Academic Translation, Vocabulary, Reading

Academic Translation, Vocabulary, Reading
2023 Sonbahar Akademik Çeviri, Kelime, Okuma
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Building Blocks
Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. .▢
. . . . Words .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 .
Noun
. . . . . +. .Noun . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 .
Adjective
. . . . . . . . +. .Noun . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 .
Adverb
. . . . . . .+. Adjective
. . . . . . . .+. Noun . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 .
Verb
. . . . .+. Adverb . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 .
Verb
. . . . .+. Object . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 .
List
. . . .of. .Prepositions . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 .
Preposition
. . . . . . . . . .Block . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 .
Verb
. . . . .+. Preposition
. . . . . . . . . .Block . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 .
Simple Sentences
. . . . Words
Unit . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 .
Imperative . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 .
Verb
. . . . .Be . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 .
Verb
. . . . .Have . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 .
There . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 .
Revision . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 .
Tenses
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 .
. . . . . . . . Activities
Definition . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 .
. . . . . .Present
Active . . . . . . .Tenses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 .
Active
. . . . . .Past
. . . .Tenses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 .
Active
. . . . . .Future
. . . . . .Tenses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 .
. . . . . . . Tenses
Passive . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 .
Revision . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 .
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Modals
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 .
Simple
. . . . . . Modals . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 .
Perfect
. . . . . . .Modals . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 .
Passive
. . . . . . . Modals . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 .
Revision . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 .
Verbal
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 .
Gerund . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 .
Infinitive . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 .
Quantifiers
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 .
. . . . . . . . Activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 .
. . . .of. .Quantifiers
List . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 .
. . . . . . . .Sentences
Example . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 .
. . . . . . . . . .Activities
Vocabulary . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 .
Transitions
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 .
. . . . . . . . Activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 .
. . . .&. Examples
List . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 .
Conjunctions
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 .
List
. . . .&. Examples . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 .
Prepositional Phrases
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 .
. . . . . . . . Activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 .
. . . .&. Examples
List . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 .
. . . . . . . . . .Activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 .
Correlative Conjunctions
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 .
List
. . . .&. Examples . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 .
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Connectors Revision
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 .
Revision . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 .
Relative Clause
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 .
. . . . . . . . Activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 .
. . . . . . . Clause
Relative . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 .
. . . . . . . . . .Activities
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 .
Noun Clause
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 .
Noun
. . . . . Clause . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 .
Reductions
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 .
. . . . . . . Clause
Relative . . . . . . .Reduction . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 .
Noun
. . . . . Clause
. . . . . . Reduction . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 .
Revision . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 .
Dummy it
. . . . Words
Unit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 .
Definition
. . . . . . . . Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 .
Dummy . . . .▢
. . . . . . . it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 .
Vocabulary
. . . . . . . . . .Activities . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 .
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Advanced Passages 1
. . . . . . . . . . .Rock
Human-Like . . . . Formations . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 .
The
. . . . World's
. . . . . . .Oldest
. . . . . Tree . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 .
The
. . . . Science
. . . . . . .of
. .ASMR . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 .
Garbage
. . . . . . . .Houses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 .
. . . Printed
3D . . . . . . Skin . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 .
. . . . . . . . Clouds
Asperitas . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 .
. . . . . . . . Yoga
Laughter . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 .
. . . . . . Magic
Chaos . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. .Natural
Biofluorescence: . . . . . . Light
. . . . Show . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 .
. . . . . . of
Songs . . Humpback
. . . . . . . . . Whales . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 .
. . . . . .as
Music . . a. .Painkiller . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 .
. . . . . . of
Future . . Exploration:
. . . . . . . . . . Venus . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 .
. . . . Elephants
Can . . . . . . . . .Teach
. . . . . Us
. . .About
. . . . .Cancer? . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 .
. . . . . . . . . . . City
Underground . . . . of
. . Derinkuyu . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 .
. . . . Untold
The . . . . . .Story
. . . . of
. . the
. . . Vikings . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 .
Advanced Passages 2
. . . . Power
The . . . . . .of. .Numerology . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 .
. . . . . . Bathing
Forest . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 .
. . . . Unique
The . . . . . . Taste
. . . . . of
. . Umami . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 .
. . . . Brilliant
The . . . . . . Minds
. . . . . .of. .Octopuses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 .
Cryonics . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 .
. . . . .in. .Wonderland
Alice . . . . . . . . . .Syndrome . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 .
. . . . . . .Cockroach
Annual . . . . . . . . .Worship
. . . . . . .in. .Karnataka . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 .
. . . . Black
The . . . . .Sun . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 .
. . . . .Do
Why . . Cats
. . . . .Purr? . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 .
. . . . . . . . .Bandage
Injectable . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 .
. . . . Curse
The . . . . . of
. . the
. . . Hope
. . . . . Diamond . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 .
. . . . . . . .Mathematicians:
Nature's . . . . . . . . . . . . . Honeybees . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 .
. . Book
A . . . . .That
. . . .No
. . .One
. . . Can
. . . . Read . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 .
. . . . . . . Embryos
Artificial . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 .
. . . . Rise
The . . . . of
. . Jackfruit . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 .
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Advanced Passages 3
. . . .Burial
Sky . . . . . Tradition . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 .
Living
. . . . . .Robots
. . . . . .Made
. . . . .From
. . . . .Frog
. . . .Cells . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 .
Chuseok:
. . . . . . . . .The
. . . Korean
. . . . . . Thanksgiving . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 .
Synesthesia . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 .
. . . . .Do
How . . Babies
. . . . . . Learn
. . . . . Language? . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 .
. . . . . . Delusion:
Cotard . . . . . . . .A
. .Rare
. . . . Mental
. . . . . . Illness . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 .
. . . . Enigma
The . . . . . . .of. .the
. . .Sphinx . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 .
. . . . . Your
What . . . . Dog
. . . . Really
. . . . . .Think
. . . . of
. . You? . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 .
. . . . Reasons
The . . . . . . . .Behind
. . . . . .Food
. . . . Cravings . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 .
. . . . Golden
The . . . . . . Spice . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 .
. . . . Unchanging
The . . . . . . . . . . Genomes
. . . . . . . . of
. . Dolphins . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 .
. . . . Season
The . . . . . . .of. .Love
. . . . In
. . Regency
. . . . . . . .London . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 .
. . . . . .Pill
Smart . . .Bottles . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 .
. . . .Art
The . . .of. .Qi
. . Gong . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 .
. . . . Chemistry
The . . . . . . . . .Behind
. . . . . .Fireworks . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 .
Advanced Passages 4
. . . . . Flower
Lotus . . . . . . in
. . Hinduism
. . . . . . . . and
. . . .Buddhism . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 .
The
. . . . Origin
. . . . . of
. . Halloween . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 .
Blindsight . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 .
The
. . . . Nose's
. . . . . .Ability
. . . . . to
. . Distinguish
. . . . . . . . . .Scents . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 .
Lucid
. . . . . Dreaming . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 .
Virtual
. . . . . . Reality
. . . . . .Therapy
. . . . . . . for
. . .Phantom
. . . . . . . Limb
. . . . .Pain . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 .
The
. . . . Secret
. . . . . .Life
. . . of
. . Cows . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 .
Oaxacan
. . . . . . . . Wood
. . . . . Carving . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 .
From
. . . . . Resistance
. . . . . . . . . .to. .Resilience:
. . . . . . . . .Capoeira . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 .
Why
. . . . .We
. . .Enjoy
. . . . .Fear? . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 .
Diamond
. . . . . . . . Rain . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 .
The
. . . . Nebra
. . . . . Sky
. . . .Disk . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 .
Social
. . . . . .Prescribing . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 .
The
. . . . Mysterious
. . . . . . . . . "Blob" . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 .
The
. . . . Nazca
. . . . . .Lines . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 .
▢ Tamamladığınız alıştırmaları işaretleyebilirsiniz.
Bu dijital kaynak kullanıcının isteği üzerine ders notu olarak çoğaltılmıştır.
5 www.remzihoca.com
Building Blocks
• Unit Words
• Definition Activities
• Noun + Noun
• Adjective + Noun
• Adverb + Adjective + Noun
• Verb + Adverb
• Verb + Object
• List of Prepositions
• Preposition Block
• Verb + Preposition Block
• Vocabulary Activities
6 www.remzihoca.com
Unit Words > List of Unit Words
Building Blocks ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
sentence (n): cümle, ceza

Vocabulary
accident (n): kaza, tesadüf sign (n): işaret
bone (n): kemik sugar (n): şeker
chest (n): göğüs, sandık warning (n): uyarı
depletion (n): azalma wedding (n): düğün
difference (n): fark, uyuşmazlık abdominal (adj): karın ile ilgili
disorder (n): bozukluk current (adj): güncel
gender (n): cinsiyet formal (adj): resmi
health (n): sağlık insufficient (adj): yetersiz
leader (n): lider moonless (adj): ay ışığı olmayan
marriage (n): evlilik natural (adj): doğal, normal
opposition (n): karşı çıkma nomadic (adj): göçebe
pain (n): ağrı, üzüntü proper (adj): düzgün
personality (n): kişilik recent (adj): son zamanlardaki
prevention (n): önleme severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz
process (n): süreç, işlem sudden (adj): ani
proposal (n): teklif, evlenme teklifi ability (n): yetenek
rate (n): oran, ücret application (n): başvuru, telefon

uygulaması, uygulama
resource (n): kaynak
care (n): bakım, dikkat, kaygı
strategy (n): strateji
improvement (n): gelişme
thought (n): düşünce
increase (n): artış
violence (n): şiddet
night (n): gece
attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti
people (n): insanlar, halk
ceremony (n): tören
situation (n): durum
construction (n): inşaat
supply (n): kaynak
content (n): içerik
abrupt (adj): ani, kısa ve ters (konuşma)
cost (n): maliyet, bedel
domestic (adj): yurt içi, aile içi, evcil
cough (n): öksürük
early (adj): erken, başları
country (n): ülke, taşra
expensive (adj): pahalı
immigration (n): göç
inevitable (adj): kaçınılmaz
investigation (n): araştırma
intellectual (adj): düşünsel
law (n): hukuk, kanun
long-term (adj): uzun vadeli
life (n): hayat
mental (adj): zihinsel
medicine (n): ilaç, tıp
obvious (adj): bariz
missile (n): füze
regular (adj): düzenli
murder (n): cinayet
ancestor (n): ata
prison (n): hapishane
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benefit (n): yarar, devlet yardımı incorrectly (adv): yanlışlıkla
capacity (n): kapasite, görev partially (adv): kısmen
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü sharply (adv): aniden, keskince

customer (n): müşteri strictly (adv): sıkı bir şekilde, tamamen
distinction (n): ayrım totally (adv): tamamen
result (n): sonuç agree (v): aynı fikirde olmak

goods (n): mal believe (v): inanmak
advanced (adj): ileri düzeyde control (v): kontrol etmek

closed (adj): kapalı diagnose (v): teşhis etmek
delicious (adj): lezzetli injure (v): yaralamak
pleasant (adj): hoş look (v): bakmak, görünmek

popular (adj): popüler, halka hitap eden mention (v): bahsetmek
rapid (adj): hızlı recover (v): iyileşmek
significant (adj): önemli rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş),

ayağa kalkmak
suitable (adj): uygun
warm (v): ısınmak
unprecedented (adj): benzeri görülmemiş
accurately (adv): doğru bir şekilde
economically (adv): ekonomik olarak
adequately (adv): yeterli ölçüde
entirely (adv): tamamen
completely (adv): tamamen
extremely (adv): son derece
exactly (adv): tam olarak
historically (adv): tarihsel olarak
fairly (adv): oldukça, adil şekilde
incredibly (adv): inanılmaz derecede
randomly (adv): rastgele
officially (adv): resmi olarak
slowly (adv): yavaşça
statistically (adv): istatistiki olarak
wisely (adv): akıllıca
unusually (adv): alışılmadık şekilde
choose (v): seçmek
area (n): bölge, yüz ölçümü
destroy (v): yok etmek
candidate (n): aday
distinguish (v): ayırt etmek
decrease (n): azalma
forget (v): unutmak
factory (n): fabrika
invest (v): yatırım yapmak
growth (n): büyüme, şişlik
know (v): bilmek
meal (n): öğün
train (v): eğitmek
society (n): toplum, dernek
treat (v): davranmak, tedavi etmek,
journey (n): yolculuk ısmarlamak
sparsely (adv): seyrek olarak separate (v): ayırmak
populated (adj): nüfuslu directly (adv): doğrudan
briefly (adv): kısaca equally (adv): eşit şekilde
carefully (adv): dikkatle financially (adv): maddi olarak
deliberately (adv): kasten properly (adv): düzgünce
fervently (adv): içtenlikle scientifically (adv): bilimsel olarak
gradually (adv): aşamalı olarak secretly (adv): gizlice
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silently (adv): sessizce dangerous (adj): tehlikeli
violently (adv): şiddetle international (adj): uluslararası
attack (v): saldırmak, eleştirmek medical (adj): tıbbi

benefit (v): yararlanmak necessary (adj): gerekli
influence (v): etkilemek promising (adj): ümit verici
kill (v): öldürmek approach (n): yaklaşım, yaklaşma

manage (v): yönetmek, başarmak cause (n): sebep, amaç
negotiate (v): müzakere etmek help (n): yardım
protect (v): korumak light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs)

prove (v): kanıtlamak, ortaya çıkmak measure (n): önlem, ölçü
read (v): okumak professional (adj, n): profesyonel
share (v): paylaşmak, bölüşmek substance (n): madde, önem
rarely (adv): nadiren trade (n): ticaret, iş

contagious (adj): bulaşıcı treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
difficult (adj): zor yield (n): verim

blood (n): kan, soy adopt (v): evlat edinmek, benimsemek
choice (n): seçim determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek
circulation (n): dolaşım produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak

client (n): müşteri refuse (v): reddetmek
difficulty (n): zorluk regulate (v): düzenlemek
disease (n): hastalık take (v): almak, (süre) almak

happiness (n): mutluluk use (v): kullanmak
information (n): bilgi adult (adj, n): yetişkin
need (n): ihtiyaç alternative (adj): alternatif

railway (n): demiryolu angry (adj): kızgın
suicide (n): intihar annual (adj): yıllık
world (n): dünya average (adj): ortalama, vasat

commit (v): suç işlemek, adamak, (hapise, beneficial (adj): yararlı
hastane) göndermek
black (adj): siyah, siyahi, sütsüz
complete (v): tamamlamak
cardiovascular (adj): kalp ve damarlara
contract (v): küçülmek, hastalık kapmak, ilişkin
sözleşme yapmak
cheap (adj): ucuz
encounter (v): karşılaşmak
civil (adj): sivil, medeni, kibar
find (v): bulmak
clean (adj): temiz, masum, düzgün
improve (v): gelişmek
coastal (adj): kıyı
make (v): yapmak, yaptırmak, varmak
cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz
meet (v): buluşmak, tanışmak, gidermek
common (adj): yaygın, ortak
provide (v): sağlamak
conclusive (adj): kesin
represent (v): temsil etmek, tasvir etmek
constant (adj): sürekli, sabit
artificial (adj): yapay
conventional (adj): geleneksel
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crowded (adj): kalabalık prevalent (adj): yaygın
crucial (adj): çok önemli private (adj): özel
dark (adj): karanlık, ürkütücü racial (adj): ırksal

distant (adj): uzak, mesafeli religious (adj): dinî
dizzy (adj): başı dönen rich (adj): zengin
dry (adj): kuru round (adj): yuvarlak

durable (adj): sağlam same (adj): aynı
effective (adj): etkili scientific (adj): bilimsel

electronic (adj): elektronik shy (adj): utangaç
entire (adj): bütün similar (adj): benzer
equal (adj): eşit small (adj): küçük

essential (adj): gerekli snowy (adj): karlı
extinct (adj): nesli tükenmiş, sönmüş solar (adj): güneş kaynaklı

(yanardağ)
strange (adj): tuhaf, yabancı
far (adj): uzak
successful (adj): başarılı
fast (adj): hızlı
sunny (adj): güneşli
fatty (adj): yağlı
tremendous (adj): devasa
global (adj): küresel
vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu
grey (adj): gri, kır saçlı, (hava) bulutlu,
sıkıcı warm (adj): ılık, sıcak tutan, içten
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel white (adj): beyaz, sütlü
handsome (adj): yakışıklı worst (adj): en kötü
happy (adj): mutlu next (adj): sonraki
harsh (adj): sert deep (adj, adv): derin
healthy (adj): sağlıklı part-time (adj, adv): yarı zamanlı
high (adj): yüksek, kafayı bulmuş underwater (adj, adv): su altı
important (adj): önemli weekly (adj, adv): haftalık
injured (adj): yaralanmış brown (adj): kahverengi
intelligent (adj): zeki ago (adv): önce
known (adj): bilinen almost (adv): neredeyse
large (adj): büyük any more (q): artık daha fazla
liquid (adj): sıvı, hemen paraya çevrilebilir back (adv): geri
long (adj): uzun clearly (adv): açık bir şekilde
military (adj): askeri currently (adv): şu anda
new (adj): yeni easily (adv): kolay bir şekilde
nice (adj): hoş, nazik hard (adv): büyük gayretle
old (adj): yaşlı, eski here (adv): burası, Tanıştırayım!, İşte

burada!
open (adj): açık
just (adv): az önce, sadece, tam olarak
poor (adj): fakir, zavallı, yetersiz
luckily (adv): neyse ki
positive (adj): olumlu
never (adv): asla
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now (adv, n): şimdi, hemen back (n): arka, sırt
percent (n): yüzde bag (n): çanta, kocakarı
pretty (adv): oldukça ball (n): top, yumak, balo

remarkably (adv): dikkat çekecek şekilde banana (n): muz
somewhere (adv): bir yerde bank (n): banka, kıyı (nehir, göl), yığın
soon (adv): birazdan battlefield (n): savaş alanı

usually (adv): genellikle beach (n): plaj
well (adv): iyi bir şekilde bed (n): yatak, (dere vs) taban
widely (adv): yaygın olarak biodiversity (n): biyolojik çeşitlilik
yesterday (adv): dün bird (n): kuş
today (adv): bugün biscuit (n): bisküvi

tomorrow (adv, n): yarın boat (n): tekne
most (q): çoğu, en çok body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
every (q): her book (n): kitap

please (excl): lütfen bottle (n): şişe
welcome (excl): Hoş geldiniz! bowl (n): kase
accent (n): aksan, vurgu box (n): kutu, yedek kulübesi

addiction (n): bağımlılık bread (n): ekmek
admission (n): kabul etme, giriş break (n): ara, kırık
adulthood (n): yetişkinlik breakfast (n): kahvaltı
advance (n): ilerleme, avans breeding (n): üretme (hayvan, bitki)

advertising (n): reklamcılık bridge (n): köprü, briç
afternoon (n): öğleden sonra brother (n): erkek kardeş

age (n): yaş, çağ building (n): bina, inşa etme
agreement (n): anlaşma bunch (n): demet
air (n): hava, hava yolu bus (n): otobüs

aircraft (n): hava aracı business (n): ticaret, iş yeri
airfare (n): uçak bileti ücreti butterfly (n): kelebek

airport (n): hava limanı cake (n): kek, kalıp
altitude (n): rakım cancer (n): kanser
amazement (n): şaşkınlık car (n): araba, vagon

amusement (n): eğlence cash (n): nakit
answer (n): cevap caterpillar (n): tırtıl
arrival (n): varış cellar (n): kiler
article (n): makale, fıkra (hukuk), nesne centre (n): merkez

asthma (n): astım century (n): yüzyıl
atmosphere (n): atmosfer, ortam charm (n): cazibe, tılsım
author (n): yazar chemotherapy (n): kemoterapi
baby (n): bebek child (n): çocuk
childhood (n): çocukluk decade (n): on yıl
circumstance (n): durum declaration (n): ilan

citizen (n): vatandaş density (n): yoğunluk
city (n): şehir depression (n): depresyon, buhran
class (n): sınıf (okul), ders, sınıf (toplum) diet (n): beslenme, rejim
cleaner (n): temizlikçi, temizlik malzemesi discount (n): indirim
climate (n): iklim discovery (n): keşif
clock (n): saat, gösterge discrimination (n): ayrımcılık, ayırt etme

cloth (n): kumaş discussion (n): tartışma
clothes (n): giysi divorce (n): boşanma
coast (n): sahil door (n): kapı

coat (n): palto, kürk, kaplama driving (n): sürüş
coffee (n): kahve dusk (n): gün batımı
cold war (n): soğuk savaş earth (n): dünya, toprak

company (n): şirket, eşlik education (n): eğitim
computer (n): bilgisayar effort (n): çaba

condition (n): durum, rahatsızlık, şart election (n): seçim
consideration (n): düşünme, husus, element (n): unsur, element (kimya)

anlayış
elevator (n): asansör
constitution (n): anayasa, bünye
empire (n): imparatorluk
continent (n): kıta
employee (n): çalışan
control (n): kontrol
employment (n): istihdam, kullanma
coral reef (n): mercan resifi
end (n): son
cottage (n): kır evi
enemy (n): düşman
couple (n): çift
energy (n): enerji
cover (n): kapak, örtü, maddi garanti, siper
epidemic (adj, n): salgın
credit card (n): kredi kartı
Europe (n): Avrupa
crew (n): mürettebat
evidence (n): kanıt
crowd (n): kalabalık
exam (n): sınav
curiosity (n): merak
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman,
current (n): akım kullanım
cycling (n): bisiklet sürme existence (n): varlık
dad (n): baba experiment (n): deney
danger (n): tehlike expertise (n): uzmanlık

daughter (n): kız evlat explosion (n): patlama, artış
dawn (n): gün doğumu faculty (n): fakülte, beceri, duyu
day (n): gün, gündüz failure (n): başarısızlık

death (n): ölüm fame (n): ün
debate (n): tartışma family (n): aile

debt (n): borç fault (n): hata, fay
fence (n): çit headache (n): baş ağrısı
ferry (n): arabalı vapur hibernation (n): kış uykusu

fight (n): dövüş, mücadele history (n): tarih, geçmiş
film (n): film, (fotoğraf) film, tabaka home (n): ev, yurt
fire (n): ateş, yangın, ateş etme (silah) homeland (n): anavatan
fireplace (n): şömine horizon (n): ufuk
flight (n): uçuş horror (n): korku

flood (n): sel, bolluk hotel (n): otel
floor (n): zemin, kat, alan hour (n): saat
floorboard (n): döşeme house (n): ev
flower (n): çiçek hurry (n): acele

flu (n): grip husband (n): koca
food (n): yiyecek importance (n): önem
forest (n): orman infection (n): enfeksiyon

fortune (n): servet, talih invention (n): icat, uydurma
France (n): Fransa island (n): ada

Friday (n): Cuma jealousy (n): kıskançlık
fridge (n): buzdolabı job (n): iş
friend (n): arkadaş July (n): Temmuz

furniture (n): mobilya jungle (n): orman
future (adj, n): gelecek key (n): anahtar, tuş

game (n): oyun, av king (n): kral
garbage (n): çöp, saçmalık knife (n): bıçak
garden (n): bahçe lack (n): eksiklik
gardening (n): bahçe işleri lake (n): göl

gas (n): gaz, doğal gaz, benzin lamp (n): lamba
generation (n): nesil, enerji üretimi language (n): dil
genius (n): deha lecture (n): ders

glass (n): cam, bardak letter (n): mektup, harf
goat (n): keçi level (n): seviye
government (n): hükûmet liberty (n): özgürlük

graduation (n): mezuniyet lion (n): aslan
grandparent (n): dede/nine litre (n): litre
ground (n): zemin machine (n): makine

guest (n): misafir make-up (n): makyaj, yapı
gun (n): silah malaria (n): sıtma

habitat (n): yaşam alanı man (n): adam, insanoğlu
hand (n): el marathon (n): maraton
hat (n): şapka mat (n): mat, altlık, hasır
match (n): maç, kibrit, eş outbreak (n): patlak verme
matter (n): konu, madde packing (n): paketleme

mayor (n): belediye başkanı painting (n): tablo, resim sanatı, boyama
meeting (n): toplantı pandemic (adj, n): salgın

message (n): ileti paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, belge, makale
midnight (n): gece yarısı parent (n): ebeveyn
mile (n): mil party (n): parti (eğlence), parti (siyasi),

taraf
milk (n): süt
passenger (n): yolcu
minute (n): dakika, an
past (adj, n): geçmiş
mirror (n): ayna
pay (n): ödeme
mist (n): pus
performance (n): performans, gösteri
mobile phone (n): cep telefonu
period (n): dönem, âdet dönemi
Monday (n): Pazartesi
permission (n): izin
money (n): para
person (n): kişi
monsoon (n): muson
petrol (n): benzin
month (n): ay
phone (n): telefon
morning (n): sabah
picture (n): resim, tasvir
mosque (n): cami
piece (n): parça, eser
mosquito (n): sivrisinek
place (n): yer
mountain (n): dağ, yığın
plane (n): uçak, düz yüzey
muscle (n): kas, güç
planet (n): gezegen
name (n): isim
plate (n): tabak, tabaka
narcissist (n): narsist
platform (n): sahne, peron
necessity (n): gereklilik
play (n): oyun
negotiation (n): müzakere
pocket (n): cep
neighbour (n): komşu
police (n): polis (teşkilatı)
noise (n): gürültü
pool (n): havuz
north (adj, n): kuzey
post office (n): postane
nutrition (n): besin
postage (n): posta gönderme ücreti
object (n): cisim, amaç
power (n): güç, enerji
ocean (n): okyanus
precaution (n): önlem
October (n): Ekim
predator (n): yırtıcı hayvan
office (n): ofis, bakanlık
pregnancy (n): hamilelik
officer (n): yetkili, subay
present (n): hediye, şu an
opportunity (n): fırsat
president (n): başkan
option (n): seçenek
pressure (n): baskı, basınç
orbit (n): yörünge
price (n): fiyat
organism (n): organizma
problem (n): sorun
origin (n): köken
product (n): ürün, çarpım, bileşke
protection (n): koruma service (n): hizmet, çalışma süresi
purse (n): cüzdan, el çantası shape (n): şekil
quarter (n): çeyrek, semt shark (n): köpek balığı
queen (n): kraliçe, vezir (satranç), kız shelf (n): raf

(iskambil)
shepherd (n): çoban
question (n): soru, şüphe
ship (n): gemi
rabbit (n): tavşan
shop (n): dükkan
radiation (n): radyasyon, ışıma
show (n): gösteri, şov, müsamere, şatafat,
reach (n): erişilebilecek uzaklık girişim
reason (n): neden, mantık sight (n): görme yetisi, görüntü

recognition (n): tanıma, takdir size (n): ebat
recommendation (n): tavsiye skyscraper (n): gökdelen

relationship (n): ilişki sleep (n): uyku
renaissance (n): yeniden doğuş slice (n): dilim
repair (n): onarım smoke (n): duman, sigara içme

report (n): rapor soap (n): sabun
research (n): araştırma soldier (n): asker
rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı space (n): alan, uzay

restaurant (n): restoran Spain (n): İspanya
return (n): dönüş, kâr species (n): tür (canlı)

reward (n): ödül speech (n): konuşma
right (n): sağ, hak, doğru olan (şey) speed (n): hız
rise (n): yükseliş spread (n): yayılma
risk (n): risk stage (n): aşama, sahne

road (n): yol star (n): yıldız, ünlü
robber (n): soyguncu station (n): istasyon, vaziyet
roof (n): çatı step (n): aşama, basamak, adım

room (n): oda, alan stick (n): sopa
runner (n): koşucu, kaçakçı stop (n): durak, duraklama
sale (n): satış, indirim stranger (n): yabancı

scene (n): sahne, manzara street (n): cadde
school (n): okul, ekol, sürü (balık) student (n): öğrenci

science (n): bilim study (n): araştırma, çalışma
scientist (n): bilim insanı success (n): başarı
score (n): puan suit (n): takım elbise

sea (n): deniz summer (n): yaz mevsimi
season (n): mevsim sun (n): güneş
secretary (n): sekreter, bakan Sunday (n): Pazar

security (n): güvenlik, güvence support (n): destek
September (n): Eylül surgery (n): ameliyat, muayenehane
surprise (n): sürpriz war (n): savaş
swimmer (n): yüzücü water (n): su

swimming (n): yüzme way (n): yol, yöntem
symptom (n): belirti website (n): internet sitesi
table (n): masa, tablo Wednesday (n): Çarşamba

target (n): hedef, amaç week (n): hafta
telescope (n): teleskop weekend (n): hafta sonu
temperature (n): sıcaklık weight (n): ağırlık

tent (n): çadır wheel (n): tekerlek, direksiyon
terrorist (n): terörist wind (n): rüzgâr, gaz (mide, bağırsak)

Black Death (n): Kara Ölüm window (n): pencere, vitrin, fırsat
European Union (n): Avrupa Birliği winter (n): kış
Middle East (n): Orta Doğu woman (n): kadın
the solar system (n): güneş sistemi work (n): iş, çalışma
theory (n): kuram worker (n): işçi
thief (n): hırsız year (n): yıl
tiger (n): kaplan down (prep, adv): aşağı

time (n): zaman, defa each other (pron): birbirini
tower (n): kule everyone (pron): herkes
town (n): kasaba, çarşı no one (pron): hiç kimse

traffic light (n): trafik ışığı all (q): hepsi
train (n): tren aim (v): amaçlamak, hedef almak

training (n): eğitim, antrenman answer (v): cevap vermek
tree (n): ağaç arrive (v): varmak
trip (n): gezi ask (v): sormak, istemek

trousers (n): pantolon bend (v): bükmek, boyun eğmek
truck (n): kamyon bow (v): saygıyla eğilmek
T-shirt (n): tişört breathe (v): nefes almak

Tuesday (n): Salı cancel (v): iptal etmek
tunnel (n): tünel carry (v): taşımak
umbrella (n): şemsiye carve (v): oymak

understanding (n): anlayış change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak
unemployment (n): işsizlik chat (v): sohbet etmek
uniform (n): üniforma check (v): kontrol etmek, izin istemek

university (n): üniversite come (v): gelmek
vessel (n): gemi, damar, kap communicate (v): iletişim kurmak,

(hastalık) bulaştırmak
walk (n): yürüyüş
complain (v): şikayet etmek
wall (n): duvar
cry (v): ağlamak, bağırmak
wallet (n): cüzdan, portföy
die (v): ölmek
differ (v): farklı olmak pay (v): ödemek
disagree (v): aynı fikirde olmamak put (v): koymak
disappear (v): ortadan kaybolmak rain (v): yağmur yağmak
dive (v): dalmak, azalmak recycle (v): geri dönüştürmek
drive (v): (araba) sürmek, harekete retire (v): emekli olmak

geçirmek
return (v): geri dönmek
escape (v): kaçmak
revolve (v): etrafında dönmek
exercise (v): egzersiz yapmak, kullanmak
run (v): koşmak, yönetmek, akmak, sefer
fall (v): düşmek, azalmak yapmak, çalıştırmak
feel (v): hissetmek rush (v): acele etmek
fight (v): kavga etmek, mücadele etmek, see (v): görmek, ziyaret etmek, anlamak
savaşmak
send (v): göndermek
finish (v): bitirmek
shout (v): bağırmak
fish (v): balık tutmak
sit (v): oturmak, sınava girmek
fly (v): uçmak, uçakla gitmek, hızlıca
ayrılmak sleep (v): uyumak
gather (v): toplanmak, kavramak smile (v): gülümsemek
get (v): elde etmek, ulaşmak, anlamak spend (v): harcamak
give (v): vermek stand (v): ayakta durmak, tahammül etmek
go (v): gitmek, hale gelmek start (v): başlamak, (iş) kurmak, (araç)
çalıştırmak
graduate (v): mezun olmak
stay (v): kalmak
grow (v): büyümek
steal (v): çalmak
hear (v): duymak
step (v): adım atmak
hide (v): saklamak
strive (v): çabalamak
hold (v): tutmak, düzenlemek
study (v): çalışmak (ders), incelemek
invite (v): davet etmek, davetiye çıkarmak
succeed (v): başarmak, sonrasında
jump (v): zıplamak gelmek
keep (v): tutmak, devam etmek survive (v): hayatta kalmak
last (v): sürmek, dayanmak talk (v): konuşmak
lean (v): eğilmek throw (v): fırlatmak

leave (v): ayrılmak, bırakmak transform (v): dönüşmek
lie (v): uzanmak, bulunmak translate (v): tercüme etmek

listen (v): dinlemek travel (v): seyahat etmek, yol almak
load (v): yüklemek turn (v): dönmek, dönüşmek
lose (v): kaybetmek understand (v): anlamak
love (v): sevmek, âşık olmak visit (v): ziyaret etmek

migrate (v): göç etmek vote (v): oy kullanmak
move (v): hareket etmek, taşınmak, wait (v): beklemek

duygulandırmak
walk (v): yürümek
need (v): ihtiyaç duymak
want (v): istemek, gerekmek
pass (v): geçmek, uzatmak, pas vermek
wash (v): yıkamak put up (pv): inşa etmek, kaldırmak, ortaya
koymak (mücadele vs), fiyatını artırmak,
wear (v): giymek, yıpranmak misafir etmek
weigh (v): tartmak, hesap etmek run off (pv): kaçmak, fotokopisini çekmek
work (v): çalışmak, işe yaramak send off (pv): postalamak, yaymak, oyun
dışı bırakmak
write (v): yazmak
switch off (pv): kapatmak (elektrikli aleti),
yawn (v): esnemek
ilgisini yitirmek
to be born (v): doğmak
fade away (pv): solmak, önemini yitirmek
cost (v): mâl olmak
a variety of (q): çok çeşitli
captive (n): esir
tens of (q): onlarca
mating (n): çiftleşme
look like (pv): ... gibi görünmek
poem (n): şiir
warming (n): ısınma
zero (n): sıfır
every day (adv): her gün
Olympics (n): Olimpiyatlar
half (adj, n): yarım
poet (n): şair
whole (n): tamamı
rising (adj): artan
freshwater (n): tatlı su
well-known (adj): iyi bilinen
just like (prep): tıpkı ... gibi
last (adj): geçen, son
the Middle Ages (n): Orta Çağ
monthly (adj): ayda bir olan
China (n): Çin
next door (adj, adv): kapı komşusu
exoplanet (n): ötegezegen
half an hour (n): yarım saat
reachable (adj): ulaşılabilir (mesafe), elde
take advantage of (pv): faydalanmak edilebilir
thousands of (q): binlerce several (adj): ayrı
turn off (pv): kapatmak (elektrikli aleti), big (adj): büyük

sapmak (yol)
bilingual (adj): iki dil bilen
take off (pv): çıkarmak (kıyafet), kalkış
close (adj): yakın
yapmak, başarılı olmak
continental (adj): kıtasal
go up (pv): artmak, patlamak
developing (adj): gelişmekte olan
run away (pv): kaçmak
different (adj): farklı
get in (pv): girmek
governmental (adj): hükümete ait
drive off (pv): arabayla uzaklaşmak
oral (adj): sözlü, ağızla ilgili
fall off (pv): düşmek
profound (adj): derin, anlaşılması zor
run into (pv): rastlamak, çarpmak
(arabayla), ...yı bulmak (fiyat) talented (adj): yetenekli
sterilize (v): sterilize etmek, hadım etmek unhealthy (adj): sağlıksız
break out (pv): patlak vermek, firar etmek various (adj): çeşitli
go out (pv): dışarı çıkmak, flört etmek, visible (adj): görülebilir
çekilmek (gelgit), sönmek (ışık, ateş)
extraordinarily (adv): alışılmadık bir
look at (pv): gözden geçirmek, ele almak, biçimde
muayene etmek
quite (adv): oldukça
make into (pv): ...ya dönüştürmek
brightness (n): parlaklık
colour (n): renk
communication (n): iletişim marine (adj): deniz ile ilgili
connection (n): bağlantı, aktarma (tren, mass (adj): toplu
uçak vs)
organizational (adj): örgütsel
creature (n): yaratık
resistant (adj): dirençli
effect (n): etki
serious (adj): ciddi
fat (n): yağ
sharp (adj): keskin, ani
fossil (n): fosil, eski kafalı
social (adj): toplumsal
fuel (n): yakıt, körük (mecazi)
strong (adj): güçlü
habit (n): alışkanlık
tall (adj): uzun
heating (n): ısıtma
unaware (adj): habersiz
lung (n): akciğer
young (adj): genç
maintenance (n): bakım, sürdürme, nafaka
addition (n): toplama, ilave
movement (n): hareket, akım
archaeologist (n): arkeolog
painter (n): ressam
beginning (n): başlangıç
relation (n): ilişki, akraba
behaviour (n): davranış
reserve (n): rezerv, çekingenlik, koruma
alanı brain (n): beyin
role (n): görev, rol breakthrough (n): atılım
separation (n): ayrılık cathedral (n): katedral
smoking (n): sigara içme children (n): çocuklar
source (n): kaynak combination (n): birleşim, kilit şifresi
status (n): durum, statü community (n): topluluk
surface (n): yüzey culture (n): kültür
value (n): değer cure (n): çare
zone (n): bölge damage (n): hasar
eat (v): yemek diarrhoea (n): ishal
drift (n): ana fikir, sürüklenme dinosaur (n): dinozor
ancient (adj): eski excavation (n): kazı
deadly (adj): ölümcül exposure (n): maruz kalma, açığa

çıkarma, poz (fotoğrafçılıkta)
dependent (adj): bağlı
fishing (n): balıkçılık
developed (adj): gelişmiş
ghost (n): hayalet
disruptive (adj): huzur bozucu
hope (n): umut
good (adj): iyi
impact (n): etki, darbe
harmful (adj): zararlı
indigestion (n): hazımsızlık
industrial (adj): endüstriyel
infant (n): bebek
intestinal (adj): bağırsaklara ilişkin
inflation (n): enflasyon
late (adj): geç, sonları, rahmetli
influence (n): etki
leading (adj): önde gelen
means (n): araç, para
limited (adj): sınırlı, limitet şirket
media (n): medya
major (adj): büyük/önemli
opinion (n): fikir
patient (n): hasta inject (v): iğne yapmak
pest (n): haşere, baş belası pose (v): teşkil etmek (tehlike, risk vs)
processor (n): işlemci research (v): araştırmak

recession (n): gerileme sign (v): imzalamak
remedy (n): tedavi agricultural (adj): tarımsal
similarity (n): benzerlik direct (adj): dolaysız

skill (n): beceri free (adj, adv): özgür, bedava, boşta
story (n): hikaye, haber possible (adj): mümkün

structure (n): yapı, bina mainly (adv): başlıca
team (n): takım atom (n): atom
use (n): kullanım, fayda attention (n): dikkat, özen

variety (n): çeşitlilik banking (n): bankacılık
visitor (n): ziyaretçi college (n): üniversite
volume (n): hacim, cilt, ses (gücü) composer (n): besteci
link (v): bağlamak consequence (n): sonuç

late (adv): geç consumer (n): tüketici
swine flu (n): domuz gribi detail (n): ayrıntı
aware (adj): farkında disaster (n): felaket

blind (adj): kör erosion (n): erozyon
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal factor (n): etken, (matematik) çarpan
nutritional (adj): besleyici flow (n): akış, akın

present (adj): şimdiki, mevcut force (n): güç, kuvvet (askeri vs)
daily (adj, adv): günlük greenhouse (n): sera

seriously (adv): ciddi bir şekilde heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret
animal (n): hayvan heat (n): ısı
deal (n): anlaşma high school (n): lise

department (n): bölüm industrialization (n): sanayileşme
issue (n): mesele, sayı (dergi vb.) investment (n): yatırım
member (n): üye investor (n): yatırımcı

peace (n): barış, huzur living (n): geçim, yaşam
pedestrian (n): yaya market (n): pazar, piyasa
productivity (n): verim misuse (n): yanlış kullanım
progress (n): ilerleme nucleus (n): çekirdek

quality (n): kalite, nitelik obstacle (n): engel
republic (n): cumhuriyet pianist (n): piyanist

union (n): birlik, sendika pollutant (n): kirletici madde
educate (v): eğitmek release (n): serbest bırakma, salınım,

piyasaya çıkarma
hinder (v): engel olmak
shortcoming (n): kusur
increase (v): artmak
soil (n): toprak, ülke
striker (n): grevci, forvet oyuncusu feel happy : mutlu hissetmek
survival (n): hayatta kalma scientific study : bilimsel çalışma
theft (n): hırsızlık climate change : iklim değişikliği

tool (n): alet civil war : iç savaş
traffic (n): trafik, kaçakçılık religious liberty : dini özgürlük
analyse (v): analiz etmek lose weight : kilo kaybetmek/kilo vermek

assess (v): değerlendirmek listen carefully : dikkatle dinlemek
cause (v): sebep olmak write book : kitap yazmak

decay (v): çürümek put up a tent : çadır kurmak
design (v): tasarlamak take precaution : önlem almak
earn (v): para kazanmak, hak etmek necessary precaution : gerekli önlem
eliminate (v): yok etmek, saf dışı bırakmak healthy diet : sağlıklı beslenme
foresee (v): öngörmek whole society : bütün toplum
identify (v): tespit etmek study hard : çok (ders) çalışmak

indicate (v): göstermek pass exam : sınavı geçmek
prevent (v): önlemek solar energy : güneş enerjisi
reach (v): ulaşmak, uzanmak city centre : şehir merkezi

reduce (v): azaltmak electronic goods : elektronik ürünler
relieve (v): rahatlatmak go to bed : yatmak
respond (v): cevap/karşılık vermek spend time : zaman harcamak/vakit

geçirmek
reveal (v): ortaya çıkarmak
distant object : uzak cisim / nesne
risk (v): riske atmak
global warming : küresel ısınma
store (v): depolamak
pay rise : maaş artışı / zammı
numerous (adj): çok sayıda
clean water : temiz su
a few (q): birkaç
run marathon : maraton koşmak
depend on (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek
listen to music : müzik dinlemek
buildup (n): birikme, övgü, hazırlık
make fire : ateş yakmak
per cent (n): yüzde
walking stick : baston
Collocations go fishing : balığa çıkmak
read book : kitap okumak
life after death : ölümden sonra yaşam
tremendous importance : muazzam
önem go for walk : yürüyüşe çıkmak
recent years : son yıllar run into a problem : sorunla karşılaşmak
swimming pool : yüzme havuzu last week : geçen hafta
rising temperature : yükselen sıcaklık alternative medicine : alternatif tıp
medical science : tıp bilimi conventional medicine : geleneksel tıp
natural resource : doğal kaynak answer question : soruyu cevaplamak
poor service : kötü hizmet get home : eve gelmek
sunny day : güneşli gün international pressure : uluslararası baskı
older brother : ağabey, abi
fatty food : yağlı yiyecek hinder progress : ilerlemeyi engellemek
private life : özel hayat provide security : güvenlik sağlamak
know language : dil bilmek free flow : serbest akış
military genius : askeri deha eliminate obstacle : engeli ortadan

kaldırmak
look old : yaşlı gözükmek
release oxygen : oksijen salmak
harsh climate : sert iklim
respond to treatment : tedaviye cevap
part-time job : yarı zamanlı iş vermek
racial discrimination : ırk ayrımcılığı reach agreement : uzlaşma sağlamak
sea level : deniz seviyesi earn a living : hayatını kazanmak
blood vessel : kan damarı take antibiotic : antibiyotik almak
regular exercise : düzenli egzersiz reduce a risk : riski azaltmak
coastal area : kıyı bölgesi heart disease : kalp hastalığı
sudden noise : ani gürültü direct heat : doğrudan ısı
hear noise : ses duymak meet need : ihtiyacı karşılamak
mating season : çiftleşme mevsimi relieve symptom : belirtileri
hafifletmek/azaltmak
widely used : yaygın kullanılan
pay attention : dikkat etmek
lung cancer : akciğer kanseri
fossil fuel : fosil yakıt Prepositions

developing country : gelişmekte olan ülke increase in : ...da artış
rapid growth : hızlı büyüme in danger of : ... tehlikesi altında
big step : büyük adım relationship with : ... ile ilişki
talented painter : yetenekli ressam similar in : ... yönünden benzer
extraordinarily talented : olağanüstü equal in : ...açısından eşit

yetenekli
in pain : acı içinde
economic status : ekonomik statü
in the future : gelecekte
profound effect : derin/büyük etki
advance in : ...da ilerleme
oral communication : sözlü iletişim
rich in : ...bakımından zengin
average temperature : ortalama sıcaklık
in a hurry : aceleyle
recent decades : son on yıllar
at the airport : hava alanında
social media : sosyal medya
at the end of sth : bir şeyin sonunda
mass extinction : toplu yok oluş
smile at : ...ya gülümsemek
harmful substance : zararlı madde
at ... speed : ... hızda
organizational structure : örgütsel yapı
at a ... rate : ... bir oranda
leading cause : önde gelen sebep
shout at : ...ya bağırmak
developed country : gelişmiş ülke
at … temperature : ... sıcaklıkta
serious effect : ciddi etki
at the restaurant : restoranda
young children : küçük çocuklar
aim at : …yı hedef almak
strong influence : güçlü etki
on the bus : otobüste
sign a deal : anlaşmayı imzalamak
on the train : trende
health issue : sağlık sorunu
book on : ...üzerine kitap negotiation over : ... üzerine
görüşme/müzakere
study on : ... hakkında çalışma, araştırma
under control : kontrol altında
on the ferry : feribotta
under ... conditions : ... şartlar altında
on sb's return : birisi döndükten sonra
under construction : inşaat halinde
article on : ...üzerine makale
under discussion : tartışılmakta
retire from : ...dan emekli olmak
under an hour : bir saatin altında
on the plane : uçakta
under ... circumstances : ... koşullar
graduate from : ...dan mezun olmak altında
opportunity for : …için fırsat under a tree : bir ağacın altında
evidence for : ... için kanıt under consideration : görüşülmekte,
incelenmekte
fight for : …için savaşmak
under repair : tamiratta
vote for : ... için oy vermek
under pressure : baskı altında
by the end of : ...nın sonuna kadar
under the bridge : köprünün altında
by plane : uçakla
without a break : aralıksız / molasız
by air : hava yoluyla
ask for : …yı istemek
by bus : otobüsle
relationship between : ...arasında ilişki
by road : kara yoluyla
agreement between : ...arasında anlaşma
by boat : botla
believe in : ... (nın varlığına) inanmak
by train : trenle
per hour : saatte
essential to : …için gerekli
in the explosion : patlamada
vital to : ...için çok önemli, hayati
by car : arabayla
return to : ...ya (geri) dönmek
be known as : ... olarak bilinmek
crucial to : …için çok önemli
work as : ... olarak çalışmak
migrate to : …ya göçmek
at the party : partide
beneficial to : ...ya faydalı
war against : ...ya karşı savaş
benefit from : …dan
faydalanmak/yararlanmak fight against : ...ya karşı kavga, savaş
distant from : ...dan uzak transform into : …ya dönüşmek
far from : ...dan uzak escape into : ...ya kaçmak
made from : ...dan yapılmak protection against : ...ya karşı koruma
escape from : …dan kaçmak against the current : akıntıya karşı
chat about : ... hakkında sohbet etmek gather around : ... etrafında toplanmak
book about : ...hakkında kitap below a level : bir seviyenin altında
complain about : …konuda şikayet etmek above a level : bir seviyenin üzerinde
theory about : ... hakkında teori above normal : normalin üstünde
agreement with : …ile anlaşma temperature above : ...nın üzerinde
sıcaklık
with a telescope : bir teleskopla
fight against : …ya karşı savaşmak
over the years : yıllar boyunca
step towards : ...ya doğru adım / ...ya
debate over : … konuda tartışma
yönelik adım
a bunch of : bir demet/grup ... opinion about : ...hakkında fikir
in the world : dünyada cause of : …nın sebebi

out of sight : gözden uzak, gizli resistant to : ...ya karşı dirençli
out of happiness : mutluluktan damage from : ...dan hasar
out of order : bozuk exposure to : …ya maruz kalma
out of jealousy : kıskançlıktan impact on : …üzerinde etki

out of curiosity : meraktan on the coast : sahilde
out of town : şehir dışında cure for : ... için tedavi
reason behind : arkasındaki sebep remedy against : ... karşı çare, tedavi
across the world : dünya çapında under the influence : etki altında
beyond understanding : anlaşılmayacak limited to : …ile sınırlı

derecede
per day : her gün
beyond recognition : tanınmayacak kadar
story about : ...hakkında hikaye
beyond reach : ulaşılamayacak mesafede
lack of : ... eksikliği
beyond control : kontrol edilemez
derecede dependent upon : …ya bağlı olan
connection between : …arasında bağlantı influence upon : ... üzerindeki etki
in education : eğitimde unaware of : …dan habersiz
difficult for : ... için zor in the sea : denizde
separation into : ...ya ayırma deal with : ... ile anlaşma
debate about : … konusunda tartışma member of : ...nin üyesi
effect on : …üzerinde etki progress towards : ...ya doğru/yönünde

ilerleme
in business : iş dünyasında
research into : ...hakkında araştırma
communication between : ... arasındaki yapmak
iletişim
aware of : …nın farkında
at night : geceleyin
into the air : havaya
on a planet : bir gezegende
throughout the world : dünyanın her
temperature of : ...nın sıcaklığı yerinde
difference between : …arasındaki fark per year : yılda / her yıl

similarity between : ...arasında benzerlik security against : ... karşı güvenlik
off the coast : açıklarında flow of : ...nın akışı

on the island : adada obstacle to : …ya engel / ...nın önündeki
engel
usage of : ...nın kullanımı
release into : ...ya serbest bırakmak,
link with : ... ile bağlantılı olmak, ilişkili salmak
olmak
respond to : …ya cevap, tepki vermek
reason for : ...nın sebebi
factor behind : arkasındaki etken
along the coast : sahil boyunca
shortcoming in : ...da kusur, eksiklik
hope for : ... için umut
attention to : ...ya verilen dikkat/gösterilen
difference of : ... farklılığı özen
Definition Activities > Activity 1
marriage gender military easily
disorder deliberately personality immigration
medicine essential sudden accident
tesadüfen değil, bilerek yapılan
bir kimseye ait özgün davranış, his ve düşüncelerin bütünü
vücut ve zihinle alakalı bir bozukluk, hastalık
temelli yaşamak üzere kendi ülkesini terk edip başka ülkeye yerleşme
bir hastalığı iyileştirmek için kullanılan madde
askerlikle veya orduyla ilgili olan
bir anda, beklenmedik bir şekilde gerçekleşen
kadın veya erkek olma durumu
resmi bir şekilde evli olma durumu
basitçe, zor olmayan bir şekilde
can veya mal kaybına sebep olabilen beklenmedik ve kasıtsız olay
ihtiyaç duyulan, lazım, olmazsa olmaz
ancient talented escape research
member visible patient visitor
hinder rarely various gradually
bir şeyin gelişimine veya bir şeyi yapabilmesine engel olmak
bir konuyu keşfetmek için ayrıntılı inceleme yapmak
çok uzun zaman öncesinde gerçekleşen
seyrek olarak, neredeyse hiç
görünür durumda olan
çok sayıda olan ve farklı özellikler taşıyan
tehlikeli bir yerden veya kötü bir durumdan kurtulmak, ondan uzaklaşmak
bir kişiyi veya bir yeri ziyaret eden kimse
bir şeyi yapabilmek için gerekli fiziksel veya zihinsel beceriye sahip olan
sağlığı bozulmuş olan kimse
bir grubun parçası olan herhangi bir şey
yavaş yavaş gerçekleşen
murder clearly serious pregnancy
increase ocean harmful speed
permission cancel briefly recover
bir insanı kasıtlı olarak öldürme
kıtaları birbirinden ayıran büyük deniz
hastalık vs gibi kötü bir durumdan sonra daha önceki iyi haline geri dönmek
şaka olmayan, önem verilip üzerinde düşünülmesi gereken
zarara, hasara sebebiyet verebilen
miktar veya boyut olarak bir şeyin çoğalması
belirgin ve kolay anlaşılır bir biçimde
katedilen yolun harcanan zamana oranı
döllenme ve doğum arasında geçen süre
yapılması planlanan bir şeyi artık yapmama kararı almak
bir şeyin yapılabilmesi için alınan ya da verilen onay
kısa bir süre devam eden veya az kelime kullanılarak anlatılan
change revolve translate thief
leading finish precaution relationship
steal travel possible dependent
başkasının malını gizlice çalan kişi
bir şeyi tamamlamak
bir yazıyı başka bir dile çevirmek
başka bir biçim veya duruma girmek
gerçekleşme olasılığı bulunan
bir merkez etrafında devir yapmak
hoş olmayan veya tehlikeli bir şeyin olmasını önlemek için atılan adım
iki şey arasındaki bağlantı veya iki kişi arasındaki romantik ilişki
genellikle uzun mesafe kat ederek yolculuk yapmak
başkasının malını izin almadan ya da gizlice almak
bir grup içerisinde en önemli olan
var olmaya devam etmesi için bir şeye ihtiyaç duyan
private treatment injured prevalent
numerous negotiate common vital
protect artificial crowded adopt
sayıca fazla olan
sık sık meydana gelen, yaygın bir şekilde bulunan
sadece bir kişiye ait olan, onu ilgilendiren
son derece önemli
yeni bir şeyi kabul etmek ve kullanmaya başlamak
bir hastalığı iyileştirmek adına yapılanları tamamı
fiziksel olarak zarar görmüş olan
doğal bir şeyin kopyası olarak insanlar tarafından yapılan
iki ya da daha fazla insana ait olan, onlar tarafından ortaklaşa kullanılan
sayısız insanın bir arada olduğu (yer vb.)
birini veya bir şeyi tehlike, zarar veya kayıptan uzakta tutmak
anlaşmaya varmak için bir konu hakkında tartışmak
Noun + Noun > Intoduction
1: personality disorder 6: bone health

