1 The sentence

1.5 The complex sentence: noun clauses

1.5A Introduction to complex sentences [> LEG 1A ]

Study: 1 We can join two or more simple sentences to make complex sentences:
I**I The alarm was raised. The fire was discovered.
The alarm was raised as soon as the fire was discovered.
The alarm was raised when the fire was discovered.
The alarm was raised after the fire was discovered.
2 We can use many different kinds of 'joining words' (or conjunctions) to make complex
sentences: after, as soon as, when, since, that, if, so that, whether, etc. [> 1.5-1 01
3 In a complex sentence there is one 'main' idea and one or more 'subordinate' ideas.
We can take the main idea (or clause) out of the sentence so that it stands on its own:
The alarm was raised is a main clause: it can stand on its own. ... as soon as the fire was
discoveredcannot stand on its own. It is subordinate to the main clause.

Write: Underline the main clauses in these sentences.

1 You can tell me all about the film after I've seen it myself.
2 When you've finished cleaning the car, you can help me with the dishes.
3 You didn't tell me that you were going to invite so manyguests. ...
4 1 walk to work every morning so that I can get some exercise.
5 Since no one answered my call, I left a message on the answer-phone.

1.5B Noun clauses derived from statements [> LEG 1.22-23,15.i 0-16, ~ p p 45-46]
s
I
Study: 1 A noun clause does the work of a noun. It answers the questions Who? or What?:
I**I He told me about his success. (told me about what?): his success is a 'noun phrase'.
He told me that he had succeeded. (... what?): that he had succeeded is a noun clause.
2 We introduce noun clause statements with that after:
- some adjectives: It's obvious that he's going to be late.
-somenouns: It'sapitythathe'sgoingtobelate.
- some verbs: I know that he's going to be late.
3 We often use noun clauses after 'reporting verbs' like say, tell (me), think, know[> 15.2-31.
We
can often omit that.
Instead of: 1 know that he's going to be late, we can say: I know he's going to be late.

Write: Complete these sentences with noun clauses.

1 He feels angry. It's not surprising . f ? % @ R . h e . f & . ~ ............................................................
:
2 She has resigned from her job. It's a shame (that) She has resigned from her job.
......................................................................................
3 You don't trust me. It's annoying (that) You don't trust me
........................................................................................................
4 ...........................................................................................................
You are feeling better. I'm glad (that) You are feeling better
5 (that) She's upset
She's upset. I'm sorry .........................................................................................................................
6 that He didn't get the contract
He didn't get the contract. He told me ................................................................................................
7 that It's a fair price
It's a fair price. He believes .................................................................................................................
8 You're leaving. He has guessed that You're leaving
.........................................................................................................
9 that She's been a fool
She's been a fool. She agrees ............................................................................................................
 1.5 The complex sentence: noun clauses

1.5C Noun clauses derived from questions [> LEG I .24]

Study: YesINo questions

I**I 1 Has he signed the contract? is a direct YesINo question. [> 13.11
2 We can introduce a YesINo question as a noun clause after if or whether. We use 'reporting
verbs' like ask, tell me, want to know [> 15.4AI:
Tell me if he has signed the contract. (Tell me what?): if he has signed the contract.
Ask him whether he has signed it. (Ask him what?): whether he has signed it.
Question-word questions
When did you sign the contract? is a question-word question. [> 13.5-81
We can introduce this as a noun clause after Tell me, I want to know, etc. The word order
changes back to subject + verb and we don't use a question mark [> 15.481:
Tell me when you signed the contract. (Not 'Tell me when did you sign')

Write: Complete these sentences with noun clauses.

Has he passed his exam? I want to know ...gb-.&.h.~!.*..hid..m: ................
if/whether you can type
Can you type? You didn't say .............................................................................................................
Will he arrive tomorrow? I wonder if/whether he will arive tomorrow
......................................................................................................
if/whether he likes ice-cream
Does he like ice-cream? Ask him .......................................................................................................
if/whether he was at home yesterday
Was he at home yesterday? I'd like to know ......................................................................................
if/whether i should phone her
Should I phone her? I wonder .............................................................................................................
if/whether she is ready
Is she ready? Ask her .........................................................................................................................
when you met her
When did you meet her? I want to know .............................................................................................
how you will manage
How will you manage? Tell me ...........................................................................................................
why he has left
Why has he left? I wonder ..................................................................................................................
where you live
Where do you live? Tell me ............................................................................... ;................................
Which one do& she want3.Askher which one she wants
...................................................................................................
who's at the door
Who's at the door? I wonder ...............................................................................................................
what he wants
What does he want? I'd like to know ..................................................................................................

1.5D Context
Write: Underline nine noun'clauses in this text.
YOU DON'T KNOW YOUR OWN STRENGTH!
I suppose you know you can turn into superwoman or
superman in an emergency. Mrs Pam Weldon reported
that her baby nearly slipped under the wheels of a car.
Mrs Weldon weighs only 50 kilos, but she said she lifted
the car to save her baby. Dr Murray Watson, a zoologist,
wrote that he jumped nearly three metres into the air to
grab the lowest branch of a tree when hyenas chased
him in Kenya. Perhaps you wonder if you can perform
such feats. The chances are that you can. Doctors say
that we can find great reserves ot strength when we rre
afraid. It's well-known that adrenalin can turn us into
superwomen or supermen!

She lifted the car!