . a . . ~ . ~ . . ~ . r . & &:............
. ~ .
2 1 intend to go for a walk this morning. It's raining. (even if)
............................................................................................................................................................
3 I'd like to help you. I'm afraid I won't be able to. (much as)
............................................................................................................................................................
4 Your design is excellent. It isn't suitable for our purposes. (while)

5 1 try hard to play the piano. I don't seem to improve. (although)

............................................................................................................................................................
6 Chinese is so difficult. It's surprising how many people learn it. (considering that)
............................................................................................................................................................
7 The play was wonderful. The film was a commercial failure. (whereas)
 1.9 The complex sentence: reason and contrast

1.9C Contrast (2) [> LEG I ,501

Study: We can also introduce contrast with:

I***I
- however + adjective or adverb: e.g. however small, however much.
I intend to buy a CD player however much (or whatever) it costs.
- no matter e.g. no matter how much, no matter where, no matter how (slow/slowly).
They'll find him no matter where he's hiding.

Write: Join these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets. Make any necessary changes.
It's expensive. He's determined to buy it. (however expensive)
Haueue?v ewm4M....................
................... Ltk, & G?M??%&.&.*..*: ........................................................
I work hard. I still have to take work home with me. (however hard)
............................................................................................................................................................
You write well. It doesn't mean you will be published. (however well)
............................................................................................................................................................
She feels sorry. The damage has been done. (no matter how sorry)

How much will they pay us? It will never compensate us. (no matter how much)
............................................................................................................................................................
It doesn't matter how many cards I send. I always receive more. (no matter how many)

It doesn't matter what he tells you. Don't believe a word he says. (whatever)

1.9D Context .
-, e

Write: Put in the conjunctions as, because, even though, since, though, while.
A SORT OF HUMANBURGER
I.... 6~ .-..... it's difficult to find work these days, Joe Dobson has just given up his job. They
were surprised when he announced this at the Job Centre '.............................. after a lot of effort, they
had found Joe a jab at a Hamburger Bar. .............................Joe wasn't highly-qualified, this hadn't
been easy. Yet Joe resigned, .............................the job was easy and quite well-paid. 'What did you
have to do for your money?' the young woman at the Job Centre asked. 'Strange ............................. it
sounds,' Joe said, 'I had to dress up as a hamburger and stand outside the restaurant.' 'A sort of
humanburger?' she suggested. 'That's right,' Joe said. 'I had to stand between the two round halves of
a bun, ............................. 1 was "disguised" as the hamburger filling, covered in tomato sauce. The
'
uniform was wonderful, .............................1 looked good enough to eat. The manager was pleased
with me, .............................I attracted a lot of customers.' 'So why did you give up, Joe?' the young
woman asked kindly. ..............................' Joe said, his voice breaking slightly, 'students kept turning
l9

me on my side and rolling me down hill!'

A sort of humanburger
1 The sentence

1 .I 0 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison

1.10A Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that' [> LEG 1.51.21

Study:
I***I

I spent a year in Germany to learn German. [s16.2CI

Write: Rewrite these sentences using in order that or so that making any necessary changes.
1 I took twenty driving lessons to pass my driving test first time.
. r . m . ~ . ~ . l e d d ~ l l d . . ~ . . m . w .........
.*.~
2 1 arrived at the cinema early so as not to miss the beginning of the film.

3 We stood up in order to get a better view of what was happening.

............................................................................................................................................................
4 Mr Jones bought a second car for his wife to learn to drive.
............................................................................................................................................................
5 1 spoke slowly and clearly because I wanted the audience to understand me.

1.1 0B Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'in case' [> LEG 1.51.31

In case means 'so as to be on the safe side' and refers to the future. We use the simple present
or should after in case:
Take an umbrella with you. It might rain. -*

1 I'm going to sign the agreement immediately. You mjght change your mind.
I.'fl..gang.&.*..M.~..~..*.w.
2 Take this key with you. You might not be able to get into the house.
............................................................................................................................................................
3 We keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. There might be a fire.
............................................................................................................................................................
4 Go by train. There might be a lot of traffic on the roads.
............................................................................................................................................................
5 I'm going to take my passport with me. I might need it.

1.10C Adverbial clauses of result with 'so ... (that)' and 'such ... (that)' [>LEG 1.52.11

Study: We can describe results with:

I**I 1 so + adjective (that) (= 'as a result'):
We were tired. We went to bed. -* We were so tired (that) we went to bed.

20
 1.1 0 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison

Write: Join these sentences with so ... (that) and such ... (that).
We were late. We missed the first act of the play.
. W e . . ~ . ~ o . ~ . ~ ~ R . . u c e . . ......................................
~..@..~.@
I was working hard. I forgot what the time was.

There was a delay. We missed our connecting flight.

We've had difficulties. We don't think we can stay in business.

1.10D Adverbial clauses of comparison with 'as ... as' [> LEG I .53]

We can make comparisons with as ... as, not so (or as) ... as and than:

Or we use subject + verb: He is as tall as I (am). He's taller than I (am).

We may use do, does or did to replace a verb in the simple present or simple past:

Write: Join or rewrite these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets.

John works hard. Susan works hard. ( s ... as)
J o t M Z u l v r k 4 ~ ~ h a * w : a 4 ?.
........................................................... u &1:.
S ...... a ....................................................................................
n~~
John is less intelligent than Susan. (not so ... as)
............................................................................................................................................................
This computer holds less information than that one. (not ... as much ... as) .
.....................&.* ...................................................................................................................................
The film 'Superman 1' is enjoyable. 'Superman 2' is enjoyable, too. (as ... as)

1.1 0E Context
Write: Put in as ... as, buf, in case, in order that, so ... that, such ... that, when, which.
WYSIWYG /w~z~wrg/
We create new words all the time. We have to do this *.E?&X.wwe
may express new ideas. Perhaps the strangest word ................... has
come into the English language recently is 'wysiwyg'. I was ...................
puzzled by this word ................... I kept asking people what it meant,
................... no one knew. Last week I found it in a dictionary. It is not
................... peculiar ................... I had thought. It comes from
computers. This is what it means, ................... you want to know: 'What
You See Is What You Get'. This means that what you see on your
'
screen is what you get ................... you print. Now I discover that
everyone knows this word. The other day I was in my favourite
restaurant and ordered sausages. They were ................... small
sausages ................... I complained to the waitress. She just smiled at
me and whispered, 'Wysiwyg!'

'Wysiwyg!'