TR: TR:
2: resource depletion 7: opposition leaders

TR: TR:
3: thought process 8: gender differences

TR: TR:
4: accident rate 9: violence prevention strategies

TR: TR:
5: marriage proposal 10: chest pain

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Noun + Noun > Your Turn
1: prison sentence 6: missile attack

TR: TR:
2: sugar content 7: cough medicine

TR: TR:
3: construction costs 8: warning sign

TR: TR:
4: country life 9: murder investigation

TR: TR:
5: immigration law 10: wedding ceremony

TR: TR:
Adjective + Noun > Introduction
1: moonless nights 6: current situation

TR: TR:
2: sudden increase 7: severe abdominal pain

TR: TR:
3: natural ability 8: nomadic people

TR: TR:
4: insufficient supply 9: formal application

TR: TR:
5: recent improvement 10: proper health care

TR: TR:
Adjective + Noun > Your Turn
1: inevitable result 6: domestic violence

TR: TR:
2: mental disorder 7: abrupt change

TR: TR:
3: obvious distinction 8: regular customer

TR: TR:
4: long-term benefit 9: intellectual capacity

TR: TR:
5: expensive goods 10: early ancestors

TR: TR:
Adverb + Adjective + Noun > Intoduction
1: extremely popular tourist attraction 6: historically unprecedented growth

TR: TR:
2: economically advanced societies 7: entirely suitable candidate

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3: sparsely populated areas 8: officially closed factory

TR: TR:
4: unusually rapid decrease 9: extremely pleasant journey

TR: TR:
5: statistically significant differences 10: incredibly delicious meal

TR: TR:
Adverb + Adjective + Noun > Your Turn
1: to control strictly 6: to mention briefly

TR: TR:
2: to warm gradually 7: to believe fervently

TR: TR:
3: to rise sharply 8: to agree totally

TR: TR:
4: to injure deliberately 9: to look carefully

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5: to recover partially 10: to diagnose incorrectly

TR: TR:
Verb + Adverb > Intoduction
1: to destroy completely 6: to know exactly

TR: TR:
2: to train adequately 7: to rise slowly

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3: to choose randomly 8: to treat fairly

TR: TR:
4: to separate carefully 9: to forget completely

TR: TR:
5: to distinguish accurately 10: to invest wisely

TR: TR:
Verb + Adverb > Your Turn
1: to prove scientifically 6: to share equally

TR: TR:
2: to kill rarely 7: to manage properly

TR: TR:
3: to negotiate secretly 8: to protect adequately

TR: TR:
4: to attack violently 9: to benefit financially

TR: TR:
5: to influence directly 10: to read silently

TR: TR:
Verb + Object > Intoduction
1: to find happiness 6: to represent a client

TR: TR:
2: to provide information 7: to encounter a severe difficulty

TR: TR:
3: to contract a contagious disease 8: to complete the railway construction

TR: TR:
4: to improve blood circulation 9: to commit suicide

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5: to make a difficult choice 10: to meet world energy needs

TR: TR:
Verb + Object > Your Turn
1: to regulate international trade 6: to receive professional help

TR: TR:
2: to adopt an suitable approach 7: to determine the cause

TR: TR:
3: to produce artificial light 8: to receive international help

TR: TR:
4: to take necessary measures 9: to yield promising results

TR: TR:
5: to refuse medical treatment 10: to use dangerous substances

TR: TR:
List of Prepositions > List of Prepositions
OF
of ...ın, ...in, ...un, ...ün, sessiz çeviri
1 İsim tamlaması yaparken kullanılır.

Bazen eksiz çeviri yapılabilir. Bu durumda ...nın, ...nin eki kullanılmaz.
the king of the empire imparatorluğun kralı
the result of the experiment deneyin sonucu
lack of Vitamin C C vitamini eksikliği
of sessiz çeviri
2
Miktar, sayı, birim bildiren ifadelerde kullanılabilir. Bu durumda genellikle eksiz çevrilirler.
a bottle of water bir şişe su
a piece of cloth bir parça kumaş
a slice of bread bir dilim ekmek
of (all) ...arasında, ...içinde, ...ın
3 Bir şeyi benzerleriyle karşılaştırma yaparken kullanılır.

Genellikle cümle başında kullanılır.
Cümlede genellikle superlative bir sıfat kullanılır.
of all the people I have met tanıştığım tüm insanlar arasında
the worst one of all the books I have read okuduğum tüm kitaplar arasında en kötü olanı
(be) of ...ya sahip, ...sı olan
4 Bazı isimlerle birlikte sahiplik anlamında kullanılır.

Genellikle be fiilinden sonra kullanılır.
Health is of tremendous importance for me. Sağlık, benim için çok büyük bir öneme sahiptir.
She is a woman of great charm. O, büyük cazibesi olan bir kadın.
Your Turn!
a bunch of flowers
of all the places I have visited
the faculty of education
the cover of the book
the most intelligent of all the students
a variety of options
a product of high quality
the existence of exoplanets
IN
in + yer ismi …de, …da, …deki, …daki

1
(place) Bazı yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
planets in the solar system Güneş Sistemindeki gezegenler
workers in the factory fabrikadaki işçiler
in + zaman noktası ...de, ...da, ...deki, ...daki

2
(time) Bazı zaman isimleriyle kullanılır.
in the early stages of pregnancy hamileliğin ilk aşamalarında
improvements in recent years son yıllardaki gelişmeler
in + zaman dilimi ...içerisinde, ...içinde, ...sonra, ...de, ..da

3
(time) Bir şeyin ne kadar süre içerisinde gerçekleştiğini ifade eder.
I will be back in 15 minutes. 15 dakika içerisinde döneceğim.
I will be there in half an hour. Yarım saat içinde orada olacağım.
in …de, …da, …deki, …daki

4
Belirli bir alanda anlamında kullanılır.
a change in personality kişilikte bir değişiklik
an increase in unemployment işsizlikte bir artış
in ...içinde, ...de, ...da
5 Belirli bir durumda, koşulda veya belirli bir duyguyu yaşayan anlamında kullanılır.
Bazı kullanımların özel çevirileri vardır. Bu kullanımlar bir kalıp olarak öğrenilmelidir.
in danger of becoming extinct nesli tükenme tehlikesinde
in a relationship with a narcissist bir narsist ile ilişki içinde
in + kıyafet ...içinde, ...lı, ...li, ...lu, ...lü

6
Birinin giydiği kıyafetlerden bahsederken kullanılır.
the woman in black siyahlı kadın
come to the meeting in a grey suit gri takım elbise ile toplantıya gelmek
in ...bakımından, ...açısından, ...yönünden

7
Bir şeyin hangi açıdan, hangi bakımdan, hangi yönden olduğunu ifade eder.
They are similar in density. Yoğunluk bakımından aynılar.
They differ in size and shape. boyut ve şekil açısından farklılık gösteriyorlar.
in ...e, ...a, ...içine

8
(direction) Bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme anlamında kullanılır. {= into1}
Get in the car! Arabaya bin!
Put your phone in your bag! Telefonunu çantana koy!
Your Turn!
a career in advertising
You must finish it in an hour.
They threw him in the swimming pool.
to live in a crowded city
They are equal in weight.
Do you know the man in white T-shirt?
soldiers in the battlefield
She died in pain.
rising temperatures in the future
Put your wallet in your pocket!
advances in medical science
The country is rich in natural resources.
to go out in a hurry
He will be back in five minutes.
medicine in the Middle Ages
You look strange in that uniform.
AT
at + yer ismi ...de, ...da, ...deki, ...daki

1
(place) Bazı yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
passengers at the airport havaalanındaki yolcular
to wait at the train station tren garında beklemek
at + zaman noktası ...de, ...da, ...deki, ...daki

2
(time) Bazı zaman isimleriyle kullanılır.
at the end of 19th century 19. yüzyılın sonunda
Train will leave at 11 o’clock. Tren saat 11'de yola çıkacak.
at ...e, ...a
3
(direction) Bazı eylemlerin hangi yöne doğru yapıldığını belirtir.
She is smiling at you. O, sana gülümsüyor.
Don't look at her like that! Ona öyle bakma!
at + price, speed, temperature etc. …de, …da

4
Bir şeyin fiyatından, sıcaklığından, hızından, yüksekliğinden, derinliğinden vb. bahsederken kullanılır.
at a constant speed sabit hızda
flying at an altitude of 12,000 metres 12.000 metrelik rakımda uçuş
Your Turn!
at this rate
at the age of 70
We will start at 7 pm.
Don't shout at the children!
at high temperatures
the poor service at the restaurant
waiting at the bus stop
to aim at the target
ON
on + yüzey ...de, ...da, ...deki, ...daki, ....nın üzerinde, ...nın üstünde

1
(place) Bir şeyin başka bir şeyin yüzeyine temas ettiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır.
the plates on the table masanın üstündeki tabaklar
freshwater lakes on Earth Dünya'daki tatlı su gölleri
on + günler …de, …da, …deki, …daki, sessiz çeviri

2
(time) Bahsi geçen zaman ifadesi gün ise preposition olarak “on” kullanılır.
open on Sundays pazar günleri açık
to feel happy on sunny days güneşli günlerde mutlu hissetmek
on …de, …da
3
Ulaşım araçlarıyla “...de, ...da” anlamında “on” kullanılır.
on the bus otobüste
on the train trende
on …e, …a, …üzerine., …üstüne

4
(direction) Bir şeyin üzerine doğru yönelme anlamında kullanılır. {= onto1}
Put your gun on the floor! Silahını yere bırak!
throw water on the fire Ateşe su dök
on …üzerine, …hakkında, ...konuda
5
Bir şey hakkında, bir şeyi üzerine anlamında kullanılır. {= about1}
a book on pregnancy hamilelik hakkında bir kitap
scientific studies on climate change iklim değişikliği üzerine bilimsel çalışmalar
on …den sonra, …nın üzerine, ...nca

6 (time) Bazı isimlerden önce kullanıldığında After anlamında kullanılır. {= upon1}
Bu anlamda on’dan sonra gerund (Ving) kullanılabilir.
What are you going to do on graduation? Mezuniyetten sonra ne yapacaksın?
on returning home eve döndükten sonra
Your Turn!
closed on Mondays and Tuesdays
the painting on the wall
on the ferry
The will visit us on their return from Germany.
an article on Spanish Civil War
to lie on the beach
Put the plates on the shelf!
on retiring from the company
on the plane
the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001
a book on gardening
to load the boxes on the truck
UPON
upon …den sonra, …nın üzerine, ...nca
1 (time) Bazı isimlerden önce kullanıldığında After anlamında kullanılır. {= on6}

Bu anlamda upon’dan sonra gerund (Ving) kullanılabilir.
upon graduating from university üniversiteden mezun olduktan sonra
upon the death of her husband kocasının ölümünün üzerine
Your Turn!
upon his arrival in Miami
upon the recommendation of my brother
FOR
for ...için
1
Bir şeyin hangi amaçla, sebeple yapıldığını veya bir şeyin kime verileceğini ifade ederken kullanılır.
an opportunity for employment istihdam için bir fırsat
a reward for successful students başarılı öğrenciler için bir ödül
for + zaman dilimi …dır, …dir, …dur, …dür, sessiz çeviri

2
(time) Bir şeyin ne kadar süre devam ettiğini ifade ederken kullanılır.
for a very long time uzun zamandır
to sleep for 6 hours a day günde 6 saat uyumak
for + mesafe …dır, …dir, …dur, …dür, sessiz çeviri

3
Bir şeyin ne kadar mesafe kat ettiğini ifade ederken kullanılır.
Drive for 5 km and turn right. 5 km sür ve sağa dön.
We have been walking for 10 km. 10 kilometredir yürüyoruz.
for ...nın lehine, ...için, sessiz çeviri

4
Bir şeyin desteklendiğini veya bir şey ile aynı fikirde olduğumuzu ifade ederken kullanılır. {X against1}
There is no evidence for life on Mars. Mars'ta yaşamın lehine kanıt bulunmamaktadır.
He is fighting for the religious liberty. O, din hürriyeti için mücadele ediyor.
Your Turn!
to stay for 6 weeks
walk for miles to the school
a message for you
vote for the new constitution
for the past two days
a medicine for headache
She runs for 3 kilometres every morning.
conclusive evidence for the murder
BY
by (passive voice) …tarafından, …nca

1
Edilgen anlam olan cümlelerde eylemi yapanı belirtirken kullanılır.
was translated by a well-known author Tanınmış bir yazarca tercüme edilmişti.
a discovery by Galileo Galileo tarafından bir keşif
2 by + zaman noktası ...e kadar, …gelmeden/olmadan, ...e gelindiğinde
(time) Belirtilen zaman ifadesinden önce, en geç o anda anlamında kullanılır.
by the end of the month ay sonuna kadar
by 1950 1950'ye gelindiğinde
by + Ving ...erek, …arak

3
Sonrasında gerund (Ving) geldiğinde ...erek, ...arak şeklinde çevrilir. {X without2}
to lose weight by exercising egzersiz yaparak kilo vermek
by listening carefully dikkatle dinleyerek
by ...ile
4
Bir yere hangi ulaşım aracıyla gittiğimizi ifade ederken kullanılır.
to go to Ankara by plane/air Ankara'ya uçakla/havayla gitmek
to travel by bus/road otobüsle/karayoluyla seyahat etmek
by + yer ismi ...nın yanında, ...nın oralarda, ...nın orada, ...kenarında

5
(place) Bir yerin yakınlarında, oralarda bir yerde anlamında kullanılır.
There is a man by the door. Kapının yanında bir adam var.
a cottage by a lake in the mountains dağlardaki bir gölün oralarda bir kulübe
Your Turn!
by walking 5 km everyday
by Friday
easily reachable by boat
a book written by George Orwell
I will meet you by the mosque.
by the end of the year
put up a tent by the river
a painting by Van Gogh
to succeed by working hard
They travelled by train.
TO
to ...e, ...a
1
(direction) Bir yere yönelme anlamında kullanılır.
Give it to your brother! Onu kardeşine ver!
to walk to the station istasyona yürümek
to V1 ...mek/mak, ...mek/mak için
2
Bir fiili infinitive hale getirmek için kullanılır. (to V1)
to understand clearly açıkça anlamak için
Eyfel Kulesi'ni ziyaret etmek için Paris'e gitmek

I want to go to Paris to visit the Eiffel Tower.
istiyorum.
to …için
3
Bazı sıfatlarla birlikte “için” anlamında kullanılır.
essential to healthy nutrition sağlıklı beslenme için gerekli
vital to cardiovascular health kalp ve damar sağlığı için hayati
to …yapan şey
4 Bir şeyin birinde uyandırdığı duygusal tepkileri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
Genellikle cümle başında kullanılır.
to my surprise beni şaşırtan şey
to the amazement of scientists bilim insanlarını şaşırtan şey
Your Turn!
to my amusement
return to his homeland
to take necessary precautions
crucial to healthy diet
to her horror
migrate to warm places
beneficial to the whole society
to study hard to pass the exam
FROM
from …den, …dan

1
Bir şeyin nereden geldiğini, nerede başladığını, çıkış noktasını veya sebebini ifade ederken kullanılır.
to benefit from solar energy güneş enerjisinden faydalanmak
distant from the Earth Dünya'dan uzak
from … to … (zaman süreci & mesafe) ...dan ...ya

2
(time) Bir şeyin zaman veya mesafe aralığını ifade etmek için kullanılır.
from Monday to Friday pazartesiden cumaya
from France to Spain Fransa'dan İspanya'ya
3 from … to … (change) ...dan ...ya
Bir şeyin geçirdiği değişimi ifade ederken kullanılır.
from brown to white kahverengiden beyaza
from childhood to adulthood çocukluktan yetişkinliğe
from ... until …

…dan …ya kadar
from ... till ...
4
(time) Bir şeyin zaman veya mesafe aralığını ifade etmek için kullanılır.
from now until September şu andan eylül ayına kadar
from Monday till Friday pazartesiden cumaya kadar
from … on
…dan itibaren
from … onwards
5
(time) belirli bir andan itibaren başlayarak
from now on şu andan itibaren
from 19th century onwards 19. yüzyıldan itibaren
Your Turn!
from July until October
from a shepherd to a president
far from the city centre
from 17th century onwards
from dawn to dusk
people from Asian countries
made from milk and sugar
change from a gas to a liquid water
escape from the prison
cheap electronic goods from China
ABOUT
about ...hakkında, ...ile ilgili, ...konuda, ...hususunda, ...ya dair

1
Bir konu ile ilgili, onun hakkında anlamında kullanılabilir.
to chat about the elections seçimler hakkında sohbet etmek
the book about the war in Middle East Orta Doğu'daki savaş ile ilgili kitap
about yaklaşık, hemen hemen, civarında, aşağı yukarı

2
(adverb) Belirtilen ifadeden “biraz az ya da fazla” anlamında kullanılabilir. {= around2}
It lasted for about 2 minutes. Yaklaşık 2 dakika sürdü.
It weighs about 7 kilograms. Aşağı yukarı 7 kilo geldi.
about to V1 ...yapmak üzere
3
Çok yakın zamanda bir şeyi yapacak, yapmak üzere anlamında kullanılır.
The train is about to leave the station. Tren istasyondan ayrılmak üzere.
I was about to go to bed. Yatağa gitmek üzereydim.
Your Turn!
They are about the same size.
The plane is about to take off.
to complain about the noise
It has been raining for about 6 hours.
She is about to cry.
theories about the origin of life on Earth
WITH
with (together) …ile

1
Bir başkası ile birlikte, bir arada anlamında kullanılabilir.
an agreement with its neighbours komşuları ile bir anlaşma
He wants to spend time with his friends. Arkadaşları ile vakit geçirmek istiyor.
with (using) …ile

2
Bir şeyi araç olarak kullanarak anlamında kullanılabilir.
treatment with antibiotics antibiyotikler ile tedavi
to sterilize with alcohol alkol ile sterilize etmek
with (having) ...lı, ...li, ...lu, ...lü, …sı olan

3
Bir şeye sahip, ...içeren anlamında kullanılabilir. {X without1}
a man with an American accent Amerikan aksanlı bir adam
parents of children with addiction bağımlılığı olan çocukların ebeveyni
Your Turn!
Please wash your hands with soap!
most people with COVID-19
to live with his grandparents
He carved his name on a tree with a knife.
He went to Paris with his friends.
a house with a large garden
We can see distant objects with a telescope.
OVER
over ... üzerinde, ... üzerinden

1
(place & direction) Bir şeyin üzerinde bulunmak veya üzerinden geçmek anlamında kullanılabilir.
to hold umbrella over his daughter kızının üzerinde şemsiye tutmak
muscles all over the body vücudun üzerindeki kaslar
over ... üzerinde, ...dan fazla

2 (adverb) “more than” anlamında kullanılabilir. {X under2}
Sonrasında miktar veya sayı bildiren bir ifade gelir.
people over 80 kg 80 kilonun üzerinde insanlar
a country with over 75 million people 75 milyondan fazla insan olan bir ülke
over + zaman ...boyunca, ...dır, ...dir, ... süresince, ...içinde

3
(time) Zaman süreçleriyle kullanılabilir.
over the years yıllardır
over the past two days son iki gün boyunca
over bitti, sona erdi
4 (adverb) “bitmek, sona ermek” anlamında kullanılabilir.

Bu anlamda ‘be’ fiilinden sonra kullanılır.
The winter is over. Kış sona erdi.
My exams are over by next weekend. Gelecek hafta sınavlarım bitecek.
over ...konuda, ...üzerine, ...ile ilgili, ...hakkında

5
Bazı kelimelerle birlikte kullanıldığında ...ile ilgili anlamında kullanılır. {= about1}
the debate over global warming küresel ısınma üzerine tartışma
disagree over the day of the wedding düğün günü hakkında anlaşamamak
Your Turn!
It will cost over 50₺.
The chemotherapy is over.
put a clean cloth over the cakes
the negotiations over the pay rise
children over the age of 12
I was in in Samsun over the summer.
the sign over the door
The game is over.
The baby has changed a lot over the last week.
to jump over the fence
UNDER
under …nın altında

1
(place) Bir şeyin konum olarak altında bulunmak anlamında kullanılır.
to hide under the table masanın altına saklanmak
clean water under the ground yer altında temiz su
under ...dan daha az, ...nın altında

2
(adverb) “less than” anlamında kullanılabilir. {X over2}
under the age of 18 18 yaşın altında
babies born under 2 kilograms 2 kilodan daha az doğan bebekler
under …nın altında

3
Konum olarak değil; soyut anlamda bir şeyin altında bulunmak anlamında kullanılır.
under the control of the government hükümetin kontrolü altında
under these conditions bu koşullar altında
under devam eden, ... halinde, henüz bitmemiş

4
Bir şeyin şu anda devam etmekte olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
The bridge is under construction. Köprü yapım halinde.
The early election is under discussion. Erken seçim tartışma halinde.
Your Turn!
He ran the marathon in under two hours.
under these circumstances
fall a sleep under the tree
The proposal is currently under consideration.
children under five years of age
The roof is under repair.
She works well under pressure.
The ship passed under the bridge.
WITHOUT
1 without ...sız/siz, ... olmasaydı
Bir şeye sahip olmama, o olmadan yapma anlamında kullanılır.
They worked without a break. Molasız çalıştılar.
Without oxygen, almost all organisms would die. Oksijen olmasaydı neredeyse tüm organizmalar ölürdü.
without + Ving ...meden, ...madan

2
Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde “...meden, ...madan” şeklinde çevrilir. {X by3 + Ving}
I cannot study without listening to music. Müzik dinlemeden ders çalışamam.
She can stay underwater without breathing for two İki dakika boyunca nefes almadan suyun altında
minutes. kalabilir.
Your Turn!
make a fire without matches
He never goes out without his security men.
My dad cannot walk without a walking stick.
without asking for permission
Without water, we wouldn't survive.
You look nice without make-up.
WITHIN
within ...içerisinde, ...içinde, ...de, ...da

1
(time) Belirtilen zaman dilimi içerisinde anlamında kullanılır. {= in3, inside2}
It will arrive within 10 minutes. 10 dakika içinde varacak.
The symptoms will disappear within three months. Semptomlar üç ayda yok olacak.
within ...içerisinde, ...içinde, ...de, ...da

2
(place) Belirtilen bölgenin sınırları içerisinde anlamında kullanılır.
deep research within the area bölgede derin araştırma
within the company şirket içerisinde
Your Turn!
There was no one within the building.
to finish within two days
within three weeks
within the European Union
BETWEEN
1 between ...arasında
(place) Belirli noktalar arasında anlamında kullanılır.
a bridge between Asia and Europe Asya ile Avrupa arasında bir köprü
the difference between a star and a planet bir yıldız ve bir gezegen arasındaki fark
between ...arasında
2
(time) Belirli iki zaman ifadesi arasında anlamında kullanılır.
between 1960 and 1975 1960 ile 1975 arasında
between 3 and 6 months of pregnancy hamileliğin 3 ile 6 ayı arasında
Your Turn!
the relationship between climate and biodiversity
between the mating season and hibernation
an agreement between the two countries
between the Middle Age and the Renaissance
AMONG | AMONGST
among | amongst ...arasında, ...içinde

1 (place) Sonrasında çoğul isim veya topluluk ismi gelir. Belirli bir grup içerisinde, etrafı sarılı, onların
arasında anlamında kullanılır.
I can’t see her among the crowd. Onu kalabalığın içinde göremiyorum.
depression risk among men erkekler arasında depresyon riski
Your Turn!
causes of death among women
Can you see her among the crowd?
Istanbul is among the largest cities in the world.
DURING
during …de, …da, …boyunca, …sırasında, ...esnasında

1 (time) Belirli bir zaman diliminin başından sonuna kadar veya o zaman diliminin herhangi bir noktasında
anlamında kullanılır.
severe floods during monsoon season muson mevsimi boyunca şiddetli seller
during asthma attacks astım krizi sırasında
Your Turn!
during winter months
during the annual meeting
during pregnancy
ALONG
along ...boyunca
1 (direction) Yol, nehir gibi çizgi şeklindeki bir şeye paralel şekilde anlamında kullanılır.
Uyarı! Along sadece yer isimleriyle kullanılır; zaman ifadeleriyle kullanılmaz.
a romantic walk along the beach sahil boyunca romantik bir yürüyüş
trees along the road yol boyunca ağaçlar
along with ...ya ek olarak, ...nın yanı sıra, ...ile birlikte

2
Bir şeye ek olarak anlamında kullanılır.
along with the COVID epidemic and malaria COVID salgını ve sıtmaya ek olarak
He knows English along with French and German. Fransızca ve Almanca'nın yanı sıra İngilizce biliyor.
Your Turn!
You must carry some cash along with your credit

cards.
He sent a bunch of flowers along with a note.
coral reefs along the coast
traffic lights along the street
THROUGHOUT
throughout ...nın her yerinde, her tarafında

1
(place) Bir bölgenin her yerinde anlamında kullanılır.
the spread of cancer throughout the body kanserin vücudun her yerine yayılması
It is grown throughout the continent. Kıtanın her yerinde yetişiyor.
throughout ...boyunca, ...süresince

2
(time) Bir zaman diliminin her anında anlamında kullanılır.
throughout the history of the country ülke tarihi süresince
He yawned throughout the play. Oyun boyunca esnedi.
Your Turn!
throughout the entire book
throughout the entire breeding season
coastal areas throughout Alaska
throughout the history
THROUGH
through ...nın içinden, ...dan geçerek
1
(direction) Bir yerin bir ucundan girip diğerinden çıkma anlamında kullanılır.
to walk through the forest ormandan geçerek yürümek
to go through the tunnel tünelin içinden geçmek
through ...ile, ...vasıtasıyla, ...nın sayesinde, ...yoluyla

2
Bir şeyi kullanarak, onun vasıtasıyla anlamında kullanılır.
to lose weight through diet diyet ile kilo kaybetmek
to communicate through telephone telefon yoluyla iletişime geçmek
through ...boyunca, ...süresince

3
(time) Belirli bir zaman diliminin başından sonuna kadar anlamında kullanılır.
through the generations nesiller boyunca
through the training period eğitim dönemi süresince
Your Turn!
escape through the window
succeeded through his family’s support
to lose weight through regular exercise
half way through the film
move through blood vessels
through the ages
TOWARDS | TOWARD
towards | toward ...e doğru, ...istikametinde

1
(direction) Bir yöne doğru, belirtilen şeye yaklaşma anlamında kullanılır.
towards the north kuzey istikametinde
towards the end of the film filmin sonlarına doğru
Your Turn!
a step towards happiness
towards the wall
INTO
into ...e, ...a, ...içine

1
(direction) Bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme anlamında kullanılır. {= in8}
The rabbit escaped into the forest. Tavşan ormana kaçtı.
to dive into the sea denize dalmak
into ...e, ...a

2
Bir şeyin başka bir şeye dönüşümünü ifade ederken kullanılır.
A caterpillar transforms into a butterfly. Tırtıl, kelebeğe dönüşür.
translate a poem into Turkish bir şiiri Türkçe'ye çevir
Your Turn!
to get into the room
The first black astronaut flew into space in 1983.
I can't get into these trousers any more.
The book was made into a film in 2007.
ONTO
onto ...e, ...a, ...üstüne

1
(direction) Bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme anlamında kullanılır. {= on4}
He stepped onto the platform. Platforma adım attı.
Put bowls onto the shelf Kaseleri rafa koy.
Your Turn!
The goats were loaded onto trucks.
to throw petrol onto the fire
AGAINST
against ...e karşı

1
Bir plana, anlaşmaya, fikre karşı olma anlamında kullanılır. {X for4}
the fight against racial discrimination ırk ayrımcılığına karşı mücadele
a declaration of war against Germany Almanya'ya karşı savaş ilanı
against ...e, ..a, yaslanan, dayanan

2
(direction) Bir yüzeye dayanma, çarpma, değme anlamında kullanılır.
Don't lean against the wall Duvara yaslanma.
against ...e karşı

3
(direction) Bir şey ile karşı yönde hareket etme anlamında kullanılır.
The birds are flying against the wind. Kuşlar rüzgara karşı uçuyor.
Your Turn!
Jane was waiting with her back against the tree.
protection against infections
The swimmer was striving against the current.
to fight against enemies
ABOVE
above ...üzerinde, üstünde

1
(place) Belirli bir seviyenin, miktarın, sayının üzerinde anlamında kullanılır. {X below}
5,000 m above sea level deniz seviyesinin 5.000 metre üzerinde
temperatures above zero sıfırın üstünde sıcaklıklar
Your Turn!
His blood pressure is above normal.
1000 m above sea level
BELOW
below ...altında
1
(place) Belirli bir seviyenin, miktarın, sayının altında anlamında kullanılır. {X above}
below the sea level deniz seviyesinin altında
children below the age of 5 5 yaş altındaki çocuklar
Your Turn!
an IQ score below 50
50 m below sea level
AROUND
around ...nın etrafında, çevresinde

1
(place & direction) Belirli bir şeyin etrafında anlamında kullanılır.
A large crowd gathered around the scene of the accident Kaza mahallinin etrafında büyük bir kalabalık toplandı.
its orbit around the Earth Dünya'nın çevresindeki yörüngesi
around yaklaşık, hemen hemen, civarında, aşağı yukarı

2
(adverb) Belirtilen ifadeden “biraz az ya da fazla” anlamında kullanılabilir. {= about2}
Average banana weighs around 125 grams. Ortalama bir muz yaklaşık 125 gram gelir.
around 2 litres of water a day günde 2 litre civarında su
around var, mevcut
3
(adverb) Belirli bir süredir var olmak anlamında kullanılır.
Will you be around next week? Gelecek hafta buralarda olacak mısın?
Mobile phones are around for over two decades. Cep telefonları on yıldan uzun süredir mevcut.
Your Turn!
to revolve around the Earth
around 100 known species of birds
around 78% of the atmosphere
Mosquitoes have been around for 170 million

years.
to sit around the table
Coffee has been around for four centuries.
ACROSS
across karşıdan karşıya, karşıda

1
(place & direction) Bir yerin bir tarafından diğer tarafına geçme anlamında kullanılır.
to go across the road yolun karşısına geçmek
the shop across the street caddenin karşısındaki dükkan
across ...nın her yerinde, ...çapında, ...de/da, ...boyunca

2
(place) Belirtilen bölgenin her yerinde anlamında kullanılır.
all across the country ülkenin her yerinde
tens of thousands of websites across the Internet internette on binlerce web sitesi
Your Turn!
a prevalent problem across the country
the bridges across the river
to fly across the Atlantic Ocean
the most widely used element across the world
OUTSIDE
outside ...dışında, dışarda, dışarısında

1
(place) Bir şeyin dışarısında yer alan anlamında kullanılır. {X inside1}
outside the room odanın dışarısında
outside the expertise of our employees çalışanlarımızın uzmanlığı dışında
Your Turn!
outside the building
outside the mating season
INSIDE
inside ...içinde, ...içerisinde, ...de/da

1
(place) Üç boyutlu bir şeyin içinde yer alan anlamında kullanılır. {X outside}
the food inside the fridge buzdolabındaki yiyecek
the computer inside the machine makinenin içindeki bilgisayar
inside ...içinde, ...içerisinde, ...de/da

2
(time) Belirtilen zaman dilimi içerisinde anlamında kullanılır. {= in3, within1}
inside a month bir ayda
inside six years altı yıl içerisinde
Your Turn!
the furniture inside the room
inside ten days
Luckily, no one was inside the building.
to finish inside five minutes
BEYOND
beyond ...ötesinde
1
(place) Bir şeyden uzakta anlamında kullanılır.
the area beyond that bridge köprünün ötesindeki bölge
beyond the horizon ufuk ötesinde
beyond …ötesinde, …meyecek kadar, …nın dışında

2
Bir şeyin sınırlarının, kapasitesinin dışında anlamında kullanılır.
The situation is now beyond control. Durum artık kontrol dışında.
Keep it beyond the baby's reach. Onu bebeğin ulaşamayacağı yerde tut.
Your Turn!
the area beyond those mountains
changed beyond recognition
It is beyond my understanding.
beyond the atmosphere
AWAY
away uzakta/uzağa, başka yerde/yere, yok

1 (adverb) (direction) “away” bir zarftır; preposition’lar gibi bir isimden önce kullanılamaz. Uzakta, başka bir
yerde, burada değil anlamında kullanılır.
the thieves ran away Hırsızlar kaçtı.
he is away on a business trip Bir iş gezisi için şehir dışında.
away from ...dan uzak/uzakta/uzağa

2
“away from” şeklinde kullanıldığında bir preposition olarak görev yapar ve sonrasında isim gelir.
far away from his home evinden uzak
We live 5 km away from each other. Birbirimizden 5 km uzakta yaşıyoruz.
Your Turn!
The couple next door moved away.
The robbers drove away.
The mist faded away.
two miles away from the coast
OUT
out dışarda, dışarı

1 (adverb) (direction) İçeriden dışarıya olan hareketi ifade etmek için kullanılır. “out” bir zarftır ve bir isimden
önce kullanılamaz; genellikle öncesindeki bir fiil ile anlam kazanır.
take the garbage out çöpü dışarı çıkar
He is not here; he has gone out. O, burada değil; dışarda.
Your Turn!
go out with friends
It is very cold out, today.
OUT OF
out of ...dan dışarı, ...den/dan
1 (direction) Bahsi geçen yerde değil, onun dışında, dışına anlamında kullanılır. {X into1}
Out of yer isimleriyle kullanılabilir, ancak bunun yanı sıra soyut bazı durumlarda da kullanılabilir. Bu
durumda “no longer in (artık o durumda değil)” veya “...sız, ...siz” şeklinde çevrilir.
to jump out of the window pencereden atlamak
He is out of town now. Şu anda şehir dışında.
out of debt (no longer in debt) borçsuz (artık borçsuz)
He is now out of danger. (no longer in danger) Artık tehlikede değil.
out of ...den, ...dan

2
Bazı kelimelerle sebep anlamında kullanılır.
to ask out of curiosity meraktan sormak
out of necessity ihtiyaçtan
Your Turn!
He rushed out of the house.
She did it out of jealousy.
She stepped out of the elevator.
The machine is out of order.
He cried out of happiness.
The island is out of sight now.
NEAR
near ...nın yanında

1
(place) Bir yere yakın, uzağında değil anlamında kullanılır. {= beside, next to}
habitats near the water suyun yanındaki yaşam alanları
I'd like to sit near a window, please. Pencerenin yanında oturmak isterim.
Your Turn!
Don't come too near me. I am COVID positive.
a hotel near the airport
BESIDE
beside ...nın yanında

1
(place) Bir yere yakın, uzağında değil anlamında kullanılır. {= near, next to}
to wait beside her onun yanında beklemek
Come and sit here beside me. Gel ve benim yanıma otur.
Your Turn!
to live beside a river
to sit beside an old woman in a bus
NEXT TO
next to ...nın bitişiğinde

1
(place) Bir yere yakın, bitişiğinde anlamında kullanılır. {= near, beside}
the woman sitting next to me bitişiğimde oturan kadın
next to the train station tren garının bitişiğinde
Your Turn!
Can I sit next to the window?
the bank next to the station
BEHIND
behind ...nın arkasında

1
(place) Bir şeyin arkasında, arka tarafında anlamında kullanılır {X in front of}
She heard a sudden noise behind her. Arkasında ani bir ses duydu.
the reason behind her failure başarısızlığının arkasındaki sebep
Your Turn!
the reason behind her success
the coat behind the door
IN FRONT OF
in front of ...nın önünde

1
(place) Bir şeyin önünde, ön tarafında anlamında kullanılır {X behind}
in front of a fireplace şöminenin önünde
She is shy in front of the strangers and guests. Yabancıların ve misafirlerin önünde utangaçtır.
Your Turn!
in front of the mirror
in front of the building
OPPOSITE
opposite ...nın karşısında, karşı tarafında

1
(place) Bir şeyin karşı tarafında anlamında kullanılır.
a house opposite the mosque caminin karşısında bir ev
It is opposite the post office. o, postanenin karşı tarafında.
Your Turn!
I live opposite the cinema.
They sat opposite each other.
BENEATH
beneath ...nın altında

1
to hide beneath the floorboard döşeme tahtasının altında saklanmak
There is a cellar beneath the house. Evin altında bir kiler var.
Your Turn!
to sit beneath a tree
to hide the letter beneath the books
UNDERNEATH
underneath ...nın altında

1
presents underneath the Christmas tree Noel ağacının altındaki hediyeler
He is wearing a T-shirt underneath his coat. Paltosunun altında tişört giyiyor.
Your Turn!
The keys are underneath the mat.
The tunnel goes underneath the city.
UP
up yukarı, yukarıda, yukarı doğru

1
(direction) Yukarı, yukarıda, yukarı doğru anlamında kullanılır. {X down}
The sales went up last week. Geçen hafta satışlar arttı.
put the plates up on the shelf Tabakları rafa koy.
up to somebody birine kalmış, birine bağlı

2
Birinin sorumluluğunda, ona kalmış, onun inisiyatifinde anlamında kullanılır.
It is up to you. Sana kalmış.
It is up to the parents to be parents. Ebeveyn olmak ebeveyne bağlıdır.
up to ...kadar, ...varan
3
Bahsedilen miktara eşit ya da ondan daha az, onu geçmez anlamında kullanılır.
up to 40 percent of the citizens vatandaşların yüzde 40'ına varan
Some species of shark live up to 60 years. Bazı köpek balığı türleri 60 yıla kadar yaşar.
Your Turn!
Hang the clothes up to dry.
You can pay weekly or monthly – it’s up to you.
up to 50% discount
Smoke was rising up from their house.
The price of petrol has risen up to $120.
It is up to us to take advantage of this

opportunity.
DOWN
down aşağı, aşağıda, aşağı doğru

1
(direction) Aşağı, aşağıda, aşağı doğru anlamında kullanılır. {X up1}
Don't look down! You'll get dizzy. Aşağı bakma! Başın dönecek.
I bent down to look under the bed. Yatağın altına bakmak için aşağı doğru eğildim.
Your Turn!
Can you please sit down?
The sun's going down and it'll be dark soon.
OFF
off kapalı, çalışmıyor, kapalı halde

1
Kapalı, çalışmıyor, kapalı halde anlamında kullanılır.
turn off the lights ışıkları kapat
The power has been off since this morning. Elektrik sabahtan beri çalışmıyor.
off izinli, çalışmıyor

2
İzinli olmak, çalışmamak anlamında kullanılır.
Sally has been off since Wednesday. Sally çarşamba gününden beri çalışmıyor.
I will take a week off next month. Gelecek ay bir hafta izin alacağım.
Belirli bir çevirisi yoktur. Kullanıldığı cümleye göre farklı

off
şekillerde çevrilir.
3
(direction) Uzaklaşma, uzakta anlamında kullanılır.
The thieves ran off. Hırsızlar kaçtı.
to send off radiation radyasyon yaymak
Your Turn!
He got into his car and drove off.
Tomorrow is my day off.
As he leaned forward, his hat fell off.
switch off the lights
Check that the lights are all off before you leave.
My secretary’s been off with flu for the past week.
AFTER
after ...dan sonra, ...nın ardından, ...nın peşinden

1
(time) Zaman, sıra, konum bakımından daha sonra gelen anlamında kullanılır. {X before1}
after the death of her husband kocasının ölümünün ardından
The first attack started just after midnight. İlk saldırı gece yarısından sonra başladı.
Your Turn!
Do you believe in life after death?
Shall we go for a walk after breakfast?
FOLLOWING
following ...dan sonra, ...nın ardından, ...nın peşinden

1
(time) Zaman, sıra, konum bakımından daha sonra gelen anlamında kullanılır.
following the surgery ameliyattan sonra
following the president’s speech başkanın konuşmasının ardından
Your Turn!
following the outbreak of civil war
There will be time for questions following the lecture.
BEFORE
before ...dan önce/evvel

1
(time) Zaman, sıra, konum bakımından daha önce gelen anlamında kullanılır. {X after}
He arrived just five minutes before the ceremony. Törenden sadece beş dakika önce geldi.
Let’s meet at our house before the show. Gösteriden önce bizim evde buluşalım.
2 before daha önce, daha önceden
(adverb) (time) Daha önce, geçmişte, şu ana kadar anlamında kullanılır. Bu anlamda zarf olarak kullanılır
ve genellikle cümle sonunda yer alır.
I know I've seen him somewhere before. Onu daha önce bir yerde gördüğümü biliyorum.
I have never gone fishing before. Daha önce hiç balık tutmaya gitmedim.
before ...nın önünde

3
Bir şeyin önünde, ön tarafında anlamında kullanılır {= in front of}
performance before the Queen kraliçenin önünde performans
Bow before the king! Kralın önünde eğilin!
Your Turn!
A fire broke out the day before yesterday.
The Olympics have never been cancelled before.
The problem before us today is not a new one.
The nine captives bowed before the king.
Jane usually goes to bed just before midnight.
We have run into similar problems before.
UNTIL
until ...e kadar, ...e dek, ...e değin

1
(time) Belirtilen zamana kadar devam eden, o an geldiğinde duran eylemleri ifade eder. {= till}
until the end of 17th century 17. yüzyılın sonuna kadar
until the age of 6 months 6 aylık olana dek
Your Turn!
until his death in 1980
until the invention of wheel
TILL
till ...e kadar, ...e dek, ...e değin

1
(time) Belirtilen zamana kadar devam eden, o an geldiğinde duran eylemleri ifade eder. {= until}
to work till the age of seventy-five yetmiş beş yaşına kadar çalışmak
till the end of the year yıl sonuna dek
Your Turn!
till about ten o'clock
till the end of the month
SINCE | EVER SINCE
since |ever since ...den beri, ...den bu yana

1
(time) Geçmişte belirli bir noktadan günümüze kadar anlamında kullanılır.
We’ve been waiting here since two o’clock. Saat ikiden beri burada bekliyoruz.
since 1970s 1970'lerden bu yana
ever since the accident kazadan beri
Your Turn!
since the 17th century
ever since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic
The factory has been here since the 1990s.
THAN
than ...den/dan, ...ya nazaran, ...ya göre

1
Karşılaştırma yaparken karşılaştırma yapılan şeyi ifade etmek için kullanılır.
more important than money paradan daha önemli
You need that money more than I do. O paraya senin benden daha çok ihtiyacın var.
Your Turn!
better than the other candidates
Divorce is more common than it was a generation ago.
AS
as …olarak
1
...rolünde, ...işlevinde anlamında kullanılır.
a part-time job as a cleaner temizlikçi olarak yarı zamanlı iş
Give it to him as a reward. Onu ona ödül olarak ver.
Your Turn!
He works as a police officer.
is known as Black Death
LIKE
1 like (similar to) …gibi
Benzetme yapılırken kullanılır.
He moves and talks just like his father. Tıpkı babası gibi hareket ediyor ve konuşuyor.
The garden looked like a jungle. Bahçe bir orman gibi gözüktü.
like (example) …gibi

2
Örnek verirken kullanılır.
Cam, kağıt ve plastik kutu gibi şeyler geri

Things like glass, paper, and plastic can all be recycled.
dönüştürülebilir.
cancer and its treatments, like chemotherapy kanser ve kemoterapi gibi tedavileri
Your Turn!
predators like lions and tigers
He looks like his brother.
fatty foods like cakes and biscuits
The lamp was round, like a ball.
UNLIKE
unlike ...nın aksine, zıttına

1
İki şey arasındaki farklılığı ifade etmek için kullanılır
unlike the rest of the countries in EU AB'deki diğer ülkelerin aksine
Unlike most people in the office, I don’t come to work by Ofisteki çoğu insanın aksine ben işe arabayla
car. gelmiyorum.
Your Turn!
unlike his older brothers
unlike the rest of the class
DESPITE
despite ...e rağmen, ...e karşın

1
İfade edilen şeyden etkilenmeme, o şeye rağmen anlamında kullanılır.
despite international pressure uluslararası baskıya rağmen
despite its many benefits birçok faydasına karşın
Your Turn!
I love him despite his faults.
despite all our efforts
NOTWITHSTANDING
1 notwithstanding ...e rağmen, ...e karşın
İfade edilen şeyden etkilenmeme, o şeye rağmen anlamında kullanılır. {= despite}
notwithstanding their small size küçük boyutuna karşın
notwithstanding the end of the Cold War Soğuk Savaşın sonuna rağmen
Your Turn!
notwithstanding fame and fortune
notwithstanding the cold temperatures in Iceland
CONSIDERING
considering …yı düşünürsek, …yı göz önüne alırsak

1
Belirtilen şeyi dikkate aldığımızda, ona rağmen anlamında kullanılır. {= given}
considering its harsh climate sert iklimini düşünürsek
Your Turn!
She looks old considering her age.
GIVEN
given …yı düşünürsek, …yı göz önüne alırsak

1
Belirtilen şeyi dikkate aldığımızda, ona rağmen anlamında kullanılır. {= considering}
Given his age, he's a remarkably fast runner. Yaşını göz önüne alırsak son derece hızlı bir koşucu.
Your Turn!
Given her age, she is pretty healthy.
BESIDES
besides ...e ek olarak, ...nın yanı sıra

1
Belirtilen şeye ek olarak anlamında kullanılır.
He was a poet besides being a military genius. Askeri deha olmanın yanı sıra bir şairdi.
He knows three languages besides Turkish. Türkçe'ye ek olarak üç dil biliyor.
Your Turn!
Besides being intelligent, he is handsome.
Besides being cheap, it is durable and effective.
CONCERNING
1 concerning …ile ilgili, …hakkında, …konuda
Bir konu ile ilgili, onun hakkında anlamında kullanılabilir. {= about1}
I won't answer questions concerning my private life. Özel hayatım ile ilgili soruları cevaplamayacağım.
Your Turn!
We have several questions concerning the report.
REGARDING
regarding …ile ilgili, …hakkında, …konuda

1
Bir konu ile ilgili, onun hakkında anlamında kullanılabilir. {= about1}
evidence regarding the murder of the officer memurun cinayeti hakkında kanıt
Your Turn!
Do you have any questions regarding this matter?
INCLUDING
including …dahil
1
Bir şeyin bahsi geçen miktara, sayıya dahil olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
There'll be eighteen people at the party, including you

Partide sen ve ben dahil on sekiz kişi olacak.
and me.
They stole everything in my purse, including my credit

Kredi kartım dahil cüzdanımdaki her şeyi çaldı.
cards
Your Turn!
The price is ₺25.50, including postage and packing.
Eight people, including two children, were injured in the

explosion.
EXCEPT
except ...hariç
1
Bir şeyin bahsi geçen miktara, sayıya dahil olmadığını ifade etmek için kullanılır.
The office is open every day except Sundays. Ofis pazar günleri hariç her gün açık.
Your Turn!
She invited everyone except Tom.
BUT
but ...hariç
1
on any day but Tuesday Salı günü hariç herhangi bir gün
Your Turn!
Everyone but Emma
EXCLUDING
excluding ...hariç
1
The aircraft carries 461 people excluding the crew. Uçak, mürettebat hariç 461 kişi taşıyor.
Your Turn!
The trip costs $1300, excluding airfare.
EXCEPTING
excepting ...hariç
1
all the passengers excepting one biri hariç tüm yolcular
Your Turn!
He answered all the questions excepting the last one.
VIA
via ...üzerinden, ...dan geçerek

1
Bir yere giderken yolda başka bir yere uğrama veya oradan geçme anlamında kullanılır.
drive to Istanbul via Ankara Ankara üzerinden İstanbul'a sürüş
via ...ile, ...aracılığıyla

2
Bir şeyi gönderirken kullanılan cihazı, makineyi, sistemi ifade etmek kullanılır.
to send the pictures via the Internet internet aracılığıyla fotoğraf yollamak
Your Turn!
working from home via computers
fly to London via Paris
PER
per her, ...de/da, ...başına

1
Bir fiyatı, oranı, ölçümü ifade ederken her ... için anlamında kullanılır.
How much does it cost per kilo? Kilo başına ne kadar tutuyor?
a train travelling at 150 km per hour saatte 150 kilometrede giden bir tren
Your Turn!
My car goes about 10 km per litre.
Admission is ₺9.95 per adult.
VERSUS
versus ...e karşı

1
Birbiriyle yarışan iki kişiyi veya takımı ifade ederken kullanılır.
a match Malmö versus Galatasaray Malmö'ye karşı Galatasaray maçı
Your Turn!
alternative medicine versus conventional medicine
driving versus cycling to work
PLUS
plus artı
1
Bir şeyi başka bir şeye ekleme, toplama anlamında kullanılır.
What is 73 plus 19? 73 artı 19 kaç eder?
Your Turn!
What is 1031 plus 111?
What is 1050 plus 50?
MINUS
minus eksi
1
Bir şeyi başka bir şeyden çıkarma anlamında kullanılır.
What is 96 minus 17? 96 eksi 17 kaç eder?
Your Turn!
What is 121 minus 19?
What is 54 minus 7?
PAST
past ...yı geçince, ...dan sonra, ötesinde, ilerisinde

1
Belirtilen noktayı geçme, ondan daha sonra anlamında kullanılır.
It was past midnight when William got home. William eve geldiğinde gece yarısını geçmişti.
Your Turn!
It's quarter past two in the afternoon.
We drove past your house.
ABOARD
aboard gemi, uçak, otobüs veya trende olma

1
(place) Bir gemiye, trene, uçağa, otobüse binme anlamında kullanılır.
We went aboard the plane. Uçağa bindik.
Your Turn!
The passengers all went aboard the ship.
Welcome aboard Flight 6240 to New York.
AMID
amid ...ortasında, arasında

1
(place) Ortasında, etrafı onlarla çevrelenmiş anlamında kullanılır.
We walked along the snowy road amid the trees. Ağaçların arasındaki karlı yol boyunca yürüdük.
Your Turn!
Skyscrapers are amid old buildings in Istanbul.
The mayor stood amid the angry crowd.
Preposition Block > Introduction
1: highly effective against many infectious diseases 10: one of the extraordinarily talented painters in
TR: Turkey
TR:
2: evidence for continental drift theory

TR:
11: debate about the value of bilingual language
education
TR:
3: its movement over the Earth's surface

TR:
12: a profound effect on the economic status of

4: for heating and the maintenance of the buildings countries
TR: TR:
5: a connection between smoking and lung cancer 13: a sudden increase in the brightness of a star
TR: TR:
6: the role of computers and Internet in education 14: the need of effective oral communication in
TR: business
TR:
7: quite difficult for developing countries without

fossil fuel reserves
TR: 15: the communication between people in different
companies and governments
TR:
8: the big step towards the rapid growth of a society

TR:
16: the various causes behind headaches at night
TR:
9: the separation of visible light into its different

colours 17: source of life for creatures on the planet
TR: TR:
18: a close relation between unhealthy eating habits 20: the increase in the average temperature of the
and the increase in body fat Earth's near-surface air in recent decades
TR: TR:
19: the building of a formal governmental zone

outside the centre of an old city
TR:
Preposition Block > Your Turn
1: similarities and differences between flu and 10: addition of harmful substances to the
COVID-19 atmosphere
TR: TR:
11: the theory behind organizational structure in the

2: the similarity between parents and their children
business world
TR:
TR:
3: on an island off the coast of Turkey

TR:
12: fishing communities along the coasts of Asia
TR:
4: the use of social media

TR:
13: the combination of high inflation and economic
recession
TR:
5: a major breakthrough in the world of information
technology
TR:
14: the volume of water in the sea and ocean

TR:
6: the volume of air in the lungs

TR:
15: the processor of the computer

TR:
7: linked with the death of patients
TR:
16: hopes for a better future

TR:
8: off the coast of Hawaii
TR:
17: a difference of opinion about a child's education

TR:
9: a debate over the reasons for the mass
extinctions of life on Earth
TR:
18: the leading cause of infant death in developed

countries
TR:
19: the outbreak of the swine flu in Mexico 29: at the beginning of the industrial age in the mid-
TR: 18th century
TR:
20: resistant to damage from exposure to the sun

TR:
30: any culture at any time in history

TR:
21: disruptive impacts on many species throughout

the world's oceans
TR:
31: the importance of effective oral communication
skills in business
TR:
22: an excavation by a team of archaeologists

TR:
32: under the influence of Hitler in the late 1930s

TR:
23: marine birds on the coast of Alaska

TR:
33: limited to 400 visitors per day in 2023

TR:
24: a natural cure for diarrhoea and other intestinal
infections
TR:
34: the largest of all dinosaurs
TR:
25: the circulation of money through trade and other 35: stories about ghosts in the cathedral
means TR:
TR:
36: serious effects of lack of vitamins and minerals

on the developing brains of young children
TR:
26: the construction of tall buildings in big cities
TR:
27: a remedy against indigestion

TR:
37: dependent upon the level of education
TR:
28: a sharp increase in the variety and number of

pests
TR:
38: a very strong influence upon a person's 39: unaware of deadly sharks in the sea
behaviour TR:
TR:
40: in the cultures of the ancient Greeks and

Romans
TR:
Verb + Preposition Block > Introduction
1: to sign a deal with the Union of Soviet Socialist 6: to research into the effects of this chemical on
Republics animals
TR: TR:
2: to educate the members of a community on 7: to pose a danger to blind pedestrians and

health issues children
TR: TR:
8: to lose weight by exercising daily

3: to inject into the body TR:
TR:
9: to be aware of present conditions of country

4: to seriously hinder progress towards peace TR:
TR:
10: to improve the nutritional quality of food

5: to increase the productivity of the sales
TR:
department
TR:
Verb + Preposition Block > Your Turn
1: to prevent the release of pollutants into the air 10: to release oxygen into the atmosphere
TR: TR:
11: to respond to treatment with chemotherapy

2: to design mainly as protection from the wind TR:
TR:
12: to assess the effects of soil erosion on

agricultural productivity
3: to indicate the possible consequences of global
TR:
industrialization
TR:
13: to graduate from high school

4: to analyse investment opportunities in numerous TR:
markets throughout the world
TR:
14: to prevent the buildup of greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere
TR:
5: to cause 20 per cent to 60 per cent deaths per

year in the United States
TR:
15: to reach an agreement with the strikers
TR:
16: to earn a living as a pianist and composer

TR:
6: to be on an island without food
TR:
17: to take antibiotic against infections

7: to provide security against theft TR:
TR:
18: to walk under the trees with their children

8: to eliminate all obstacles to the free flow of traffic TR:
TR:
19: to foresee possible misuses of a product by a

consumer
9: to reach the scene of the disaster TR:
TR:
20: to reduce the risk of heart disease 25: to meet the needs of the investor
TR: TR:
21: to identify the factors behind the rise of mental 26: to relieve the symptoms of the disease
health issues among college students TR:
TR:
27: to understand the forces inside the nucleus of

an atom
TR:
22: to reveal several significant shortcomings in the

European banking system
TR:
28: to depend on temperature and the condition of
the soil
TR:
23: to store away from direct light and heat

TR: 29: to pay great attention to detail
TR:
24: to make and use tools for survival 30: to decay completely within a few weeks
TR: TR:
Vocabulary Activities > Preposition Activity
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
increase ---- ...da artış
---- ... speed ... hızda
rich ---- ...bakımından zengin
research ---- ...hakkında araştırma yapmak
aware ---- …nın farkında
---- year yılda / her yıl
exposure ---- …ya maruz kalma
relationship ---- ... ile ilişki
advance ---- ...da ilerleme
---- the end of sth bir şeyin sonunda
---- the bus otobüste
---- a ... rate ... bir oranda
study ---- ... hakkında çalışma, araştırma
graduate ---- ...dan mezun olmak
complain ---- …konuda şikayet etmek
agreement ---- …ile anlaşma
---- … temperature ... sıcaklıkta
---- ... conditions ... şartlar altında
crucial ---- …için çok önemli
---- the years yıllar boyunca
---- discussion tartışılmakta
---- a break aralıksız / molasız
essential ---- …için gerekli
---- road kara yoluyla
---- a level bir seviyenin üzerinde
step ---- ...ya doğru adım / ...ya yönelik adım
---- sight gözden uzak, gizli
fight ---- ...ya karşı kavga, savaş
transform ---- …ya dönüşmek
protection ---- ...ya karşı koruma
---- a level bir seviyenin altında
be known ---- ... olarak bilinmek
---- curiosity meraktan
---- the world dünya çapında
---- reach ulaşılamayacak mesafede
---- night geceleyin
---- the coast sahil boyunca
---- the world dünyanın her yerinde
reason ---- arkasındaki sebep
damage ---- ...dan hasar
Vocabulary Activities > Collocation Activity 1
First Word Second Word
pay sign need risk
lose average war vessel
meet blood weight agreement
civil reach stick climate
walking harsh precaution rise
take reduce deal temperature
Write the collocations using the words above.
sert iklim
kilo kaybetmek/kilo vermek
maaş artışı / zammı
önlem almak
riski azaltmak
kan damarı
anlaşmayı imzalamak
ihtiyacı karşılamak
baston
iç savaş
ortalama sıcaklık
uzlaşma sağlamak
natural private issue life
harmful coastal country growth
health make substance attention
pay profound fire effect
developed spend extinction area
mass rapid time resource
ateş yakmak
kıyı bölgesi
sağlık sorunu
özel hayat
doğal kaynak
vakit geçirmek
derin/büyük etki
dikkat etmek
zararlı madde
toplu yok oluş
hızlı büyüme
gelişmiş ülke
Vocabulary Activities > Synonym Activity 1
deny infectious vital
affect lead to significant
rely on difference arbitrarily
completely apparent wipe out
decrease advance appropriate
outcome abrupt intentionally
Find the synonyms of the given words.
sudden
obvious
distinction
result
suitable
entirely
reduce
cause
progress
depend on
influence
destroy
randomly
important
essential
refuse
contagious
deliberately
impede detrimental impact
gain notion treatment
arrive skilled conscious
lethal rise answer
show predict abrupt
restricted give off evaluate
indicate
reach
foresee
earn
respond
assess
increase
hinder
sharp
aware
remedy
opinion
influence
limited
harmful
deadly
talented
send off
Simple Sentences
• Unit Words
• Imperative
• Verb Be
• Verb Have
• There
• Revision
Simple Sentences ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
oven (n): fırın

Vocabulary
clean (adj): temiz, masum, düzgün plate (n): tabak, tabaka
irrelevant (adj): ilgisiz room (n): oda, alan
late (adj): geç, sonları, rahmetli stranger (n): yabancı
immediately (adv): derhal, hemen temperature (n): sıcaklık

(yakınında) use (n): kullanım, fayda
animal (n): hayvan valuables (n): değerli eşyalar
chance (n): şans, olasılık, risk wire (n): kablo, tel
grass (n): çim from (prep): ...den, ...dan
light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs) accept (v): kabul etmek
meal (n): öğün clean (v): temizlemek
medicine (n): ilaç, tıp interrupt (v): araya girmek
question (n): soru, şüphe leave (v): ayrılmak, bırakmak
speed limit (n): hız sınırı respect (v): saygı duymak
water (n): su store (v): depolamak
zoo (n): hayvanat bahçesi talk (v): konuşmak
second (num): ikinci touch (v): dokunmak, duygulandırmak
ask (v): sormak, istemek wash (v): yıkamak
call (v): adlandırmak, telefon etmek, advanced (adj): ileri düzeyde
çağırmak
ancient (adj): eski
feed (v): beslemek
fun (adj): eğlenceli
please (v): memnun etmek, istemek
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel
question (v): sorgulamak
important (adj): önemli
rinse (v): durulamak
sorry (adj): üzgün
step (v): adım atmak
staple (adj): temel
take (v): almak, (süre) almak
almost (adv): neredeyse
wait (v): beklemek
easily (adv): kolay bir şekilde
switch off (pv): kapatmak (elektrikli aleti),
ilgisini yitirmek cacao (n): kakao
go beyond (pv): ötesine geçmek chocolate (n): çikolata
dirty (adj): kirli, alçak, açık saçık civilization (n): uygarlık
elderly (adj): ihtiyar culture (n): kültür
again (adv): tekrar Egypt (n): Mısır
quietly (adv): sessizce food (n): yiyecek
please (excl): lütfen party (n): parti (eğlence), parti (siyasi),
taraf
candy (n): şeker
rice (n): pirinç
display (n): sergi, gösteri, bilgisayar ekranı
salt (n): tuz
lesson (n): ders
staple (n): zımba mankind (n): insanoğlu
substance (n): madde, önem murder (n): cinayet

sugar (n): şeker nerve (n): sinir, cesaret
year (n): yıl part (n): parça
staple (v): zımbalamak people (n): insanlar, halk

dissolvable (adj): çözünür provider (n): tedarikçi
millions of (q): milyonlarca rabies (n): kuduz
big (adj): büyük rate (n): oran, ücret

common (adj): yaygın, ortak region (n): bölge
handsome (adj): yakışıklı smartphone (n): akıllı telefon
high (adj): yüksek, kafayı bulmuş thigh (n): uyluk

indigenous (adj): yerli weapon (n): silah
industrial (adj): endüstriyel worker (n): işçi
integral (adj): ayrılmaz increasing (adj): artan

rare (adj): nadir, az pişmiş (et), seyreltilmiş hundreds of (q): yüzlerce
savage (adj): vahşi, zalim thousands of (q): binlerce
serious (adj): ciddi atomic bomb (n): atom bombası

skilled (adj): becerikli healthcare (n): sağlık hizmeti
ago (adv): önce average (adj): ortalama, vasat

pretty (adv): oldukça developing (adj): gelişmekte olan
recently (adv): son zamanlarda different (adj): farklı
battery (n): pil, darp suçu, ağır silah long (adj): uzun
deposu
military (adj): askeri
brain (n): beyin
non-existent (adj): var olmayan
century (n): yüzyıl
old (adj): yaşlı, eski
cholera (n): kolera
responsible (adj): sorumlu
city (n): şehir
written (adj): yazılı
countryside (n): kırsal bölge
quite (adv): oldukça
demand (n): talep
age (n): yaş, çağ
energy (n): enerji
automobile (n): otomobil
fertility (n): verimlilik
battle (n): savaş, mücadele
future (adj, n): gelecek
cause (n): sebep, amaç
hip (n): kalça
children (n): çocuklar
human (n): insan
industry (n): sanayi, çalışkanlık
death (n): ölüm
infection (n): enfeksiyon
disability (n): sakatlık
instrument (n): çalgı, alet, doküman
joint (n): eklem, ek yeri, büyük parça et,
ucuz lokanta form (n): form, biçim
knee (n): diz habit (n): alışkanlık
history (n): tarih, geçmiş recent (adj): son zamanlardaki
home (n): ev, yurt significant (adj): önemli
invention (n): icat, uydurma strong (adj): güçlü

law (n): hukuk, kanun total (adj): toplam
lifestyle (n): yaşam tarzı unanswered (adj): cevaplanmamış

maintenance (n): bakım, sürdürme, nafaka approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak
marriage (n): evlilik baby (n): bebek
obesity (n): obezite body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim

order (n): sipariş, düzen, emir car (n): araba, vagon
patient (n): hasta census (n): nüfus sayımı
petroleum (n): petrol drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu

police (n): polis (teşkilatı) humanity (n): insanlık
ship (n): gemi increase (n): artış

society (n): toplum, dernek independence (n): bağımsızlık
superpower (n): süper güç inhabitant (n): yerli
transportation (n): taşıma island (n): ada
war (n): savaş lake (n): göl

military (n): ordu mountain (n): dağ, yığın
spoken (adj): konuşma pair (n): çift
until (conj, prep): ...e kadar population (n): nüfus

per cent (n): yüzde Singapore (n): Singapur
adverse (adj): olumsuz stability (n): istikrar
large (adj): büyük usage (n): muamele, kullanım

acceleration (n): hızlanma village (n): köy
architecture (n): mimarlık, mimari tarz wealth (n): zenginlik

brother (n): erkek kardeş last (adj): geçen, son
collection (n): koleksiyon, toplama bad (adj): kötü
effect (n): etki catastrophic (adj): feci

engineering (n): mühendislik cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz
environment (n): çevre, ortam complex (adj): karmaşık
house (n): ev devastating (adj): yıkıcı, şaşkına çeviren

influence (n): etki developed (adj): gelişmiş
job (n): iş global (adj): küresel
moon (n): ay, (doğal) uydu hot (adj): sıcak, acı
stamp (n): posta pulu, damga irreversible (adj): geri dönüşü olmayan
volcano (n): yanardağ major (adj): büyük/önemli
dramatic (adj): çarpıcı, tiyatroyla ilgili martial (adj): savaşla ilgili
normal (adj): normal national (adj): ulusal

political (adj): siyasal natural (adj): doğal, normal
new (adj): yeni power (n): güç, enerji
snowy (adj): karlı president (n): başkan
sole (adj): tek republic (n): cumhuriyet

specific (adj): belirli reputation (n): itibar
temperate (adj): ılıman requirement (n): gereklilik
utmost (adj): son derece satellite (n): (yapay) uydu

wide-ranging (adj): geniş kapsamlı success (n): başarı
highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili summer (n): yaz mevsimi

tonight (adv, n): bu gece technology (n): teknoloji
access (n): erişim total (n): toplam
allergy (n): alerji winter (n): kış
area (n): bölge, yüz ölçümü live (v): yaşamak

art (n): sanat, beceri a number of (q): çok sayıda ...
baseball (n): beyzbol at some point (phr): bir noktada
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü alarming (adj): endişe verici

climate (n): iklim empty (adj): boş
complaint (n): şikayet, hastalık huge (adj): kocaman
conflict (n): anlaşmazlık, çatışma possible (adj): mümkün

consequence (n): sonuç still (adv): hâlâ, yine de
constitution (n): anayasa, bünye accuracy (n): doğruluk

construction (n): inşaat base (n): taban, (askeri) üs, baz
dam (n): baraj cloud (n): bulut
debate (n): tartışma continent (n): kıta

drought (n): kuraklık depression (n): depresyon, buhran
earth (n): dünya, toprak eruption (n): patlama (yanardağ)
fishing (n): balıkçılık head (n): kafa, başkan

fleet (n): filo inflation (n): enflasyon
headache (n): baş ağrısı lizard (n): kertenkele
importance (n): önem memory (n): anı, hafıza
leader (n): lider plane (n): uçak, düz yüzey

league (n): lig, ittifak report (n): rapor
life (n): hayat rise (n): yükseliş

loss (n): kayıp, zarar role (n): görev, rol
money (n): para seat (n): oturacak yer
network (n): ağ species (n): tür (canlı)

operation (n): ameliyat, operasyon, speculation (n): spekülasyon
işletme
unemployment (n): işsizlik
paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, belge, makale
world (n): dünya
peacekeeping (n): barışı koruyan
manned (adj): insanlı
politics (n): siyaset
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal science (n): bilim
considerable (adj): kayda değer sense (n): duyu, sağduyu, anlam

early (adj): erken, başları soreness (n): ağrı
economic (adj): ekonomik, kârlı suitability (n): uygunluk

enormous (adj): muazzam for (prep): ... için, ...(süre) dir, ... mesafe
in (adj): moda in (prep): ...de, ...da, ...e, ...a, ... alanda,

içerisinde, ... açısından
lost (adj): kayıp
past (prep): ...yı geçince
main (adj): ana
be (v): olmak
mild (adj): yumuşak (hava), hafif, sakin
begin (v): başlamak
monumental (adj): devasa
change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak
unknown (adj): bilinmeyen
demand (v): talep etmek, gerektirmek
few (q): az sayıda
have (v): sahip olmak, yemek/içmek
in (adv): içeri
now (adv, n): şimdi, hemen
past (adv): ...dan geçip giderek, geçe
there (adv): ora, var (saat), kullanım tarihi geçmiş
for (trans): çünkü outside of (phr): ... hariç
a (det): bir in those days (adv): o günlerde
the (det): belirleyici, çoğul yapar more than (adv): ...dan fazla
there (excl): İşte! have been to (v): ...da bulunmuş olmak
application (n): başvuru, telefon lower (adj): alt
available (adj): mevcut, müsait
attitude (n): tutum
female (adj, n): dişi
bird (n): kuş
invaluable (adj): paha biçilemez
business (n): ticaret, iş yeri
known (adj): bilinen
centre (n): merkez
modern (adj): çağdaş
day (n): gün, gündüz
mutual (adj): karşılıklı
dog (n): köpek
native (adj): yerli
doubt (n): şüphe
ovarian (adj): yumurtalıkla ilgili
earthquake (n): deprem
strained (adj): gergin
economist (n): iktisatçı
various (adj): çeşitli
elephant (n): fil
vast (adj): çok büyük
group (n): grup
vulnerable (adj): savunmasız
level (n): seviye
worldwide (adj, adv): dünya çapında
major (n): binbaşı, ana bilim dalı
always (adv): daima, tekrar tekrar (şikayet)
meltdown (n): nükleer sızıntı, başarısızlık
normally (adv): normalde
orphan (n): yetim
really (adv): gerçekten
slightly (adv): birazcık, hafifçe
pollution (n): kirlilik
amount (n): miktar
research (n): araştırma
reward (n): ödül
ban (n): yasaklama symptom (n): belirti
breathing (n): nefes alıp verme teacher (n): öğretmen

class (n): sınıf (okul), ders, sınıf (toplum) tortoise (n): kara kaplumbağası
computer (n): bilgisayar train (n): tren
concern (n): endişe, ilgi type (n): tür

correlation (n): karşılıklı ilişki understanding (n): anlayış
cure (n): çare university (n): üniversite
cyst (n): kist user (n): kullanıcı
daytime (n): gündüz violence (n): şiddet

demonstration (n): gösteri yürüyüşü, waste (n): israf, atık
tanıtım gösterisi, gösterge
anything (pron): hiçbir şey, herhangi bir
desert (n): çöl şey
difference (n): fark, uyuşmazlık give (v): vermek
education (n): eğitim sleep (v): uyumak

exam (n): sınav stand (v): ayakta durmak, tahammül etmek
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman, walk (v): yürümek

kullanım
plant (n): bitki, santral
fortress (n): kale
nuclear power (n): nükleer enerji
friendship (n): arkadaşlık
one or two (phr): bir iki
giant (n): dev, dev gibi, dev şirket
half (adj, n): yarım
girl (n): kız
Collocations
lifetime (n): ömür
feed animal : hayvan beslemek
necessity (n): gereklilik
emergency service : acil servis
night-time (n): gece
take medicine : ilaç almak
north (adj, n): kuzey
ask question : soru sormak
nurse (n): hemşire
irrelevant question : alakasız soru
point (n): nokta, puan, uç
dirty plate : kirli tabak
present (n): hediye, şu an
room temperature : oda sıcaklığı
printing (n): basım
electric wire : elektrik kablosu
relation (n): ilişki, akraba
staple food : temel gıda
reptile (n): sürüngen
advanced civilization : gelişmiş
score (n): puan medeniyet
set (n): takım, sahne indigenous people : yerli halk
sky (n): gökyüzü coming years : gelecek yıllar
sofa (n): kanepe integral part : ayrılmaz parça
soil (n): toprak, ülke clean energy : temiz enerji
source (n): kaynak law and order : kanun ve nizam
station (n): istasyon, vaziyet next year : gelecek yıl
student (n): öğrenci stamp collection : pul koleksiyonu
study (n): araştırma, çalışma adverse effect : olumsuz, ters etki
dramatic increase : çarpıcı artış at … temperature : ... sıcaklıkta
political stability : siyasi istikrar on display : sergide, gösterimde
significant increase : önemli artış during the lesson : derste, ders sırasında
strong influence : güçlü etki important for : …için önemli

climate change : iklim değişikliği until recently : yakın zamana kadar / son
zamanlara kadar
irreversible consequence : geri dönüşü
olmayan sonuç in the countryside : kırsal kesimde
have debate : tartışmak cause of : …nın sebebi
political party : siyasi parti responsible for : ...dan sorumlu

catastrophic effect : felaket etkisi different from : …dan farklı
new constitution : yeni anayasa history of : ...nın tarihi
highly developed : son derece gelişmiş home to : ...ya ev sahipliği yapan

temperate climate : ılıman iklim influence on : … üzerindeki etki
utmost importance : son derece önemli effect on : …üzerinde etki

black cloud : kara bulut increase in : ...da artış
alarming rise : endişe verici artış influence over : ... üzerindeki etki
high level : yüksek düzey without a prescription : reçetesiz

memory loss : hafıza kaybı number of : ...nın sayısı
drastic increase : önemli artış access to : …ya erişim
great progress : büyük ilerleme on television : televizyonda

considerable debate : dikkate değer problem with : ...da sorun
tartışma
in life : ...nın hayatında
main cause : ana neden
under construction : inşaat halinde
mobile phone : cep telefonu
for centuries : yüzyıllardır / yüzyıllarca
significant development : önemli gelişme
speculation about : ... hakkında
last decade : geçen on yıl tahmin/spekülasyon
radioactive waste : radyoaktif atık role in : ...da rol
great concern : büyük endişe throughout the world : dünyanın her

yerinde
power station : enerji istasyonu
rise in : ...da artış
recent years : son yıllar
question about : ...hakkında soru
mutual understanding : karşılıklı anlayış
theory about : ... hakkında teori
natural source : doğal kaynak
in the water : suda, suyun içinde
recent time : yakın zaman
around the globe : dünya çapında
phone number : telefon numarası
in the country : ülkede
power plant : elektrik santralı
progress in : ...daki ilerleme, gelişme
vast difference : büyük fark
science of : ... bilimi
Prepositions
debate among : …arasında tartışma
step on : ...ya (üzerine) basmak
debate about : … konusunda tartışma
in the zoo : hayvanat bahçesinde
reward for : ... için ödül
wait for : …yı beklemek
suitability for : ...için uygunluk in recent years : son yıllarda
doubt about : …konusunda şüphe at demonstration : gösteride

conflict between : ... arasındaki çatışma protest against : ...ya karşı protesto
explanation for : …için açıklama ban on : … yasağı
at the beginning of : …nın başlangıcında from the sky : gökyüzünden

half of : ...nın yarısı vulnerable to : ...ya karşı savunmasız
necessity for : ... için gereklilik in ... sense : ... anlamda/manada
at a point : bir noktada amount of : …nın miktarı

correlation between : …arasında ilişki difference between : …arasındaki fark
concern about : … hakkında endişe up to present : şuana kadar

on the computer : bilgisayarda on the sofa : kanepede
integral conflict stranger ban
drought slightly habit quietly
sleep empire immediately temperature
imparator tarafından yönetilen çok uluslu devlet biçimi
bir parça, azıcık
ölçülen ısı miktarı
azalan yağışlar nedeniyle görülen su kıtlığı
hiç vakit kaybetmeden
sürekli yapılan bir davranışı düşünmeden yapar hâle gelme
fazla gürültü yapmadan
yasa ile bir şeyin yapılmasına engel olma
tanımadığınız kimse
karşıt görüşlü insanların yaşadığı anlaşmazlık
bir parçası olarak gerekli ve önemli, bütünleyici
uyku halinde olmak
change accept earthquake important
civilization touch debate increase
drug ask responsible concern
bir şeyin sizi endişeli, kaygılı hissettirmesi
yer kabuğunun şiddetli bir şekilde sallanması
bir konu hakkında karşılıklı olarak karşıt düşünceleri savunma
iyi gelişmiş sosyal yapıya sahip insan toplumu
nitelik ve nicelik açısından değeri, önemi olan; mühim
miktar veya boyut olarak bir şeyin çoğalması
başka bir biçim veya duruma girmek
vücudumuzun bir yerini başka bir şeye hafifçe temas ettirmek
sunulan, teklif edilen bir şeyi kabul etmek
soru yönelterek bilgi istemek
kendi başına doğru kararlar alıp doğru bir şekilde davranabilen
hastalığı iyileştirmek için kullanılan madde
wealth chance global adverse
battle unknown clean pollution
almost village available enormous
kasabadan küçük olan ve genellikle kırsalda bulunan küçük yerleşim yeri
birinin sahip olduğu para veya değerli eşya miktarı
bütün dünyayı ilgilendiren
son derece büyük olan
bilinmediğimiz veya aşina olmadığımız
kimyasal ya da atık maddelerin çevreye verdiği zarar
şu anda var olan, kullanılabilir, ulaşılabilir, satın alınabilir durumda olan
tesadüf eseri meydana gelen, arkasında bir neden aranmayan durum
bir şeyi kirinden arındırmak
tam değilse bile ona çok yakın, yaklaşık olarak
olumsuz, zararlı, ters etkisi olan
silahlı güçlerin arasındaki çatışma
Imperative > Introduction
1: Don’t step on the grass! 6: Wait for a second chance!

TR: TR:
2: Don’t be late, will you? 7: Call emergency services immediately!

TR: TR:
3: Switch off the lights, please! 8: Take this medicine after meals!
TR: TR:
4: Rinse with clean water! 9: Don't go beyond the speed limit!

TR: TR:
5: Don't feed the animals in the zoo! 10: Don't ask irrelevant questions!
TR: TR:
Imperative > Your Turn
1: Don't interrupt me! 6: Do not leave your valuables on display inside the
TR: car!
TR:
2: Wash these dirty plates, please!

TR:
7: Clean the oven after each use!

TR:
3: Wait quietly, will you?
TR:
8: Don’t touch that electric wire again!

TR:
4: Don’t accept candy from strangers!
TR:
9: Respect the elderly!
TR:
5: Store them at room temperature!
TR:
10: Don't talk during the lesson!
TR:
Verb Be > Table
Verb BE
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Past
am
was
is will be
were
are
I am sorry for everything.

Her şey için üzgünüm.
Sugar, salt and other substances are easily dissolvable in water.

Şeker, tuz ve diğer maddeler suda kolayca çözünebilir.
Rice is a staple food for millions of people around the world.

Pirinç, dünya çapında milyonlarca insan için temel bir gıdadır.
The ancient Egypt was one of the most advanced civilization for almost 3000 years.
Antik Mısır, yaklaşık 3000 yıl boyunca en ileri medeniyetlerden biriydi.
Chocolate and cacao were very important for the Mayan culture.
Çikolata ve kakao Maya kültürü için çok önemliydi.
The party will be great fun!

Parti çok eğlenceli olacak!
Verb Be > Introduction
1: The Sami people are the indigenous people of 7: In the coming years, there will be an increasing
Norway. demand for skilled workers in the healthcare
TR: industry.
TR:
2: He was a pretty handsome man 30 kilograms

ago.
TR:
8: Until recently, the fertility rate in Turkey was

higher in the countryside.
3: Samsung was the biggest smartphone provider TR:
in the world in 2011.
TR:
9: The atomic bomb is mankind's most savage

4: In the 19th century, cholera epidemics were weapon and the instrument of the murder of
common in industrial cities. hundreds of thousands of humans.
TR: TR:
5: Rabies is a rare but very serious infection of the

brain and nerves.
TR:
10: Batteries will be an integral part of our clean

energy future.
TR:
6: The thigh is the region between the hip and knee

joints.
TR:
Verb Be > Your Turn
1: The most common causes of obesity in children 6: The Vietnam War was the longest military battle
are their food habits and lifestyle. in the history of the United States.
TR: TR:
2: The police are responsible for the maintenance 7: Ships are one of the oldest forms of
of law and order. transportation.
TR: TR:
8: The average age of AIDS patients at death is

3: Marriage laws were non-existent in Arawak about 40.
society. TR:
TR:
9: Developing countries are home to about 80 per

4: Spoken English is quite different from written
cent of people with disabilities.
English.
TR:
TR:
5: Even before the invention of the automobile,

petroleum was in high demand.
TR: 10: From about 50 BC until the year 200 AD, the
Roman Empire was the superpower of the
Mediterranean world.
TR:
Verb Have > Table
Verb HAVE
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Past
have
had will have
has
Japan has more than 200 volcanoes.

Japonya'nın 200'den fazla yanardağı var.
Rocket cars have a high acceleration rate.

Roket arabaları yüksek hızlanma oranına sahiptir.
Roman engineering had a large influence on Roman architecture.

Roma mühendisliği, Roma mimarisi üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahipti.
They will have their own house next year.

Gelecek yıl kendi evleri olacak.
It doesn't have an adverse effect on the environment.

Onun, çevre üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi yoktur.
My brother doesn't have a job at the moment.

Erkek kardeşimin şu an bir işi yok.
Venus and Mercury have no moons.

Venüs ve Merkür'ün uyduları yoktur.
Do you have a stamp collection?

Pul koleksiyonunuz var mı?
Verb Have > Introduction
1: Since its independence, Singapore has had 6: In humans, a normal baby will have 46
dramatic increase in wealth. chromosomes in 23 pairs.
TR: TR:
7: The United States had a strong influence over

2: Turkey has a total population of approximately 80 the island of Cuba.
million. TR:
TR:
3: Malaysia has had great political stability since 8: Drug usage without prescription will have
independence. adverse effects on the body.
TR: TR:
4: Sales of electric cars have had a significant

increase in recent years. 9: Turkey has got a large number of mountains and
TR: lakes.
TR:
10: Humanity has a lot of important unanswered

5: During the last census, the village had one questions.
thousand inhabitants. TR:
TR:
Verb Have > Your Turn
1: The United Nations has had great success in its 7: Many people will have some problems with
peacekeeping operations. allergies at some point in their lives.
TR: TR:
2: Biodiversity loss and global climate change have

irreversible consequences. 8: China and India have highly developed
TR: technology industries.
TR:
9: China has a total of 88 dams under construction

3: Israel and Palestine have had a number of now.
conflicts over access to water. TR:
TR:
10: The country has a temperate climate with hot

summers and cold, snowy winters.
TR:
4: The leaders of the two major political parties will
have a debate on television tonight.
TR:
11: Spain has had one of the world's largest fishing

fleets for centuries.
TR:
5: The Syrian war has had a catastrophic effect on
the electricity networks.
TR:
12: The Earth has one natural satellite.

TR:
6: In Turkey’s new constitution, the president will

have wide-ranging powers.
13: Each area of the car has specific maintenance
TR:
requirements.
TR:
14: Paper money had a very bad reputation during 18: Wild animals have had a great influence on the
the 18th and 19th centuries. lifestyle and culture of human beings.
TR: TR:
15: Korea has had complex martial arts forms for

thousands of years. 19: Only 1% of patients with brain tumour have
TR: headache as the sole complaint.
TR:
16: The drought has had devastating

consequences.
TR: 20: The President has the utmost importance in the
politics of the republic.
TR:
17: Venezuela has had a national professional

baseball league since 1945.
TR:
There > Introduction
1: There were black clouds over our heads. 6: There were still several empty seats in the plane.
TR: TR:
2: There is a lot of speculation about the role of

vitamin D in depression. 7: In 1924, there was a huge eruption inside the
TR: volcano.
TR:
3: There are over 3,000 lizard species throughout 8: There have been questions about the accuracy
the world. of the report.
TR: TR:
4: By the year 2100, there will be a manned base 9: There is a high level of unemployment
on Mars. throughout the continent.
TR: TR:
5: There has been an alarming rise in the rate of

inflation. 10: There are many possible causes of memory
TR: loss.
TR:
There > Your Turn
1: In the past few years, there has been an increase 8: There will be mild soreness in the lower back for
in the demand for new business applications. a few days.
TR: TR:
9: There have been two dams at the city of Aswan.

TR:
2: There is a theory about unknown chemicals in

the waters of the Atlantic.
TR:
10: There has been great progress in the science of
medicine recently.
TR:
3: There has been a major change in attitudes

recently.
TR:
11: There is considerable debate among
economists about the main causes of
unemployment.
TR:
4: There will be a big earthquake in the future.

TR:
5: There has been a drastic increase in temperature

12: Outside of Egypt, there is little monumental
around the globe.
architecture in Africa.
TR:
TR:
6: There were more than a million orphans in the

country. 13: There are an enormous number of birds on the
TR: island.
TR:
7: There are a number of forms of industrial

14: There is a high level of unemployment.
pollution.
TR:
TR:
15: There will be a reward for the lost dog.

TR:
16: There were no industrial research centres in the 19: There are many explanations for the economic
modern sense in those days. meltdown of the early 21st century.
TR: TR:
17: There are still some doubts about her suitability 20: At the beginning of the 20th century, there were
for the job. about 10 million African elephants, now there are
TR: about 500,000.
TR:
18: There was a considerable conflict between the

two groups.
TR:
Revision > Your Turn
1: Do not walk on the grass! 8: There was a significant correlation between the
TR: students' study habits and their exam scores.
TR:
2: By 1955, half of all American homes had a

television set.
TR:
9: There have been significant computer

developments during the last decade.
3: Native Americans are the indigenous peoples TR:
from North America.
TR:
10: Different people from different countries or

4: By this time next year, James will have been a regions have their own culture.
teacher at the university. TR:
TR:
11: There is very great concern about radioactive

5: Long battery life is a necessity for most mobile waste from power stations.
phone users. TR:
TR:
6: Most women will have an ovarian cyst at some 12: The Galapagos tortoise is among the giants of
point in their lifetimes. the reptile class.
TR: TR:
13: Don’t change anything on my computer!

7: There will normally be one nurse for every one or
TR:
two patients.
TR:
14: There has been a significant increase in the 21: There were no industrial research centres in the
number of female students in recent years. modern sense in 1847.
TR: TR:
22: In recent times, there has been an increase in

the amount of violence on television.
15: There will be a stronger friendship with mutual TR:
understanding.
TR:
16: There were a lot of people at the

23: Give me your phone number, please!
demonstrations.
TR:
TR:
24: There were no available seats on the train, so I

had to stand.
17: There has been worldwide protest against the TR:
ban on girls' education.
TR:
25: The Chinese were responsible for the invention

of paper and for the science of printing.
TR:
18: Breathing exercises are a known cure for
headaches.
TR:
19: The fortress was vulnerable to attacks from the

sky. 26: Our country has two nuclear power plants.
TR: TR:
27: There are various types of eczema, with slightly

20: Soil has always been an invaluable natural different causes and symptoms.
source. TR:
TR:
28: There is a vast difference between day-time and 29: Up to present, Turkey has had really strained
night-time temperatures in deserts. relations in Caucasus region.
TR: TR:
30: Don’t sleep on the sofa!

TR:
ban ---- … yasağı
progress ---- ...daki ilerleme, gelişme
problem ---- ...da sorun
important ---- …için önemli
theory ---- ... hakkında teori
question ---- ...hakkında soru
---- construction inşaat halinde
effect ---- …üzerinde etki
home ---- ...ya ev sahipliği yapan
---- ... sense ... anlamda/manada
---- … temperature ... sıcaklıkta
influence ---- … üzerindeki etki
---- the world dünyanın her yerinde
wait ---- …yı beklemek
different ---- …dan farklı
access ---- …ya erişim
protest ---- ...ya karşı protesto
conflict ---- ... arasındaki çatışma
debate ---- …arasında tartışma
---- the globe dünya çapında
---- a prescription reçetesiz
vulnerable ---- ...ya karşı savunmasız
difference ---- …arasındaki fark
responsible ---- ...dan sorumlu
Vocabulary Activities > Collocation Activity
integral alarming food change
natural staple loss medicine
adverse dramatic question effect
climate take source increase
ask memory plant part
room power rise temperature
doğal kaynak
ayrılmaz parça
hafıza kaybı
oda sıcaklığı
çarpıcı artış
iklim değişikliği
soru sormak
ilaç almak
elektrik santralı
endişe verici artış
temel gıda
olumsuz, ters etki
Vocabulary Activities > Synonym Activity
discussion suspicion probable
numerous prevalent indigenous
achievement gifted rise
admit roughly silently
alter dissimilar esteem
enormous worry nearly
respect
accept
almost
different
common
change
native
various
concern
debate
approximately
skilled
quietly
vast
increase
doubt
possible
success
Tenses
• Unit Words
• Active Present Tenses
• Active Past Tenses
• Active Future Tenses
• Passive Tenses
• Revision
Tenses ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
adult (adj, n): yetişkin

Vocabulary
dry (adj): kuru advanced (adj): ileri düzeyde
moving (adj): hareketli, duygulandırıcı cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz
sleeping (adj): uyuyan developed (adj): gelişmiş
wet (adj): ıslak, yağmurlu inactive (adj): hareketsiz
far (adv): uzak, çok daha industrial (adj): endüstriyel
nearly (adv): neredeyse interested (adj): ilgili
century (n): yüzyıl pharmaceutical (adj): eczacılığa ait
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü scientific (adj): bilimsel
climate (n): iklim significant (adj): önemli
cloud (n): bulut united (adj): birleşmiş
emission (n): salınım unprecedented (adj): benzeri görülmemiş
evolution (n): evrim wide (adj): geniş
fossil (n): fosil, eski kafalı currently (adv): şu anda
fuel (n): yakıt, körük (mecazi) differently (adv): farklı şekilde
minute (n): dakika, an greatly (adv): büyük ölçüde
nausea (n): bulantı benefit (n): yarar, devlet yardımı
part (n): parça country (n): ülke, taşra
pattern (n): biçim, desen, (elbise vb) kalıp decade (n): on yıl
planet (n): gezegen effect (n): etki
pregnancy (n): hamilelik eye (n): göz, iğne deliği
south (adj, n): güney fear (n): korku
technology (n): teknoloji health (n): sağlık
water (n): su hour (n): saat
woman (n): kadın knowledge (n): bilgi
year (n): yıl mosquito (n): sivrisinek
million (num): milyon psychologist (n): psikolog
burn (v): yakmak recognition (n): tanıma, takdir
change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak revolution (n): devrim, dönüşüm, devinim
experience (v): tecrübe etmek state (n): durum, devlet, eyalet
harness (v): yararlanmak treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
numerous (adj): çok sayıda weather (n): hava durumu
come from (pv): ...dan gelmek winter (n): kış
give rise to (pv): sebep olmak during (prep): ...de, ...da
at least (adv): en azından ache (v): ağrımak
look for (pv): aramak become (v): olmak
vomiting (n): istifra consume (v): tüketmek
gain (v): kazanmak flower (n): çiçek
pollute (v): kirletmek food (n): yiyecek
undergo (v): maruz kalmak function (n): işlev, tören

work (v): çalışmak, işe yaramak harp (n): arp
last (adj): geçen, son industry (n): sanayi, çalışkanlık

every day (adv): her gün life (n): hayat
average (adj): ortalama, vasat lifestyle (n): yaşam tarzı
changing (adj): değişen majority (n): çoğunluk

dirty (adj): kirli, alçak, açık saçık month (n): ay
important (adj): önemli nectar (n): çiçek özü
industrialized (adj): sanayileşmiş person (n): kişi

inevitable (adj): kaçınılmaz population (n): nüfus
mechanized (adj): mekanize edilmiş refrigerator (n): buzdolabı
modern (adj): çağdaş researcher (n): araştırmacı

muddy (adj): çamurlu road (n): yol
national (adj): ulusal society (n): toplum, dernek
petroleum-based (adj): petrol bazlı symbol (n): simge

vegan (adj, n): vegan time (n): zaman, defa
vegetarian (adj, n): vejetaryen tree (n): ağaç
considerably (adv): bir hayli typhoon (n): tayfun

highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili use (n): kullanım, fayda
presently (adv): şimdi, yakında world (n): dünya
rapidly (adv): hızlı bir şekilde absorb (v): emmek, odaklanmak, (bilgi)
kavramak
recently (adv): son zamanlarda
decline (v): azalmak, reddetmek,
steadily (adv): düzenli olarak gerilemek
alternative (n): seçenek discover (v): keşfetmek
area (n): bölge, yüz ölçümü drive (v): (araba) sürmek, harekete
geçirmek
blood (n): kan, soy
expand (v): genişlemek
body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
explore (v): keşfetmek
butterfly (n): kelebek
finish (v): bitirmek
carbon dioxide (n): karbondioksit
include (v): içermek
cell (n): hücre, küçük oda
class (n): sınıf (okul), ders, sınıf (toplum)
preserve (v): korumak
damage (n): hasar
repair (v): onarmak
decay (n): çürük
revolutionize (v): devrim yapmak
development (n): gelişme, geliştirme
serve (v): hizmet etmek, görev yapmak, işe
education (n): eğitim
yaramak
existence (n): varlık
more and more (phr): gitgide daha fazla
firm (n): firma
feed on (pv): ... ile beslenmek
go up (pv): artmak, patlamak sign (n): işaret
make up (pv): oluşturmak, uydurmak, telafi soldier (n): asker
etmek, makyaj yapmak, barışmak
terrorist (n): terörist
bring about (pv): sebep olmak
transportation (n): taşıma
give off (pv): yaymak
traveller (n): gezgin
per cent (n): yüzde
trouble (n): sorun
tired (adj): yorgun, bıkmış
understanding (n): anlayış
appear (v): ortaya çıkmak, ... gibi
continually (adv): devamlı olarak görünmek
unfortunately (adv): maalesef hide (v): saklamak

boss (n): patron invent (v): icat etmek, uydurmak
employee (n): çalışan lose (v): kaybetmek

garden (n): bahçe patent (v): patentini almak
hotel (n): otel play (v): oynamak, çalmak (müzik aleti), rol
almak
polio (n): çocuk felci
protect (v): korumak
reservation (n): yer ayırtma, çekince
ring (v): telefon etmek, zil çalmak
trip (n): gezi
improved (adj): gelişmiş
work (n): iş, çalışma
wait for (pv): beklemek
contract (v): küçülmek, hastalık kapmak,
sözleşme yapmak because (conj, trans): ...dığı için, çünkü
feel (v): hissetmek common (adj): yaygın, ortak
make (v): yapmak, yaptırmak, varmak early (adj): erken, başları
sack (v): kovmak entire (adj): bütün
considerable (adj): kayda değer European (adj, n): Avrupalı

dense (adj): yoğun new (adj): yeni
loud (adj): yüksek sesli, cafcaflı rural (adj): kırsal
first (adj, adv): ilk slippery (adj): kaygan

still (adv): hâlâ, yine de unhappy (adj): mutsuz
act (n): eylem, rol, perde (tiyatro), kanun wrong (adj): yanlış
army (n): ordu Armenian (adj, n): Ermeni, Ermenice

battle (n): savaş, mücadele ago (adv): önce
bus (n): otobüs increasingly (adv): giderek daha

dynamite (n): dinamit before (conj, prep): ...dan önce
forest (n): orman air (n): hava, hava yolu
government (n): hükûmet arrival (n): varış

illness (n): hastalık attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti
neighbour (n): komşu authority (n): yetki
passport (n): pasaport bite (n): ısırık

place (n): yer cat (n): kedi
progress (n): ilerleme city (n): şehir
consumption (n): tüketim use (v): kullanmak
cucumber (n): salatalık prior to (pp): ...den önce

economy (n): ekonomi live in (pv): ...da yaşamak
experiment (n): deney come under (pv): ...nın altına girmek
eyesight (n): görme yetisi atomic bomb (n): atom bombası

farmer (n): çiftçi half (adj, n): yarım
homeland (n): anavatan economic (adj): ekonomik, kârlı
island (n): ada hard (adj): zor, katı, sıkı (çalışmak vs)
kitten (n): kedi yavrusu same (adj): aynı
market (n): pazar, piyasa circus (n): sirk, bir olayın aktiviteleri,
yolların kesiştiği meydan
material (n): madde
coffee bean (n): kahve çekirdeği
merchant (n): tüccar
condition (n): durum, rahatsızlık, şart
moon (n): ay, (doğal) uydu
intensive farming (n): entansif tarım
pace (n): hız, adım
job (n): iş
rate (n): oran, ücret
route (n): rota
suicide (n): intihar
scorpion (n): akrep
week (n): hafta
scout (n): izci
do (v): yapmak
student (n): öğrenci
eradicate (v): yok etmek
surface (n): yüzey
perform (v): uygulamak, gösteri yapmak
Industrial Revolution (n): Sanayi Devrimi
alone (adj, adv): yalnız
university (n): üniversite
coastal (adj): kıyı
valley (n): vadi
intelligent (adj): zeki
abolish (v): (yürürlükten) kaldırmak
median (adj): orta değer
conduct (v): yapmak, iletmek (elektrik, ısı),
yönetmek (orkestra vb.) age (n): yaş, çağ
destroy (v): yok etmek bottle (n): şişe
emerge (v): ortaya çıkmak cure (n): çare

fight (v): kavga etmek, mücadele etmek, human (n): insan
savaşmak
influenza (n): grip
grow (v): büyümek
nightfall (n): akşam karanlığı
guard (v): nöbet tutmak, gözetim altında
tutmak power (n): güç, enerji
hike (v): kır yürüyüşü yapmak, yükselmek rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı
(fiyat, ücret)
scientist (n): bilim insanı
live (v): yaşamak
smartphone (n): akıllı telefon
occupy (v): yer kaplamak, işgal etmek
walk (n): yürüyüş
stare (v): gözlerini dikmek
waste (n): israf, atık
start (v): başlamak, (iş) kurmak, (araç)
wind (n): rüzgâr, gaz (mide, bağırsak)
çalıştırmak
exceed (v): aşmak
rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş), reach (v): ulaşmak, uzanmak
ayağa kalkmak
rule (v): yönetmek, hüküm vermek yapmak, çalıştırmak
save (v): kurtarmak, birikim yapmak, stand (v): ayakta durmak, tahammül etmek
tasarruf etmek, kaydetmek
emergency (n): acil durum
travel (v): seyahat etmek, yol almak
operation (n): ameliyat, operasyon,
walk (v): yürümek işletme
once again (adv): bir kere daha president (n): başkan

fresh (adj): yeni, taze, hoş kokan, sağlıklı test (n): test, test etme
(cilt)
pollinate (v): tozlaşmak
likely (adj): olası
hand out (pv): dağıtmak
relaxed (adj): rahat
famous (adj): meşhur
thorough (adj): kapsamlı
urban (adj): kentsel
yesterday (adv): dün
usable (adj): kullanılabilir
bridge (n): köprü, briç
tomorrow (adv, n): yarın
marble (n): mermer, bilye
ban (n): yasaklama
peasant (n): köylü
computer (n): bilgisayar
sculpture (n): heykel
degree (n): derece, diploma
divert (v): başka yöne çevirmek
diesel (n): mazot
traffic (v): kaçakçılık yapmak
earth (n): dünya, toprak
wipe out (pv): yok etmek
election (n): seçim
deadline (n): son teslim tarihi
exam (n): sınav
temperature (n): sıcaklık
future (adj, n): gelecek
affect (v): etkilemek
immigration (n): göç
countless (adj): sayısız
innovation (n): yenilik
special (adj): özel
mountaineer (n): dağcı
approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak
noon (n): öğle vakti
alarm clock (n): çalar saat
cancer (n): kanser
physical (n): bedensel muayene
car (n): araba, vagon
professional (adj, n): profesyonel
immigrant (n): göçmen
republic (n): cumhuriyet
jaw (n): çene
sale (n): satış, indirim
laboratory (n): laboratuvar
supply (n): kaynak
morning (n): sabah
European Union (n): Avrupa Birliği
mutation (n): değişim
top (n): tepe, kapak
oil (n): petrol, yağ
thousand (num): bin
owner (n): sahip
decrease (v): azalmak
sea (n): deniz
impose (v): uygulamak, kabul ettirmek
study (n): araştırma, çalışma
prolong (v): süresini uzatmak
teacher (n): öğretmen
whale (n): balina result (n): sonuç
cause (v): sebep olmak revenue (n): gelir

move (v): hareket etmek, taşınmak, rock (n): kaya, rock müziği
duygulandırmak
root (n): kök
satellite (n): (yapay) uydu
sell (v): satmak
vegetable (n): sebze
teach (v): öğretmek
announce (v): duyurmak
basic (adj): temel
build (v): inşa etmek
be made up of (pv): ...dan oluşmak
develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak
bright (adj): parlak, zeki
diagnose (v): teşhis etmek
experimental (adj): deneysel
find (v): bulmak
ginger (adj): zencefil, kızıl renk, zencefilli,
kızıl saçlı harm (v): zarar vermek
military (adj): askeri identify (v): tespit etmek
periodic (adj): dönemsel retire (v): emekli olmak
recent (adj): son zamanlardaki spend (v): harcamak
Bulgarian (adj, n): Bulgar, Bulgarca weaken (v): zayıflatmak
heavily (adv): yoğun şekilde write (v): yazmak
mostly (adv): çoğunlukla plant (n): bitki, santral
permanently (adv): kalıcı olarak military (n): ordu
every (q): her cut down (pv): azaltmak, kesmek (ağaç)
acupuncture (n): akupunktur adverse (adj): olumsuz
boxing (n): boks sporu amazing (adj): şaşırtıcı
building (n): bina, inşa etme catastrophic (adj): feci
colonization (n): sömürgeleştirme disabled (adj): engelli
culture (n): kültür excess (adj): aşırı
decline (n): azalma, gerileme excessive (adj): aşırı
deforestation (n): ormansızlaşma heavy (adj): ağır, yoğun
desert (n): çöl later (adj): sonraki, son zamanlarında, en

son çıkan
disease (n): hastalık
limited (adj): sınırlı, limitet şirket
lost (adj): kayıp
fruit (n): meyve, sonuç
globe (n): dünya, küre
respiratory (adj): solunumla ilgili
medication (n): ilaç tedavisi
technological (adj): teknolojik
mercury (n): cıva
totalitarian (adj): totaliter
overpopulation (n): aşırı nüfus artışı
lately (adv): son zamanlarda
play (n): oyun
often (adv): sık sık
price (n): fiyat
only (adv): sadece
protest (n): protesto
previously (adv): önceden
remedy (n): tedavi
severely (adv): ciddi bir şekilde, kaba bir kill (v): öldürmek
şekilde
mention (v): bahsetmek
agriculture (n): tarım
see (v): görmek, ziyaret etmek, anlamak
childhood (n): çocukluk
smoke (v): (sigara vs) içmek, tütsülemek
coast (n): sahil
mainland (adj): ana kara
communication (n): iletişim
take over (pv): devralmak
control (n): kontrol
account for (pv): oluşturmak, açıklamasını
deficiency (n): eksiklik yapmak
delay (n): erteleme cut off (pv): kesmek, aniden önüne kırmak
exposure (n): maruz kalma, açığa result in (pv): ... ile sonuçlanmak
çıkarma, poz (fotoğrafçılıkta)
extinction (n): nesli tükenme
Collocations
climate change : iklim değişikliği
glacier (n): buzul
change life : yaşam tarzını değiştirmek
holiday (n): tatil
parking space : park alanı
lake (n): göl
global warming : küresel ısınma
land (n): kara, ülke
significant effect : önemli etki
nerve (n): sinir, cesaret
respond differently : farklı cevap vermek
passenger (n): yolcu
undergo change : değişiklik geçirmek
philosopher (n): filozof
white blood cell : beyaz kan hücresi /
productivity (n): verim akyuvar
rainforest (n): yağmur ormanı cost of living : geçim maliyeti
regime (n): yönetim national symbol : ulusal sembol
role (n): görev, rol improve considerably : önemli ölçüde
skin (n): deri, kabuk geliştirmek
species (n): tür (canlı) various form : çeşitli şekil
strike (n): grev, çarpma, saldırı muddy road : çamurlu yol
sun (n): güneş increase steadily : sürekli olarak artmak
sunlight (n): güneş ışığı contract polio : çocuk felci geçirmek
tax (n): vergi make reservation : rezervasyon yapmak
tool (n): alet make progress : ilerleme kaydetmek
adapt (v): uyum sağlamak play music : müzik çalmak
contribute (v): katkıda bulunmak public place : kamuya açık yer
damage (v): hasar vermek dense forest : sık orman
deforest (v): ağaçları kesmek illegal immigrant : yasa dışı göçmen
delay (v): ertelemek, geciktirmek atomic bomb : atom bombası
depict (v): tasvir etmek conduct experiment : deney yapmak
drop (v): düşürmek, azalmak, bırakmak, air pollution : hava kirliliği

arabayla bırakmak industrial revolution : sanayi devrimi
expire (v): süresi dolmak grow violent : alevlenmek
exploit (v): yararlanmak, sömürmek middle class : orta sınıf
artistic taste : sanatsal zevk give award : ödül vermek
death penalty : ölüm cezası, idam important contribution : önemli katkı
middle age : orta yaş announce result : sonucu

duyurmak/açıklamak
common enemy : ortak düşman
influence heavily : ciddi ölçüde etkilemek
rural area : kırsal bölge
nuclear missile : nükleer füze
bad eyesight : kötü / bozuk görme
drop bomb : bomba atmak
intensive farming : yoğun tarım
agricultural productivity : tarımsal
discover cure : çare bulmak üretkenlik
sea level : deniz seviyesi affect severely : ciddi biçimde etkilemek
next week : gelecek hafta excessive exposure : aşırı maruz kalma
plastic waste : plastik atık later life : sonraki yaşam
coastal county : kıyı ülkesi impose tax : vergi koymak, vergiye
bağlamak
rule world : dünyayı yönetmek
adverse effect : olumsuz, ters etki
urban area : kentsel alan
gain popularity : popülerlik kazanmak
physical examination : fiziksel muayene
develop technology : teknoloji geliştirmek
temperature may rise : sıcaklık
yükselebilir scientific instrument : bilimsel araç
global temperature : küresel sıcaklık respiratory disease : solunum sistemi
hastalığı
technological innovation : teknolojik
yenilik non-renewable resource : yenilenemez
kaynak
life expectancy : ömür | yaşam
süresi/beklentisi tropical plant : tropikal bitki
feel relaxed : rahatlamak change drastically : büyük ölçüde
değiştirmek
reach top : zirveye ulaşmak
surface area : yüzey alanı
use computer : bilgisayar kullanmak
Middle East : Orta Doğu
population may fall : nüfus düşebilir
water supply : su kaynağı Prepositions
clean energy : temiz enerji in a ... way : ... bir şekilde
take to hospital : hastaneye kaldırmak interested in : …ile ilgili
divert traffic : trafiği yönlendirmek fear for : ... için endişe
marine organism : deniz organizması effect on : …üzerinde etki
complete project : projeyi tamamlamak respond to : …ya cevap, tepki vermek
human body : insan vücudu on the computer : bilgisayarda
heavy metal : ağır metal in the body : vücutta
military target : askeri hedef preserve from : ...dan korumak
solar power : güneş enerjisi alternative to : ...ya alternatif
spend revenue : gelir harcamak at a ... rate : ... bir oranda
habitat loss : yaşam alanı kaybı per year : yılda / her yıl
make protest : protesto etmek per person : kişi başına
diagnose disease : hastalığı teşhis etmek throughout ... century : ... yüzyıl boyunca
for a month : bir aylığına / bir aydır in the ocean : okyanusta
by the end of : ...nın sonuna kadar move to : …ya taşınma
progress on : ... konusunda ilerleme in the world : dünyada
need for : … ihtiyacı in the morning : sabahleyin

protect against : ...ya karşı korumak diagnose with : … teşhisi koymak
sign of : ...nın işareti in the south : güneyde
on the surface : yüzeyde thousands of : binlerce ...

in a city : bir şehirde in recent years : son yıllarda
for a long time : uzun süredir spend on : ...ya (para, zaman vs)
harcamak
route to : ...ya rota
to be caused by : ...dan kaynaklanmak
stare at : gözlerini ...ya dikmek
at the moment : şu anda
fight against : …ya karşı savaşmak
retire from : ...dan emekli olmak
in treatment : tedavide
contribution to : …ya katkı
in the country : ülkede
award for : ... için ödül
at the end of sth : bir şeyin sonunda
use for : ... için kullanmak
cure for : ... için tedavi
over the years : yıllar boyunca
travel to : ...ya seyahat etmek, ...ya
yayılmak fire at : ...ya ateş etmek
age of : ... çağı across the globe : tüm dünyada
by noon : öğleye kadar in childhood : çocuklukta
ban on : … yasağı impose on : ...ya uygulamak/kabul

ettirmek
move towards : ...ya doğru hareket etmek
a variety of : çok çeşitli ...
on the island : adada
throughout history : tarih boyunca
change in : …da değişiklik
in the past : geçmişte
rapidly planet burn benefit
consume change look for experience
undergo give rise to nearly evolution
hızlı veya ani bir şekilde
tam değilse bile ona çok yakın, yaklaşık olarak
bir şeyin farklılaşması sonucunda ortaya çıkan durum
insanların gen ve özellik bakımından nesiller arasındaki değişim süreci
yardımcı olan veya avantaj sağlayan bir şey
bir şeyi bulmaya çalışmak
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesine, ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmak
bir şeyin başınıza gelmesi, onu yaşamış olmanız
bir şeyi ateşle yok etmek veya ateşte yok olmak
genellikle olumsuz olan bir süreçten geçmek, değişim geçirmek
bir yıldızın yörüngesinde dönen büyük gök cisimleri
herhangi bir şeyi kullanmak, sarf etmek
majority explore invent preserve
expand lose decay world
pollute forest hide soldier
bir şeyi olduğu halde değiştirmeden, zarar vermeden tutmak
bir şey hakkında bilgi edinmek için araştırma yapmak
bir topluluğun yarısından fazlası
boyut, sayı, miktar, önem bakımından büyümek
üzerinde yaşadığımız gezegen
kimyasal ya da atık maddelerle çevreye zarar vermek
bakteri, yaşlanma gibi nedenlerden kötüleşip bozulma
bir şeyi bulamamak veya bir yarışmada başarı elde edememek
yeni bir şeyi ilk kez ortaya çıkarmak, yaratmak
görünmemesi veya bulunmaması için bir şeyi bir yere koymak
orduda görev yapan rütbeli, rütbesiz herkes
ağaçlarla örtülü geniş arazi alanı
illness trouble damage feed on
rapidly repair progress army
go up bring about heavily give off
doğal ya da doğal olmayan etmenlerden ötürü bozulma
hasarlı veya arızalı bir şeyi yeniden işler hâle getirmek
organizmanın yapı ve işleyişinde ortaya çıkan bozukluk
daha iyi bir seviyeye veya ileriye doğru hareket etme
hızlı veya ani bir şekilde
ısı, ışık, koku, duman vb. üretip çevreye dağıtmak
bir şeyin meydana gelmesini sağlamak
belirli bir besin maddesi ile beslemek, beslenmek
daha yükseğe çıkmak, yükselmek veya artmak
sıkıntı, zorluk yaratan durum
çok büyük ölçüde, oranda, yoğunlukta
bir devletin askeri gücünün tümü
Active Present Tenses > Table of Present Tenses
Bu alıştırmada, ana fiili 'Active - Present' olan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
Table of Present Tenses
Simple Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
am Ving
have V3 have been Ving
V1 is Ving
has V3 has been Ving
are Ving
yapar yapıyor yapmış durumda yapıyor
am not Ving
don't V1 haven't V3 haven't been Ving
isn't Ving
doesn't V1 hasn't V3 hasn't been Ving
aren't Ving
yapmaz yapmıyor yapmamış durumda yapmıyor
Nearly all women experience at least a little nausea or vomiting during pregnancy.
Neredeyse tüm kadınlar hamilelik sırasında en azından biraz mide bulantısı veya istifra yaşar.
Burning fossil fuels gives rise to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Fosil yakıtları yakmak karbondioksit (CO2) emisyonlarına neden olur.
Climate change is making some parts of the planet much drier and others far wetter.
İklim değişikliği, gezegenin bazı bölümlerini daha kurak ve bazı bölümlerini daha nemli yapıyor.
The clouds are coming from the south.

Bulutlar güneyden geliyor.
Internet technology has changed our life in numerous ways.

İnternet teknolojisi hayatımızı pek çok yönden değiştirmiş durumdadır.
Over millions of years of evolution, our sleeping patterns have changed.

Milyonlarca yıllık evrim, uyku düzenlerimizi değiştirmiş durumdadır.
He has been looking for a parking space for about ten minutes.
Yaklaşık on dakikadır park alanı arıyordu.
People have been harnessing the energy of moving water for centuries.
İnsanlar yüzyıllardır hareket eden suyun enerjisini kullanıyorlar.
Active Present Tenses > Introduction
1: Mosquitoes become inactive during the cold 6: In the United States, 80% of adults consume
weather or winter. caffeine every day.
TR: TR:
2: Psychologists have been interested in fear for the 7: Scientific knowledge has greatly advanced since
last three decades. the 16th century.
TR: TR:
3: Global warming has had a significant effect on 8: Every cancer responds to treatment differently.
our climate over the last few years. TR:
TR:
9: India's pharmaceutical sector is currently

undergoing unprecedented change.
TR:
4: Developed countries have been polluting the

world since the Industrial Revolution.
TR:
10: My eyes are aching because I have been

working on the computer for ten hours.
TR:
5: Chocolate is gaining wider recognition for its

health benefits.
TR:
Active Present Tenses > Your Turn
1: Most butterflies feed on nectar from flowers. 9: The modern world is getting more highly
TR: industrialized and mechanized.
TR:
2: Typhoons bring about damage every year.

TR:
10: The world population is expanding at the rate of

nearly million people a year.
3: The working class make up the majority of TR:
people in a capitalist society.
TR:
11: The average cost of living has gone up

considerably recently.
4: White blood cells serve an important function in TR:
the body.
TR:
12: The firm has not yet discovered the existence of

5: The refrigerator preserves food from decay. petrol in this area.
TR: TR:
6: Trees give off oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.

TR:
13: Ireland has included the harp as its national
symbol since the 1200s.
TR:
7: Researchers are presently exploring alternatives

to petroleum-based fuels.
TR:
14: The development of technology has

considerably improved our lifestyles.
TR:
8: More and more people are becoming vegetarian

or vegan in the UK.
TR:
15: Food per person has declined by about 1 per 18: We have been driving along muddy roads and
cent per year since the 1960s. now the car is dirty.
TR: TR:
19: Carbondioxide has been increasing steadily

16: Use of plastic in various forms has become an throughout the past century.
inevitable part of our lives. TR:
TR:
20: They have been repairing the road for two

17: The education industry has been revolutionizing months, and they haven't finished it yet.
rapidly with the changing time. TR:
TR:
Active Past Tenses > Table of Past Tenses
Bu alıştırmada, ana fiili 'Active - Past' olan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
Table of Past Tenses
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was Ving
V2 had V3 had been Ving
were Ving
yaptı yapıyordu yapmış durumdaydı yapıyordu
wasn't Ving
didn't V1 hadn't V3 hadn't been Ving
weren't Ving
yapmadı yapmıyordu yapmamış durumdaydı yapmıyordu
More than 1,500 people worldwide contracted polio during 2009.

2009 yılında dünya genelinde 1.500'den fazla kişi çocuk felci geçirdi
The employee was continually coming to work late, so our boss sacked him.
Personel sürekli işe geç geliyordu, bu yüzden patronumuz onu kovdu.
Unfortunately, we hadn’t made a hotel reservation before the trip.

Ne yazık ki, yolculuktan önce bir otel rezervasyonu yapmamış durumdaydık.
We felt too tired, because we had been working in the garden for so long.
Çok yorgun hissettik çünkü çok uzun süredir bahçede çalışıyorduk.
Active Past Tenses > Introduction
1: Alfred Nobel invented the dynamite and patented 6: The Industrial Revolution brought about the need
it in 1867. for improved transportation.
TR: TR:
2: By the end of the battle, the Mexican army had

lost over 1000 soldiers.
TR: 7: The travellers had a lot of trouble, because they
had lost their passports.
TR:
3: The researchers had been making considerable

progress on understanding the illness.
TR: 8: The British government was protecting the public
places against the risk of a terrorist act.
TR:
4: The first dinosaur appeared around 225 or 230

million years ago.
TR:
9: We had been waiting for more than an hour, but
there was still no sign of a bus.
TR:
5: We rang the police, because the neighbours

were playing the music very loud.
TR:
10: The illegal immigrants were hiding in a dense

forest.
TR:
Active Past Tenses > Your Turn
1: Researchers at the University of Toronto 7: Energy consumption had been growing at half
discovered insulin in 1921. the pace of the economy.
TR: TR:
2: The atomic bomb destroyed the entire city of 8: In the 1920s, most Armenians had lived in rural
Hiroshima. areas and worked as farmers or herders.
TR: TR:
3: NASA had been conducting experiments on the

surface of the moon for six years.
TR:
9: The scouts were tired because they had been
hiking for four hours.
TR:
4: The island of Greenland came under Denmark's

authority in the early 1800s.
TR: 10: The mother cat was guarding her kittens from
the other cats.
TR:
5: Air pollution started with the Industrial Revolution

11: By the middle of the 17th century, a new market
in Europe in the 19th century.
had emerged in the artistic tastes of the middle-
TR:
class.
TR:
6: The attacks in the city had been growing

increasingly violent for two years.
TR:
12: Most of the countries had abolished the death
penalty prior to 1786.
TR:
13: Everybody was driving carefully because the 17: The Poles and the Soviets were fighting against
roads were slippery. a common enemy.
TR: TR:
14: The Cherokee had occupied their homeland for 18: In 1990, he had been working in Silicon Valley
a long time before the arrival of the Europeans. for three years.
TR: TR:
19: 60 years ago, about half of the French

population still lived in rural areas.
TR:
15: During the Middle Ages, European merchants
were looking for new routes to Asia.
TR:
20: Ancient Romans were using cucumbers in

treatment of scorpion bites and bad eyesight.
TR:
16: The unhappy student stared at the test; he had
studied the wrong material.
TR:
Active Future Tenses > Table of Future Tenses
Bu alıştırmada, ana fiili 'Active - Future' olan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
Table of Future Tenses
Simple Future Future Perfect

Continuous Continuous
will V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving
yapacak yapıyor olacak yapmış durumda olacak yapıyor olacak
won't V1 won't be Ving won't have V3 won't have been Ving
yapmamış durumda
yapmayacak yapmıyor olacak yapmıyor olacak
olacak
The hard economic conditions in the country will increase the suicide rate.
Ülkedeki zor ekonomik koşullar intihar oranını artıracak.
The Circus will be performing in the city for the next 3 weeks.
Sirk önümüzdeki 3 hafta boyunca şehirde sahne alıyor olacak.
Intensive farming and climate change will have eradicated coffee beans by the end of the century.
Yoğun tarım ve iklim değişikliği, bu yüzyılın sonuna kadar kahve çekirdeklerini yok etmiş olacak.
At the end of this year we will have been doing the same job for ten years.
Bu yılın sonunda, on yıldır aynı işi yapıyor olacağız.
Active Future Tenses > Introduction
1: By the end of the decade scientists will have 6: Intelligent robots will be ruling the world in 2100.
discovered a cure for influenza. TR:
TR:
7: By 2030, wind power will have saved around 30

trillion bottles of water in the US alone.
TR:
2: Unfortunately, sea levels will still be rising in 20
years.
TR:
8: By 2050, the median age of the Japanese

3: Next week, we will travel to Los Angeles via population will have exceeded 50 years.
Hawaii. TR:
TR:
4: By nightfall, we will have been working for ten

hours without a rest.
TR: 9: By 2030, humans will once again walk on the
surface of the moon.
TR:
5: Plastic waste from coastal countries will increase

nearly 20 times by 2025. 10: By the end of the decade, we will have been
TR: using smartphones for several years.
TR:
Active Future Tenses > Your Turn
1: By 2030, most people in Africa will be living in 7: The mountaineers will have reached the top by
urban areas. noon.
TR: TR:
8: In the year 2100, people will have been using

2: The health professional will give your baby a computers for more than a century.
thorough physical examination. TR:
TR:
9: Sweden and Scotland will impose the ban on

3: By 2150, global temperatures will have risen by new sales of petrol and diesel cars by 2032.
an average of six degrees Celsius. TR:
TR:
4: By the year 2023, the Republic of Turkey will be 10: Without immigration, by 2050 the population of
living for 100 years. the European Union will have fallen.
TR: TR:
5: Technological innovation will prolong our life

expectancy. 11: By the year 2050 the population of Earth will
TR: likely stand between 9 and 10 billion people.
TR:
6: By next week, we will be feeling relaxed because

our exams will have ended.
TR:
12: By noon tomorrow, we will have travelled more

than thousand kilometres.
TR:
13: By the next elections, this government will have 14: Usable fresh water supplies of the world will
been running the country for four years. decrease.
TR: TR:
15: By this time next year, America will be moving

towards a clean energy future.
TR:
Passive Tenses > Table of Passive Present Tenses
Bu alıştırmada ana fiili 'Passive (edilgen)' olan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
Passive Present Tenses
Simple Present Present Perfect

Simple Present Present Perfect
am V3 am being V3
have been V3
is V3 is being V3
has been V3 Passive halde
are V3 are being V3
kullanılmaz.
yapılır yapılıyor yapılmış durumda
Some flowers are pollinated by wind.

Bazı çiçekler rüzgar tarafından tozlanır.
The test is being handed out to the students.

Test öğrencilere dağıtılıyor.
The president has been taken to hospital for an emergency operation.

Başkan acil bir ameliyat için hastaneye kaldırıldı.
Passive Tenses > Table of Passive Past Tenses
Passive Past Tenses
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was V3 was being V3

had been V3
were V3 were being V3 Passive halde
kullanılmaz.
yapıldı yapılıyordu yapılmış durumdaydı
The famous marble sculpture was discovered on the island of Milos by a peasant.
Ünlü mermer heykel Milos adasında bir köylü tarafından keşfedildi.
The bridge was being repaired yesterday, so the traffic was diverted.
Köprü dün tamir tamir ediliyordu, bu yüzden trafik yönlendirildi.
By the 21st century, polio had been wiped out completely.

21. yüzyıla gelindiğinde, çocuk felci tamamen ortadan kaldırılmış durumdaydı.
Passive Tenses > Table of Passive Future Tenses
Passive Voice

will be V3 will have been V3

Passive halde Passive halde
kullanılmaz. kullanılmaz.
yapılacak yapılmış durumda olacak
Countless marine organisms will be affected by any change in the ocean's temperature.
Sayısız deniz organizması okyanusun sıcaklığındaki herhangi bir değişiklikten etkilenecektir.
Project will have been completed before the deadline.

Proje, son teslim tarihinden önce tamamlanmış durumda olacak.
Passive Tenses > Introduction
1: Insulin was first discovered in 1921 by 6: All new immigrants will be taught basic English
researchers at the University of Toronto. by special government teachers.
TR: TR:
2: The whale was being moved to a laboratory for 7: Sigmund Freud had been diagnosed with cancer
study. of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30
TR: operations.
TR:
3: Oil has been discovered under the North Sea.

TR:
8: Cancer is caused by mutations in the DNA of a

4: The first alarm clock in the world was invented in cell.
1787 and only rang at 4:00 in the morning. TR:
TR:
9: The car will have been sold by the owner within

two weeks.
TR:
5: The virus is still being passed from person to

person.
TR:
10: The human body is made up of approximately

66% water.
TR:
Passive Tenses > Your Turn
1: Vitamin C is found in most fruits and bright 7: In recent years, the economy of Yemen has been
vegetables. harmed by periodic declines in oil prices.
TR: TR:
2: Romeo and Juliet was written at the end of the

sixteenth century.
TR:
8: In 1900s, nearly 40 percent of Indian revenue
was being spent on the military.
TR:
3: Mercury is made up of mostly rock and heavy

metals.
TR:
9: Habitat loss is caused by deforestation,

overpopulation, pollution and global warming.
TR:
4: Military targets in the south will have been
identified from satellite.
TR:
10: A lot of protests are being made by Bulgarians

at the moment.
5: An experimental solar power plant will be built in TR:
the Australian desert.
TR:
11: By 1988, 6% of the Brazilian Amazon had been

cut down.
TR:
6: Acupuncture was discovered by the Chinese
thousands of years ago.
TR:
12: Muhammed Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's

disease and retired from boxing permanently.
TR:
13: The award is given by the country's president 17: Brazil's culture has been heavily influenced by
for important contributions to society. its Portuguese colonisation over the years.
TR: TR:
14: The root of the ginger plant was being used for
18: A nuclear missile had been fired at the Soviet
many remedies in Chinese and Hindu cultures.
Union from the United States.
TR:
TR:
19: New medications are being developed every

15: William Shakespeare's plays have been single day across the globe.
performed all over the world for the past 400 years. TR:
TR:
20: The buildings had been weakened during the

earthquake.
TR:
16: The early election results will have been
announced within eight hours.
TR:
1: Africa is being deforested at twice the rate of the 7: Most of these tools have been adapted for use by
rest of the world. disabled people.
TR: TR:
8: Since the 1960s, there have been many

2: The United States dropped an atomic bomb on
technological innovations.
Hiroshima in 1945.
TR:
TR:
3: Africa’s agricultural productivity has been 9: A new tax has been imposed on cigarettes by the
severely affected by disease. government.
TR: TR:
10: Our planet is currently experiencing a

catastrophic rate of species extinction.
4: Intelligent robots will have taken over the control TR:
of the world by 2100.
TR:
11: All communication with the mainland was cut off

5: 11 per cent of the world’s land is used for by the typhoon.
agriculture. TR:
TR:
12: Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes adverse

6: Excessive sun exposure in childhood contributes effects on the nerves.
to skin cancer in later life. TR:
TR:
13: Barcelona is located along the Mediterranean

Sea.
TR:
14: Lately, the internet has been gaining its 21: 9 billion people will be living on the planet in
popularity at an amazing rate. 2050.
TR: TR:
22: Respiratory diseases are often caused by

smoking.
15: The lost city of Atlantis was first mentioned by TR:
the Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogs.
TR:
23: Non-renewable resources are limited and will

expire one day.
TR:
16: The Mayans developed a variety of technology

throughout their history.
TR:
24: Our tropical plants will have been damaged by
excess sunlight during our holiday.
TR:
17: Approximately 6% of Switzerland is made up of

glaciers and lakes.
TR:
25: Several thousand people were killed by the

earthquake.
TR:
18: George Orwell depicts a totalitarian regime in

his book 1984.
TR:
26: In the past 100 years, the roles and lives of
women have changed drastically.
TR:
19: New galaxies will be found by new scientific

instruments.
TR:
27: The world's rainforests only account for 6% of

the surface area.
TR:
20: The strike at Ataturk Airport is resulting in heavy

delays to passengers.
TR:
28: The virus had only been seen previously in the 29: The European Union countries are still
Middle East and Uganda. exploiting the poor countries.
TR: TR:
30: Several penguin species are found on the coast

of Antarctica.
TR:
interested ---- …ile ilgili
respond ---- …ya cevap, tepki vermek
---- the body vücutta
alternative ---- ...ya alternatif
---- year yılda / her yıl
---- ... century ... yüzyıl boyunca
---- a month bir aylığına / bir aydır
protect ---- ...ya karşı korumak
sign ---- ...nın işareti
---- the surface yüzeyde
stare ---- gözlerini ...ya dikmek
---- the world dünyada
fight ---- …ya karşı savaşmak
diagnose ---- … teşhisi koymak
spend ---- ...ya (para, zaman vs) harcamak
to be caused ---- ...dan kaynaklanmak
change ---- …da değişiklik
cure ---- ... için tedavi
---- the end of ...nın sonuna kadar
use ---- ... için kullanmak
---- the years yıllar boyunca
---- the globe tüm dünyada
impose ---- ...ya uygulamak/kabul ettirmek
---- history tarih boyunca
climate death class pollution
respond undergo immigrant progress
middle air change experiment
dense improve considerably change
make conduct warming forest
illegal global penalty differently
değişiklik geçirmek
ilerleme kaydetmek
yasa dışı göçmen
deney yapmak
sık orman
farklı cevap vermek
önemli ölçüde geliştirmek
ölüm cezası, idam
orta sınıf
hava kirliliği
küresel ısınma
make urban supply world
water rule enemy area
military reach body expectancy
rural common top area
habitat human target loss
life coastal protest county
su kaynağı
ömür | yaşam süresi/beklentisi
ortak düşman
kıyı ülkesi
dünyayı yönetmek
protesto etmek
yaşam alanı kaybı
kırsal bölge
insan vücudu
kentsel alan
askeri hedef
zirveye ulaşmak
excessive public metal exposure
change surface age area
adverse give award disease
gain heavy technology place
drop develop popularity effect
diagnose middle bomb drastically
orta yaş
olumsuz, ters etki
teknoloji geliştirmek
popülerlik kazanmak
aşırı maruz kalma
büyük ölçüde değiştirmek
bomba atmak
ağır metal
ödül vermek
yüzey alanı
hastalığı teşhis etmek
kamuya açık yer
appear utilize enlarge
contemporary advanced immensely
lead to search for vast
achieve derive from substantial
harness
come from
give rise to
developed
emerge
wide
gain
important
modern
highly
expand
look for
Modals
• Unit Words
• Simple Modals
• Perfect Modals
• Passive Modals
• Revision
Modals ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
production (n): üretim, yapım

Vocabulary
effective (adj): etkili question (n): soru, şüphe
empty (adj): boş radiation (n): radyasyon, ışıma
free (adj, adv): özgür, bedava, boşta rainfall (n): yağmur yağışı
public (adj): kamu salamander (n): semender
short (adj): kısa, yetersiz school (n): okul, ekol, sürü (balık)
almost (adv): neredeyse society (n): toplum, dernek
always (adv): daima, tekrar tekrar (şikayet) student (n): öğrenci
greatly (adv): büyük ölçüde tank (n): tank, depo
soon (adv): birazdan thunder (n): gök gürültüsü
but (trans): ama training (n): eğitim, antrenman
brain (n): beyin everybody (pron): herkes
childhood (n): çocukluk affect (v): etkilemek
children (n): çocuklar answer (v): cevap vermek
crop (n): ekin begin (v): başlamak
death (n): ölüm convert (v): dönüştürmek
development (n): gelişme, geliştirme cut (v): kesmek, azaltmak
downtown (n): şehir merkezi exceed (v): aşmak
drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu expect (v): ummak
earth (n): dünya, toprak explode (v): patlamak
education (n): eğitim harm (v): zarar vermek
examination (n): inceleme, sınav hear (v): duymak
experiment (n): deney like (v): hoşlanmak
failure (n): başarısızlık live (v): yaşamak
farmer (n): çiftçi rain (v): yağmur yağmak
flu (n): grip start (v): başlamak, (iş) kurmak, (araç)

çalıştırmak
glucose (n): glikoz
health (n): sağlık
influenza (n): grip
make use of (pv): istifade etmek
interview (n): mülakat, röportaj
fill up (pv): dolmak
joke (n): şaka
cell phone (n): cep telefonu
lecture (n): ders
account for (pv): oluşturmak, açıklamasını
loss (n): kayıp, zarar yapmak
nightmare (n): kabus get back (pv): geri dönmek, geri almak
paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, belge, makale lead to (pv): yol açmak
period (n): dönem, âdet dönemi result in (pv): ... ile sonuçlanmak
problem (n): sorun result from (pv): ...dan kaynaklanmak
run out of (pv): tüketmek city (n): şehir
agricultural (adj): tarımsal climate (n): iklim
amazing (adj): şaşırtıcı colon (n): kalın bağırsak, iki nokta üst üste
colour-blind (adj): renk körü company (n): şirket, eşlik
complicated (adj): karmaşık crime (n): suç

dependent (adj): bağlı damage (n): hasar
devastating (adj): yıkıcı, şaşkına çeviren decade (n): on yıl
dramatic (adj): çarpıcı, tiyatroyla ilgili decision (n): karar

foreign (adj): yabancı deficiency (n): eksiklik
grammatical (adj): dil bilgisiyle ilgili desert (n): çöl

hazardous (adj): tehlikeli disease (n): hastalık
herbal (adj): bitkisel electricity (n): elektrik
large (adj): büyük emission (n): salınım

local (adj): yerel employee (n): çalışan
long (adj): uzun feature (n): özellik
lost (adj): kayıp fruit (n): meyve, sonuç

nursing (adj): emziren future (adj, n): gelecek
pregnant (adj): hamile generation (n): nesil, enerji üretimi
single (adj): tek, bekâr gorilla (n): goril

small (adj): küçük heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret
toxic (adj): zehirli holiday (n): tatil
tremendous (adj): devasa homelessness (n): evsizlik

wild (adj): vahşi, vahşi doğa house (n): ev
young (adj): genç household (n): ev halkı
next (adj): sonraki housework (n): ev işi

any more (q): artık daha fazla humanity (n): insanlık
badly (adv): kötü bir şekilde impact (n): etki, darbe
easily (adv): kolay bir şekilde infection (n): enfeksiyon

entirely (adv): tamamen leaf (n): yaprak
eventually (adv): sonunda meeting (n): toplantı

considering (prep): ...yı düşünürsek mining (n): madencilik
air (n): hava, hava yolu need (n): ihtiyaç
alpaca (n): alpaka yünü packaging (n): paketleme
animal (n): hayvan pain (n): ağrı, üzüntü

authority (n): yetki pollution (n): kirlilik
biodiversity (n): biyolojik çeşitlilik price (n): fiyat

business (n): ticaret, iş yeri product (n): ürün, çarpım, bileşke
cat (n): kedi project (n): proje
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü region (n): bölge
remedy (n): tedavi central (adj): merkezi
route (n): rota huge (adj): kocaman
rule (n): kural, yönetim uncertain (adj): belirsiz
sickness (n): hastalık, kusma uninhabited (adj): boş

soil (n): toprak, ülke volcanic (adj): volkanik
solution (n): çözüm, çözelti wrong (adj): yanlış

source (n): kaynak carefully (adv): dikkatle
step (n): aşama, basamak, adım accident (n): kaza, tesadüf
village (n): köy aircraft (n): hava aracı

violence (n): şiddet area (n): bölge, yüz ölçümü
waste (n): israf, atık boss (n): patron
water (n): su computer (n): bilgisayar

way (n): yol, yöntem course (n): kurs, yemek, saha, gidişat
well (n): kuyu dinosaur (n): dinozor

attack (v): saldırmak, eleştirmek eruption (n): patlama (yanardağ)
attend (v): katılmak, dikkatini vermek file (n): dosya, eğe
avoid (v): kaçınmak gate (n): büyük kapı, uçağa biniş kapısı
cause (v): sebep olmak jungle (n): orman

cough (v): öksürmek measure (n): önlem, ölçü
develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak mood (n): ruh hâli
distinguish (v): ayırt etmek museum (n): müze

learn (v): öğrenmek origin (n): köken
love (v): sevmek, âşık olmak safety (n): güvenlik
meet (v): buluşmak, tanışmak, gidermek soldier (n): asker

move (v): hareket etmek, taşınmak, staff (n): personel
duygulandırmak
support (n): destek
territory (n): bölge
war (n): savaş
state (v): ifade etmek
die (v): ölmek
survive (v): hayatta kalmak
enter (v): girmek
tackle (v): ele almak
erase (v): silmek
work (v): çalışmak, işe yaramak
find (v): bulmak
mistake (n): hata
implement (v): uygulamaya koymak
go without (pv): vazgeçmek, ...sız idare
etmek kill (v): öldürmek
work out (pv): anlamak, hesaplamak, spor originate (v): kaynaklanmak

yapmak, sonuçlanmak
succeed (v): başarmak, sonrasında
cope with (pv): başa çıkmak gelmek
broke (adj): meteliksiz crash into (pv): ...ya çarpmak
careful (adj): dikkatli ancient (adj): eski
difficult (adj): zor
high (adj): yüksek, kafayı bulmuş play (v): oynamak, çalmak (müzik aleti), rol
almak
late (adj): geç, sonları, rahmetli
reduce (v): azaltmak
possible (adj): mümkün
talk (v): konuşmak
psychological (adj): psikolojik
early (adv): erken
religious (adj): dinî
last (adj): geçen, son
severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz
stay up (pv): geç vakitte yatmak
beautifully (adv): güzelce
practice (v): alıştırma yapmak
too (adv): çok fazla, de, da
fall asleep (pv): uykuya dalmak
cage (n): kafes
external (adj): dış
ceremony (n): tören
medical (adj): tıbbi
depression (n): depresyon, buhran
unhealthy (adj): sağlıksız
diplomatic relations (n): diplomatik
ilişkiler worth (adj): ... değerinde
drama (n): oyun (tiyatro), dram ago (adv): önce
government (n): hükûmet geologically (adv): yerbilimsel olarak
homework (n): ödev immediately (adv): derhal, hemen

(yakınında)
irrigation (n): sulama
just (adv): az önce, sadece, tam olarak
lion (n): aslan
once (adv): bir kez, bir zamanlar
milk (n): süt
today (adv): bugün
morning (n): sabah
tomorrow (adv, n): yarın
musician (n): müzisyen
so (trans): bu yüzden
night (n): gece
alert (n): uyarı
ocean (n): okyanus
car (n): araba, vagon
output (n): çıktı, çıkış
civilization (n): uygarlık
patient (n): hasta
diabetes (n): şeker hastalığı
shop (n): dükkan
diesel (n): mazot
smoking (n): sigara içme
essay (n): deneme
trauma (n): travma
exposure (n): maruz kalma, açığa
yield (n): verim çıkarma, poz (fotoğrafçılıkta)
ban (v): yasaklamak factor (n): etken, (matematik) çarpan
buy (v): satın almak, kanmak fire (n): ateş, yangın, ateş etme (silah)
call (v): adlandırmak, telefon etmek, history (n): tarih, geçmiş
çağırmak
honeybee (n): balarısı
hydrotherapy (n): su tedavisi
escape (v): kaçmak
individual (n): birey
experience (v): tecrübe etmek
key (n): anahtar, tuş
open (v): açmak
letter (n): mektup, harf
lung (n): akciğer fill out (pv): doldurmak
medication (n): ilaç tedavisi throw away (pv): atmak, heba etmek
money (n): para trace back (pv): kaynağını bulmak
month (n): ay groundwater (n): yer altı suyu

pesticide (n): haşere ilacı enormous (adj): muazzam
petroleum (n): petrol harmless (adj): zararsız
population (n): nüfus humane (adj): insancıl
privacy (n): mahremiyet light (adj): hafif, açık (renk)

protection (n): koruma maximum (adj): en fazla
quarter (n): çeyrek, semt nationwide (adj): ulus çapında
result (n): sonuç new (adj): yeni

security (n): güvenlik, güvence approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak
surgery (n): ameliyat, muayenehane later (adv): daha sonra
system (n): sistem percent (n): yüzde

television (n): televizyon properly (adv): düzgünce
torpedo (n): torpido every (q): her

toxin (n): toksin birthmark (n): doğum lekesi
type (n): tür calculation (n): hesap
valley (n): vadi case (n): durum, vaka, kap

year (n): yıl child (n): çocuk
announce (v): duyurmak clothes (n): giysi
diagnose (v): teşhis etmek committee (n): komite

dream (v): rüya görmek, hayal kurmak coral reef (n): mercan resifi
evacuate (v): tahliye etmek cotton (n): pamuk
finish (v): bitirmek country (n): ülke, taşra
form (v): oluşmak, şekil vermek demand (n): talep

hand (v): elden vermek disobedience (n): itaatsizlik
inhale (v): soluk almak, çok hızlı yemek emergency (n): acil durum
inspect (v): teftiş etmek enemy (n): düşman
leave (v): ayrılmak, bırakmak exit (n): çıkış
lower (v): indirmek explosion (n): patlama, artış

miss (v): kaçırmak, özlemek fossil (n): fosil, eski kafalı
monitor (v): gözlemlemek garage (n): garaj, oto tamirci
remove (v): ortadan kaldırmak horse racing (n): at yarışı

respect (v): saygı duymak illness (n): hastalık
spread (v): yayılmak jogging (n): yürüyüş

preventative (adj): önleyici leak (n): sızıntı
rising (adj): artan liver (n): karaciğer
at least (adv): en azından majority (n): çoğunluk
man (n): adam, insanoğlu at the same time (adv): aynı zamanda
minister (n): bakan, papaz more than (adv): ...dan fazla
nation (n): ulus, kavim dispose of (pv): atmak

needle (n): iğne, şırınga, ibre lockdown (n): karantina
obesity (n): obezite confused (adj): kafası karışık
pen (n): dolma kalem, ağıl different (adj): farklı

poisoning (n): zehirlenme early (adj): erken, başları
practice (n): uygulama, idman experienced (adj): tecrübeli
scientist (n): bilim insanı fresh (adj): yeni, taze, hoş kokan, sağlıklı
(cilt)
sense (n): duyu, sağduyu, anlam
summertime (n): yaz mevsimi
grand (adj): önemli, görkemli, müthiş
symptom (n): belirti
impossible (adj): imkânsız
syringe (n): şırınga
later (adj): sonraki, son zamanlarında, en
world (n): dünya son çıkan
according to (pp): …e göre negative (adj): olumsuz
administer (v): yönetmek, vermek recent (adj): son zamanlardaki
block (v): engel olmak shut (adj): kapalı
carry (v): taşımak simple (adj): basit
consider (v): düşünmek strong (adj): güçlü
create (v): yaratmak sudden (adj): ani
destroy (v): yok etmek typewritten (adj): daktilo edilmiş
increase (v): artmak viable (adj): uygulanabilir
influence (v): etkilemek precisely (adv): tam olarak
introduce (v): tanıştırmak, ortaya koymak significantly (adv): önemli ölçüde
lose (v): kaybetmek yet (adv): henüz
misinterpret (v): yanlış yorumlamak enough (q): yeterli
prevent (v): önlemek algae (n): yosun
prohibit (v): yasaklamak army (n): ordu
reject (v): reddetmek asteroid (n): asteroit
renovate (v): onarmak canyon (n): kanyon
repair (v): onarmak chemistry (n): kimya
tow (v): çekmek (araba vb.) crew (n): mürettebat
transform (v): dönüşmek diameter (n): çap
treat (v): davranmak, tedavi etmek, disappearance (n): ortadan kaybolma
ısmarlamak
effect (n): etki
use (v): kullanmak
environment (n): çevre, ortam
walk (v): yürümek
wear (v): giymek, yıpranmak
foot (n): ayak, fit (ölçü birimi)
wound (v): yaralamak
form (n): form, biçim
mail (v): postalamak
hospital (n): hastane wash (v): yıkamak
human (n): insan write (v): yazmak
instruction (n): talimat, öğretim dust (n): toz
lawyer (n): avukat a number of (q): çok sayıda ...

level (n): seviye break into (pv): hırsızlık amacıyla girmek,
aniden yapmaya başlamak
light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs)
deal with (pv): başa çıkmak, ...ile ilgili
minute (n): dakika, an olmak
navy (n): donanma, lacivert go out (pv): dışarı çıkmak, flört etmek,
çekilmek (gelgit), sönmek (ışık, ateş)
number (n): sayı
happen to (pv): başına gelmek
orchestra (n): orkestra
because (conj, trans): ...dığı için, çünkü
painting (n): tablo, resim sanatı, boyama
warming (n): ısınma
physician (n): hekim
pneumonia (n): zatürre Collocations
poverty (n): yoksulluk adverse reaction : olumsuz tepki
power cut (n): elektrik kesintisi crop production : mahsul üretimi
prescription (n): reçete continuous supply : devamlı kaynak
process (n): süreç, işlem cut short : kısa kesmek
recommendation (n): tavsiye public education : halk eğitim
rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı affect greatly : büyük ölçüde etkilemek
side effect (n): yan etki almost empty : neredeyse boş
sweater (n): (ince) kazak foreign language : yabancı dil
the food chain (n): besin zinciri early age : erken, küçük yaş
thief (n): hırsız heart attack : kalp krizi
unemployment (n): işsizlik answer question : soruyu cevaplamak
waltz (n): vals working hour : çalışma saati
week (n): hafta public holiday : resmi tatil
worker (n): işçi bacterial infection : bakteriyel enfeksiyon
collapse (v): çökmek tackle crime : suçla mücadele etmek
come (v): gelmek short term : kısa vade/süre
impact (v): etkilemek development project : kalkınma projesi
leak (v): sızdırmak meet need : ihtiyacı karşılamak
look (v): bakmak, görünmek future generation : gelecek nesil
provide (v): sağlamak climate change : iklim değişikliği
report (v): bildirmek, şikayet etmek devastating impact : yıkıcı etki
require (v): gerektirmek agricultural production : tarımsal üretim
serve (v): hizmet etmek, görev yapmak, işe government policy : hükümet politikası
yaramak
attend meeting : toplantıya katılmak
steal (v): çalmak
local authority : yerel yönetim
teach (v): öğretmek
make a decision : bir karar vermek
understand (v): anlamak
herbal remedy : bitkisel ilaç/çözüm recent time : yakın zaman
grammatical rule : dil bilgisi kuralı application form : başvuru formu

learn easily : kolaylıkla öğrenmek long time : uzun zaman
pump water : su pompalamak reject demand : talebi reddetmek
heart disease : kalp hastalığı religious group : dini grup

colon cancer : kolon (kalın bağırsak) take vitamin : vitamin almak
kanseri
gas leak : gaz kaçağı
vitamin deficiency : vitamin eksikliği
main entrance : ana giriş
get lost : kaybolmak
industrial development : endüstriyel
terrible mood : korkunç/ kötü ruh hali kalkınma
spend money : para harcamak old man : yaşlı adam

implement measure : önlemi uygulamak attack country : ülkeye saldırmak
safety measure : güvenlik önlemi medical office : sağlık ofisi

volcanic eruption : yanardağ patlaması developing country : gelişmekte olan ülke
stomach pain : mide ağrısı prevent death : ölümü önlemek
ban smoking : sigara içmeyi yasaklamak health service : sağlık hizmeti

public place : kamuya açık yer public school : devlet okulu
psychological trauma : psikolojik travma do calculation : hesaplama yapmak
experience trauma : travma/ciddi şok global warming : küresel ısınma

yaşamak
follow instructions : talimatlara uymak
severe trauma : şiddetli travma
understand instruction : talimatı anlamak
religious ceremony : dinî tören, ayin
look confused : şaşkın görünmek
diplomatic relation : diplomatik ilişki
light may go out : ışık sönebilir
atomic bomb : atom bombası
human life : insan hayatı
remove tumour : tümörü almak
nuclear waste : nükleer atık
monitor regularly : düzenli olarak izlemek
dispose of waste : atıkları imha etmek
high fever : yüksek ateş
water pollution : su kirliliği
finish work : işi bitirmek
air pollution : hava kirliliği
medical problem : tıbbi sorun
soil pollution : toprak kirliliği
finish essay : denemeyi bitirmek
viable solution : uygulanabilir çözüm
make aware sb of : haberdar etmek
simple form : basit form
fully aware : tamamen farkında
severe infection : ciddi/şiddetli enfeksiyon
adverse effect : olumsuz, ters etki
deal with a problem : bir sorunla başa
sudden disappearance : aniden kaybolma çıkmak
give medication : ilaç vermek, ilaç tedavisi play waltz : vals çalmak
uygulamak
nuclear bomb : nükleer bomba
preventative measure : önleyici tedbir
cause disease : hastalığa neden olmak
beneficial result : faydalı sonuç
later generation : sonraki nesil
eye examination : göz muayenesi
Prepositions
form valley : vadi oluşturmak
on holiday : tatilde dream of : …yı hayal etmek
exposure to : …ya maruz kalma information about : ... hakkında bilgi
impact on : …üzerinde etki misinterpret as : ... olarak/şeklinde yanlış

yorumlamak
on average : ortalama
decision about : … konusunda karar
by hand : elle
in an accident : bir kazada
in a ... way : ... bir şekilde
on a planet : bir gezegende
distinguish between : … ile … yı ayırt
etmek in time : zamanla, vaktinde
dependent on : …ya bağlı olan punish for : ...için cezalandırmak
on the way : yolda at the office : ofiste
during the course of : ... süresince diagnose with : … teşhisi koymak

succeed in : ...da başarılı olmak in life : ...nın hayatında
crash into : ...ya çarpmak in ... sense : ... anlamda/manada
talk to : ...ile konuşmak in the soil : toprakta

talk about : ... hakkında konuşmak in the water : suda, suyun içinde
increase in : ...da artış effect on : …üzerinde etki
in public : herkesin içinde, alenen in the army : orduda

relation with : ...ile ilişki leak to : ...ya sızmak
at home : evde stay in : ...da kalmak
in a day : bir günde in the hospital : hastanede

in the air : havada report to : ...ya bildirmek
spread throughout : ... boyunca yayılmak on the programme : programda
into the lung : akciğerlere (içine) millions of : milyonlarca ...

related to : ...ile ilişkili progress in : ...daki ilerleme, gelişme
use for : ... için kullanmak without support : desteksiz
foreign waste explode failure
affect hazardous crime education
death effective interview earth
zarar verme potansiyeli olan
yasalara aykırı bir davranış veya eylem
okulda verilen öğrenme öğretme süreci
bir bombanın veya benzeri bir şeyin patlaması
üstesinden gelinemeyen iş, kötü sonuç
bir iş için uygun olup olmadığınızın test edildiği görüşme
bir şey üzerinde belirli bir etkisi olmak
sınırlı olan bir kaynağı gereksiz yere harcama, boşa tüketme
bir canlı hayatının kesin olarak sona ermesi
istediğiniz sonuçları veren
üzerinde yaşadığımız gezegen
başka bir ülke veya ulustan olan
disease employee harm tackle
complicated central cope with survive
exceed run out of careful result from
belirlenmiş bir miktarı, sayıyı, limiti geçmek
bir şeyi hiç kalmayacak şekilde kullanmak, bitirmek
bir şeyin başka bir şeyden dolayı meydana gelmesi
hata yapmamak adına yapmakta olduğu şeye çok dikkat, özen gösteren
başarılı bir şekilde zor bir durumun üstesinden gelmek
ölüme çok yaklaştığı bir duruma düştüğü halde hayatta kalmak
bir şeyin merkezinden bulunan veya bir şeyin en önemli kısmı
bir sorunu çözmeye çalışmak, ilgilenmek
bir iş yerinde çalışan kimse
bir şeye zarar, hasar vermek
birçok öge içerdiğinden anlaşılması güç olan
throw away learn harmless eruption
soldier population avoid make use of
origin enemy nation cough
bir şeyden uzak durmak, sakınmak
orduda görev yapan rütbeli, rütbesiz herkes
belirli bir bölgede belirli bir anda yaşayanların toplam sayısı
birinin kötülüğünü isteyen kimse veya birbiriyle savaşan devletlerden her biri
bir şey ile ilgili bilgi veya beceri edinmek
belirli bir bölgede yaşayan kendi dili, gelenekleri olan bir grup insan
yanardağ patlaması
herhangi bir zarar verme potansiyeli olmayan
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesine yol açmak
kullanılmayan, istenmeyen bir şeyi atmak
mevcut bir şeyi kullanmak
birdenbire ve yüksek sesle ciğerlerden havayı dışarı vermek
Simple Modals > Table of Simple Modals
Bu alıştırmada, ana fiili 'Simple Modal (modal + V1)' olan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
Table of Simple Modals
modal TR time mood
must do
present
future
mustn’t do
should do
present
future
shouldn’t do
ought to do
present
future
oughtn’t to do
had better do
present
future
had better not do
have to do
has to do
present
don’t have to do
doesn't have to do
had to do
past
didn’t have to do
will have to do
future
won’t have to do
need to do
needs to do
present
don’t need to do
doesn't need to do
needed to do
past
didn’t need to do
will need to do
future
won’t need to do
may do
present
future
may not do
might do
present
future
might not do
can do
present
future
can’t do
could do
present
future
couldn’t do
could do
past
couldn’t do
is able to do
are able to do
present
is unable to do
are unable to do
was able to do
were able to do
past
was unable to do
were unable to do
will be able to do
future
won't be able to do
is going to do
are going to do
future
isn't going to do
aren't going to do
was going to do
were going to do
past
wasn't going to do
weren't going to do
would do
present
future
wouldn’t do
would do
past
wouldn’t do
used to do past
didn’t use to do
Simple Modals > Introduction
1: Childhood obesity can lead to numerous health 8: I didn't use to like opera but my husband has
problems in children. converted me.
TR: TR:
9: The loss of helium on Earth would affect society

2: Nightmares might result from adverse reaction of greatly.
a drug. TR:
TR:
10: Our car's gas tank is almost empty. We had

3: Farmers need to be able to make more effective better fill it up with gas soon.
use of rainfall in crop production. TR:
TR:
11: Foreign language training to children should

4: The brain is unable to store glucose, and so must start at an early age.
have a continuous supply. TR:
TR:
12: Influenza may account for a rise in heart attack

deaths during flu season.
5: Get back! The bomb is going to explode any TR:
moment now.
TR:
6: We ran out of time and had to cut short the 13: There used to be a cinema in the downtown,
interview. didn't there?
TR: TR:
7: All children ought to have a free public education 14: He would always begin his lectures with a joke.
in schools. TR:
TR:
15: The students don’t have to answer all the 18: Salamanders can live very long period of time.
questions in the examination paper. TR:
TR:
19: It must be raining outside, I can hear the

thunder.
TR:
16: Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a

week.
TR:
20: Everybody expected that the experiment would

result in failure.
TR:
17: Cell phone radiation could harm brain
development in children.
TR:
Simple Modals > Your Turn
1: Alpacas can live as long as 25 years and are 8: The toxic emissions from mining can cause air,
able to survive in most climates. water and soil pollution.
TR: TR:
9: Losses of biodiversity may have small impacts on

2: Employees don't have to work on a public
an ecosystem in the short term.
holiday.
TR:
TR:
3: People should only take antibiotics for bacterial

infections.
TR: 10: Development projects must meet the needs of
future generations.
TR:
4: She used to love cats, but one attacked her and

she doesn't like them anymore.
TR:
11: The city should work out a solution on
hazardous household waste.
TR:
5: Exposure to radiation may result in sickness and

even death. 12: Climate change could have a devastating
TR: impact on agricultural production in Africa.
TR:
6: My pain was tremendous; I couldn't move a

single step.
TR:
13: Some changes in government policy might
affect the business.
TR:
7: The authorities need to tackle crime and violence

in region.
TR:
14: He stated that he would not be able to attend 21: Young children can easily learn complicated
the meeting. grammatical rules.
TR: TR:
15: You must learn from your mistakes. 22: The village people had to pump water from the
TR: well by hand.
TR:
16: Robots are going to do all the housework in the

next decade.
TR:
23: The humanity wouldn't develop in a dramatic
way without electricity.
TR:
17: Local authorities have to cope with the

problems of homelessness.
TR:
24: Most colour-blind people are unable to

distinguish between red or green.
TR:
18: The new iPhone must have some amazing

features, considering the price.
TR:
25: Desert animals can go without water for a long

time.
TR:
19: The company will have to make decisions about

the packaging of the products.
TR:
26: We need to be less dependent on foreign
sources of energy.
TR:
20: Pregnant or nursing women ought to avoid the

herbal remedy entirely.
27: Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to neurological
TR:
damage, colon cancer, and heart disease.
TR:
28: You are coughing badly; you had better see a 30: I would always get lost on my way to her house,
doctor. but eventually I learned the route.
TR: TR:
29: A large, wild gorilla might eat over 40 pounds of

leaves and fruit in one day.
TR:
Perfect Modals > Table of Perfect Modals
Bu alıştırmada, ana fiili 'Perfect Modal (modal + have V3)' olan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
Table of Perfect Modals
modal TR time mood
should have done

past
shouldn’t have done
ought to have done

past
oughtn’t to have done
must have done

past
mustn’t have done
may have done

past
may not have done
might have done

past
might not have done
can’t have done past
could have done

past
couldn’t have done
would have done

past
wouldn’t have done
Perfect Modals > Introduction
1: Without water, the soldiers would have died 6: I can't find my files on the computer; someone
during the course of the war. must have erased them all.
TR: TR:
2: Our boss was in a terrible mood, so the meeting 7: I entered the museum through the wrong gate. I
can't have been good. should have been more careful.
TR: TR:
3: You ought to have spent your money more

carefully, now you're broke! 8: The aircraft might have crashed into uninhabited
TR: jungle areas in its territory.
TR:
4: The company should have implemented better

safety measures before the accident.
TR: 9: Huge volcanic eruptions could have killed tens of
thousands of dinosaurs.
TR:
5: Without the support of the staff, we couldn't have

succeeded in the experiment. 10: The origin of AIDS is uncertain, but it may have
TR: originated in Central Africa.
TR:
Perfect Modals > Your Turn
1: Jack ought to have talked to the doctor about his 7: Those musicians play beautifully together. They
stomach pains. must have practiced a lot.
TR: TR:
2: Without irrigation, the increases in yields and

output would not have been possible. 8: About three million years ago, the oceans could
TR: have been 50 meters higher.
TR:
3: Somebody must have opened the cage; the lion 9: Drama may have developed from ancient
couldn't have escaped on its own. religious ceremonies.
TR: TR:
10: You should have bought some milk at the shop.

We don’t have any milk.
4: Turkey should have banned smoking in public TR:
places long ago.
TR:
11: Paula fell asleep in class this morning; she must

5: John would have called Amy, but he didn’t have have stayed up too late last night.
her number. TR:
TR:
6: Patients with depression may have experienced

severe psychological trauma.
TR: 12: You can't have done this homework because
the questions are too difficult for you.
TR:
13: The Soviet government might have reduced its 14: You can’t have seen him at home yesterday. He
diplomatic relations with Japan. was here with me all day.
TR: TR:
15: The USSR might have completed its first atomic

bomb as early as mid-1950s.
TR:
Passive Modals > Table of Passive Simple Modals
modal TR time mood
must do
present
future
must be done
should do
present
future
should be done
ought to do
present
future
ought to be done
had better do
present
future
had better be done
have to do
has to do
present
have to be done
has to be done
had to do
past
had to be done
will have to do
future
will have to be done
need to do
needs to do
present
need to be done
needs to be done
needed to do
past
needed to be done
will need to do
future
will need to be done
may do
present
future
may be done
might do present
future
might be done
can do
present
future
can be done
could do
present
future
could be done
could do
past
could be done
is able to do
are able to do
present
is able to be done
are able to be done
was able to do
were able to do
past
was able to be done
were able to be done
will be able to do
future
will be able to be done
is going to do
are going to do
future
is going to be done
are going to be done
was going to do
were going to do
past
was going to be done
were going to be done
would do
present
future
would be done
would do
past
would be done
used to do
past
used to be done
Passive Modals > Table of Passive Perfect Modals
modal TR time mood
should have done

past
should have been done
ought to have done

past
ought to have been done
must have done

past
must have been done
may have done

past
may have been done
might have done

past
might have been done
can't have done

past
can’t have been done
could have done

past
could have been done
would have done

past
would have been done
Passive Modals > Introduction
1: Many times tumours must be removed by 8: The results of the experiment might have been
surgery. affected by external factors.
TR: TR:
2: All types of diabetes are serious and need to be

monitored regularly.
TR:
9: I must finish this essay today. It has to be handed
in by tomorrow.
TR:
3: The keys must have been left inside the car's

torpedo.
TR:
10: Toxins in the air might be inhaled into the lungs
and spread throughout the body.
TR:
4: A high fever ought to be lowered immediately.

TR:
11: Students need to be made fully aware of the

5: The work couldn’t have been finished in a day. It adverse effects of rising pollution.
was at least a week’s worth of work. TR:
TR:
12: The sudden disappearance of honeybees might

be related to pesticide exposure.
6: Many diseases or medical problems can't be TR:
diagnosed with blood tests alone.
TR:
13: Some medications may be given as a

preventative measure to an unhealthy individual.
7: Privacy had better be respected. TR:
TR:
14: All fire protection systems should be inspected 20: In the next ten years, the population could be
at least once a year. cut by a more than a quarter.
TR: TR:
15: The money might have been used for more

beneficial results. 21: The results are just going to be announced.
TR: TR:
22: The history of hydrotherapy can be traced back

to several ancient civilizations.
16: I can't find that letter. It must have been thrown TR:
away.
TR:
17: An eye examination should be done every three 23: Diesel used to be made only by petroleum, so it
or four months. was called petrodiesel.
TR: TR:
18: Twenty homes had to be evacuated during the

security alert. 24: The application form should be filled out
TR: carefully, so you don’t miss anything.
TR:
19: Valleys on Mars may have been formed by

groundwater in geologically recent times.
TR:
25: Television and computers couldn’t have been
dreamed of a hundred years ago.
TR:
Passive Modals > Your Turn
1: Smoking in public areas should have been 8: More than half the nation's public schools need
prohibited a long time ago. to be repaired and renovated.
TR: TR:
2: Information about the meeting ought to have

been mailed. 9: The injured man couldn’t walk and had to be
TR: carried.
TR:
3: Poisoning symptoms could be misinterpreted as

symptoms of other diseases or illnesses. 10: On average, a maximum of 500 mg of vitamin E
TR: a day should be taken.
TR:
11: The explosion may have been caused by a gas

4: Most birthmarks are harmless and don't need to leak.
be treated. TR:
TR:
12: According to scientists, 70 percent of the world’s

coral reefs may be lost by 2050.
5: The car will have to be towed to the garage TR:
immediately.
TR:
6: The demands of the committee may have been

rejected by an enormous majority. 13: The emergency exit doors shouldn't have been
TR: blocked. Now we have to use the main entrance.
TR:
7: The governments should not be influenced by

religious groups.
TR:
14: New industrial developments are going to be 21: The death of so many children in the developing
introduced by the new Minister. countries could be prevented by better health
TR: services.
TR:
15: The old man might have been wounded in the

accident.
TR:
22: Lighter cotton jogging clothes might be worn in
summertime.
TR:
16: The problem of obesity can be found in almost

every country on this planet.
TR:
23: Half the nation's public schools need to be

repaired and renovated.
TR:
17: Children with obesity must be treated in time.

TR:
24: Energy cannot be destroyed or created; it can

only be transformed.
TR:
18: The child ought to have been punished for
disobedience.
TR:
25: Without the nationwide lockdowns and other

measures, cases would have been increased by
19: Our country might be attacked by the enemies. 41%.
TR: TR:
20: Some practices might be administered at home

or at the medical office.
TR:
26: Alcohol dependent individuals may be

diagnosed with liver damage and heart diseases
later in life.
TR:
27: These calculations used to be done by men; 29: Insulin syringe and pen needles should be
now they are done by a computer. disposed of properly.
TR: TR:
30: In some senses, horse racing could be

28: The two fossils may have been formed at considered very humane.
approximately the same time. TR:
TR:
1: Bacteria can be found in soil, water, dust and in 8: Fire crews were unable to find evidence of an
air. explosion.
TR: TR:
2: Global warming may have a number of negative 9: Global warming can significantly impact human
effects on health. life on many levels.
TR: TR:
3: The doctor's instructions should be followed

10: Nuclear waste must be disposed of very
precisely.
carefully, so radiation will not leak into the
TR:
environment.
TR:
4: They can't have understood the instructions

because they looked confused.
TR:
11: Bionanotech might provide viable solutions to

soil, air and water pollution.
TR:
5: The lights have gone out. There must have been

a power cut.
TR:
12: Without algae, the rest of the food chain would

collapse.
TR:
6: Ancient Athenian men could serve in the army or
navy, but they didn't have to.
TR:
13: Fresh fruits shouldn't be eaten without washing

first.
TR:
7: David can't have gone to Paris last week. He

doesn't have enough money.
TR:
14: The recommendation could have been 20: Stronger prescription medications might be
typewritten, not hand written. required for the severe infection.
TR: TR:
15: German used to be taught in this school ten

years ago. 21: A more experienced lawyer would have dealt
TR: with the case in a different way.
TR:
16: The sudden disappearance of honeybees in

many parts of the country might be related to
pesticide exposure.
TR: 22: Many medical processes cannot be understood
without the help of chemistry.
TR:
23: He has not come yet. Something may have

17: You couldn't have bought that sweater on happened to him.
Sunday because all the shops are shut on Sundays. TR:
TR:
24: The government should deal with the

unemployment and poverty problems.
TR:
18: Simple forms of life may have developed early

in Mars’ history.
TR:
25: A person with pneumonia in the 1950s might

have stayed in the hospital for several weeks.
TR:
19: The thieves were able to break into the museum
and steal the painting within a few minutes.
TR:
26: Side effects should be reported to a physician.

TR:
27: The orchestra is going to play a waltz; it is 29: A nuclear bomb could kill millions of people and
number two on the programme. cause diseases in later generations.
TR: TR:
28: The Grand Canyon might have been formed by

an asteroid of 150 feet in diameter. 30: The recent progress in global health would have
TR: been impossible without the support of health
workers.
TR:
relation ---- ...ile ilişki
---- a ... way ... bir şekilde
---- hand elle
distinguish ---- … ile … yı ayırt etmek
---- the way yolda
---- the course of ... süresince
succeed ---- ...da başarılı olmak
crash ---- ...ya çarpmak
exposure ---- …ya maruz kalma
impact ---- …üzerinde etki
decision ---- … konusunda karar
---- holiday tatilde
rise ---- ...da artış
talk ---- ...ile konuşmak
---- the lung akciğerlere (içine)
related ---- ...ile ilişkili
dream ---- …yı hayal etmek
---- average ortalama
talk ---- ... hakkında konuşmak
punish ---- ...için cezalandırmak
leak ---- ...ya sızmak
---- the hospital hastanede
---- support desteksiz
---- home evde
eye main entrance disease
application beneficial pollution instructions
gas adverse leak examination
follow crop aware result
cause developing form production
fully water country effect
talimatlara uymak
gaz kaçağı
olumsuz, ters etki
hastalığa neden olmak
tamamen farkında
başvuru formu
faydalı sonuç
mahsul üretimi
göz muayenesi
su kirliliği
ana giriş
gelişmekte olan ülke
tackle volcanic money eruption
foreign safety lost smoking
government devastating short crime
cut working hour impact
ban public measure language
spend get policy holiday
yabancı dil
yanardağ patlaması
resmi tatil
çalışma saati
yıkıcı etki
suçla mücadele etmek
para harcamak
kısa kesmek
kaybolmak
güvenlik önlemi
sigara içmeyi yasaklamak
hükümet politikası
enormously ban illness
utilize blow up stay away
influence switch trait
dangerous unfamiliar massive
greatly
affect
convert
prohibit
explode
make use of
foreign
hazardous
tremendous
disease
feature
avoid
Verbal
• Unit Words
• Gerund
• Infinitive
Verbal ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
village (n): köy

Vocabulary
different (adj): farklı avoid (v): kaçınmak
famous (adj): meşhur conduct (v): yapmak, iletmek (elektrik, ısı),

yönetmek (orkestra vb.)
create (v): yaratmak
living (adj): canlı
deny (v): inkar etmek, izin vermemek
married (adj): evli
launch (v): başlatmak, göndermek
primary (adj): başlıca, ilkokul, ilk
lower (v): indirmek
emphatically (adv): kesinlikle
healthily (adv): sağlıklı bir biçimde
modify (v): değişiklik yapmak
regularly (adv): düzenli olarak
athlete (n): atlet
prevent (v): önlemek
border (n): sınır, şerit
put (v): koymak
cemetery (n): mezarlık
use (v): kullanmak
performance-enhancing (adj):
drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu performans arttırıcı
environment (n): çevre, ortam a series of (q): bir dizi ...
friend (n): arkadaş essential (adj): gerekli
government (n): hükûmet fatty (adj): yağlı
growth (n): büyüme, şişlik Japanese (adj): Japon
human (n): insan national (adj): ulusal
level (n): seviye sensitive (adj): hassas
material (n): madde useful (adj): kullanışlı
mission (n): görev warm (adj): ılık, sıcak tutan, içten
night (n): gece actually (adv): aslında
object (n): cisim, amaç eagerly (adv): istekli bir şekilde
observation (n): gözlem highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili
precursor (n): öncü quickly (adv): hızlıca
questionnaire (n): anket American Indian (n): Amerika yerlisi
rate (n): oran, ücret amount (n): miktar
report (n): rapor art (n): sanat, beceri
responsibility (n): sorumluluk availability (n): bulunabilirlilik, müsait olma
role (n): görev, rol bacteria (n): bakteriler
sculptor (n): heykeltıraş balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi
sculpture (n): heykel blood (n): kan, soy
shyness (n): utangaçlık camel (n): deve
stress (n): stres, vurgu championship (n): şampiyonluk
survey (n): anket earthquake (n): deprem
equipment (n): teçhizat drink (v): içmek, içki içmek
food (n): yiyecek drive (v): (araba) sürmek, harekete

geçirmek
game (n): oyun, av
eat (v): yemek
harmony (n): uyum
establish (v): kurmak, belirlemek
job (n): iş
fold (v): katlamak, kapanmak (iş yeri)
leadership (n): liderlik
give (v): vermek
legislation (n): mevzuat
help (v): yardım etmek
lung (n): akciğer
house (v): barındırmak
magnitude (n): büyüklük
involve (v): içermek, gerektirmek
member (n): üye
last (v): sürmek, dayanmak
milk (n): süt
live (v): yaşamak
month (n): ay
lose (v): kaybetmek
nature (n): doğa, karakter
measure (v): ölçmek
nutrient (n): besin
outlaw (v): yasaklamak
permit (v): izin vermek
refugee (n): mülteci
remove (v): ortadan kaldırmak
restaurant (n): restoran
sleep (v): uyumak
rise (n): yükseliş
scale (n): ölçek, boyut, pul
travel (v): seyahat etmek, yol almak
scientist (n): bilim insanı
sleep (n): uyku
go to sleep (v): uykuya dalmak, uyuşmak
sound (n): ses
swimming (n): yüzme
lead to (pv): yol açmak
team (n): takım
look forward to (pv): dört gözle beklemek
a great deal of (q): pek çok ...
tornado (n): hortum
ancient (adj): eski
tree (n): ağaç
best (adj, adv): en iyi
vision (n): düş, görme yeteneği
challenging (adj): zorlayıcı
weight (n): ağırlık
crucial (adj): çok önemli
winter (n): kış
dangerous (adj): tehlikeli
boost (v): artırmak
female (adj, n): dişi
commit (v): suç işlemek, adamak, (hapise,
hastane) göndermek good (adj): iyi
compete (v): rekabet etmek individual (adj): bireysel
cough (v): öksürmek northern (adj): kuzey
cultivate (v): ekip biçmek, geliştirmek personal (adj): kişisel

describe (v): tasvir etmek poor (adj): fakir, zavallı, yetersiz
disrupt (v): bozmak sufficient (adj): yeterli
disturb (v): rahatsız etmek vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu
daily (adj, adv): günlük climb (v): tırmanmak, artmak
accurately (adv): doğru bir şekilde consume (v): tüketmek
commonly (adv): yaygın olarak, ortaklaşa decide (v): karar vermek
once (adv): bir kez, bir zamanlar develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak
sometime (adv): bir ara enrich (v): zenginleştirmek
ability (n): yetenek express (v): ifade etmek
agent (n): temsilci, ajan, etmen improve (v): gelişmek

asthma (n): astım invent (v): icat etmek, uydurmak
attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti obtain (v): elde etmek
baby (n): bebek overcome (v): üstesinden gelmek
business (n): ticaret, iş yeri protect (v): korumak
century (n): yüzyıl think (v): düşünmek
city (n): şehir trigger (v): tetiklemek

civilization (n): uygarlık as much as (phr): ... olduğu kadar
contact (n): temas, tanıdık a range of (q): birçok farklı ...
development (n): gelişme, geliştirme endeavor (n): çaba

doubt (n): şüphe cold-blooded (adj): soğukkanlı
drill (n): matkap, tatbikat difficult (adj): zor
emotion (n): duygu exact (adj): tam

fear (n): korku expensive (adj): pahalı
help (n): yardım extreme (adj): aşırı

liberty (n): özgürlük foreign (adj): yabancı
loss (n): kayıp, zarar global (adj): küresel
Mount (n): dağ large (adj): büyük

nourishment (n): besleme likely (adj): olası
outbreak (n): patlak verme marine (adj): deniz ile ilgili
performance (n): performans, gösteri necessary (adj): gerekli

purpose (n): amaç remarkable (adj): kayda değer
quality (n): kalite, nitelik respected (adj): saygın
result (n): sonuç sore (adj): ağrılı

right (n): sağ, hak, doğru olan (şey) special (adj): özel
sign (n): işaret specific (adj): belirli
situation (n): durum tiring (adj): yorucu

success (n): başarı warm-blooded (adj): sıcakkanlı
way (n): yol, yöntem overseas (adj, adv): denizaşırı
year (n): yıl approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak

adapt (v): uyum sağlamak directly (adv): doğrudan
add (v): eklemek, toplamak (matematik) quite (adv): oldukça

build (v): inşa etmek together (adv): beraber
very (adv): çok novel (n): roman
well (adv): iyi bir şekilde operation (n): ameliyat, operasyon,

işletme
today (adv): bugün
advantage (n): avantaj
option (n): seçenek
animal (n): hayvan
painter (n): ressam
beauty (n): güzellik
patient (n): hasta
consumption (n): tüketim
poison (n): zehir
customer (n): müşteri
politician (n): siyasetçi
dam (n): baraj
daughter (n): kız evlat
quantity (n): miktar
reason (n): neden, mantık
decay (n): çürük
reptile (n): sürüngen
definition (n): tanım, çözünürlük
satisfaction (n): memnuniyet
desert (n): çöl
skill (n): beceri
determination (n): kararlılık
species (n): tür (canlı)
effort (n): çaba
stomach (n): mide
sugar (n): şeker
energy (n): enerji
sunlight (n): güneş ışığı
experience (n): tecrübe
surgery (n): ameliyat, muayenehane
expert (adj, n): uzman
talent (n): yetenek
field (n): arazi, alan
tooth (n): diş
globalization (n): küreselleşme
twin (adj, n): ikiz
hunting (n): avcılık
victim (n): kurban
idea (n): fikir
whale (n): balina
illness (n): hastalık
word (n): kelime
incident (n): olay
industry (n): sanayi, çalışkanlık
achieve (v): başarmak
insomnia (n): uykusuzluk
intention (n): niyet
avert (v): önüne geçmek, başka yöne
land (n): kara, ülke çevirmek
language (n): dil believe (v): inanmak
life (n): hayat capture (v): ele geçirmek
manager (n): yönetici cause (v): sebep olmak
marketing (n): pazarlama connect (v): bağlamak
masterpiece (n): şaheser continue (v): devam etmek
meltdown (n): nükleer sızıntı, başarısızlık cure (v): tedavi etmek
nation (n): ulus, kavim discover (v): keşfetmek
newspaper (n): gazete egg (v): damarına basmak
found (v): kurmak, dayan(dır)mak prevent infection : enfeksiyon önlemek
inspire (v): ilham vermek lose weight : kilo kaybetmek/kilo vermek
instruct (v): talimat vermek, öğretmek effective leadership : etkili liderlik

intend (v): niyet etmek highly sensitive : hayli hassas
know (v): bilmek sensitive equipment : hassas ekipman
lay (v): koymak natural balance : doğal denge

learn (v): öğrenmek cell wall : hücre duvarı/çeperi
need (v): ihtiyaç duymak fold paper : kağıt katlamak
occur (v): meydana gelmek seat belt : emniyet kemeri

prioritize (v): öncelik vermek acid rain : asit yağmuru
require (v): gerektirmek slow growth : yavaş büyüme

show (v): göstermek cultivate plant : bitki yetiştirmek
speak (v): konuşmak develop strategy : strateji geliştirmek
store (v): depolamak improve performance : performans

geliştirmek
survive (v): hayatta kalmak
vital sign : yaşamsal belirti
plan (v): planlamak
physical activity : fiziksel/ bedensel
mistake (n): hata aktivite
journey (n): yolculuk maintain weight : kiloyu korumak
real-life (adj): gerçek hayat healthy weight : sağlıklı kilo
embark on (pv): başlamak best way : en iyi yol
come about (pv): meydana gelmek asthma attack : astım krizi
look for (pv): aramak nutritional value : besin değeri
rely on (pv): bel bağlamak, güvenmek individual liberty : bireysel özgürlük
Collocations individual rights : bireysel haklar
eat healthily : sağlıklı beslenmek protect right : hak korumak
regular exercise : düzenli egzersiz protect liberty : özgürlüğü korumak
primary responsibility : temel sorumluluk overcome fear : korkunun üstesinden

gelmek
launch mission : roket fırlatmak
personal growth : kişisel gelişim
important role : önemli rol
personal development : kişisel gelişim
growth rate : büyüme oranı
poor quality : düşük kalite
play a role : rol oynamak
hard work : sıkı çalışma
living thing : canlı
above all else : her şeyden önce
deny emphatically : kesin bir şekilde inkar
etmek customer satisfaction : müşteri
memnuniyeti
take drug : ilaç almak
tooth decay : diş çürüğü
immune system : bağışıklık sistemi
speak language : dili konuşmak
fatty food : yağlı yiyecek
speak well : iyi konuşmak
travel quickly : hızlıca seyahat etmek, yol
almak elderly people : yaşlı insanlar
cause destruction : yıkıma sebep olmak
embark on a journey : bir yolculuğa in winter : kışın
çıkmak
cure disease : hastalığı tedavi etmek
in the lungs : akciğerlerde
cold-blooded animal : soğukkanlı hayvan
in harmony : uyum içerisinde
warm-blooded animal : sıcakkanlı hayvan
be committed to : …ya kendini adamış
make effort : çaba göstermek olmak
exact definition : tam tanım prevent sb from doing sth : birinin
...yapmasını önlemek, engellemek
build dam : baraj inşa etmek
remove from : ...den kaldırmak/çıkarmak
overcome anxiety : kaygının üstesinden
gelmek essential for : …için gerekli
make change : değişiklik yapmak important to : …için önemli
major change : büyük değişme contact with : …ile temas/iletişim

lay egg : yumurtlamak adapt to : …ya uyum sağlamak
create masterpiece : şaheser yaratmak crucial for : …için çok önemli
bring sb close : birini yakınlaştırmak add to : ...ya eklemek, katkıda bulunmak
way to : ...ya yol

Prepositions
at night : geceleyin in a field : bir alanda
mission to : ...ya yapılan görev advantage in : ...da avantaj
role in : ...da rol connect with : …ile bağlantı kurmak
famous for : …ile ünlü change in : …da değişiklik
useful prevent harmony disturb
deny country poison border
mission balance famous married
bir şey yapmanıza yardımcı olacak nitelikte olan
bir şey ile meşgul birisine rahatsızlık vermek
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesinin önüne geçmek, gerçekleşmesine olanak sağlamamak
bir kimseye belli bir amaçla verilen, yapılması beklenen iş
tüketilince canlıları hasta eden hatta öldürebilen madde
bir şeyin doğru/gerçek olmadığı söylemek
bir ülkeyi başka bir ülkeden ayıran, ikisi arasındaki çizgi
iki veya daha fazla şeyin güç, ağırlık vs açısından eşit olma durumu
evlenmiş ve karısı/kocası olan
bir bütünün parçaları arasında bulunan uygunluk
birçok kişi tarafından bilinen, tanınan, sevilen
bir devletin egemenliği altında bulunan toprakların tümü
compete look forward to decide connect
expensive rely on measure twin
disrupt likely cure come about
bir amaç için birilerinden üstün olmaya çalışmak
iyileşmesini sağlamak, birini iyi etmek
bir şeyin gerçekleşmeye, meydana gelmeye başlaması
aynı anneden aynı zamanda doğan iki kardeş
çok fazla paraya mal olan
iki veya daha fazla bir şeyi birbirine bağlamak veya aralarında ilişki kurmak
gelecekte gerçekleşecek şeyi heyecanla beklemek
birkaç olasılığı düşünüp bir konuda kesin bir yargıya varmak
bir şey yapabilmek için başka bir şeye muhtaç olmak
bir şeyin bir ölçme aleti kullanarak kaç birim geldiğini bulmak
gerçekleşme ihtimali olan
bir sistemin, sürecin, olayın vb. devam etmesini engellemek
Gerund > Introduction
Bu alıştırmada içerisinde gerund phrase bulunan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
1: Exercising regularly and eating healthily can 6: Starting in 2011, NASA will launch the new series
lower stress levels. of human precursor missions to Mars.
TR: TR:
2: Research can be conducted using surveys,

reports, observation, questionnaires.
TR: 7: The environment plays an important role in
modifying the growth rate of living things.
TR:
3: Her shyness had prevented her from making

friends with anyone.
TR:
8: The athlete emphatically denied having taken
any performance-enhancing drugs.
TR:
4: Guarding the country's border is the primary

responsibility of a government.
TR:
9: Henry VIII is famous for having been married six

times.
TR:
5: Everybody in our village avoids passing the

cemetery at night.
TR: 10: A sculptor can create a sculpture by putting
different materials and objects together.
TR:
Gerund > Your Turn
Bu alıştırmada içerisinde gerund phrase bulunan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
1: Swimming in the winter can boost your immune 8: Effective leadership can be described as giving a
system. vision to the team members.
TR: TR:
2: California does not permit smoking in

restaurants.
TR: 9: The team is eagerly looking forward to competing
in the national championship game.
TR:
3: Eating fatty foods may well lead to a rise in the

level of cholesterol in the blood.
TR:
10: Using highly sensitive equipment, scientists

were able to establish the sounds of toothed
whales.
TR:
4: The job involves travelling to Japan once a

month.
TR:
5: Tornadoes travel quickly over the land causing a 11: American Indians lived in harmony with nature,
great deal of destruction. without disturbing the natural balance.
TR: TR:
6: Coughing actually helps in preventing infection in

the lungs. 12: Pregnancy in camels lasts from 9-14 months,
TR: depending on the availability of food.
TR:
7: Losing a large amount of weight too quickly can

disrupt one's metabolism.
TR:
13: The government is committed to housing the
refugees.
TR:
14: Penicillin works by preventing bacteria from 18: The new legislation outlawed driving a car
making cell walls. without a seat belt.
TR: TR:
15: Drinking warm milk before going to sleep helps 19: By removing useful nutrients from the soil, acid
you sleep well. rain slows the growth of plants, especially trees.
TR: TR:
16: Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper.

TR:
20: The right soil and temperature are essential for

cultivating any plant.
TR:
17: Earthquakes are measured by magnitude using
the Richter scale.
TR:
Infinitive > Introduction
Bu alıştırmada içerisinde infinitive phrase bulunan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
1: The team decided to develop a new strategy to 7: To climb Mount Everest is a challenging and
improve their performance. dangerous endeavor.
TR: TR:
8: The ancient city of Machu Picchu is thought to

2: Body temperature is a vital sign and it is have been built by the Inca civilization in the 15th
important to measure it accurately. century.
TR: TR:
3: Physical activity can help you to maintain weight

loss or be a healthy weight.
TR:
9: The purpose of the government is to protect
individual liberties and rights.
TR:
4: The best way to prevent an asthma attack is to

avoid any contact with triggering agents.
TR:
10: To overcome fear and doubt is crucial for
personal growth and development.
TR:
5: The ability to adapt quickly to new situations is

crucial for success in business.
11: A cholera outbreak in northern Iraq was thought
TR:
to be the result of poor water quality.
TR:
6: Vitamins are commonly added to many foods to

enrich their nutritional value.
TR: 12: Music is a way to express a range of emotions.
TR:
13: Female pandas are ready to have a baby only 15: To obtain sufficient nourishment, a panda
once a year. consumes as much as 36 kilograms of bamboo
TR: daily.
TR:
14: The first drill is said to have been invented

sometime in the 200 BC by Archimedes.
TR:
Infinitive > Your Turn
Bu alıştırmada içerisinde infinitive phrase bulunan cümlelerin çevirisi işlenecektir.
1: Blood is expensive to store. 8: Sugar consumption has been shown to cause

TR: tooth decay.
TR:
2: Camels are often used to travel in the desert.

TR:
9: To speak five languages well is an advantage in

marketing.
TR:
3: The painter's intention was to capture the beauty
of nature in her canvas.
TR:
10: Elderly people and women are more likely to get

affected by insomnia.
TR:
4: The ability of animals to adapt to extreme

environments is quite remarkable.
TR:
11: I plan to embark on a journey to discover new

cultures and experiences.
TR:
5: To achieve success in any field requires hard

work and determination.
TR:
12: To be around my daughter all day is very tiring.

TR:
6: Learning a foreign language gives you an

opportunity to look for better job options overseas. 13: Jane intends to continue her education to
TR: become a respected expert in her field.
TR:
7: The manager instructed his employees to 14: The victim is thought to have taken a large
prioritize customer satisfaction above all else. quantity of poison by mistake.
TR: TR:
15: An operation is not necessary to cure the 21: The idea to build the dam came about in
disease in the stomach of the patient. approximately the year 1900.
TR: TR:
22: Plants use photosynthesis to create energy

16: Some politicians are known to be connected directly from sunlight.
with specific newspapers. TR:
TR:
23: The famous novel "Moby-Dick" is believed to

17: Warm-blooded animals need more food to have been inspired by a real-life whale hunting
survive than cold-blooded animals. incident.
TR: TR:
18: The government has made a special effort to

avert the global economic meltdown.
TR: 24: A sore tooth has many reasons to occur.
TR:
25: To overcome anxiety, you may need to make

major changes in your life.
TR:
19: In today’s society, it is very difficult to give an
exact definition of the word art.
TR:
26: To cure this illness, surgery may be necessary.

TR:
20: Many industries rely on bacteria to make many

products.
TR: 27: The city of Rome is believed to have been
founded by the twins Romulus and Remus on April
21, 753 BC.
TR:
28: Many species of marine reptiles need to come 29: To create a masterpiece requires a great deal of
to land to lay their eggs. skill and talent.
TR: TR:
30: Globalization is said to bring people of all

nations closer together.
TR:
famous ---- …ile ünlü
---- winter kışın
rise ---- ...da artış
essential f---- …için gerekli
be committed ---- …ya kendini adamış olmak
---- harmony uyum içerisinde
prevent sb ---- doing sth birinin ...yapmasını önlemek, engellemek
important ---- …için önemli
remove ---- ...den kaldırmak/çıkarmak
contact ---- …ile temas/iletişim
adapt ---- …ya uyum sağlamak
crucial ---- …için çok önemli
mission ---- ...ya yapılan görev
---- night geceleyin
add ---- ...ya eklemek, katkıda bulunmak
---- a field bir alanda
advantage ---- ...da avantaj
connect ---- …ile bağlantı kurmak
vital regular value mission
poor growth destruction rate
launch cause drug belt
take fold sign quality
highly cultivate sensitive plant
nutritional seat exercise paper
bitki yetiştirmek
düşük kalite
büyüme oranı
yaşamsal belirti
hayli hassas
kağıt katlamak
besin değeri
roket fırlatmak
ilaç almak
düzenli egzersiz
yıkıma sebep olmak
emniyet kemeri
maintain asthma satisfaction growth
speak personal decay change
tooth make attack anxiety
overcome individual a role weight
make lay rights language
play customer egg effort
astım krizi
çaba göstermek
değişiklik yapmak
dili konuşmak
kiloyu korumak
kaygının üstesinden gelmek
bireysel haklar
rol oynamak
kişisel gelişim
müşteri memnuniyeti
yumurtlamak
diş çürüğü
devise renowned improve
get rid of aim cause
reject delicate liability
change set up allow
famous
responsibility
deny
modify
sensitive
boost
establish
permit
remove
lead to
purpose
invent
Quantifiers
• Unit Words
• List of Quantifiers
• Example Sentences
Quantifiers ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
difficulty (n): zorluk

Vocabulary
adverse (adj): olumsuz discovery (n): keşif
different (adj): farklı doubt (n): şüphe
famous (adj): meşhur drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu
free (adj, adv): özgür, bedava, boşta ear (n): kulak, başak
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel effect (n): etki
medical (adj): tıbbi effort (n): çaba
medicinal (adj): tıbbi employee (n): çalışan
natural (adj): doğal, normal energy (n): enerji
necessary (adj): gerekli exam (n): sınav
possible (adj): mümkün experience (n): tecrübe
scientific (adj): bilimsel expert (adj, n): uzman
serious (adj): ciddi factory (n): fabrika
total (adj): toplam family (n): aile
almost (adv): neredeyse fat (n): yağ
first (adj, adv): ilk field (n): arazi, alan
age (n): yaş, çağ flaw (n): kusur
applicant (n): başvuran flower (n): çiçek
attention (n): dikkat, özen foot (n): ayak, fit (ölçü birimi)
bird (n): kuş friend (n): arkadaş
book (n): kitap game (n): oyun, av
building (n): bina, inşa etme garden (n): bahçe
calculation (n): hesap guest (n): misafir
calorie (n): kalori hall (n): salon, giriş
candidate (n): aday harm (n): zarar
cash (n): nakit homework (n): ödev
cause (n): sebep, amaç hope (n): umut
chance (n): şans, olasılık, risk hospital (n): hastane
class (n): sınıf (okul), ders, sınıf (toplum) income (n): gelir
climber (n): dağcı, sarmaşık influence (n): etki
colour (n): renk information (n): bilgi
competitor (n): yarışmacı jewellery (n): mücevherat
complaint (n): şikayet, hastalık knowledge (n): bilgi
concert (n): konser language (n): dil
crop (n): ekin length (n): uzunluk
day (n): gün, gündüz leopard (n): leopar
design (n): tasarım manuscript (n): el yazması
material (n): madde tax (n): vergi
member (n): üye time (n): zaman, defa

method (n): yöntem topic (n): konu
milk (n): süt town (n): kasaba, çarşı
moment (n): an type (n): tür

money (n): para use (n): kullanım, fayda
month (n): ay water (n): su

name (n): isim week (n): hafta
novel (n): roman weekend (n): hafta sonu
objection (n): itiraz winner (n): galip

obstacle (n): engel worker (n): işçi
pain (n): ağrı, üzüntü world (n): dünya
painting (n): tablo, resim sanatı, boyama world war (n): dünya savaşı
paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, belge, makale writer (n): yazar
party (n): parti (eğlence), parti (siyasi), answer (v): cevap vermek
taraf
consume (v): tüketmek
patient (n): hasta
contain (v): içermek, kontrol altına almak
picture (n): resim, tasvir
discover (v): keşfetmek
population (n): nüfus
donate (v): bağışlamak
precaution (n): önlem
prisoner (n): mahkum
expect (v): ummak
process (n): süreç, işlem
proposal (n): teklif, evlenme teklifi
get (v): elde etmek, ulaşmak, anlamak
give (v): vermek
know (v): bilmek
recovery (n): iyileşme
region (n): bölge
own (v): sahip olmak
pay (v): ödemek
shape (n): şekil
pick (v): seçmek, toplamak
side (n): taraf, kenar
require (v): gerektirmek
side effect (n): yan etki
solve (v): çözmek
size (n): ebat
spend (v): harcamak
sleep (n): uyku
use (v): kullanmak
win (v): kazanmak
write (v): yazmak
student (n): öğrenci
mistake (n): hata
study (n): araştırma, çalışma
at any time (phr): ne zaman olursa
subject (n): konu, ders, özne, denek
give birth (pv): doğurmak
sunshine (n): gün ışığı
favourite (adj, n): favori
task (n): görev
cope with (pv): başa çıkmak mouth (n): ağız
happen to (pv): başına gelmek mutation (n): değişim
autobiographical (adj): otobiyografik nucleus (n): çekirdek
benign (adj): iyi huylu, nazik oil (n): petrol, yağ

certain (adj): kesin, belirli people (n): insanlar, halk
foreign (adj): yabancı petroleum (n): petrol
limited (adj): sınırlı, limitet şirket remains (n): kalıntılar
malignant (adj): kötü huylu requirement (n): gereklilik

solar (adj): güneş kaynaklı rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı
sure (adj): emin rock (n): kaya, rock müziği
traditional (adj): geleneksel settlement (n): antlaşma, yerleşim alanı

commonly (adv): yaygın olarak, ortaklaşa sound (n): ses
heavily (adv): yoğun şekilde sphere (n): küre, çalışma alanı

nearly (adv): neredeyse symptom (n): belirti
usually (adv): genellikle work (n): iş, çalışma
anaemia (n): kansızlık own (det): kendi

anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik buy (v): satın almak, kanmak
artist (n): sanatçı carry (v): taşımak

body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim communicate (v): iletişim kurmak,
bone (n): kemik
cave (n): mağara
find (v): bulmak
cold (n): soğuk algınlığı
nationalize (v): millileştirmek
company (n): şirket, eşlik
occur (v): meydana gelmek
crater (n): krater
play (v): oynamak, çalmak (müzik aleti), rol
culture (n): kültür almak
diary (n): günlük produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak
disease (n): hastalık publish (v): yayımlamak
equipment (n): teçhizat to be born (v): doğmak
fund (n): fon observed (adj): gözlenen
gene (n): gen bring along (pv): beraberinde getirmek
headache (n): baş ağrısı consist of (pv): ...dan oluşmak
healing (n): iyileşme name after (pv): adını vermek
human (n): insan depend on (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek
ice (n): buz be made up of (pv): ...dan oluşmak
immunity (n): bağışıklık a variety of (q): çok çeşitli
importance (n): önem ancient (adj): eski
innovation (n): yenilik developing (adj): gelişmekte olan
liquid (n): sıvı existing (adj): mevcut
mercury (n): cıva legal (adj): yasal
significant (adj): önemli establish (v): kurmak, belirlemek
small (adj): küçük plan (n): plan
especially (adv): özellikle study (v): çalışmak (ders), incelemek

eventually (adv): sonunda plenty (q): bol
generally (adv): genellikle several (q): birkaç
but (trans): ama vary (v): çeşitlilik göstermek

code (n): kod, genel kurallar wage (v): mücadele etmek
country (n): ülke, taşra drink (v): içmek, içki içmek
diet (n): beslenme, rejim telecommunication (n): haberleşme

egg (n): yumurta have (v): sahip olmak, yemek/içmek
example (n): örnek lead to (pv): yol açmak
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman, take (v): almak, (süre) almak

kullanım
whole (n): tamamı
fish (n): balık
Collocations
force (n): güç, kuvvet (askeri vs)
free time : boş zaman
habit (n): alışkanlık
give information : bilgi vermek
harbour (n): liman
spend time : zaman harcamak/vakit
individual (n): birey geçirmek
island (n): ada pay tax : vergi ödemek
light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs) take precaution : önlem almak
meat (n): et solve a problem : bir problemi çözmek
nation (n): ulus, kavim write book : kitap yazmak
network (n): ağ scientific study : bilimsel çalışma
night (n): gece scientific discovery : bilimsel keşif
part (n): parça adverse effect : olumsuz, ters etki
poverty (n): yoksulluk total population : toplam nüfus
scientist (n): bilim insanı get sleep : uyumak
new (adj): yeni natural resource : doğal kaynak
universe (n): evren encounter obstacle : engelle karşılaşmak
old (adj): yaşlı, eski know language : dil bilmek
war (n): savaş make mistake : hata yapmak
life (n): hayat serious mistake : ciddi hata
whale (n): balina cope with difficulty : zorluk ile başa
confine (v): kısıtlamak, kapatmak çıkmak
list (n): liste solar energy : güneş enerjisi
constitute (v): oluşturmak important role : önemli rol
man (n): adam, insanoğlu get rest : dinlenmek
person (n): kişi drink liquid : sıvı içmek
dedicate (v): adamak, ithaf etmek, tahsis depend heavily on : büyük ölçüde ...ya
etmek bağlı olmak
find remains : kalıntıları bulmak on the list : listede
wage war : savaş açmak objection to : ...ya itiraz
developing country : gelişmekte olan ülke at the party : partide
establish habit : alışkanlık edinmek harm to : ...ya zarar
deep sea : derin deniz diagnose with : … teşhisi koymak

take month : ay sürmek role in : ...da rol
out of fund : sermayesiz, (bitmiş)

Prepositions
information about : ... hakkında bilgi born with : …ile doğmuş
knowledge about : ...ile ilgili bilgi a variety of : çok çeşitli ...
influence on : … üzerindeki etki immunity to : ...ya karşı bağışıklık
complaint about : …konuda şikayet a range of : birçok farklı ...
around the world : dünya genelinde | war against : ...ya karşı savaş
dünyanın etrafında confined to : ... ile sınırlı
question about : ...hakkında soru dedicate sth to sth : bir şeyi bir şeye
adamak
expert obstacle scientific objection
attention donate discover give birth
individual medical doubt name after
bir kişiye veya kuruluşa yardım amacıyla para veya mal vermek
herhangi bir konuda yüksek seviyede bilgisi ve becerisi olan kimse
bir şeyden emin olamamaktan doğan kararsızlık
bir şeyi dikkatle ve ilgiyle dinleme, izleme, düşünme durumu
bilim ile alakalı veya bilim yöntemlerini kullanarak yapılan
hastalık tedavisi ile ilgili olan
bir şeyin veya birinin adını başka bir şeyden veya birinden alması
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesini engelleyen veya bunu zorlaştıran şey
bir canlıyı dünyaya getirmek veya bir şeye sebep olmak, ortaya çıkarmak
var olduğu bilinmeyen bir şeyi bulmak
ortaya atılan herhangi bir düşünceye karşı çıkma
toplumu oluşturan fertlerin her biri
dedicate diagnose limited settlement
developing poverty produce island
war income significant depend on
fakir olma durumu
bir kişiye belirli aralıklarla belirli kaynaklardan gelen para
nitelik ve nicelik açısından değeri olan; mühim
belirli bir miktar, sayı, zaman dahilinde tutulan
bir şey yapmak ya da bir şeyi meydana getirmek
enerjisinin, zamanının tamamını bir şeye veya birisine ayırmak
dört tarafı sularla çevrili kara parçası
bir şeyin gerçekleşmesinin başka bir şeye bağlı olması
bir tartışmaya son veren resmi anlaşma
gelişmişlik seviyesine doğru ilerleme kaydeden ülke, bölge vs.
devletlerin birbirine karşı ordularıyla gerçekleştirdiği silahlı eylem
muayene ederek birinde bulunan hastalığı tespit etmek
List of Quantifiers > List of Quantifiers
many birçok, çok
many types of processes süreçlerin birçok türü
many of the applicants başvuranların birçoğu
many prisoners birçok mahkum
many regions birçok bölge
much çok, fazla
much energy çok enerji
too much attention çok fazla dikkat
much of their free time boş vakitlerinin çoğu
how much money ne kadar para
most çoğu, büyük bir kısmı
most of the world's population dünyanın nüfusunun çoğu
most bird species çoğu kuş türü
most of the winners kazananların çoğu
most famous paintings in Italy İtalya'daki çoğu ünlü tablo
more ...den daha çok, ...den daha fazla
to give more information daha fazla bilgi vermek
more homework than we expected beklediğimizden daha fazla ödev
to spend more time with your friends arkadaşlarınla daha fazla vakit geçirmek
will have more time for his family ailesi için daha fazla vakti olacak
less ...den daha az
to pay less tax daha az vergi ödemek
to have less food than they need ihtiyacı olandan daha az besine sahip olmak
to contain less fat daha az yağ içermek
to require less energy daha az enerjiye ihtiyacı olmak
some biraz, bazı; (herhangi) biri/bir
some patients in the hospital hastanedeki bazı hastalar
some of the oldest manuscripts en eski el yazmalarından bazıları
to take some necessary precautions bazı gerekli önlemler almak
to donate some of your income gelirinin birazını bağışlamak
any hiçbiri, hiç (olumsuz cümlede)
I couldn't answer any of the questions. soruların hiçbirini cevaplayamadım.
We don't have any information about it. onun hakkında hiç bilgimiz yok.
there is not any doubt hiç şüphe yok.
Most patients don't experience any pain. Çoğu hasta hiç ağrı yaşamaz.
any herhangi biri (olumlu cümlede)
This can happen to anyone at any age. Bu herhangi bir yaştaki herhangi birinin başına gelebilir.
Leopards give birth at any time of the year. Leoparlar, yılın herhangi bir zamanında doğum yapar.
Any student in this class can solve this problem. Bu sınıftaki herhangi bir öğrenci bu problemi çözebilir.
You can pick any of them. Herhangi birini seçebilirsin.
a little biraz
We have a little time before the concert. Konserden önce biraz vaktimiz var.
a little knowledge about the topic konu hakkında biraz bilgi
I need a little sugar for my coffee kahvem için biraz şekere ihtiyacım var.
it contains a little milk biraz süt içerir
little az, çok çok az
I have very little experience with coding kodlama konusunda çok çok az tecrübem var
he has little money for the trip gezi için çok az parası var
little influence on society toplum üzerinde çok az etki
the building has little aesthetic value binanın çok az estetik değeri var
a few birkaç
a few complaints about the new proposal yeni teklif hakkında birkaç şikayet
She has a few friends in town. şehirde birkaç arkadaşı var.
to discover a few mistakes in the calculations hesaplarda birkaç hata keşfetmek
a few scientific studies birkaç bilimsel çalışma
few az, çok çok az
few complaints about the new proposal yeni teklif hakkında çok az şikayet
She has few friends in town. şehirde çok az arkadaşı var.
to discover few mistakes in the calculations hesaplarda çok az hata keşfetmek
few scientific studies çok az bilimsel çalışma
all bütün, tüm, hepsi, tamamı
all people around the world dünyadaki tüm insanlar
all of your questions about the subject konu hakkındaki sorularının tamamı
all of the flowers in this garden bahçedeki çiçeklerin hepsi
all scientific discoveries tüm bilimsel keşifler
every her, her bir
every moment of my day dünümün her anı
every great writer her büyük yazar
every worker in the factory fabrikadaki her işçi
every week her hafta
each her, her bir
each employee her işçi
each of the buildings binaların her biri
each one of the experts uzmanların her biri
each of the books on the list listedeki kitapların her biri
whole tüm, bütün
the whole weekend tüm hafta
a picture of the whole family tüm ailenin bir resmi
a whole month tüm bir ay
the whole world tüm dünya
both (iki şeyin) her ikisi
can use his both feet iki ayağını kullanabilir
both of the World Wars Dünya Savaşlarının her ikisi
both sides of the paper Kağıdın her iki tarafı
both of her ears kulaklarının her ikisi
no hiç
There is no life on Mars. Mars'ta hiç hayat yok.
I have no objection to the plan. Plana bir itirazım yok.
a man with no friends hiç arkadaşı olmayan bir adam
the jacket has no pocket ceketin hiç cebi yok
none hiç, hiçbirisi
none of the candidates adayların hiç biri
none of his novels romanlarının hiçbiri
none of the guests at the party partideki hiçbir misafir
none of us hiçbirimiz
one bir, bir tane
one of my favourite writers sevdiğim yazarlardan biri
every one of the climbers dağcıların her biri
only one of many applicants birçok başvurudan sadece biri
one of the adverse effects of the drug ilacın olumsuz etkilerinden biri
half yarısı, yarım
almost half of all members tüm üyelerin neredeyse yarısı
half of the world's total population toplam dünya nüfusunun yarısı
the first half of the exam sınavın ilk yarısı
about half of tasks görevlerin yaklaşık yarısı
enough yeterli, yeterince
din't get enough sleep uykusunu yeterince almadı
enough cash yeterince nakit
to consume enough calories yeterli kalori tüketmek
enough natural resources yeterli doğal kaynak
several birkaç
to encounter several obstacles birkaç engelle karşılaşmak
to know several languages birkaç dil bilmek
to make several serious mistakes birkaç ciddi hata yapmak
several medicinal uses birkaç tıbbi kullanım
plenty bol, çok
to drink plenty of water bol su içmek
plenty of resources bol kaynak
gets plenty of sunshine bol güneş ışığı alır
plenty of guests in the hall salonda çok misafir
a lot birçok, çok miktarda
to require a lot of attention çok miktarda dikkat gerektirmek
a lot of harm to the crops ekinlere birçok zarar
to own a lot of jewellery çok miktarda mücevhere sahip olmak
to cope with a lot of difficulties birçok zorlukla baş etmek
a number of birçok, çok sayıda
a number of explanations çok sayıda açıklama
a number of health benefits birçok sağlık faydası
a record number of visitors rekor sayıda ziyaretçi
an incredible number of precious stones inanılmaz sayıda değerli taş
a range of bir dizi, çok çeşitli
a range of emotions çok çeşitli duygu
a broad range of new jobs bir dizi yeni iş
a wide range of technological applications çok çeşitli teknolojik uygulama
a range of harmful gases bir dizi zararlı gaz
a variety of
birçok farklı, çok çeşitli
a diversity of
a variety of activities birçok farklı etkinlik
an infinite diversity of possibilities sonsuz çeşitlilikte olasılık
a wide variety of tools birçok farklı araç
a wide diversity of opinions çok çeşitli fikir
Example Sentences > Introduction
1: Radio, television and networks are a few 6: Establishing a habit of exercise will eventually
examples of telecommunication. lead to more energy and less pain.
TR: TR:
2: Most people can get enough vitamin D from their

diet, especially in fish, eggs and meat. 7: Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light
TR: by day or by night.
TR:
8: The Code of Hammurabi is one of the few

3: The whole nation is waging a war against existing examples of an ancient legal code.
poverty. TR:
TR:
4: All the illegal immigrants were confined to a small

island in the harbour.
TR:
9: A number of scientists have dedicated their lives
to studying the universe.
TR:
5: Children constitute a significant part of the work

force in some developing countries.
TR:
10: Recovery time varies for each individual but
generally takes several months.
TR:
Example Sentences > Your Turn
1: Most of the body's calcium can usually be found 8: Each atom carries a certain number of electrons
in the bones and teeth. around the nucleus.
TR: TR:
2: Neither of the patients was diagnosed with 9: Virginia Woolf published several autobiographical
anaemia. works and diaries about her life.
TR: TR:
3: Each of the innovation brings along with it many

of the risks.
TR:
10: A person with a cold needs to be sure to drink a
lot of liquids and to get plenty of rest.
TR:
4: More than half of the human body consists of

water.
TR:
11: The USA depends heavily on Mexico and

Venezuela for much of its petroleum requirement.
TR:
5: Pluto and Charon are both made up of rock and
ice.
TR:
6: Few people around the world know the

importance of solar energy. 12: Penguins communicate by producing a variety
TR: of sounds.
TR:
7: Technology plays an important role in every 13: Many of Mercury's craters have been named
sphere of life. after artists and writers.
TR: TR:
14: Nearly every culture has its own system of 18: Most human beings are born with a limited
traditional healing. immunity to a variety of diseases.
TR: TR:
15: Some remains of settlement have been found at

the mouths of caves. 19: Headache is one of the commonly observed
TR: symptoms of anxiety.
TR:
16: We can't buy any more equipment, because we

are out of funds. 20: Gene mutations can occur for a variety of
TR: reasons, and have a range of effects, from benign
to malignant.
TR:
17: All the foreign oil companies have been

nationalized in Venezuela.
TR:
war ---- ...ya karşı savaş
confined ---- ... ile sınırlı
objection ---- ...ya itiraz
born ---- …ile doğmuş
influence ---- … üzerindeki etki
---- the world dünya genelinde | dünyanın etrafında
immunity ---- ...ya karşı bağışıklık
complaint ---- …konuda şikayet
dedicate sth ---- sth bir şeyi bir şeye adamak
---- the list listede
question ---- ...hakkında soru
---- the party partide
information ---- ... hakkında bilgi
harm ---- ...ya zarar
pay cope with mistake discovery
scientific developing a problem country
solve encounter war tax
give know obstacle difficulty
make establish habit information
wage get sleep language
bilimsel keşif
bir problemi çözmek
uyumak
dil bilmek
engelle karşılaşmak
hata yapmak
zorluk ile başa çıkmak
vergi ödemek
bilgi vermek
savaş açmak
gelişmekte olan ülke
alışkanlık edinmek
notably explore hardship
impact essential offer
unfavourable come across opposition
illness hindrance call for
necessary
adverse
complaint
effect
difficulty
obstacle
objection
proposal
discover
encounter
require
especially
Transitions
• Unit Words
• List & Examples
Transitions ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
mixed (adj): karmaşık (duygu), her iki

Vocabulary
cinsiyet için, melez
abundant (adj): bol
natural (adj): doğal, normal
necessary (adj): gerekli
alternative (adj): alternatif
negative (adj): olumsuz
anxious (adj): endişeli, çok istekli
old (adj): yaşlı, eski
bored (adj): (canı) sıkılmış
certain (adj): kesin, belirli
pure (adj): saf, tam
rainy (adj): yağmurlu
complex (adj): karmaşık
considerable (adj): kayda değer
religious (adj): dinî
dangerous (adj): tehlikeli
scientific (adj): bilimsel
depressed (adj): bunalımda
different (adj): farklı
short-term (adj): kısa vadeli
difficult (adj): zor
slow (adj): yavaş
disappointing (adj): hayal kırıklığına
uğratan soaked (adj): sırılsıklam
dry (adj): kuru specific (adj): belirli
essential (adj): gerekli stressful (adj): stresli
exact (adj): tam sudden (adj): ani
extreme (adj): aşırı sunny (adj): güneşli
financial (adj): mali tall (adj): uzun
following (adj): ertesi uncontrolled (adj): kontrol edilemeyen
foreign (adj): yabancı underdeveloped (adj): az gelişmiş
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel unknown (adj): bilinmeyen
harmful (adj): zararlı unpopular (adj): beğenilmeyen
homeless (adj, n): evsiz unpredictable (adj): tahmin edilemez
ill (adj): hasta, kötü unsolved (adj): çözülmemiş
immune (adj): bağışık, dokunulmaz valuable (adj): değerli
incompetent (adj): beceriksiz various (adj): çeşitli
incredible (adj): inanılmaz vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu
insufficient (adj): yetersiz warm (adj): ılık, sıcak tutan, içten
irresponsible (adj): sorumsuz wild (adj): vahşi, vahşi doğa
large (adj): büyük almost (adv): neredeyse
living (adj): canlı approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak
male (adj, n): erkek carefully (adv): dikkatle
malignant (adj): kötü huylu completely (adv): tamamen
medicinal (adj): tıbbi dramatically (adv): çarpıcı biçimde
entirely (adv): tamamen citizen (n): vatandaş
financially (adv): maddi olarak citizenship (n): vatandaşlık

furthermore (trans): ayrıca city (n): şehir
quite (adv): oldukça coal (n): kömür
simply (adv): yalnızca, tek kelimeyle, coast (n): sahil

basitçe
coat (n): palto, kürk, kaplama
sometimes (adv): bazen
coffee (n): kahve
soon (adv): birazdan
colour (n): renk
still (adv): hâlâ, yine de
thus (trans): bu yüzden
component (n): bileşen
otherwise (trans): aksi takdirde
access (n): erişim
conservation (n): koruma
acre (n): dönüm
advancement (n): ilerleme
couple (n): çift
ailment (n): hastalık
critic (n): eleştirmen
animal (n): hayvan
cup (n): fincan, kupa
anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik
cyst (n): kist
decade (n): on yıl
aspect (n): özellik
author (n): yazar
desert (n): çöl
behaviour (n): davranış
biodiversity (n): biyolojik çeşitlilik
difficulty (n): zorluk
biome (n): canlı topluluğu
digestion (n): sindirim
blood (n): kan, soy
blossom (n): tomurcuk
distress (n): sıkıntı
body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
ecosystem (n): ekosistem
book (n): kitap
branch (n): branş, dal, nehir kolu
effectiveness (n): etkililik
breath (n): nefes
emission (n): salınım
breathing (n): nefes alıp verme
era (n): çağ
breeding (n): üretme (hayvan, bitki)
eucalyptus (n): okaliptüs
calcium (n): kalsiyum
camouflage (n): kamuflaj
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman,
cause (n): sebep, amaç kullanım
century (n): yüzyıl expense (n): masraf
chameleon (n): bukalemun factor (n): etken, (matematik) çarpan

change (n): değişiklik, para üstü factory (n): fabrika
childbirth (n): doğum fast food (n): hazır yiyecek
chronic (adj): kronik field (n): arazi, alan

circulation (n): dolaşım food (n): yiyecek
forecast (n): tahmin movie (n): film
forest (n): orman muscle (n): kas, güç
giraffe (n): zürafa mystery (n): gizem
goal (n): hedef, gol nature (n): doğa, karakter

government (n): hükûmet neck (n): boyun, yaka (gömlek)
governor (n): yönetici news (n): haber, haber programı

ground (n): zemin night (n): gece
habitat (n): yaşam alanı oil (n): petrol, yağ
headache (n): baş ağrısı operation (n): ameliyat, operasyon,

işletme
health (n): sağlık
order (n): sipariş, düzen, emir
heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret
heredity (n): kalıtım
overuse (n): aşırı kullanım
honey (n): bal, tatlım
parent (n): ebeveyn
human (n): insan
part (n): parça
infection (n): enfeksiyon
patient (n): hasta
inflation (n): enflasyon
issue (n): mesele, sayı (dergi vb.)
pillow (n): yastık
kidney (n): böbrek
policy (n): politika, sigorta senedi
kind (n): tür
knowledge (n): bilgi
position (n): pozisyon, durum, iş
language (n): dil
predator (n): yırtıcı hayvan
leader (n): lider
presentation (n): sunum
level (n): seviye
problem (n): sorun
logging (n): ağaç kesme
machine (n): makine
manner (n): biçim, tavır
profit (n): kâr
market (n): pazar, piyasa
quarter (n): çeyrek, semt
matter (n): konu, madde
rain (n): yağmur
meat (n): et
rainforest (n): yağmur ormanı
medication (n): ilaç tedavisi
rate (n): oran, ücret
medicine (n): ilaç, tıp
memory (n): anı, hafıza
region (n): bölge
method (n): yöntem
release (n): serbest bırakma, salınım,
microbe (n): mikrop piyasaya çıkarma
minister (n): bakan, papaz resource (n): kaynak
minute (n): dakika, an revenue (n): gelir
misuse (n): yanlış kullanım review (n): gözden geçirme, eleştiri
month (n): ay rule (n): kural, yönetim
science (n): bilim apply (v): başvurmak, uygulamak, sürmek
(krem vs), ile ilgisi olmak (kural, kanun)
secret (n): sır
ask (v): sormak, istemek
section (n): bölüm
assume (v): varsaymak, üstlenmek
shirt (n): gömlek
believe (v): inanmak
shortness (n): yetmezlik
boost (v): artırmak
bring (v): getirmek
skin (n): deri, kabuk
burn (v): yakmak
sleep (n): uyku
cause (v): sebep olmak
small intestine (n): ince bağırsak
change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak
smoking (n): sigara içme
choose (v): seçmek
concentrate (v): odaklanmak
stomach (n): mide
consider (v): düşünmek
stress (n): stres, vurgu
cover (v): kaplamak
surroundings (n): muhit
create (v): yaratmak
swimming (n): yüzme
damage (v): hasar vermek
decide (v): karar vermek
taste (n): tat, zevk
decline (v): azalmak, reddetmek,
temperature (n): sıcaklık gerilemek
the animal kingdom (n): hayvanlar alemi decrease (v): azalmak
tone (n): ton (ses), üslup delay (v): ertelemek, geciktirmek
trait (n): özellik destroy (v): yok etmek
treatment (n): tedavi, muamele develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak
typhoon (n): tayfun die (v): ölmek
umbrella (n): şemsiye disturb (v): rahatsız etmek
water (n): su divide (v): bölmek
way (n): yol, yöntem eat (v): yemek
weather (n): hava durumu expand (v): genişlemek
wildlife (n): vahşi yaşam expect (v): ummak
withdrawal (n): para çekme, bırakma, içine experience (v): tecrübe etmek
kapanma
fight (v): kavga etmek, mücadele etmek,
world (n): dünya savaşmak
year (n): yıl find (v): bulmak
address (v): hitap etmek, sorunla foster (v): teşvik etmek, çocuk büyütmek
ilgilenmek, adres yazmak
give (v): vermek
advance (v): ilerlemek
grow (v): büyümek
happen (v): meydana gelmek
alleviate (v): hafifletmek
help (v): yardım etmek
allow (v): izin vermek, olanak sağlamak
improve (v): gelişmek
inhabit (v): yaşamak rising (adj): artan
kill (v): öldürmek last (adj): geçen, son
launch (v): başlatmak, göndermek antibiotic-resistant (adj): antibiyotiğe

karşı dirençli
love (v): sevmek, âşık olmak
blend in (pv): karışmak
maintain (v): devam ettirmek, bakım
yapmak, iddia etmek break down (pv): bozulmak, parçalamak,
kendini tutamayıp ağlamak
manage (v): yönetmek, başarmak
set up (pv): kurmak, ayarlamak, oyuna
meet (v): buluşmak, tanışmak, gidermek getirmek
need (v): ihtiyaç duymak make it (pv): başarmak, varmak
occupy (v): yer kaplamak, işgal etmek focus on (pv): odaklanmak
occur (v): meydana gelmek lead to (pv): yol açmak
open (v): açmak be made up of (pv): ...dan oluşmak
overcome (v): üstesinden gelmek as a result (trans): sonuç olarak
predict (v): tahmin etmek before (adv): daha önce
prevent (v): önlemek a variety of (q): çok çeşitli
promote (v): teşvik etmek, terfi ettirmek, judgment (n): yargı
reklamını yapmak
enough (adv): yeterince, çok
the Black Death (n): Kara Ölüm
a set of (q): bir takım
quit (v): bırakmak
interconnectedness (n): birbirine bağlılık
receive (v): almak
acceptable (adj): kabul edilebilir
cheap (adj): ucuz
remain (v): kalmak
civil (adj): sivil, medeni, kibar
devastating (adj): yıkıcı, şaşkına çeviren
rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş),
ayağa kalkmak dim (adj): loş, mankafa
share (v): paylaşmak, bölüşmek illegal (adj): yasa dışı
show (v): göstermek important (adj): önemli

sleep (v): uyumak intact (adj): bozulmamış
spread (v): yayılmak late (adj): geç, sonları, rahmetli
strengthen (v): güçlendirmek local (adj): yerel
support (v): desteklemek medical (adj): tıbbi

survive (v): hayatta kalmak prone (adj): yatkın
sweep (v): süpürmek, kasıp kavurmak single (adj): tek, bekâr
understand (v): anlamak susceptible (adj): savunmasız

unravel (v): çözmek, açığa çıkarmak, unlikely (adj): mümkün olmayan
aksamak
use (v): kullanmak
abroad (adv): yurt dışında
moreover (trans): ayrıca
mainland (adj): ana kara
otherwise (adv): bunun dışında, başka
succeeding (adj): sonraki türlü
therefore (trans): bu yüzden cross (v): karşıdan karşıya geçmek,
kesişmek, melezlemek
cut (v): kesmek, azaltmak
nor (trans): ne de
drive (v): (araba) sürmek, harekete
army (n): ordu geçirmek
asthma (n): astım frighten (v): korkutmak
brightness (n): parlaklık get (v): elde etmek, ulaşmak, anlamak
button (n): düğme, tuş incite (v): körüklemek
cost (n): maliyet, bedel lend (v): ödünç vermek, kredi vermek
director (n): yönetici, yönetmen live (v): yaşamak
diversity (n): çeşitlilik push (v): itmek, zorlamak
experience (n): tecrübe surrender (v): teslim olmak
feature (n): özellik think (v): düşünmek
figure (n): sayı, şahsiyet, şekil, insan figürü order (v): sipariş vermek, emretmek,
düzen vermek
game (n): oyun, av
have sth in common (v): ortak noktası
hepatitis (n): hepatit
olmak
house (n): ev
dry out (pv): kurumak
have come a long way (pv): büyük
meeting (n): toplantı mesafe katetmek
money (n): para agree to (pv): razı olmak
player (n): oyuncu, sanatçı rely on (pv): bel bağlamak, güvenmek
price (n): fiyat in addition (trans): ayrıca
quality (n): kalite, nitelik elderly (n): yaşlılar
research (n): araştırma Collocations

scientist (n): bilim insanı good judgement : sağduyu
sidewalk (n): kaldırım dry skin : kuru cilt
skateboarder (n): kaykaycı foreign policy : dış politika
staff (n): personel financial difficulty : maddi zorluk
state (n): durum, devlet, eyalet experience difficulties : sıkıntılar
yaşamak
sun (n): güneş
cover expense : masrafı karşılamak
texting (n): mesajlaşma
poor access : zayıf erişim
ticket (n): bilet, para cezası
ill health : hastalık
trip (n): gezi
underdeveloped country : az gelişmiş
tuberculosis (n): verem ülke
war (n): savaş heart rate : kalp atış hızı
wildfire (n): kontrol edilemeyen yangın shortness of breath : nefes darlığı
afford (v): parası yetmek eat meat : et yemek
arrive (v): varmak use carefully : dikkatli kullanmak
ban (v): yasaklamak natural gas : doğal gaz
buy (v): satın almak, kanmak reduce emission : salınımı azaltmak
approaching storm : yaklaşan fırtına natural forest : doğal orman
listen to news : haberleri dinlemek make sth worse : bir şeyi daha da
kötüleştirmek
physical activity : fiziksel/ bedensel
aktivite make sth easy : bir şeyi kolaylaştırmak
burn calorie : kalori yakmak, harcamak prior knowledge : ön bilgi
take step : adım atmak get funding : fon/kaynak almak
necessary step : gerekli adım abandon project : projeyi bırakmak

vital component : hayati bileşen important meeting : önemli toplantı
living organism : canlı organizma remain intact : sağlam kalmak
abundant mineral : bol mineral discover error : hata bulmak
alleviate symptom : belirtiyi hafifletmek living thing : canlı

improve health : sağlığı iyileştirmek speak language : dili konuşmak
chronic disease : kronik hastalık heart disease : kalp hastalığı
natural order : doğal düzen lend money : ödünç para vermek

get soaked : ıslanmak spend day : gününü geçirmek
weather forecast : hava durumu tahmini civil war : iç savaş
pure water : saf su get old : yaşlanmak

share trait : özellik paylaşmak
Prepositions
physical trait : fiziksel özellik on Earth : Dünya'da
lay egg : yumurtlamak a variety of : çok çeşitli ...
homeless person : evsiz insan access to : …ya erişim
get bored : sıkılmak at risk : tehlikede, riskte
large section : büyük bölüm a cup of : bir fincan ...
sudden change : ani değişim on ... grounds : ... sebeplerle
extreme temperature : aşırı sıcaklık at times : bazen
malignant tumour : kötü huylu tümör harmful to : …için zararlı
develop cancer : kansere yakalanmak on the radio : radyoda
coastal town : sahil kasabası unaware of : …dan habersiz
leave town : kasabadan ayrılmak essential for : …için gerekli
issue warning : uyarı vermek against the rules : kurallara aykırı
health issue : sağlık sorunu on the way : yolda
serious issue : ciddi sorun necessary for : …için gerekli
fast food : hazır yiyecek in the water : suda, suyun içinde
launch product : ürün piyasaya çıkarmak subject to : ...ya maruz kalmak
scientific discovery : bilimsel keşif change in : …da değişiklik
make discovery : keşifte bulunmak spread to : ...ya yay(ıl)mak
wild species : yabani/vahşi türler in size : büyüklük bakımından
make profit : kâr etmek in a ... manner : ... bir şekilde, biçimde
decline dramatically : çarpıcı biçimde develop into : (gelişerek) ...ya dönüşmek
azalmak
at a ... rate : ... bir oranda prone to : …ya meyilli
protect from : ...dan korumak susceptible to : …ya karşı

savunmasız/duyarlı
advancement in : ... alanında ilerleme
vulnerable to : ...ya karşı savunmasız
late for : ...ya geç kalmak
in life : ...nın hayatında
in common : ortak
return to : ...ya (geri) dönüş
certain anxious ailment valuable
evidence dramatically divide destroy
abundant difficult depressed company
bir şeyden gerekli olan miktardan fazla bulunması
bir şeyi parçalara, bölümlere, gruplara ayırmak
ani ve belirgin bir biçimde
çok para eden veya önemi yüksek olan
mutsuz ve gelecekten umutlu olmayan
yapması beceri ve çaba gerektiren; kolay olmayan
bir şeyden hiç şüphe duymayan
bir şeyi artık kullanılamayacak hale getirmek veya varlığına son vermek
bir şeyin varlığı veya doğruluğu konusunda inandırıcı bilgi, belge
endişeli ve gergin olan
bir veya birçok kişinin iş yaparak kazanç sağlamak için oluşturdukları kuruluş
secret language memory focus on
alleviate explore profit set up
break down overcome improve unlikely
geçmişten hatırladığımız herhangi bir şey
bir şeyi satıp maliyetini ödedikten sonra elde kalan para
iyi yönde ilerleme göstermek
belirli bir konuya tüm dikkatini vermek
bir şirket vs kurmak
bir şey hakkında bilgi edinmek için araştırma yapmak
kötü bir durumun olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak
insanların duygu ve düşüncelerini aktardığı iletişim aracı
mekanik bir şeyin çalışır halden çalışamayacak duruma gelmesi
bir sorunla başa çıkmada başarılı olmak, hakkından gelmek
kimseye söylenmemesi gereken, gizli tutulan şey
ihtimal dahlinde olmayan veya ihtimali çok düşük olan
List & Examples > List of Transitions
so bu yüzden sonuç bağlacı
The price of the house was acceptable, so the couple agreed to buy it.
therefore bu yüzden sonuç bağlacı
The scientist were unable to get funding; therefore, they had to abandon the project.
Skateboarders on the sidewalks may frighten the elderly, and should therefore be banned.
thus bu yüzden sonuç bağlacı
They hadn't listened to the news on the radio. Thus, they were unaware of the approaching storm.
The company is planning to cut staff by over 30%, thus reducing costs.
as a result sonuç olarak sonuç bağlacı
Medical research has come a long way, and as a result, people live much longer than they used to.
for example örneğin örnek bağlacı
Some people, for example teachers and students, can get cheaper tickets for local bus services.
for instance örneğin örnek bağlacı
You can't rely on her; for instance, she arrived an hour late for an important meeting yesterday.
but fakat, ama, ancak zıtlık bağlacı
After the end of the Second World War, most of Europe had been destroyed, but Sweden remained intact.
however fakat, ama, ancak zıtlık bağlacı
We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.
yet fakat, ama, ancak zıtlık bağlacı
There is a great diversity among the living things, and yet they have a number of features in common.
moreover ayrıca ekleme bağlacı
Texting while driving is dangerous; moreover, it’s illegal in some states.
in addition ayrıca ekleme bağlacı
Our new director can speak three languages. In addition, he has six years of experience abroad.
furthermore ayrıca ekleme bağlacı
Men are more prone to hepatitis; furthermore, they are more susceptible to heart disease, tuberculosis and
asthma.
and ve ekleme bağlacı
Tropical forests may dry out and become vulnerable to devastating wildfires.
that is yani, başka bir deyişle diğer
The game has a single button, that is, the player needs to push just a single button to play.
in other words yani, başka bir deyişle diğer
The sun can maintain its brightness; in other words, its light will not get dimmer over the next centuries.
otherwise yoksa, aksi takdirde diğer
My parents lent me the money; otherwise, I couldn't have afforded the trip.
nor ne de diğer
He had never spent a day in Britain in his life, nor did he know a word of English.
instead bunun yerine, onun yerine diğer
In 50 BC, Julius Caesar was ordered to return to Rome and surrender his army. Instead, he crossed the Rubicon
and incited a civil war.
in fact aslında diğer
Getting older is unlikely to affect our quality of sleep, in fact it could improve it.
List & Examples > Your Turn
1: Education promotes good judgment, thus it is 5: Many citizens were expecting the government to
considered an essential factor for good citizenship. address the rising inflation rates; instead, it chose to
TR: focus on foreign policy.
TR:
2: Many people still believe in alternative medicine,

yet there is little scientific evidence to support its
effectiveness.
TR:
6: The company is experiencing financial difficulties.
In other words, they're not making enough revenue
to cover their expenses.
TR:
3: Tropical rainforests are one of the oldest biomes

on Earth and therefore have a great variety of
animals there.
TR:
7: Average temperatures in the US have risen
dramatically since the 1980s, and the past few
decades have been the warmest of the last 1,500
years.
TR:
4: Dry skin can be a symptom of a number of

different conditions; therefore, the same treatment
methods won't always apply.
TR:
8: Exercises can improve breathing, blood

circulation, and tone muscles, thus strengthening
the body.
TR:
9: Women with poor access to education are at 13: Some people do not eat meat on religious
greater risk of ill health than men. For instance, in grounds; Hindus, for example, are entirely
many underdeveloped countries, more women than vegetarian.
men have HIV. TR:
TR:
14: High level positions are stressful at times. In

addition, they can be harmful to your health.
TR:
10: Forests support considerable biodiversity,

providing valuable habitat for wildlife; moreover,
forests foster medicinal conservation.
TR:
15: Food doesn't break down completely in the

stomach. In fact, only the first part of digestion
happens in the stomach; most of it happens in the
small intestines.
TR:
11: Exercise maintains the regular heart rate and

helps you to overcome the problems like shortness
of breath.
TR:
16: Use the machines carefully. Otherwise, you

could damage them.
TR:
12: Carla couldn't sleep the night before her big

presentation. Therefore, she needed an extra large
cup of coffee before work.
TR:
17: Antibiotics are essential in fighting bacterial 22: Calcium is one of the most abundant minerals
infections. However, overuse and misuse of on Earth, in fact, it is a vital component of many
antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic- living organisms.
resistant bacteria. TR:
TR:
23: The medication did not alleviate the patient's

symptoms, nor did it have any negative side effects.
TR:
18: A factory might reduce carbon monoxide

emissions; for instance, they can burn natural gas
instead of oil or coal.
TR:
24: Bees make Mexican honey from a variety of

blossoms, and as a result, the honey does not have
one specific colour or taste.
TR:
19: Atoms cannot be created, divided, nor

destroyed.
TR:
20: They hadn't listened to the news on the radio. 25: Distress can make a person depressed and
Thus, they were unaware of the approaching storm. anxious. In addition, stress can make concentrating
TR: difficult and decrease your short-term memory.
TR:
21: Physical activities are essential for burning

calories, and thus, parents must take necessary
steps soon.
TR:
26: Regular exercise has been shown to improve 31: The Black Death of the 14th century swept
heart health. Moreover, it can also boost the through Europe and killed almost a third of the
immune system and help prevent chronic diseases. population.
TR: TR:
32: Animals of the same kind share a common set

of physical traits. For example, all giraffes have long
necks and all birds lay eggs.
27: Overhunting affects the interconnectedness of TR:
the ecosystem; in other words, hunting disturbs the
natural order.
TR:
33: The man gives his coat to the homeless person,

in addition, I give him my own shirt.
28: Swimming alone is against the rules in the TR:
coast, moreover, it's dangerous.
TR:
34: Children need something to occupy their time;

29: The weather forecast predicts rain tomorrow, so otherwise, they get bored.
I'll bring an umbrella; otherwise, I'll get soaked on TR:
my way to work.
TR:
35: Humans are made up of approximately 55 to

65% water, so water is necessary to survive.
TR:
30: Water is necessary for microbes to grow, but

microbes cannot grow in pure water.
TR:
36: The weather is quite unpredictable in this 40: People may choose to eat fast foods simply;
region, that is, it can change from sunny to rainy in however, this behaviour can cause serious health
a matter of minutes. issue.
TR: TR:
41: The company had planned to launch a new

product next month; instead, they decided to delay
37: A large section of the area is subject to sudden the release until the following quarter.
changes in temperature, yet extreme temperatures TR:
do not last very long.
TR:
42: Technology has allowed us to make incredible

38: Malignant tumour can grow in size and spread scientific discoveries. So, we can now explore and
to other parts of the body in an uncontrolled understand the world like never before.
manner, thus developing into cancer. TR:
TR:
39: A typhoon warning has been issued for Japan. 43: Koalas do not set up their habitats in rainforests
As a result, people are being asked to leave coastal or desert areas. Instead, they inhabit the tall
towns. eucalyptus forests of mainland Eastern Australia.
TR: TR:
44: This governor is an incompetent leader. 49: 60% of the logging in the US occurs in the
Furthermore, his government is financially South; as a result, the area of natural forest has
irresponsible. declined dramatically to about 182 million acres.
TR: TR:
45: Wild species are sometimes used to provide

valuable genetic resources, for instance for certain
plant breeding.
TR:
50: The government's policy was unpopular.
Furthermore, it wasn't supported by all the
ministers.
TR:
46: In modern era, world is advancing at a faster

rate, but it has some negative aspects such as
stress, depression, anxiety.
TR: 51: The pillows can improve sleep, thus reducing
headaches and other ailments because of
insufficient sleep.
TR:
47: The company didn't make a profit last quarter,

nor did it meet its revenue goals. 52: The metabolism of the cobra is very slow, so it
TR: only needs to eat every couple of months.
TR:
48: More baby boys die in childbirth; furthermore,

more males die in each succeeding year of life.
TR:
53: The company is expanding its operations to 57: The exact cause of kidney cysts is unknown;
new markets, that is, it is opening new branches in however, certain factors like heredity and genetics
different cities. are believed to be the reasons for it.
TR: TR:
54: Smoking does not make it easier to quit alcohol,

in fact it may make the withdrawal process worse.
TR: 58: Science has made incredible advancements in
various fields, yet there are still many mysteries to
unravel.
TR:
55: The book was difficult to understand. In other

words, the author used complex language and
assumed a high level of prior knowledge.
TR:
59: The movie received mixed reviews, that is,
some critics loved it while others found it
disappointing.
TR:
56: In the animal kingdom, there are many species

that use camouflage to protect themselves from 60: We have managed to reveal many secrets of
predators; for example, chameleons can change nature through science, but many mysteries still
their colour to blend in with their surroundings. remain unsolved.
TR: TR:
protect ---- ...dan korumak
---- common ortak
develop ---- (gelişerek) ...ya dönüşmek
---- the radio radyoda
access ---- …ya erişim
---- ... grounds ... sebeplerle
---- the rules kurallara aykırı
---- times bazen
essential ---- …için gerekli
---- a ... manner ... bir şekilde, biçimde
---- risk tehlikede, riskte
subject ---- ...ya maruz kalmak
late ---- ...ya geç kalmak
---- Earth Dünya'da
---- the way yolda
harmful ---- …için zararlı
unaware ---- …dan habersiz
spread ---- ...ya yay(ıl)mak
advancement ---- ... alanında ilerleme
prone ---- …ya meyilli
susceptible ---- …ya karşı savunmasız/duyarlı
necessary ---- …için gerekli
return ---- ...ya (geri) dönüş
ill heart policy expense
cover take step access
reduce poor emission calorie
get foreign difficulties health
burn experience rate judgement
good dry skin soaked
ıslanmak
zayıf erişim
sıkıntılar yaşamak
hastalık
salınımı azaltmak
dış politika
kalori yakmak, harcamak
adım atmak
sağduyu
kuru cilt
masrafı karşılamak
kalp atış hızı
sudden weather trait old
abandon speak language issue
get malignant temperature cancer
serious extreme forecast discovery
share make tumour change
develop issue project warning
aşırı sıcaklık
ani değişim
projeyi bırakmak
kansere yakalanmak
dili konuşmak
hava durumu tahmini
uyarı vermek
kötü huylu tümör
ciddi sorun
keşifte bulunmak
özellik paylaşmak
yaşlanmak
exploration tough detrimental
precious ample matter
nervous reason way
cautiously sharp diminish
abundant
anxious
difficult
harmful
sudden
valuable
carefully
cause
discovery
issue
method
decline
Conjunctions
• Unit Words
• List & Examples
Conjunctions ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
necessary (adj): gerekli

Vocabulary
abundant (adj): bol northern (adj): kuzey
adverse (adj): olumsuz nutritional (adj): besleyici
ancient (adj): eski official (adj): resmi
appointed (adj): atanmış, randevu tarihi / orange (adj): turuncu

zamanı / yeri, donanımlı perilous (adj): çok tehlikeli
Arabic (adj): Araplara özgü personal (adj): kişisel
Arctic (adj): Kuzey kutbuna ait, çok soğuk pharmaceutical (adj): eczacılığa ait
asleep (adj): uyuyan pink (adj): pembe
available (adj): mevcut, müsait primitive (adj): ilkel
beautiful (adj): güzel related (adj): bağlantılı, akraba
bitter (adj): acı, kızgın, sert soğuk remote (adj): uzak
booming (adj): gelişen, gürleyen responsible (adj): sorumlu
climatic (adj): iklimsel revolutionary (adj): devrim yaratan
cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz rigorous (adj): özenli
common (adj): yaygın, ortak routine (adj): rutin
digestive (adj): sindirime ilişkin scientific (adj): bilimsel
dramatic (adj): çarpıcı, tiyatroyla ilgili sensitive (adj): hassas
drastic (adj): ani ve beklenmedik short (adj): kısa, yetersiz
early (adj): erken, başları significant (adj): önemli
eastern (adj): doğu simple (adj): basit
environmental (adj): çevresel single (adj): tek, bekâr
estimated (adj): tahmini soluble (adj): çözünebilen
expensive (adj): pahalı strict (adj): katı
extinct (adj): nesli tükenmiş, sönmüş strong (adj): güçlü
(yanardağ)
sufficient (adj): yeterli
full (adj): dolu, tok
technological (adj): teknolojik
general (adj): genel, umumi
top (adj): en üst, üst düzey, en iyi
toxic (adj): zehirli
healthy (adj): sağlıklı
unified (adj): birleşmiş
heavy (adj): ağır, yoğun
unique (adj): eşsiz
hot (adj): sıcak, acı
unspecified (adj): açıkça belirtilmemiş
unsustainable (adj): sürdürülemez
irreversible (adj): geri dönüşü olmayan
untreated (adj): işlenmemiş, tedavi
likely (adj): olası edilmeyen
major (adj): büyük/önemli various (adj): çeşitli
manual (adj): elle yapılan vast (adj): çok büyük
vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu barter (n): takas
widespread (adj): yaygın behaviour (n): davranış

written (adj): yazılı bicycle (n): bisiklet
deep (adj, adv): derin biome (n): canlı topluluğu
worldwide (adj, adv): dünya çapında birth (n): doğum, başlangıç

accordingly (adv): bu doğrultuda blood (n): kan, soy
actually (adv): aslında body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
almost (adv): neredeyse bone (n): kemik
approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak bowel (n): bağırsak

certainly (adv): kesinlikle, elbette brain (n): beyin
continually (adv): devamlı olarak building (n): bina, inşa etme

currently (adv): şu anda business (n): ticaret, iş yeri
generally (adv): genellikle cabinet (n): kabine, dolap
often (adv): sık sık camel (n): deve

orally (adv): sözlü olarak, ağızdan car (n): araba, vagon
painstakingly (adv): titizlikle care (n): bakım, dikkat, kaygı
particularly (adv): özellikle case (n): durum, vaka, kap

properly (adv): düzgünce century (n): yüzyıl
quickly (adv): hızlıca challenge (n): zorluk, meydan okuma

rapidly (adv): hızlı bir şekilde change (n): değişiklik, para üstü
regularly (adv): düzenli olarak circulation (n): dolaşım
significantly (adv): önemli ölçüde civilization (n): uygarlık
simply (adv): yalnızca, tek kelimeyle, climate (n): iklim

basitçe
cold war (n): soğuk savaş
successfully (adv): başarılı bir şekilde
communication (n): iletişim
tirelessly (adv): yorulmaksızın
widely (adv): yaygın olarak
concept (n): kavram
although (conj, trans): ...e rağmen, fakat
concern (n): endişe, ilgi
since (conj, trans): ...den beri, ...dığı için,
çünkü condition (n): durum, rahatsızlık, şart
adaptation (n): uyum sağlama, uyarlama conduct (n): davranış, yürütme

(film, oyun vb.)
conservation (n): koruma
air (n): hava, hava yolu
contribution (n): katkı
animal (n): hayvan
copper (n): bakır
apple (n): elma
damage (n): hasar
ash (n): kül
danger (n): tehlike
date (n): tarih, flört, hurma
attention (n): dikkat, özen
daytime (n): gündüz
balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi
death (n): ölüm
declaration (n): ilan function (n): işlev, tören
degree (n): derece, diploma funding (n): fon
dependence (n): bağlı olma future (adj, n): gelecek
desert (n): çöl galaxy (n): galaksi

development (n): gelişme, geliştirme generation (n): nesil, enerji üretimi
diabetes (n): şeker hastalığı glacier (n): buzul
diagnosis (n): teşhis government (n): hükûmet

dialect (n): ağız growth (n): büyüme, şişlik
diet (n): beslenme, rejim habit (n): alışkanlık
difficulty (n): zorluk habitat (n): yaşam alanı

disability (n): sakatlık hand (n): el
discovery (n): keşif health (n): sağlık
disease (n): hastalık heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret

dispute (n): anlaşmazlık history (n): tarih, geçmiş
driving (n): sürüş hospital (n): hastane

drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu human (n): insan
earth (n): dünya, toprak humanity (n): insanlık
education (n): eğitim ice (n): buz

effect (n): etki idea (n): fikir
efficacy (n): yarar impact (n): etki, darbe
election (n): seçim independence (n): bağımsızlık
emphasis (n): vurgu inflation (n): enflasyon

empire (n): imparatorluk information (n): bilgi
employee (n): çalışan innovation (n): yenilik
environment (n): çevre, ortam insect (n): böcek

excess (n): fazlalık intricacy (n): karmaşıklık
existence (n): varlık invention (n): icat, uydurma

export (n): ihracat island (n): ada
eye (n): göz, iğne deliği job (n): iş
farmer (n): çiftçi kind (n): tür

farming (n): çiftçilik king (n): kral
fat (n): yağ knowledge (n): bilgi
fertilizer (n): gübre language (n): dil

fire (n): ateş, yangın, ateş etme (silah) learning (n): öğrenme
fire brigade (n): itfaiye teşkilatı leukaemia (n): lösemi
flame (n): alev, hiddet level (n): seviye

flu (n): grip life (n): hayat
food (n): yiyecek life form (n): yaşam formu
foundation (n): vakıf, temel, fondöten lifespan (n): ömür
ligament (n): bağ process (n): süreç, işlem
lip (n): dudak progress (n): ilerleme
logging (n): ağaç kesme radiation (n): radyasyon, ışıma
magnification (n): büyütme rain (n): yağmur

market (n): pazar, piyasa record (n): kayıt, rekor
means (n): araç, para regimen (n): rejim
measure (n): önlem, ölçü region (n): bölge

medication (n): ilaç tedavisi resident (n): sakin (bir yerin)
medicine (n): ilaç, tıp resource (n): kaynak

mitigation (n): azaltma rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı
moisture (n): nem retirement (n): emeklilik
Mount (n): dağ revolution (n): devrim, dönüşüm, devinim
muscle (n): kas, güç role (n): görev, rol

name (n): isim safety (n): güvenlik
nation (n): ulus, kavim scientist (n): bilim insanı
neighbour (n): komşu sea (n): deniz

nervous system (n): sinir sistemi security (n): güvenlik, güvence
night (n): gece sense (n): duyu, sağduyu, anlam
ocean (n): okyanus setback (n): aksilik

official (n): yetkili shade (n): gölge, renk tonu, stor perde
operation (n): ameliyat, operasyon, sip (n): yudum

işletme
skill (n): beceri
opinion (n): fikir
skin (n): deri, kabuk
skull (n): kafatası
optimist (n): iyimser kişi
sky (n): gökyüzü
pandemic (adj, n): salgın
smile (n): gülümseme
path (n): patika
patient (n): hasta
stroke (n): felç, vuruş
pessimist (n): kötümser kişi
place (n): yer
success (n): başarı
planet (n): gezegen
sun (n): güneş
pollutant (n): kirletici madde
tariff (n): gümrük vergisi
team (n): takım
territory (n): bölge
press (n): basın
thought (n): düşünce
prime minister (n): başbakan
toll (n): yol parası, telefon ücreti, (yaralı)
printing (n): basım sayısı
priority (n): öncelik top (n): tepe, kapak
town (n): kasaba, çarşı connect (v): bağlamak
trade (n): ticaret, iş consume (v): tüketmek
transportation (n): taşıma continue (v): devam etmek

trial (n): duruşma, deneme coordinate (v): koordine etmek, uyum
sağlamak
twinkle (n): parlama
copy (v): kopyalamak
understanding (n): anlayış
criss-cross (v): çarpraz çizgi çekmek,
urgency (n): aciliyet boydan boya geçmek
use (n): kullanım, fayda decline (v): azalmak, reddetmek,
gerilemek
user (n): kullanıcı
destroy (v): yok etmek
value (n): değer
develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak
vegetation (n): bitki örtüsü
war (n): savaş
die (v): ölmek
water (n): su
disappear (v): ortadan kaybolmak
way (n): yol, yöntem
discover (v): keşfetmek
week (n): hafta
divide (v): bölmek
eat (v): yemek
wilderness (n): yaban hayatı
emerge (v): ortaya çıkmak
world (n): dünya
writing (n): yazı, yazma
end (v): bitmek
youth (n): gençlik
expand (v): genişlemek
including (prep): … dahil
expect (v): ummak
-celled (suffix): hücreli
achieve (v): başarmak
adapt (v): uyum sağlamak
face (v): yüzleşmek, ...ya dönük olmak
administer (v): yönetmek, vermek
fall (v): düşmek, azalmak
adopt (v): evlat edinmek, benimsemek
farm (v): ekip biçmek
advance (v): ilerlemek
feel (v): hissetmek
agree (v): aynı fikirde olmak
gain (v): kazanmak
govern (v): yönetmek, yönlendirmek
appear (v): ortaya çıkmak, ... gibi
görünmek help (v): yardım etmek
become (v): olmak implement (v): uygulamaya koymak
begin (v): başlamak infect (v): hastalık bulaştırmak
boil (v): kaynamak inhabit (v): yaşamak
bring (v): getirmek inhale (v): soluk almak, çok hızlı yemek
cause (v): sebep olmak injure (v): yaralamak
communicate (v): iletişim kurmak, keep (v): tutmak, devam etmek
lack (v): eksik olmak
conduct (v): yapmak, iletmek (elektrik, ısı),
yönetmek (orkestra vb.) lead (v): öncülük etmek
leave (v): ayrılmak, bırakmak survive (v): hayatta kalmak
live (v): yaşamak thrive (v): gelişmek
lose (v): kaybetmek transmit (v): iletmek, geçmek
maintain (v): devam ettirmek, bakım trust (v): güvenmek

yapmak, iddia etmek
undergo (v): maruz kalmak
use (v): kullanmak
move (v): hareket etmek, taşınmak,
duygulandırmak yield (v): ürün vermek, teslim olmak
need (v): ihtiyaç duymak eating (n): yemek yeme
offer (v): teklif etmek, sunmak numerous (adj): çok sayıda
operate (v): işletmek, ameliyat yapmak less and less (phr): gitgide daha az
place (v): yerleştirmek even if (conj): ...se bile
prevent (v): önlemek desktop computer (n): masaüstü

bilgisayar
prioritize (v): öncelik vermek
disagree with (pv): dokunmak (yiyecek)
produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak
make use of (pv): istifade etmek
progress (v): ilerlemek
turn into (pv): dönüşmek
promote (v): teşvik etmek, terfi ettirmek,
reklamını yapmak turn up (pv): artırmak (ses, ısı),
çıkagelmek, ortaya çıkmak
get rid of (pv): kurtulmak
go for (pv): saldırmak, seçmek, almaya
pump (v): pompalamak çalışmak
quit (v): bırakmak break down (pv): bozulmak, parçalamak,
reach (v): ulaşmak, uzanmak
pass down (pv): geçmek (nesilden nesle)
release (v): serbest bırakmak, yaymak,
piyasaya çıkarmak go by (pv): geçip gitmek
require (v): gerektirmek neuroscience (n): nörobilim

respect (v): saygı duymak until (conj, prep): ...e kadar
revolutionize (v): devrim yapmak cling to (pv): dört elle sarılmak
rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş), depend on (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek
ayağa kalkmak
save (v): kurtarmak, birikim yapmak,
tasarruf etmek, kaydetmek look at (pv): gözden geçirmek, ele almak,
muayene etmek
build upon (pv): üzerine inşa etmek
set (v): ayarlamak, (güneş vb.) batmak, (bir
yerde) geçmek labor (n): iş, iş gücü, doğum sancısı
smoke (v): (sigara vs) içmek, tütsülemek live through (pv): hayatta kalmak
speak (v): konuşmak healthcare (n): sağlık hizmeti
spread (v): yayılmak abnormal (adj): anormal
start (v): başlamak, (iş) kurmak, (araç) additional (adj): ilave

çalıştırmak
average (adj): ortalama, vasat
brilliant (adj): çok iyi, çok akıllı, parlak
brittle (adj): kolay kırılır, kaba
close (adj): yakın probably (adv): muhtemelen
critical (adj): eleştirel, çok önemli quite (adv): oldukça

dangerous (adj): tehlikeli still (adv): hâlâ, yine de
divorced (adj): boşanmış suddenly (adv): aniden
excess (adj): aşırı totally (adv): tamamen

fat (adj): şişman unexpectedly (adv): beklenmedik bir
şekilde
final (adj): son
urgently (adv): acilen
foster (adj): üvey
before (conj, prep): ...dan önce
glorious (adj): şanlı
abuse (n): istismar, küfür
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel
accident (n): kaza, tesadüf
harmful (adj): zararlı
account (n): hesap, rapor, veresiye
hungry (adj): aç
action (n): hareket, aksiyon, savaş
illegible (adj): okunaksız
amount (n): miktar
immediate (adj): derhal, yakın
annulment (n): feshetme
indoor (adj): iç mekanlarda yapılan
baby (n): bebek
inorganic (adj): cansız
ball (n): top, yumak, balo
internal (adj): iç
basketball (n): basketbol
latest (adj): en son
battery (n): pil, darp suçu, ağır silah
long (adj): uzun deposu
new (adj): yeni bladder (n): mesane
obvious (adj): bariz boat (n): tekne
old (adj): yaşlı, eski bond (n): bağ, bono
precious (adj): kıymetli bread (n): ekmek
present (adj): şimdiki, mevcut breakfast (n): kahvaltı
ready (adj): hazır cabbage (n): lahana
rented (adj): kiralanmış cause (n): sebep, amaç
safe (adj): güvende, güvenli certificate (n): sertifika
scared (adj): korkmuş chain (n): zincir
small (adj): küçük charge (n): ücret, suçlama, sorumluluk,
hücum, şarj
unlimited (adj): sınırsız
chick (n): civciv
visual (adj): görsel
chimpanzee (n): şempanze
weak (adj): zayıf
wonderful (adj): harika
combustion (n): yanma
young (adj): genç
conflict (n): anlaşmazlık, çatışma
always (adv): daima, tekrar tekrar (şikayet)
consumer (n): tüketici
basically (adv): temel olarak
contraction (n): kasılma, kaynaşmış
closely (adv): yakından
sözcük
percent (n): yüzde
course (n): kurs, yemek, saha, gidişat
periodically (adv): belirli aralıklarla
cup (n): fincan, kupa
day (n): gün, gündüz money (n): para
detail (n): ayrıntı moon (n): ay, (doğal) uydu
divorce (n): boşanma motorcycle (n): motosiklet

document (n): belge movie (n): film
dog (n): köpek needle (n): iğne, şırınga, ibre
driver (n): sürücü, faktör nursing (n): hemşirelik

Egypt (n): Mısır nutrient (n): besin
element (n): unsur, element (kimya) observation (n): gözlem
engine (n): motor officer (n): yetkili, subay

event (n): olay, etkinlik opponent (n): rakip, muhalif
experience (n): tecrübe oxygen (n): oksijen

fact (n): gerçek pain (n): ağrı, üzüntü
finger (n): parmak (el) parent (n): ebeveyn
fireman (n): itfaiyeci particle (n): parçacık, edat

firm (n): firma physician (n): hekim
flight (n): uçuş pocket (n): cep
forehead (n): alın police car (n): polis arabası
frog (n): kurbağa potato (n): patates

gamer (n): oyuncu president (n): başkan
gastritis (n): gastrit price (n): fiyat
handwriting (n): el yazısı producer (n): yapımcı, üretici

hardship (n): zorluk profession (n): meslek
house (n): ev professor (n): profesör

hurry (n): acele project (n): proje
husband (n): koca rainforest (n): yağmur ormanı
hypertension (n): hipertansiyon restriction (n): kısıtlama

import (n): ithalat right (n): sağ, hak, doğru olan (şey)
importance (n): önem road (n): yol
intelligence (n): zekâ, istihbarat scene (n): sahne, manzara

inventor (n): mucit shooting (n): ateş etme, silahla
yaralanma, avcılık
letter (n): mektup, harf
lifeblood (n): can damarı
sleep (n): uyku
lunch (n): öğle yemeği
lung (n): akciğer
solution (n): çözüm, çözelti
manganese (n): manganez
special effect (n): özel efekt (film)
manufacturer (n): imalatçı
starch (n): nişasta
marriage (n): evlilik
steam (n): buhar
mechanic (n): tamirci
suit (n): takım elbise
mobile phone (n): cep telefonu
sulphur dioxide (n): kükürt dioksit
summer (n): yaz mevsimi drive (v): (araba) sürmek, harekete
geçirmek
supplement (n): takviye
drown (v): boğulmak
sweat (n): ter
earn (v): para kazanmak, hak etmek
elect (v): seçmek (oylamayla)
tongue (n): dil (organ), dil (lisan)
enjoy (v): hoşlanmak, keyfini sürmek
travel (n): seyahat
evaporate (v): buharlaşmak
tree (n): ağaç
form (v): oluşmak, şekil vermek
urge (n): dürtü
get (v): elde etmek, ulaşmak, anlamak
violence (n): şiddet
give (v): vermek
wage (n): maaş
grant (v): vermek, kabul etmek
wife (n): karı
grow (v): büyümek
hide (v): saklamak
winter (n): kış
wisdom (n): akıl
hope (v): ummak
woman (n): kadın
worker (n): işçi
ingest (v): yutmak
world war (n): dünya savaşı
inject (v): iğne yapmak
up to (prep): ... kadar
insult (v): aşağılamak
abuse (v): istismar etmek, küfür etmek
interpret (v): yorumlamak, çevirmek
afford (v): parası yetmek
jump (v): zıplamak
appreciate (v): takdir etmek, farkına
varmak know (v): bilmek
arrive (v): varmak license (v): izin belgesi vermek
ask (v): sormak, istemek love (v): sevmek, âşık olmak
beach (v): karaya çekmek marry (v): evlenmek

blow (v): esmek, üflemek, patlamak mix (v): karıştırmak
buy (v): satın almak, kanmak occur (v): meydana gelmek
carry (v): taşımak pass (v): geçmek, uzatmak, pas vermek

choose (v): seçmek pay (v): ödemek
complete (v): tamamlamak prepare (v): hazırlamak

comprise (v): oluşturmak prescribe (v): reçete yazmak
contain (v): içermek, kontrol altına almak prohibit (v): yasaklamak
create (v): yaratmak promise (v): söz vermek, gelecek vaat

etmek
cut (v): kesmek, azaltmak
realize (v): farkına varmak,
damage (v): hasar vermek gerçekleştirmek
defeat (v): yenmek recognize (v): tanımak, takdir etmek
deforest (v): ağaçları kesmek recruit (v): bünyesine katmak
detect (v): tespit etmek remain (v): kalmak
determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek remember (v): hatırlamak
distinguish (v): ayırt etmek
repair (v): onarmak go through (pv): geçirmek, göz atmak,
pratik yapmak, kabul edilmek
rush (v): acele etmek
refer to (pv): söz etmek, ifade etmek, göz
sacrifice (v): feda etmek, kurban etmek atmak, havale etmek
shine (v): parlamak shut off (pv): kapatmak, kapanmak
shorten (v): kısaltmak fall through (pv): suya düşmek (plan vs)
sink (v): batmak relate to (pv): ... ile ilgili olmak
slap (v): tokat atmak be made up of (pv): ...dan oluşmak
sleep (v): uyumak a great deal of (q): pek çok ...
talk (v): konuşmak look like (pv): ... gibi görünmek
teach (v): öğretmek fungi (n): mantarlar
tell (v): söylemek mom (n): anne
translate (v): tercüme etmek
Collocations
ısmarlamak organic food : organik yiyecek
urinate (v): idrar çıkarmak organic farming : organik tarım
waddle (v): paytak paytak yürümek advance significantly : önemli ölçüde

ilerlemek
walk (v): yürümek
heart attack : kalp krizi
win (v): kazanmak
conduct trial : araştırma yapmak
dust (n): toz
implement measure : önlemi uygulamak
mitigation measure : azaltma önlemi
take care of (pv): ilgilenmek
official language : resmi dil
make out (pv): güçlükle anlamak, yazmak,
taslamak gain independence : bağımsızlık
kazanmak
go up (pv): artmak, patlamak
healthy weight : sağlıklı kilo
come back (pv): geri dönmek, tekrar moda
olmak eating habit : beslenme alışkanlığı
burn down (pv): yakıp kül etmek develop habit : alışkanlık kazanmak
show up (pv): gelmek particularly sensitive : özellikle hassas
make up (pv): oluşturmak, uydurmak, telafi drive a car : araba kullanmak/sürmek

etmek, makyaj yapmak, barışmak safety concern : güvenlik endişesi
break into (pv): hırsızlık amacıyla girmek, promote health : sağlığı geliştirmek
aniden yapmaya başlamak
ancient times : eski çağlar
break out (pv): patlak vermek, firar etmek
establish existence : varlığını belirlemek
bring back (pv): bir şeyi alıp gelmek,
hatırına gelmek develop way : yol/yöntem bulmak
contribute to (pv): sebep olmak measure distance : mesafeyi ölçmek
deal with (pv): başa çıkmak, ...ile ilgili cause damage : hasar vermek
olmak
nutritional value : besin değeri
decide on (pv): bir konuda karar kılmak
climatic condition : iklim koşulları
do away with (pv): yürürlükten kaldırmak,
öldürmek dramatic change : büyük/çarpıcı değişiklik
undergo change : değişiklik geçirmek
adverse effect : olumsuz, ters etki produce hormone : hormon üretmek
vital organs : hayati organlar experience setback : aksilik yaşamak

quit smoking : sigara içmeyi bırakmak physical therapy : fizik tedavi
heart disease : kalp hastalığı build up strength : güç toplamak
develop a disease : bir hastalığa environmental conservation : çevresel

yakalanmak koruma
present generation : şimdiki/şu anki nesil economic growth : ekonomik büyüme
natural resource : doğal kaynak medical team : sağlık ekibi

booming economy : gelişen ekonomi prime minister : başbakan
population growth : nüfus artışı health problem : sağlık sorunu

hold in check : kontrol altında tutmak pain reliever : ağrı kesici
blood work : kan tahlili deep water : derin su
vital role : hayati rol become extinct : nesli tükenmek

play a role : rol oynamak make move : harekete geçmek/bir şey
yapmak
make contribution : katkıda bulunmak
enemy territory : düşman bölgesi
bad habit : kötü alışkanlık
false move : yanlış hareket/hamle
especially vulnerable : özellikle
savunmasız appreciate value : değeri takdir etmek
store fat : yağ depolamak shed leaf : yaprak dökmek
sit still : kıpırdamadan oturmak cut finger : parmağını kesmek
high blood pressure : yüksek tansiyon prepare lunch : öğle yemeği hazırlamak
face challenge : engelle karşılaşmak play card : kart oynamak
various form : çeşitli şekil grow old : yaşlanmak
written record : yazılı kayıt new government : yeni hükümet
printing press : matbaa come to power : iktidara gelmek

go extinct : nesli tükenmek get burn : yanmak
learning ability : öğrenme yeteneği small business : küçük işletme
top priority : en üst öncelik go bankrupt : iflas etmek

use regularly : düzenli olarak kullanmak interest rate : faiz oranı
give priority : öncelik vermek get close : yaklaşmak
govern a country : bir ülke yönetmek food chain : besin zinciri

unspecified date : belirtilmemiş tarih life span : yaşam süresi
spread rapidly : hızla yayılmak immune system : bağışıklık sistemi

whole building : bütün bina short time : kısa zaman
mobile device : mobil cihaz speak language : dili konuşmak
widely available : yaygın şekilde bulunan violence may break out : şiddet patlak
verebilir
heavy toll : büyük kayıp/hasar
harmful effect : zararlı etki
become widespread : yaygınlaşmak
internal combustion : içten yanma
drastic measure : etkili/sert önlem
get divorced : boşanmak
take measure : önlem almak
have charge : ücret almak; şarjı olmak exposed to : …ya maruz kalmış
in danger of : ... tehlikesi altında
Prepositions
responsible for : ...dan sorumlu spread into : ... içine yayılmak
adaptation to : …ya uyum sağlama at birth : doğumda
at a ... level : ... bir seviyede dependence on : …ya bağlı olma
at the top : zirvede in flames : alevler içinde
dispute with : …ile tartışma release into : ...ya serbest bırakmak,

salmak
sensitive to : …ya karşı duyarlı/hassas
play role in sth : bir şeyde rol oynamak
diagnose with : … teşhisi koymak
communicate with : …ile iletişim kurmak
place emphasis on : ...ya vurgu yapmak
agree with : …ile anlaşmak
damage to : …ya hasar
contribute to : ...ya sebep olmak
adapt to : …ya uyum sağlamak
in excess : aşırı derecede
emerge from : …dan çıkmak
decide upon : ...konuda karar vermek
effect on : …üzerinde etki
distinguish between : … ile … yı ayırt
for use : kullanım için etmek
lack in : …bakımından eksik olmak thousands of : binlerce ...
as a means of : … aracı olarak on the floor : yerde
connect to : …ile bağlantı kurmak in a hurry : aceleyle
on Earth : Dünya'da bond between : ... arasındaki bağ
role in : ...da rol close to : ...ya yakın
diagnosis of : ... teşhisi regard as : …olarak görmek
contribution to : …ya katkı susceptible to : …ya karşı

savunmasız/duyarlı
scared of : ...dan korkmuş
at night : geceleyin
related to : ...ile ilişkili
made of : ...dan yapılmak
travel to : ...ya seyahat
patient with : ... hastalığı olan hasta
in the world : dünyada
primitive damage break into progress
pass down lead to widespread related
get rid of undergo extinct prohibit
ilerleme kat etmek, gelişmek
başka bir şeyin gerçekleşmesine neden olmak
birçok yerde bulunan, gerçekleşen veya etkileri geniş alana yayılmış olan
bir yere hırsızlık yapmak için zorla girmek
resmi olarak izin vermemek, yapılmamasını kesin olarak söylemek
başka bir şey ile arasında bağlantı, ilişki bulunan
kayba neden olmak, kötü sonuçlara yol açmak
istenmeyen bir şeyi veya birini elden çıkarmak
çok uzak geçmişteki insanlara özgü olan
belli bir bilgi veya beceriyi bir sonraki nesle aktarmak
genellikle olumsuz olan bir süreçten geçmek, değişim geçirmek
şu anda artık var olmayan (canlı türleri)
inventor conflict do away with prescribe
observation distinguish fall through choose
translate go through take care of divorce
zor veya hoş olmayan bir durumdan geçmek
bir şeyi icat eden kimse
evliliği resmi bir şekilde bitirme
bir şeyi ortadan kaldırmak, bir şeyi kullanmayı bırakmak
bakıma muhtaç olan bir şeye veya kişiye bakmak
tercihini bir şeyden yana kullanmak
bir yazıyı başka bir dile çevirmek
birinin ya da bir şeyin özelliklerini öğrenmek için dikkatlice izleme
karşıt görüşlü insanların yaşadığı anlaşmazlık
bir şeyin gerçekleşememesi
doktorun hastasına hangi ilaçları alacağını söylemesi, ilaçların listesini vermesi
birkaç şeyi birbirinden ayıran özelliklerin farkına varmak
go by obvious scared internal
divorced inhabit lack urgently
infect suddenly unique precious
görmesi, anlaması, fark etmesi kolay olan
içeriden gelen, içe ait olan, dahili
belirli bir yerde yaşamak, oturmak
korku ve endişe hisseden
geçmişte evlenmiş olan ama şu anda evli olmayan, evliliğine son vermiş
(bir şey) yeterli miktarda olmamak veya hiç sahip olmamak
bir hastalığı bir kişiye, hayvana veya bitkiye yaymak
nadir ve önemli olduğu için çok değeri olan
türünün tek örneği olan, her şeyden farklı
hemen ele alınması veya gerçekleşmesi gereken bir şekilde
zamanın geçmesi veya herhangi bir şeyin geçip gitmesi
aniden ve beklenmedik şekilde
pain profession sufficient promise
dramatic bond achieve emphasis
import healthy export prepare
bir şeyi kullanılabilecek hale getirmek
iki veya daha fazla şey arasında bulunan yakın ilişki
özel eğitim gerektiren meslek
bir yaralanma veya hastalığın sebep olduğu fiziksel ağrı
bir işi başarıyla tamamlamak
başka bir ülkeye mal satma
bir şeye özel olarak daha fazla önem verme, dikkat etme
başka bir ülkeden mal alma
sağlığı yerinde olan
bir şeyi kesinlikle yerine getireceğini söylemek
belirli bir gereksinimi karşılayacak ölçüde olan
aniden gerçekleşen ve kolay fark edilen
List & Examples > List of Conjunctions
when conj ...dığı zaman tense bağlacı
Benito Mussolini became the youngest Prime Minister in Italy's history when he was elected in 1922.
When harmful elements get into the air, they may cause health problems and can also damage the environment,
buildings and soil.
Coffee and pain relievers can contribute to gastritis when used in excess.
conj
after ...den sonra tense bağlacı
prep
After Karen had taken her motorcycle to the mechanic, she drove to work in a rented car.
They had to decide upon their next course of action after the project fell through.
Two days after he bought the new suit, the prices went up twenty percent.
Humans could distinguish between animals after the discovery of fire.
After completing his education, Volta became a professor and inventor.
as soon as conj ...er ...mez tense bağlacı
A frog jumps and hides in deep water as soon as it detects danger.
As soon as the accident occurred, a police car rushed to the scene.
once conj ...den sonra tense bağlacı
Once a species becomes extinct, nothing can bring it back.
We can't afford to make any false moves once we're in enemy territory.
Once diagnosed, physicians must determine the cause.
conj
before ...den önce tense bağlacı
prep
Before the firemen were able to arrive, both buildings burned down.
Neil Armstrong had earned his flight certificate before he earned his driver's license.
Before World War II, women were not recruited as intelligence officers.
Before retiring from her company, Anna reached the level of vice president.
conj
until ...e kadar tense bağlacı
prep
Until the chicks become ready to survive on their own, both parents take care of them.
I hadn't recognized the importance of this document until you told me about it.
They married in 1998 and remained husband and wife until his death.
It is not until we lose our health that we appreciate its value.
by the time conj ...e kadar tense bağlacı
The trees had shed all of their leaves by the time winter arrived.
I hope this road will have been repaired by the time we come back next summer.
By the time Persian Gulf War ended, thousands of Iraqi children had died.
while conj ...iken tense bağlacı
While the worker was in hospital, his firm paid his wages every week.
You should hold your tongue while someone else is talking.
While working, Michelangelo would eat only a little bread and would sleep on the floor.
as conj ...iken tense bağlacı
As she was preparing the lunch in a hurry, she cut two of his fingers.
Somebody broke into the house as they were playing cards.
No gamer enjoys having his or her system shut off just as he or she are about to defeat the final opponent.
just as conj tam ...iken tense bağlacı
Just as the students were leaving the class, the teacher showed up unexpectedly.
The shooting began just as the president was leaving the house.
as conj ...dıkça, ...dikçe tense bağlacı
As people grow older, their bones may become quite brittle.
You get more wisdom as you have more experiences.
since conj
...den beri tense bağlacı
ever since prep
Since the new government came to power, a lot of restrictions on imports have been done away with.
A hundred years have passed since the Titanic sank.
Since her father's death, she has gone through a lot of hardships.
England have not won the World Cup in football since 1966.
There has been a close bond between them ever since she saved him from drowning.
Ever since Britain divided the Indian Subcontinent in 1947, there has been conflict in the region.
The boat beached in 1983 and has remained there ever since.
if conj (eğer) ...se koşul bağlacı
If nitrogen and sulphur dioxide mix, they form an acid solution.
If we continue to abuse the earth, we will destroy it.
You may get burned if you get close to the fire.
If the moon were seen next to the earth, it would look like a tennis ball next to a basketball.
The car engine would have worked if the mechanic had done his job properly.
If you had eaten a good breakfast, you wouldn't be so hungry now.
If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
as long as
conj ...dığı sürece koşul bağlacı
so long as
You can have a dog as long as you promise to take care of it.
As long as the sun shines, the wind will blow.
So long as the steam is present, sweat cannot evaporate.
unless conj ...mezse, ...medikçe koşul bağlacı
Many small businesses will go bankrupt unless interest rates fall.
Unless you water your indoor plants regularly and give them the necessary vitamins, you can’t expect them to look
healthy.
Do not take any additional vitamin D supplements unless prescribed by your doctor.
even if conj ...se bile koşul bağlacı
Even if you disagree with someone, it doesn't give you the right to insult them.
Abnormal contractions create the urge to urinate even if the bladder is not full.
conj
because ...dığı için | çünkü sebep bağlacı
trans
The Amazon rainforest is also referred to as the Lungs of the Planet because it produces more than 20% of the
world's oxygen.
Because energy is always being lost along a food chain, food chains must always have more producers than
consumers.
All minerals are inorganic, because they are made of non-living particles.
conj
as ...dığı için | çünkü sebep bağlacı
trans
Hypertension should be treated as it shortens life span.
As his handwriting was totally illegible, we couldn't make out anything.
Sight is regarded as a critical sense by many people, as the world contains a great deal of important visual
information.
conj
since ...dığı için | çünkü sebep bağlacı
trans
Since babies' immunity systems are weak, they are more susceptible to many diseases.
Megan can’t choose nursing as a profession since she is scared of both needles and blood.
He probably doesn't speak the language very well, since he only studied it for a short time.
conj
although ...e rağmen | fakat zıtlık bağlacı
trans
Although fungi may look like plants, they are in fact more closely related to animals.
She walked home by herself although she knew that it would be dangerous.
Japan's official language is Japanese, although English is often taught in school.
conj
though ...e rağmen | fakat zıtlık bağlacı
trans
Though the Amazon is the world's largest rainforest, it is being deforested rapidly.
We have a long and glorious history though we are only a small country.
Very fat people waddle when they walk, though few of them realize it.
conj
even though ...e rağmen | fakat zıtlık bağlacı
trans
Even though smoking is prohibited in the business park, many people still do it.
Anaesthetic medications carry side effects even though they are not ingested or injected.
Travel to Kosovo is generally safe, even though violence does still break out periodically.
conj
while ...e rağmen | oysa zıtlık bağlacı
trans
While manganese is non-toxic in small amounts, its dust can have harmful effects.
Lemurs can sleep for up to 17 hours while chimpanzees sleep around 11 hours a day.
China is the greatest manufacturer of cabbage, while Russia consumes the greatest amount of cabbage in the
world.
conj
whereas ...e rağmen | oysa zıtlık bağlacı
trans
Whereas the average man's muscles comprise about 40 percent of body weight, the average woman's muscles
make up about 30 percent of body weight.
The right brain deals with the immediate moment, the facts and details whereas the left brain interprets these facts,
events, observations.
The potato skin contains all the vitamins and nutrients, whereas the inside is basically just starch.
as conj ...gibi benzetme bağlacı
As with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant.
As everyone knows, an internal combustion engine needs fuel to operate.
just as conj tıpkı...gibi benzetme bağlacı
Just as it was in Ancient Egypt, the Nile River is still lifeblood of the country.
He got divorced, just as his parents had done years before.
as if
conj (sanki)...mış gibi benzetme bağlacı
as though
His foster mother is a wonderful woman, and he loves her as much as if she were his birth mom.
He slapped his forehead, as if he suddenly remembered something obvious.
We are using precious resources as though they were unlimited.
Divorces end a marriage and annulments, when granted, treat the marriage as though it never occurred.
so that conj ...sın diye, böylece amaç bağlacı
The patient had to ask the doctor to increase the dosage of her pain-killer so that she could get some sleep.
Fethi Sekin sacrificed his own life so that others would live.
in case conj ...r diye, ...rsa diye tedbir bağlacı
I always leave some money in my bank account in case I may need it urgently.
I always keep an extra battery in my pocket just in case my mobile phone has no charge.
1: Organic food is generally more expensive 5: Just as the human brain is responsible for our
because organic farming requires more manual thoughts and behaviours, the nervous system
labor and attention. coordinates our body's functions.
TR: TR:
2: Ever since the discovery of DNA in the 1950s,

our understanding of genetics has advanced
significantly. 6: As long as pharmaceutical companies conduct
TR: rigorous clinical trials, patients can trust the safety
and efficacy of new medications.
TR:
3: As global temperatures rise, climate scientists

generally expect more rain to fall, but less often.
TR:
7: A pessimist sees the difficulty in every

opportunity, whereas an optimist sees the
opportunity in every difficulty.
TR:
4: When left untreated, high cholesterol can lead

many health problems including a heart attack or
stroke.
TR:
8: Adaptation to climate change is necessary even if

major mitigation measures are rapidly implemented.
TR:
9: As is the case with most scientific fields, progress 13: If you develop healthy eating habits, you’ll be
in neuroscience often builds upon a foundation of more likely to keep a healthy weight.
past discoveries. TR:
TR:
14: Because they are continually growing and

dividing, cancer cells are particularly sensitive to
high energy radiation.
TR:
10: Arabic and English are both official languages of
Sudan, although over a hundred dialects are
spoken throughout the territory.
TR:
15: When more calories are consumed than are

needed by the body, the excess fat is stored as fat.
TR:
11: While water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea

level, it must reach only 68 degrees Celsius to boil
at the top of Mount Everest.
TR:
16: While the sun was setting, the sky turned into a
beautiful shade of orange and pink.
TR:
12: Ever since Macedonia gained independence in

1991, its name has been the subject of a bitter
17: Deep ocean animals such as fish in Antarctica
dispute with southern neighbour, Greece.
never actually encounter ice as they live too deep in
TR:
the sea.
TR:
18: The use of mobile phones while driving a car 23: A government economist would most likely use
has become a safety concern over the last few an export tariff if the country were facing
years. widespread inflation.
TR: TR:
19: Camels can go for ten months without a sip of

water, as long as they can get sufficient moisture 24: Before astronomers could establish the
from green vegetation. existence of galaxies, they had to develop a way to
TR: measure their distances.
TR:
20: Once diagnosed with diabetes, the patient was

put on a strict medication and diet plan. 25: Employees need to continually expand their job
TR: skills so that they can achieve their full personal
potential.
TR:
21: As with many countries in the region, Japan

places a strong emphasis on education and
technological innovation.
TR:
26: While exploring the human body, William
Harvey discovered the circulation of blood and the
function of the heart in pumping it through the body.
TR:
22: Copper has been used to promote health in

various ways since ancient times.
TR:
27: Unless diagnosed early, many diseases can 33: The skull protects the brain just as other bones
cause irreversible damage to the body. of the body protect other vital organs.
TR: TR:
28: An apple offers the best nutritional value when

consumed with the skin. 34: Since the pandemic began, many businesses
TR: have had to adapt to remote work to maintain
operations.
TR:
29: As the century progresses, all organisms will

have to adapt to new climatic conditions.
TR:
35: The risk of developing a heart disease is the

same as you never smoked once you quit smoking
successfully.
TR:
30: By the time he died in 1506, Columbus had

crisscrossed the Atlantic numerous times.
TR:
36: After his retirement as Prime Minister in 1955,

Sir Winston Churchill’s health began to decline.
TR:
31: After America emerged from the ashes of the

Revolution, it started to undergo dramatic changes.
TR:
37: Currently, humanity operates as though all

resources are for the use of the present generation.
TR:
32: Unless administered properly, some medicines
may have adverse effects on the body.
TR:
38: Until the turn of the seventeenth century, most 42: Until the 20th century, Libya was simply the
simple microscopes could provide a magnification name of a general area, and not of a unified nation.
of 10 power. TR:
TR:
43: Before the invention of writing, history was

passed down orally from generation to generation.
39: Though the island is lacking in natural TR:
resources, it has a booming economy.
TR:
44: Concerns by the United States over the future

40: By the time the Spanish Flu pandemic ended in
path of Eastern Europe after the WorldWar II led to
1920, it had infected approximately 500 million
the Cold War.
people worldwide and caused an estimated 50
TR:
million deaths.
TR:
45: The use of bicycles as a means of

transportation is common in the Netherlands, as in
the rest of Europe.
TR:
41: The old man looked at the children as if he were

seeing his own youth, with a twinkle in his eye and
a smile on his lips.
TR:
46: Whereas ligaments connect bone to bone, a

tendon connects muscle to bone.
TR:
47: Life on Earth will become unsustainable unless 52: Although the daytime temperatures of the desert
population growth is held in check. biome are very hot, they can get very cold at night.
TR: TR:
48: Since leukemia is a cancer of the blood, blood

work certainly plays a vital role in the diagnosis of
this disease. 53: Even though glaciers are made of ice and
TR: appear to be sitting still, they are actually moving.
TR:
54: Baby orangutans cling to their mothers almost

49: The ancient Egyptians made significant continually until they are well over a year old.
contributions to mathematics and astronomy, TR:
though much of their knowledge was lost over time.
TR:
55: Once diagnosed, patients with high blood

pressure need a routine regimen of care.
TR:
50: Once a bad habit is formed, it is hard to get rid

of it.
TR:
56: Though some bacteria do cause disease, many

kinds of bacteria live on or in the human body and
prevent disease.
TR:
51: Arctic animals are especially vulnerable to fat-
soluble pollutants, since they store fat to survive
when food is not available.
TR:
57: As the Roman Empire expanded its territory, it 62: Single-celled life forms have been the most
also faced challenges in governing its vast abundant life forms on earth since life began.
territories. TR:
TR:
63: Many animals are in danger of going extinct

because their habitat is being destroyed as cities
58: Ever since humans started to inhabit the Earth, spread into wilderness areas.
they have made use of various forms of TR:
communication.
TR:
59: Humans are regularly exposed to pollution 64: We must respect the opinions of others even if
when they inhale toxic air inside them. we disagree with them.
TR: TR:
65: Most African farmers do not use fertilizers, so

60: Education itself needs a change so that it can the soil yields less and less as the years go by.
bring change in the society accordingly. TR:
TR:
61: Before the invention of the printing press, 66: Some learning disabilities are discovered at
written records were painstakingly copied by hand. birth, while others are not diagnosed until much
TR: later.
TR:
67: Tanzania has made health care a top priority 72: All primitive civilizations developed concepts of
since gaining its independence in 1964. number and measure as soon as trade progressed
TR: beyond the process of barter.
TR:
68: When people develop dependence on a drug,

they need to use it regularly to feel a sense of
balance.
TR:
73: The fire spread rapidly throughout the building,

and the whole building was in flames by the time
the fire brigade turned up.
TR:
69: The government hospitals do not give priority

unless you have a major urgency.
TR:
74: 4G technology allows users to operate their

mobile devices as if they were desktop computers.
TR:
70: The scientist will continue to study the impact of
climate change so long as funding is available.
TR:
75: Ever since the invention of the microscope in

the 17th century, scientists have been able to study
the intricacies of the microscopic world.
TR:
71: The country is now governed by the king and
his appointed cabinet until elections can be held at
some unspecified future date.
TR:
76: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized 81: Unless drastic measures are taken quickly,
medicine before it became widely available in the some species and their unique habitats will continue
mid-20th century. to decline and disappear.
TR: TR:
77: Many residents of Northern California made

their living through logging, even though it took a 82: While you are asleep, your body produces
heavy toll on the natural environment. growth hormone and this hormone plays an
TR: important role in bone growth and muscle
development.
TR:
78: The Declaration of Independence was adopted

more than a year after the Revolutionary War had
begun. 83: Tourism has a major contribution to the
TR: economy of the place, as many tourism related
businesses thrive in the town.
TR:
79: As soon as food is eaten, the pancreas releases

digestive enzymes into the bowel to break food
down.
TR:
84: By communicating with other people we often
transmit our ideas to them, even if they don’t agree
with them.
TR:
80: Since use of the Internet has become

widespread, the security has become a top priority.
TR:
85: The company continues to thrive in the market 88: So long as some countries continue to prioritize
while it has experienced some setbacks. economic growth over environmental conservation,
TR: the planet will continue to face a perilous future.
TR:
86: A lot of information reaches the eye, but much is

lost by the time it reaches the brain.
TR:
89: The medical team worked tirelessly to save the

patient's life, as though their own success
depended on it.
TR:
87: Physical therapy helps with building up strength
so that people are less likely to injure themselves.
TR:
90: While some insects have a short lifespan of just

a few weeks, others can live for several years.
TR:
---- a ... level ... bir seviyede
adaptation ---- …ya uyum sağlama
dispute ---- …ile tartışma
sensitive ---- …ya karşı duyarlı/hassas
---- a means of … aracı olarak
damage ---- …ya hasar
contribution ---- …ya katkı
emerge ---- …dan çıkmak
---- danger of ... tehlikesi altında
exposed ---- …ya maruz kalmış
patient ---- ... hastalığı olan hasta
dependence ---- …ya bağlı olma
release ---- ...ya serbest bırakmak, salmak
communicate ---- …ile iletişim kurmak
---- excess aşırı derecede
spread ---- ... içine yayılmak
distinguish ---- … ile … yı ayırt etmek
---- birth doğumda
regard ---- …olarak görmek
bond ---- ... arasındaki bağ
scared ---- ...dan korkmuş
related ---- ...ile ilişkili
cause organic weight way
undergo safety damage concern
quit heart change distance
develop eating habit attack
measure healthy food language
official gain smoking independence
organik yiyecek
kalp krizi
resmi dil
bağımsızlık kazanmak
sağlıklı kilo
beslenme alışkanlığı
yol/yöntem bulmak
mesafeyi ölçmek
güvenlik endişesi
hasar vermek
sigara içmeyi bırakmak
food printing a country minister
take go measure challenge
shed make contribution press
prime go disease bankrupt
face develop priority chain
govern top extinct leaf
matbaa
besin zinciri
önlem almak
engelle karşılaşmak
yaprak dökmek
en üst öncelik
hastalığa yakalanmak
nesli tükenmek
bir ülke yönetmek
katkıda bulunmak
başbakan
iflas etmek
formal common swiftly
noxious dangerous debate
humidity thorough possible
basic hazard surplus
likely
official
perilous
rigorous
simple
toxic
widespread
rapidly
danger
dispute
excess
moisture
summarize appear overcome
swallow outlaw rise
achieve form comprise
look back decide beat
deal with
break out
make up
go up
win
shorten
remember
prohibit
ingest
determine
defeat
create
Prepositional Phrases
• Unit Words
• List & Examples
Prepositional Phrases ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
popular (adj): popüler, halka hitap eden

Vocabulary
absolute (adj): mutlak possible (adj): mümkün
advanced (adj): ileri düzeyde potential (adj): potansiyel
affected (adj): yapmacık, etkilenmiş profitable (adj): kârlı
agricultural (adj): tarımsal public (adj): kamu
alarming (adj): endişe verici quality (adj): kaliteli
arable (adj): verimli rational (adj): aklı başında
certain (adj): kesin, belirli regular (adj): düzenli
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal renewable (adj): yenilenebilir
coastal (adj): kıyı resistant (adj): dirençli
complex (adj): karmaşık rural (adj): kırsal
conventional (adj): geleneksel scientific (adj): bilimsel
credible (adj): inandırıcı short (adj): kısa, yetersiz
critical (adj): eleştirel, çok önemli significant (adj): önemli
dear (adj, n): sevgili similar (adj): benzer
dietary (adj): beslenmeyle ilgili strong (adj): güçlü
effective (adj): etkili tiring (adj): yorucu
enormous (adj): muazzam toxic (adj): zehirli
environmental (adj): çevresel traditional (adj): geleneksel
everyday (adj): günlük tremendous (adj): devasa
external (adj): dış unchanged (adj): değişmemiş
freshwater (adj): tatlı suda yaşayan urban (adj): kentsel
genetic (adj): genetik valuable (adj): değerli
global (adj): küresel viral (adj): virüslerin neden olduğu
herbal (adj): bitkisel visible (adj): görülebilir
high (adj): yüksek, kafayı bulmuş visual (adj): görsel
important (adj): önemli western (adj): batı
industrial (adj): endüstriyel widespread (adj): yaygın
infectious (adj): bulaşıcı daily (adj, adv): günlük
internal (adj): iç actually (adv): aslında
intricate (adj): karmaşık deliberately (adv): kasten
long (adj): uzun directly (adv): doğrudan
medical (adj): tıbbi easily (adv): kolay bir şekilde
natural (adj): doğal, normal even (adv): bile
optical (adj): görme ve ışıkla ilgili frequently (adv): sıklıkla
physical (adj): fiziksel helplessly (adv): çaresizce
poor (adj): fakir, zavallı, yetersiz largely (adv): büyük ölçüde
mysteriously (adv): gizemli bir şekilde communicator (n): iletişimci
nearly (adv): neredeyse community (n): topluluk
nowadays (adv): bugünlerde company (n): şirket, eşlik

often (adv): sık sık compromise (n): uzlaşma
partly (adv): kısmen contact (n): temas, tanıdık
quickly (adv): hızlıca contact lens (n): kontaklens

relatively (adv): nispeten cost (n): maliyet, bedel
act (n): eylem, rol, perde (tiyatro), kanun country (n): ülke, taşra
activity (n): aktivite county (n): ilçe

acupuncture (n): akupunktur cycle (n): bisiklet, döngü
advance (n): ilerleme, avans data (n): veri
advantage (n): avantaj death (n): ölüm

age (n): yaş, çağ decade (n): on yıl
agreement (n): anlaşma decline (n): azalma, gerileme
aid (n): yardım deficiency (n): eksiklik

appetite (n): iştah detail (n): ayrıntı
architecture (n): mimarlık, mimari tarz development (n): gelişme, geliştirme
art (n): sanat, beceri device (n): cihaz, yöntem

attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti diabetes (n): şeker hastalığı
basin (n): lavabo, leğen, havza diet (n): beslenme, rejim

basis (n): temel, ... şekilde dimension (n): boyut
belief (n): inanç dinosaur (n): dinozor
bird (n): kuş disaster (n): felaket

birth (n): doğum, başlangıç disease (n): hastalık
blood (n): kan, soy disorder (n): bozukluk
branch (n): branş, dal, nehir kolu distribution (n): dağıtım

building (n): bina, inşa etme downturn (n): düşüş
business (n): ticaret, iş yeri drill (n): matkap, tatbikat
captivity (n): esaret earth (n): dünya, toprak
care (n): bakım, dikkat, kaygı east (adj, n): doğu

cell (n): hücre, küçük oda education (n): eğitim
century (n): yüzyıl effect (n): etki

challenge (n): zorluk, meydan okuma emergency (n): acil durum
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü empire (n): imparatorluk
children (n): çocuklar engineer (n): mühendis

choice (n): seçim environment (n): çevre, ortam
chronic (adj): kronik exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman,

kullanım
citizen (n): vatandaş
exploration (n): keşif
factor (n): etken, (matematik) çarpan
family (n): aile measure (n): önlem, ölçü
famine (n): kıtlık medicine (n): ilaç, tıp

farmer (n): çiftçi metabolism (n): metabolizma
feature (n): özellik method (n): yöntem

fertility (n): verimlilik ministry (n): bakanlık
fever (n): ateş, telaş misuse (n): yanlış kullanım
fishing (n): balıkçılık model (n): model, manken, maket

food (n): yiyecek moon (n): ay, (doğal) uydu
foot (n): ayak, fit (ölçü birimi) mountain (n): dağ, yığın
generation (n): nesil, enerji üretimi movie (n): film
government (n): hükûmet name (n): isim

gravity (n): yer çekimi, ciddiyet nation (n): ulus, kavim
growth (n): büyüme, şişlik north (adj, n): kuzey
health (n): sağlık nucleus (n): çekirdek

heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret nutrient (n): besin
housing (n): konut office (n): ofis, bakanlık

human (n): insan official (n): yetkili
hunt (n): av, arama organism (n): organizma
imaging (n): görüntüleme outbreak (n): patlak verme

improvement (n): gelişme outlet (n): çıkış, indirim mağazası, priz
increase (n): artış painkiller (n): ağrı kesici
individual (n): birey panic (n): panik

infection (n): enfeksiyon parent (n): ebeveyn
injury (n): yaralanma parliament (n): millet meclisi
intake (n): alım partner (n): ortak, hayat arkadaşı

irrigation (n): sulama performance (n): performans, gösteri
issue (n): mesele, sayı (dergi vb.) pesticide (n): haşere ilacı
lack (n): eksiklik pigeon (n): güvercin

lake (n): göl planet (n): gezegen
land (n): kara, ülke pollution (n): kirlilik
level (n): seviye population (n): nüfus

life (n): hayat potato (n): patates
loss (n): kayıp, zarar potential (n): potansiyel
magnification (n): büyütme power (n): güç, enerji

mammal (n): memeli precipitation (n): yağış, acele
market (n): pazar, piyasa president (n): başkan

marriage (n): evlilik processing (n): işlem
massage (n): masaj product (n): ürün, çarpım, bileşke
matter (n): konu, madde proton (n): proton
province (n): il war (n): savaş
quality (n): kalite, nitelik water (n): su
quarantine (n): karantina weather (n): hava durumu

railroad (n): demiryolu week (n): hafta
rate (n): oran, ücret wild (n): vahşi doğa
remedy (n): tedavi wisdom (n): akıl

researcher (n): araştırmacı work (n): iş, çalışma
resource (n): kaynak world (n): dünya
response (n): yanıt affect (v): etkilemek

revolution (n): devrim, dönüşüm, devinim allow (v): izin vermek, olanak sağlamak
rheumatoid arthritis (n): eklem iltihabı appear (v): ortaya çıkmak, ... gibi
görünmek
risk (n): risk
river (n): nehir varmak
role (n): görev, rol cause (v): sebep olmak
school (n): okul, ekol, sürü (balık) change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak
scientist (n): bilim insanı choose (v): seçmek
sculpture (n): heykel contact (v): temas kurmak
setting (n): mekân, ayar decay (v): çürümek
shortage (n): kıtlık deplete (v): tüketmek
size (n): ebat destroy (v): yok etmek
society (n): toplum, dernek develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak
soil (n): toprak, ülke disappear (v): ortadan kaybolmak
south (adj, n): güney disperse (v): dağıtmak
space (n): alan, uzay dominate (v): baskın olmak
speed (n): hız educate (v): eğitmek
star (n): yıldız, ünlü establish (v): kurmak, belirlemek
storage (n): depolama exercise (v): egzersiz yapmak, kullanmak
strain (n): gerginlik, incinme, tür expand (v): genişlemek
structure (n): yapı, bina experience (v): tecrübe etmek
study (n): araştırma, çalışma face (v): yüzleşmek, ...ya dönük olmak
supply (n): kaynak flow (v): akmak
surface (n): yüzey glorify (v): yüceltmek, abartmak
team (n): takım grow (v): büyümek
technique (n): yöntem help (v): yardım etmek
telescope (n): teleskop identify (v): tespit etmek
common cold (n): soğuk algınlığı implement (v): uygulamaya koymak
thinker (n): düşünür increase (v): artmak
trade (n): ticaret, iş influence (v): etkilemek
treatment (n): tedavi, muamele inspire (v): ilham vermek
issue (v): vermek get along (pv): iyi geçinmek, ilerlemek
maintain (v): devam ettirmek, bakım die off (pv): yok olmak
yapmak, iddia etmek
live in (pv): ...da yaşamak
bring about (pv): sebep olmak
contribute to (pv): sebep olmak
overthrow (v): devirmek (kişi,hükümet olmak
vb.), topu istenilenden uzağa fırlatmak
play (v): oynamak, çalmak (müzik aleti), rol
almak refer to (pv): söz etmek, ifade etmek, göz
atmak, havale etmek
suffer from (pv): ...dan muzdarip olmak
turn to (pv): yardımını istemek, ...ya
reduce (v): azaltmak yönelmek
replace (v): değiştirmek, yerine koymak as a result (trans): sonuç olarak
require (v): gerektirmek besides (pp, trans): ...e ilaveten, ayrıca
show (v): göstermek except for (pp): ... hariç

solve (v): çözmek thanks to (pp): ...nın sayesinde
stay (v): kalmak by means of (pp): …nın aracılığıyla

stretch (v): germek, büyük bir alanı instead of (pp): ...nın yerine
kaplamak
actually (trans): aslında
computer program (n): bilgisayar
suffer (v): muzdarip olmak programı
thrive (v): gelişmek problem-solver (n): sorun çözücü
trace (v): izini bulmak hydrological (adj): hidrolojik

travel (v): seyahat etmek, yol almak public health (n): kamu sağlığı
use (v): kullanmak ancient (adj): eski
visualize (v): gözünde canlandırmak average (adj): ortalama, vasat

watch (v): seyretmek, dikkatli olmak cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz
witness (v): şahit olmak considerable (adj): kayda değer
capital (n): başkent, büyük harf, sermaye dairy (adj): süt ve süt ürünleri
spectacles (n): gözlük developing (adj): gelişmekte olan
dead (adj): ölü, bitmiş (pil vb.), uyuşmuş excellent (adj): mükemmel
numerous (adj): çok sayıda exposed (adj): maruz kalmış

last (adj): geçen, son fantastic (adj): harika, garip, çok fazla
in addition to (pp): ...e ilaveten favourable (adj): elverişli
in case of (pp): … durumunda fertile (adj): verimli, doğurgan

consist of (pv): ...dan oluşmak financial (adj): mali
prepare to (pv): ...e hazırlamak fine (adj): iyi, ince

in order to (pp): ...mek için geographical (adj): coğrafi
such as (pp): ... gibi hazardous (adj): tehlikeli
in terms of (pp): … açısından heavy (adj): ağır, yoğun
imminent (adj): eli kulağında amount (n): miktar
individual (adj): bireysel animal (n): hayvan
living (adj): canlı ape (n): maymun

magnetic (adj): manyetik, çekici ash (n): kül
main (adj): ana bacteria (n): bakteriler
necessary (adj): gerekli base (n): taban, (askeri) üs, baz

new (adj): yeni bike (n): bisiklet, motosiklet
oral (adj): sözlü, ağızla ilgili biome (n): canlı topluluğu
red (adj): kırmızı body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
risky (adj): riskli brain (n): beyin

selective (adj): seçici breeding (n): üretme (hayvan, bitki)
small (adj): küçük burnt (adj): yanmış

social (adj): toplumsal camel (n): deve
technological (adj): teknolojik candidate (n): aday
ultraviolet (adj): morötesi car (n): araba, vagon

underlying (adj): altında yatan cause (n): sebep, amaç
various (adj): çeşitli cheese (n): peynir
vulnerable (adj): savunmasız chlorophyll (n): klorofil

wide (adj): geniş cigarette (n): sigara
deep (adj, adv): derin climber (n): dağcı, sarmaşık
brown (adj): kahverengi cold (n): soğuk algınlığı

absolutely (adv): kesinlikle communication (n): iletişim
always (adv): daima, tekrar tekrar (şikayet) condition (n): durum, rahatsızlık, şart
drastically (adv): büyük ölçüde conference (n): konferans

highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili consumption (n): tüketim
immediately (adv): derhal, hemen content (n): içerik

(yakınında)
continent (n): kıta
mostly (adv): çoğunlukla
corn (n): mısır
simply (adv): yalnızca, tek kelimeyle,
basitçe day (n): gün, gündüz
soon (adv): birazdan deforestation (n): ormansızlaşma
typically (adv): tipik olarak effort (n): çaba
very (adv): çok elevator (n): asansör
ability (n): yetenek expectation (n): beklenti
absence (n): (bir yerde) bulunmama experiment (n): deney
acid (n): asit extinction (n): nesli tükenme
action (n): hareket, aksiyon, savaş fat (n): yağ
ailment (n): hastalık fee (n): ücret
airport (n): hava limanı field (n): arazi, alan
amino acid (n): amino asit fish (n): balık
flaw (n): kusur physiology (n): fizyoloji
flood (n): sel, bolluk place (n): yer

flooding (n): sel post (n): posta, iş, direk
floor (n): zemin, kat, alan poverty (n): yoksulluk
forecast (n): tahmin precaution (n): önlem

fungus (n): mantar price (n): fiyat
garbage can (n): çöp tenekesi progress (n): ilerleme
genetic engineering (n): genetik radiation (n): radyasyon, ışıma

mühendisliği
reference (n): söz etme, başvurma
grain (n): tahıl, tanecik
region (n): bölge
ground (n): zemin
relief (n): rahatlama, yardım
habitat (n): yaşam alanı
remark (n): söz
headache (n): baş ağrısı
rye (n): çavdar
heat (n): ısı
shadow (n): gölge
helmet (n): kask
similarity (n): benzerlik
help (n): yardım
situation (n): durum
holiday (n): tatil
skill (n): beceri
home (n): ev, yurt
smoker (n): sigara içen
hospital (n): hastane
source (n): kaynak
innovation (n): yenilik
spider (n): örümcek
island (n): ada
status (n): durum, statü
job (n): iş
strike (n): grev, çarpma, saldırı
labour (n): iş, iş gücü, doğum sancısı
sunshine (n): gün ışığı
leader (n): lider
system (n): sistem
lifestyle (n): yaşam tarzı
term (n): dönem, terim, şart
management (n): yönetim
tortoise (n): kara kaplumbağası
material (n): madde
toxin (n): toksin
milk (n): süt
tradition (n): gelenek
mouth (n): ağız
traffic (n): trafik, kaçakçılık
nanotechnology (n): nanoteknoloji
transfer (n): nakil
nature (n): doğa, karakter
vaccine (n): aşı
oak (n): meşe
variety (n): çeşitlilik
opposition (n): karşı çıkma
vase (n): vazo
part (n): parça
Victorian (n): Kraliçe Viktorya döneminde
particle (n): parçacık, edat yaşayan insanlar
patient (n): hasta way (n): yol, yöntem
payment (n): ödeme wind (n): rüzgâr, gaz (mide, bağırsak)

photosynthesis (n): fotosentez winter (n): kış
carry (v): taşımak renewable energy : yenilenebilir enerji
classify (v): sınıflandırmak toxic chemical : zehirli kimyasal
contain (v): içermek, kontrol altına almak rural environment : kırsal çevre
continue (v): devam etmek urban environment : kentsel çevre

endure (v): dayanmak herbal remedy : bitkisel ilaç/çözüm
evacuate (v): tahliye etmek birth rate : doğum oranı
expel (v): dışarı atmak bald eagle : kel kartal

find (v): bulmak sharp claw : keskin pençe
function (v): çalışmak, işlevini yerine internal organ : iç organ

getirmek
health issue : sağlık sorunu
inject (v): iğne yapmak
chronic disease : kronik hastalık
manufacture (v): imal etmek, uydurmak
genetic factor : genetik faktör
plant (v): dikmek
water storage : su deposu
river basin : nehir havzası
purchase (v): satın almak
vitamin deficiency : vitamin eksikliği
arable land : tarıma elverişli arazi
recommend (v): tavsiye etmek
develop method : yöntem geliştirmek
recycle (v): geri dönüştürmek
bring about change : değişikliğe sebep
resemble (v): benzemek olmak
serve (v): hizmet etmek, görev yapmak, işe industrial revolution : sanayi devrimi
yaramak
relatively unchanged : nispeten
shoot (v): ateş etmek, şut çekmek, fotoğraf değişmemiş
çekmek
natural resource : doğal kaynak
shrink (v): küçülmek
basic need : temel ihtiyaç
smell (v): kokmak, koklamak
important role : önemli rol
spend (v): harcamak
play a role : rol oynamak
think (v): düşünmek
heart attack : kalp krizi
destroy bacteria : bakterileri yok etmek
vary (v): çeşitlilik göstermek
water shortage : su kıtlığı
make compromise : uzlaşma sağlamak
goods (n): mal
a large number of : çok sayıda ...
rarely (adv): nadiren
poor family : yoksul aile
monthly (adj): ayda bir olan
watch helplessly : umutsuzca izlemek
in spite of (pp): ...e rağmen
medical care : tıbbi bakım
map out (pv): planlamak
establish empire : imparatorluk kurmak
rely on (pv): bel bağlamak, güvenmek
dominate trade : ticarete hakim olmak
throw into (pv): atmak(içine)
agricultural trade : tarımsal ticaret
with the help of (pp): …nın yardımıyla
daily basis : günlük olarak
misdiagnose (v): yanlış teşhis koymak
reduce intake : alımı azaltmak
Collocations
physical activity : fiziksel/ bedensel living thing : canlı
aktivite
dairy product : süt ürünü
extreme temperature : aşırı sıcaklık
communication skills : iletişim becerileri
organic material : organik madde,
malzeme underlying cause : altında yatan sebep
popular belief : yaygın inanış get relief : rahatlatmak
face challenge : engelle karşılaşmak technological progress : teknolojik

ilerleme
loss of appetite : iştah kaybı
golden age : altın çağ
conventional wisdom : halk arasındaki
yaygın inanış Prepositions
racist remark : ırkçı söz / söylem similar to : ...ya benzer
spend time : zaman harcamak/vakit problem with : ...da sorun
geçirmek
disperse over : ...üzerine dağıtmak
significant amount : önemli miktar
in the world : dünyada
necessary precaution : gerekli önlem
steal from : ...dan çalmak
financial crisis : finansal kriz
susceptible to : …ya karşı
economic development : ekonomik savunmasız/duyarlı
gelişme
decline in : …da düşüş/azalma
population growth : nüfus artışı
play role in sth : bir şeyde rol oynamak
provide source : kaynak sağlamak
live in : ...da yaşamak
change drastically : büyük ölçüde
değiştirmek hundreds of : yüzlerce ...
favourable wind : uygun/elverişli rüzgar play in : ...da oynamak
monthly payment : aylık ödeme use as : ...olarak kullanmak
considerable effort : dikkate değer çaba growth in : …da büyüme, gelişme
claim life : can almak, (birinin) yaşamına lack of : ... eksikliği

mal olmak
advance in : ...da ilerleme
heavy traffic : yoğun trafik
agreement among : ... arasında anlaşma
spend holiday : tatilini geçirmek
effective against : ...ya karşı etkili
shoot a film : bir film çekmek
similarity to : ...ya benzerlik
produce energy : enerji üretmek
expel from : ...dan atmak
weather forecast : hava durumu tahmini
body temperature : vücut sıcaklığı
exposed to : …ya maruz kalmış
absolutely necessary : kesinlikle gerekli
view as : ...olarak görmek
monthly fee : aylık ücret
purchase price : alış fiyatı
beneficial to : ...ya faydalı
selective breeding : seçici üretme
in general : genel olarak/genellikle
evacuate building : binayı boşaltmak
in winter : kışın
moral weakness : ahlaki zayıflık
social status : sosyal statü
necessary for : …için gerekli
reduce effect : etkiyi azaltmak
conference with : ... ile konferans
natural catastrophe : doğal felaket
inject into : ...içine zerk etmek
relief from : ...dan kurtulma on the continent : kıtada
alarming advanced vary coastal
similarity species shrink tradition
resemble critical suffer purchase
deniz vb. kıyısı olan
parasını ödeyip elde etmek
ortak özelliklere veya görünüşlere sahip olmak, biri ötekini anımsatmak
iki veya daha fazla şeyin birbirine benzemesi
ortak özelliklere sahip bir grup hayvan veya bitki
fiziksel veya zihinsel acı çekmek
büyükken bir nedenle küçük hâle gelmek
endişe veya korkuya sebep olacak nitelikte olan
öteden beri yapılagelen şeyler
büyük öneme sahip olan
gelişmiş, yüksek seviyede olan, daha zor olan
belirli bir aralık arasında farklılık göstermek
continue flood rely on evacuate
die off inspire get along bring about
classify precaution hazardous deal with
birisinde bir şeyi yapma isteği veya yapabilme inancı uyandırmak
bir şey yapabilmek için başka bir şeye muhtaç olmak
bir şeyin meydana gelmesini sağlamak
şiddetli yağmurlarla veya eriyen karlarla bulunduğu yeri su içinde bırakan taşkın
iki kişinin birbiri ile iyi anlaşması
insanları tehlikeli bir yerden güvenli bir yere taşımak
hoş olmayan veya tehlikeli bir şeyin olmasını önlemek için atılan adım
zarar verme potansiyeli olan
herhangi bir eylemi sürdürmek
bir sorunu çözebilmek için yapılması gerekenleri yapmak
belirli bir süre içerisinde bir grubun tamamen yok olması
türlerine göre gruplarına ayırmak
urban citizen decay profitable
relatively directly implement expand
fertile possible decline deficiency
kâr veya avantaj sağlayan
kent özellikleri taşıyan, kent ile ilgili
gerçekleşme olasılığı bulunan
bir şeyin miktarının, sayısının, boyutunun azalması
belirli bir ülkede veya şehirde yaşayan, oranın halkından olan kimse
boyut, sayı, miktar, önem bakımından büyümek
yeni bir planı, sistemi uygulamaya başlamak
bir şeye yeterince sahip olmama durumu
diğer benzer şeylere nazaran
arada başka hiçbir şey olmadan
iyi mahsul veren arazi
mikropların etkisiyle kötüleşip bozulmak veya kokuşmak
List & Examples > List of Prepositional Phrases
because of PP ...den dolayı sebep bağlacı
Populations of the apes are shrinking because of deforestation and hunting.
Because of its similarity to other ailments, this condition is frequently misdiagnosed.
due to PP ...den dolayı sebep bağlacı
The main opposition leader was expelled from his party due to his racist remarks.
Unfortunately, due to hunting and habitat loss, many tortoise species are vulnerable to extinction.
Children may be exposed to greater amounts of toxins in the environment due to the fact that they spend
significant amounts of time on the floor and ground.
owing to PP ...den dolayı sebep bağlacı
Owing to the imminent financial crisis, we had better take some necessary precautions.
The nanotechnology market is viewed as risky owing to the still developing nature of the technology.
Oak should be planted only in deep fertile brown soils, owing to the fact that it doesn't grow well in shadow light
soils.
as a result of PP ...nın sonucu olarak sebep bağlacı
Food consumption is increasing in all regions, as a result of economic development and population growth.
As a result of the flooding, the Nile River provided many sources for the Ancient Egyptians.
thanks to PP ...nın sayesinde sebep bağlacı
Our lifestyle today has changed drastically thanks to the numerous innovations in technology.
Thanks to the favourable wind, we reached the island sooner than we had thought.
by means of PP ...aracılığıyla sebep bağlacı
They carried the goods by means of elevators.
By means of monthly payments, people can purchase more than in the past.
with the help of PP ...nın yardımıyla sebep bağlacı
With the help of her excellent references, she was chosen for the post from among forty candidates.
Pigeons can find their way home with the help of the Earth's magnetic field.
despite prep ...e rağmen zıtlık bağlacı
Famine and disease continue to claim hundreds of lives each day despite considerable efforts by the United
Nations.
Despite being hazardous in general, small amounts of UV radiation are beneficial to health.
Helmets are rarely used by climbers, despite the fact that they are highly recommended.
in spite of PP ...e rağmen zıtlık bağlacı
In spite of the heavy traffic, I managed to get to the airport in time.
New York is a fantastic place to spend the holidays in spite of being very cold in winter.
In spite of the fact that the Atacama resembles the Red Planet, not many movies were shot here.
unlike prep ...nın aksine karşılaştırma bağlacı
Unlike all other parts of the body, the brain can only function by using glucose, and cannot rely on fat to produce
energy.
Fungi do not contain chlorophyll and cannot undergo photosynthesis, unlike most plants.
contrary to PP ...nın aksine karşılaştırma bağlacı
Contrary to expectations and the weather forecast, we had a fine day for the experiment.
Contrary to popular belief, bottled water is not always better than tap water.
as well as PP ...e ilaveten, ...ın yanı sıra, ve ayrıca ekleme bağlacı
Stars contain mostly hydrogen as well as helium and smaller amounts of other elements.
Camels have the ability to endure wide changes in their body temperature as well as water content.
in addition to PP ...e ilaveten ekleme bağlacı
In addition to water, sunshine is absolutely necessary for plant life.
Some devices require a monthly fee in addition to the purchase price.
besides prep ...e ilaveten ekleme bağlacı
Besides selective breeding, new varieties of corn are produced via genetic engineering.
Many animals besides fish live in freshwater biomes.
in case of PP ... durumunda, ...halinde tedbir bağlacı
You must evacuate the building immediately in case of emergency.
The boss is having a conference with management to map out a plan of action in case of a labour strike.
instead of PP ...nın yerine diğer
People can recycle various materials instead of throwing them into the garbage can.
An oral vaccine is one that is taken by mouth, instead of being injected directly into the blood.
rather than PP ...den ziyade diğer
It would be better for the environment if more people used bikes rather than cars.
Growth in bacteria depends on the number of bacteria in a population rather than the size of individual bacteria.
according to PP ...e göre diğer
According to the Victorians, poverty was a sign of moral weakness.
In the US, the average age at marriage varies according to social status, family traditions, and even geographical
situation.
such as PP …gibi, örneğin, mesela örnek bağlacı
Technology has reduced the effects of natural catastrophes such as famines and floods.
Physiology is the study of the biological systems of living things, such as plants or animals.
örnek bağlacı
like prep ...gibi
benzetme bağlacı
Dairy products like milk and cheese contain small amounts of acid.
People have been using grains like corn and rye to make alcohol for centuries.
A cigarette smoker typically smells like burnt ashes.
Like humans or animals, bacteria are be able to manufacture amino acids in order to grow.
in order to PP ...mek için amaç bağlacı
A teacher needs to have good communication skills in order to do her job well.
Understanding the underlying cause is very important in order to get relief from headache.
in terms of PP ...bakımından, ...açısından diğer
In nanotechnology, particles are classified in terms of their size.
In terms of scientific and technological progress, the 20th century has been the golden age for human beings.
regardless of PP …e bakmaksızın, ...ne olursa olsun diğer
The hospital serves all patients, regardless of their financial situation.
Regardless of the method of transfer, only heat can be transferred. Cold is simply the absence of heat and cannot
be transferred by any method.
except prep
...hariç diğer
except for pp
Spiders are found on every continent of the world except Antarctica.
The vase is in excellent condition except for a few small flaws in its base.
1: The surface of Saturn's moon Titan has many 5: Regardless of the advantages of renewable
features that appear similar to Earth, such as lakes, energy resources, there are problems with cost and
weather and mountains performance.
TR: TR:
6: Unlike other toxic chemicals, pesticides are

2: In case of an outbreak of an infectious disease, deliberately dispersed over large areas of the rural
public health officials must act quickly to implement and urban environment.
measures such as quarantine and contact tracing. TR:
TR:
7: Due to the effects of gravity, blood flows down,

towards the feet.
TR:
3: The microscope has allowed scientists to study

the intricate details of cells and microorganisms by
means of magnification.
TR:
8: Many people turn to herbal remedies in order to

deal with panic disorder.
TR:
9: The biggest bank in the world in terms of the

4: A naked-eye star is a star visible without a number of its branches is the Bank of India, with
telescope or other optical aid, except for spectacles almost 13,000 outlets.
or contact lenses. TR:
TR:
10: Besides providing valuable scientific data, 14: Except for hydrogen, every atomic nucleus in
space exploration also has the potential to inspire normal matter is made of both protons and
the next generation of scientists and engineers. neutrons.
TR: TR:
15: His work has largely been appreciated long

after his death, rather than during his short life.
TR:
11: In spite of the widespread famine and disease

during the Irish Potato Famine, the population of
Ireland still grew due to high birth rates.
TR:
16: By means of medical imaging, doctors can

visualize internal organs and structures to identify
potential health issues.
TR:
12: Bald eagles will steal hunt from other birds or

even humans during fishing thanks to their speed
and sharp claws.
TR:
17: With the help of certain devices, exercising

does not have to be a tiring activity.
TR:
13: As a result of the French Revolution in 1789, the

absolute monarchy in France was overthrown and
replaced with a democratic government. 18: Certain individuals are more susceptible to
TR: developing chronic disease because of genetic
factors.
TR:
19: This movie is one of the first that actually shows 23: Regular disaster drills are often required for
the horrors of war instead of glorifying it. public buildings like government offices and
TR: schools.
TR:
20: According to many credible scientific studies

and models, humans are depleting the Earth's
24: Many people suffer from vitamin deficiencies as
natural capital at an alarming rate.
a result of poor dietary choices.
TR:
TR:
25: Despite the fact that the country has arable

land, some farmers are still suffering from the
decline in soil fertility.
TR:
21: Human activities, such as land-use change,
water storage, and irrigation, influence the
hydrological cycle in many river basins.
TR:
26: Thanks to the growth of technology, new

methods have been developed for processing
everyday business activities easily.
TR:
22: The name Holland is frequently used instead of
the Netherlands, but it actually refers to the two
Western coastal provinces, North and South
Holland.
TR:
27: Besides changing the distribution of 31: The researcher was able to solve the complex
precipitation, climate change also affects the quality mathematical problem with the help of a computer
of freshwater supplies. program.
TR: TR:
32: In spite of the fact that the Mayan civilization

28: The industrial revolution brought about was advanced, it mysteriously disappeared.
significant changes in Western Europe, unlike the TR:
relatively unchanged societies of East Asia.
TR:
33: Despite their small size, microbes play an

enormous role in the cycle of matter and in the
metabolism of this planet.
TR:
29: People depend on natural resources for their

basic needs, such as food, energy, water and
housing.
TR:
34: Besides large number of pigeons in the wild,

hundreds of thousand pigeons live in captivity.
TR:
30: The railroad made it possible to travel across

the country in one week instead of in six months.
TR:
35: According to the Ministry Of Education, parents

have an important role to play in the education of
their children.
TR:
36: As well as being used as a painkiller, aspirin can 41: In a marriage, you frequently have to make
also help prevent heart attacks. compromises with your partner in order to get
TR: along.
TR:
37: Rather than destroy bacteria, antibacterial

products can even cause some strains to increase.
TR: 42: A large number of poor families helplessly watch
their near and dear ones suffer due to lack of
medical care.
TR:
38: In case of a natural disaster, emergency

response teams must be prepared to provide
medical care and supplies to affected communities.
TR:
43: In Turkey, the president used to be chosen by
the parliament rather than directly by the citizens.
TR:
39: Nearly half the world’s population will 44: Owing to the Age of Exploration in the 16th and
experience critical water shortages by 2025, 17th centuries, European nations established global
according to the United Nations (UN). empires and dominated world trade.
TR: TR:
40: During the last few decades, the country has

witnessed tremendous growth in terms of educating
children.
TR:
45: Agricultural trade is becoming more global due 50: The company managed to stay profitable
to advances in technology and trade agreements despite a downturn in the market.
among counties. TR:
TR:
51: Because of the extreme temperatures, most

organisms get their nutrients from the decaying of
dead organic material.
TR:
46: In addition to exercise, people need to reduce
intake of high calorie food on a daily basis.
TR:
52: The number of people with diabetes is growing,

47: Some bacteria are more resistant nowadays partly because of an increase in levels of obesity.
owing to the misuse of antibiotics. TR:
TR:
48: How can improvements in terms of diet and

physical activity help us reduce the risk of chronic 53: Contrary to popular belief, antibiotics are not
diseases? effective against viral infections like the common
TR: cold.
TR:
49: Traditional Chinese medicine consists of herbal

treatments as well as acupuncture and massage 54: The Roman Empire was able to expand and
techniques. maintain its power for centuries, in spite of facing
TR: numerous internal and external challenges.
TR:
55: In addition to genetic factors, environmental 58: Mammals did not need the dinosaurs to die off
factors such as pollution and diet may also in order to thrive.
contribute to the development of certain diseases. TR:
TR:
59: Stretching before exercise may not actually

prevent injury contrary to conventional wisdom.
TR:
56: In case of rheumatoid arthritis, you may

experience fever, loss of appetite and energy.
TR:
60: Regardless of the work setting, professionals
must be strong communicators, rational thinkers,
and problem-solvers.
TR:
57: Some forms of visual art like sculpture,

architecture, and origami are three dimensional.
TR:
necessary ---- …için gerekli
---- the past geçmişte
view ---- ...olarak görmek
exposed ---- …ya maruz kalmış
expel ---- ...dan atmak
effective ---- ...ya karşı etkili
inject ---- ...içine zerk etmek
---- the continent kıtada
lack ---- ... eksikliği
advance ---- ...da ilerleme
agreement ---- ... arasında anlaşma
decline ---- …da düşüş/azalma
use ---- ...olarak kullanmak
play role ---- sth bir şeyde rol oynamak
susceptible ---- …ya karşı savunmasız/duyarlı
steal ---- ...dan çalmak
disperse ---- ...üzerine dağıtmak
problem ---- ...da sorun
similar ---- ...ya benzer
beneficial ---- ...ya faydalı
---- general genel olarak/genellikle
growth ---- …da büyüme, gelişme
underlying communication energy age
produce get product temperature
claim shoot skills relief
evacuate dairy holiday a film
body spend traffic cause
heavy golden building life
altında yatan sebep
iletişim becerileri
süt ürünü
altın çağ
rahatlatmak
binayı boşaltmak
vücut sıcaklığı
enerji üretmek
tatilini geçirmek
bir film çekmek
yoğun trafik
can almak, (birinin) yaşamına mal olmak
necessary birth land need
bring about body organ precaution
rural water shortage temperature
natural arable issue method
basic internal rate change
health develop catastrophe environment
vücut sıcaklığı
iç organ
değişikliğe sebep olmak
doğal felaket
su kıtlığı
gerekli önlem
kırsal çevre
sağlık sorunu
tarıma elverişli arazi
doğum oranı
yöntem geliştirmek
temel ihtiyaç
conventional noticeable contagious
knowingly widely significant
frightening important identical
depend on fall immense
alarming
critical
enormous
infectious
similar
traditional
visible
deliberately
largely
decline
rely on
considerable
Correlative Conjunctions
• Unit Words
• List & Examples
Correlative Conjunctions ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.

Vocabulary
adult (adj, n): yetişkin ear (n): kulak, başak
competitive (adj): rekabetçi edge (n): kenar, bıçağın ağzı
crucial (adj): çok önemli employee (n): çalışan
dangerous (adj): tehlikeli eyelid (n): göz kapağı
economic (adj): ekonomik, kârlı factor (n): etken, (matematik) çarpan
efficient (adj): verimli fish (n): balık
environmental (adj): çevresel function (n): işlev, tören
genuine (adj): gerçek future (adj, n): gelecek
hardened (adj): sertleştirilmiş gender (n): cinsiyet
important (adj): önemli habit (n): alışkanlık
innovative (adj): yenilikçi human (n): insan
remarkable (adj): kayda değer industry (n): sanayi, çalışkanlık
responsible (adj): sorumlu injury (n): yaralanma
social (adj): toplumsal insect (n): böcek
spectacular (adj): harikulade interest (n): ilgi, çıkar, faiz
unimportant (adj): önemsiz lens (n): mercek
visible (adj): görülebilir life (n): hayat
greatly (adv): büyük ölçüde manager (n): yönetici
highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili market (n): pazar, piyasa
truly (adv): gerçekten, içtenlikle mountain (n): dağ, yığın
anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik mouth (n): ağız
artist (n): sanatçı noise (n): gürültü
attention (n): dikkat, özen nose (n): burun
balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi obesity (n): obezite
behaviour (n): davranış painting (n): tablo, resim sanatı, boyama
business (n): ticaret, iş yeri part (n): parça
charity (n): yardım derneği, yardım passenger (n): yolcu
cigarette (n): sigara period (n): dönem, âdet dönemi
climate (n): iklim planet (n): gezegen
communication (n): iletişim politics (n): siyaset
company (n): şirket, eşlik pollution (n): kirlilik
cost (n): maliyet, bedel product (n): ürün, çarpım, bileşke
culture (n): kültür profit (n): kâr
danger (n): tehlike public (n): halk
design (n): tasarım resource (n): kaynak
detail (n): ayrıntı river (n): nehir
runner (n): koşucu, kaçakçı color (n): renk
smoke (n): duman, sigara içme antidepressant (n): antidepresan
smoker (n): sigara içen landform (n): yeryüzü şekli

society (n): toplum, dernek ancient (adj): eski
structure (n): yapı, bina animate (adj): canlı

top (n): tepe, kapak certain (adj): kesin, belirli
train (n): tren healthy (adj): sağlıklı
use (n): kullanım, fayda inanimate (adj): cansız

view (n): manzara, görüş similar (adj): benzer
war (n): savaş special (adj): özel
word (n): kelime traditional (adj): geleneksel
work (n): iş, çalışma underground (adj, adv): yer altı, gizli
affect (v): etkilemek closely (adv): yakından
alert (v): uyarmak continually (adv): devamlı olarak
avoid (v): kaçınmak directly (adv): doğrudan

breathe (v): nefes almak heavily (adv): yoğun şekilde
contribute (v): katkıda bulunmak mentally (adv): zihinsel olarak

drive (v): (araba) sürmek, harekete physically (adv): fiziki olarak
geçirmek
though (conj, trans): ...e rağmen, fakat
exist (v): var olmak
air (n): hava, hava yolu
form (v): oluşmak, şekil vermek
animal (n): hayvan
hear (v): duymak
brain (n): beyin
influence (v): etkilemek
breakfast (n): kahvaltı
invest (v): yatırım yapmak
cause (n): sebep, amaç
lose (v): kaybetmek
coin (n): madeni para
maximize (v): en üst düzeye çıkarmak
risk (v): riske atmak
costume (n): kostüm
yapmak, çalıştırmak current (n): akım
solve (v): çözmek damage (n): hasar
stretch (v): germek, büyük bir alanı demand (n): talep

kaplamak
suggest (v): önermek, tavsiye etmek,
enemy (n): düşman
(dolaylı olarak) göstermek
field (n): arazi, alan
ısmarlamak glacier (n): buzul
inheritance (n): miras, kalıtım God (n): Tanrı
particular (adj): özel, titiz gum (n): diş eti, sakız, zamk
in particular (adv): özellikle happiness (n): mutluluk
favourite (adj, n): favori head (n): kafa, başkan
depend on (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret
holiday (n): tatil realise (v): farkına varmak,
gerçekleştirmek
jaw (n): çene
icecap (n): buz tabakası
morning (n): sabah
as well (adv): ayrıca
nitrogen (n): azot
occasion (n): durum, özel gün Collocations
pain (n): ağrı, üzüntü political decision : siyasi karar
resemblance (n): benzerlik living thing : canlı
scarcity (n): kıtlık greatly affect : büyük ölçüde etkilemek
scholar (n): alim noise pollution : gürültü kirliliği
situation (n): durum cross border : sınırı geçmek
skin (n): deri, kabuk national border : ülke sınırı
snow (n): kar form border : sınırı oluşturmak
swelling (n): şişkinlik way of life : yaşam tarzı
symptom (n): belirti health risk : sağlık riski
value (n): değer pose risk : risk teşkil etmek
wedding (n): düğün complete a journey : yolculuğu

tamamlamak
apologize (v): özür dilemek
solve a problem : bir problemi çözmek
bear (v): tahammül etmek, taşımak,
doğurmak run business : iş yerini işletmek
believe (v): inanmak protect eye : gözü korumak
chew (v): çiğnemek excessive stress : aşırı stres
create (v): yaratmak affect health : sağlığı etkilemek
determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek heavily populated : yoğun nüfuslu
glow (v): parlamak chewing gum : sakız, ciklet
happen (v): meydana gelmek glowing skin : parlayan cilt
harm (v): zarar vermek healthy skin : sağlıklı cilt
hurt (v): incitmek bear resemblance : benzerlik göstermek
immobilize (v): hareketsiz hale getirmek pay for damage : zararı karşılamak /
ödemek
intend (v): niyet etmek
human being : insanoğlu
pay (v): ödemek
seek continually : sürekli aramak
preserve (v): korumak
magnetic field : manyetik alan
electric current : elektrik akımı
seek (v): aramak, ...yapmaya çalışmak
traditional costume : geleneksel kostüm
special occasion : özel durum/gün
use (v): kullanmak
wear costume : kostüm giymek
walk (v): yürümek
Prepositions
wear (v): giymek, yıpranmak
in history : tarihte
treat with : ...ile tedavi etmek
populated (adj): nüfuslu
play part in sth : bir şeyde rol oynamak
associate with (pv): ilişkili olmak
in general : genel olarak/genellikle responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
contribute to : ...ya katkıda bulunmak react to : ...ya tepki göstermek
at the top : zirvede live in : ...da yaşamak

invest in : ...ya yatırım yapmak demand for : …için talep
tend to : ...ya eğilimli olmak | ...ile

ilgilenmek
injury efficient exist gender
competitive treat dangerous breathe
highly invest mentally chew
kadın veya erkek olma durumu
havayı ciğerlere çekmek, soluk alıp vermek
vücutta meydana gelen fiziksel sakatlanma, yaralanma
karşılığında gelir sağlamak için bir işe para koymak
zihinle, düşünce süreciyle alakalı olan
büyük ölçüde, oldukça yüksek seviyede
dişlerin arasında yiyecekleri ezerek parçalamak
zarar verme ihtimaline sahip
rekabet içeren, rekabet taraftarı olan
hastalık veya yaralanma nedeniyle birine tıbbi bakım yapmak
iyi işleyen ve vakit, enerji vb. harcamayan
varlığını sürdürmek
List & Examples > List of Correlative Conjunctions
not only… but also… sadece… değil ayrıca...
Water is not only stored underground but also in icecaps, snow, and glaciers.
Excessive stress and depression not only affects the function of the brain, but they also affect heart health.
Bogota is not only the largest in Colombia, but it is the most heavily populated.
Not only do they reduce pain, they also reduce swelling.
Chewing gum can hurt not just your jaw, but your head as well.
both… and… hem… hem de… / gerek… gerek…
Both vitamins E and A are closely associated with having healthy, glowing skin.
Both depression and anxiety have similar causes and some of their symptoms might bear resemblances.
Byzantine scholars had preserved much of the technology and culture of both the Romans and the Greeks.
either… or… ya… ya da…
Stress happens when the body has to react to certain situations either mentally or physically.
He either walks two kilometers or runs one kilometer before breakfast every morning.
neither… nor… ne…ne de…
He has neither paid me for the damage nor apologized.
Though air is about 78 percent nitrogen, neither animals nor plants can use it directly.
whether… or… ister…ister…
The ancient Japanese believed that gods lived in all things, whether animate or inanimate.
Human beings, whether they realise it or not, continually seek happiness.
not… but… …değil…
The value of an old coin is determined not by its age but by its scarcity, its condition, and the demand for it.
Aikido is not intended to harm the enemy, but to immobilize him.
just as… so… tıpkı … gibi …
Just as an electric current can create a magnetic field, so a magnetic field can create an electric current.
such… as… …gibi…, örneğin, mesela
Greeks wear traditional costumes on such special occasions as holidays and weddings.
1: Wars in the history are not about gender, but 7: At least fifty-four rivers in Africa either cross
about political decisions. national borders or form the borders of nations.
TR: TR:
2: Cigarette smoke is highly dangerous to both the

smoker and anyone around.
TR: 8: Both technology in general and technology of
communication in particular play a crucial part in
social development.
TR:
3: Not only humans but also other living things are

greatly affected by pollution.
TR:
9: Stretching not only helps to avoid injury, but it

contributes to maximizing performance.
TR:
4: Neither society nor culture could exist without the
other.
TR:
5: The public should be alerted to both the dangers 10: The word 'culture' suggests a particular way of
and economic costs of noise pollution. life, whether of a people, a period or a group.
TR: TR:
6: People with social anxiety might be treated with 11: The view at the top of mountain was neither
either antidepressants or psychotherapy. spectacular nor very visible.
TR: TR:
12: Obesity depends on such factors as 18: Just as landforms and resources influence the
environmental, genetic structure or inheritance, lives of people, so does climate.
habits of the person, behaviour and many more. TR:
TR:
19: Many runners tend to breathe in either from the

mouth or the nose, not through both.
TR:
13: Obesity has posed a health risk not only to

adults but also to children.
TR:
20: Not only does she run her own business, but
she also does a lot of work for charity.
TR:
14: Either we invest in new technology or risk losing

our competitive edge in the market.
TR:
21: Neither the manager nor his favourite employee

could do their work alone.
TR:
15: Neither the train nor any of its 75 passengers

completed the journey.
TR:
22: Governments and industry must not be driven

by profits and politics but by a genuine interest in
the future of our planet.
TR:
16: The company's new product is both innovative
in design and efficient in function.
TR:
17: Whether the problem is important or

unimportant, you must solve it.
TR:
23: Both the artist's innovative use of color and their 24: The structure of the ear is responsible not only
attention to detail make their paintings truly for hearing, but also balance.
remarkable. TR:
TR:
25: Neither fish nor insects have eyelids; their eyes

are protected by a hardened lens.
TR:
play part ---- sth bir şeyde rol oynamak
contribute ---- ...ya katkıda bulunmak
---- the top zirvede
react ---- ...ya tepki göstermek
live ---- ...da yaşamak
responsible ---- ...dan sorumlu
tend ---- ...ya eğilimli olmak | ...ile ilgilenmek
invest ---- ...ya yatırım yapmak
treat ---- ...ile tedavi etmek
---- history tarihte
demand ---- …için talep
special healthy a problem business
bear complete skin decision
pose political border health
affect noise resemblance damage
solve cross pollution a journey
pay for run occasion risk
iş yerini işletmek
siyasi karar
sağlığı etkilemek
zararı karşılamak / ödemek
risk teşkil etmek
bir problemi çözmek
özel durum/gün
sağlıklı cilt
gürültü kirliliği
benzerlik göstermek
sınırı geçmek
yolculuğu tamamlamak
similarity lessen trivial
hugely shortage live
behave notable harm
occur mean productive
efficient
remarkable
unimportant
greatly
exist
treat
damage
resemblance
scarcity
happen
intend
reduce
Connectors Revision
• Unit Words
• Revision
Connectors Revision ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
willing (adj): istekli

Vocabulary
afraid (adj): korkmuş absolutely (adv): kesinlikle
ancient (adj): eski almost (adv): neredeyse
blunt (adj): keskin olmayan, pervasız cheaply (adv): ucuz fiyata
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal commonly (adv): yaygın olarak, ortaklaşa
cruel (adj): zalim dramatically (adv): çarpıcı biçimde
decorative (adj): dekoratif economically (adv): ekonomik olarak
diverse (adj): çeşitli effectively (adv): etkili bir şekilde
early (adj): erken, başları intensively (adv): yoğun olarak
efficient (adj): verimli naturally (adv): doğal olarak, doğuştan
European (adj, n): Avrupalı percent (n): yüzde
existing (adj): mevcut politically (adv): siyasi olarak
expensive (adj): pahalı purely (adv): tamamen
falling (adj): düşen remarkably (adv): dikkat çekecek şekilde
fit (adj): zinde, uygun, çekici spontaneously (adv): kendiliğinden
fundamental (adj): temel accident (n): kaza, tesadüf
liquid (adj): sıvı, hemen paraya çevrilebilir algae (n): yosun
major (adj): büyük/önemli animal (n): hayvan
Martian (adj): Mars gezegeninden olan arms (n): silah
medical (adj): tıbbi attention (n): dikkat, özen
perfect (adj): mükemmel bed (n): yatak, (dere vs) taban
physical (adj): fiziksel body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
pointed (adj): sivri brand name (n): marka adı
present (adj): şimdiki, mevcut bronze (n): tunç, bronz rengi
rare (adj): nadir, az pişmiş (et), seyreltilmiş budget (n): bütçe
saturated (adj): doymuş cell (n): hücre, küçük oda
serious (adj): ciddi chopstick (n): yemek çubuğu
significant (adj): önemli citizen (n): vatandaş
similar (adj): benzer coal (n): kömür
sudden (adj): ani complication (n): zorluk
technological (adj): teknolojik concern (n): endişe, ilgi
threatening (adj): tehdit eden condition (n): durum, rahatsızlık, şart
tight (adj): dar, daralmış (nefes) conductor (n): biletçi, koro/orkestra şefi,
iletken
vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu
copper (n): bakır
weak (adj): zayıf
creation (n): yaratma
whole (q): bütün
damage (n): hasar need (n): ihtiyaç
diabetes (n): şeker hastalığı net (n): ağ
diamond (n): elmas, eşkenar dörtgen news (n): haber, haber programı
disaster (n): felaket operation (n): ameliyat, operasyon,

işletme
displacement (n): yer değiştirme
part (n): parça
dolphin (n): yunus
patient (n): hasta
driver (n): sürücü, faktör
pharmacy (n): eczane, eczacılık
drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu
ear (n): kulak, başak
poverty (n): yoksulluk
prescription (n): reçete
ecosystem (n): ekosistem
procedure (n): yöntem
end (n): son
production (n): üretim, yapım
energy (n): enerji
productivity (n): verim
face (n): yüz, cephe
protection (n): koruma
quality (n): kalite, nitelik
fault (n): hata, fay
requirement (n): gereklilik
feature (n): özellik
road (n): yol
fishing (n): balıkçılık
root (n): kök
genome (n): genom
safety (n): güvenlik
giraffe (n): zürafa
size (n): ebat
goddess (n): tanrıça
smelting (n): eritme
home (n): ev, yurt
hospital (n): hastane
space (n): alan, uzay
house (n): ev
increase (n): artış
stalk (n): sap (bitki)
instrument (n): çalgı, alet, doküman
stay (n): kalma
irritation (n): sinirlendirme, iritasyon
substance (n): madde, önem
kind (n): tür
temple (n): tapınak, şakak
life (n): hayat
tin (n): teneke kutu
living (n): geçim, yaşam
tongue (n): dil (organ), dil (lisan)
malnutrition (n): yetersiz beslenme
treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
means (n): araç, para
treaty (n): antlaşma
meat (n): et
union (n): birlik, sendika
method (n): yöntem
use (n): kullanım, fayda
miner (n): madenci
visitor (n): ziyaretçi
muscle (n): kas, güç
war (n): savaş
mutation (n): değişim
water (n): su
weight (n): ağırlık live (v): yaşamak
wire (n): kablo, tel lose (v): kaybetmek
worker (n): işçi manufacture (v): imal etmek, uydurmak

world (n): dünya meet (v): buluşmak, tanışmak, gidermek
because of (pp): ...dan dolayı occur (v): meydana gelmek

including (prep): … dahil pass (v): geçmek, uzatmak, pas vermek
appear (v): ortaya çıkmak, ... gibi plague (v): bela olmak
görünmek
ban (v): yasaklamak
become (v): olmak
purchase (v): satın almak
begin (v): başlamak
receive (v): almak
believe (v): inanmak
buy (v): satın almak, kanmak
sound (v): kulağa ... gibi gelmek, ses
cause (v): sebep olmak çıkarmak
compete (v): rekabet etmek strike (v): grev yapmak, çarpmak,
etkilemek (afet vs), saldırmak
unify (v): birleştirmek
use (v): kullanmak
count (v): saymak, dikkate almak
weight (v): ağırlık bağlamak
crush (v): ezmek, kırışmak, şaşırtmak,
yenmek plant (n): bitki, santral
decay (v): çürümek unionized (adj): sendikalı
decrease (v): azalmak shut down (pv): kapatmak
die (v): ölmek cell phone (n): cep telefonu

discover (v): keşfetmek contribute to (pv): sebep olmak
eat (v): yemek focus on (pv): odaklanmak
end (v): bitmek live on (pv): geçimini sağlamak

Collocations
explore (v): keşfetmek remarkably similar : son derece benzer
fear (v): korkmak generate electricity : elektrik üretmek
feel (v): hissetmek particularly vulnerable : özellikle
find (v): bulmak savunmasız
generate (v): üretmek climate change : iklim değişikliği
hope (v): ummak medical prescription : tıbbi reçete
ignore (v): yok saymak back pain : sırt ağrısı
improve (v): gelişmek prevent disease : hastalığı önlemek
induce (v): sebep olmak, ikna etmek health problem : sağlık sorunu
keep (v): tutmak, devam etmek take seriously : ciddiye almak
kill (v): öldürmek become serious : ciddileşmek/ciddi hale

gelmek
last (v): sürmek, dayanmak
water vapour : su buharı
lick (v): yalamak
serious complication : ciddi komplikasyon
cold war : soğuk savaş lose weight : kilo kaybetmek/kilo vermek
reduce dramatically : önemli ölçüde coal miner : kömür madencisi
azaltmak
absolutely perfect : kesinlikle mükemmel
world power : dünya gücü
complete procedure : işlemi tamamlamak
natural gas : doğal gaz
use cell phone : cep telefonu kullanmak
high level : yüksek düzey
Prepositions
blood sugar : kan şekeri
cruel to : ...ya karşı zalim/acımasız
purely decorative : tamamen dekoratif
receive attention : ilgi görmek
pressure on : ... üzerinde baskı
living space : yaşam alanı
news about : ...hakkında haber
nuclear disaster : nükleer felaket
increase in : ...da artış
power plant : elektrik santralı
on the surface : yüzeyde
grow old : yaşlanmak
vital to : ...için çok önemli, hayati
old age : ihtiyarlık
compete with : ...ile yarışmak/rekabet
earthquake may strike : deprem vurabilir etmek
keep fit : zinde, formda kalmak focus on : ...ya odaklanma
mobile phone : cep telefonu patient with : ... hastalığı olan hasta
count calorie : kalori saymak ban from : ...dan yasaklamak
pharmacy disease prescription space
shut down sudden naturally complete
existing dramatically hospital disaster
bir işletmenin, büyük bir makinenin veya sistemin kapanması
doktorun hastaya verdiği ilaçların yazdığı kağıt
şu anda var olmaya devam eden
çok büyük üzüntüye ve büyük zarara yol açan durum
ani ve belirgin bir biçimde
doğanın bir parçası olarak meydana gelen, insan yapımı olmayan
hastalanınca gidilen, doktorların çalıştığı sağlık kurumu
bir anda, beklenmedik bir şekilde gerçekleşen
ilaçların ve çeşitli kozmetik ürünlerinin satıldığı yer
yapılması gereken her şeyi yapıp bitirmiş olmak
dünya atmosferinin dışındaki alan
1: Some fishing methods, such as the use of nets, 5: Electricity is generated when the electrons in a
kill a large number of dolphins every year. substance are passed along a conductor such as a
TR: metal wire.
TR:
2: Though cells may appear to be very diverse, the

fundamental features are remarkably similar.
TR:
6: Africa is found to be particularly vulnerable to
climate change, because of existing pressures on
its ecosystems.
TR:
3: Meat production can be made more efficient by

keeping the animals more intensively. However,
some people feel this is cruel to animals.
TR:
7: A species is vulnerable if its population is

decreasing because of the threatening factors.
TR:
4: The European part of the Soviet Union was about

a fourth of the size of the whole country, but almost 8: Today, in order to purchase any kind of drug from
80 percent of its citizens lived there. an online pharmacy, patients must have a medical
TR: prescription.
TR:
9: Just as weak muscles can contribute to back

pain, so can tight muscles.
TR:
10: Although some bacteria do cause disease, 15: Despite significant increases in productivity,
many kinds of bacteria live on or in the human body malnutrition and poverty still plague many parts of
and prevent disease. the world.
TR: TR:
11: Giraffe tongue is so long that they could lick 16: Martian atmosphere is effectively saturated with
every part of their face, including their ears. water vapour, however there is no liquid water
TR: present on the surface.
TR:
12: Mutations in the virus genome could either

occur spontaneously or be induced by physical and
chemical means.
TR: 17: Visitors can explore both the inside and the
outside of the temple.
TR:
18: Cheaply made violas do not sound as good as

quality brand-name instruments, nor do they last as
13: When the world got news about the Chernobyl long.
accident, it became the largest technological TR:
disasters of all time.
TR:
19: Algae are commonly considered water plants,

but this is not the case. Algae have neither roots nor
stalks.
14: Health problems aren't taken seriously, so TR:
they're ignored until they become serious.
TR:
20: Mild skin irritation may occur after treatment, but 25: Although water is vital to life and diamonds are
serious complications are rare. purely decorative, diamonds are much more
TR: expensive.
TR:
21: The Cold War has ended. As a consequence,

the two major world powers have been able to
reduce their arms budgets dramatically.
TR: 26: The sooner the problem receives attention, the
less damage there will be.
TR:
27: Soil bacteria compete with each other for their

life’s requirements such as oxygen, water, living
space.
22: In 1995, most European countries met almost TR:
half of their energy needs by means of natural gas.
TR:
28: Ancient people believed there was not just one

23: The higher the level of blood sugar, the more god but a number of gods and goddesses.
insulin the body manufactures. TR:
TR:
24: Whereas Chinese chopsticks are blunt at the 29: The earliest cell phones were not only
eating end, Japanese chopsticks are pointed. expensive to buy, but also to use.
TR: TR:
30: Since the nuclear disaster of 2011, many 35: About 4000 years after copper smelting was
nuclear power plants have shut down operation due discovered, the alloying of copper with tin to
to safety concerns. produce bronze began.
TR: TR:
31: We hope to grow old, yet we fear old age; that 36: Conditions must be absolutely perfect for the
is, we are willing to live, and afraid to die. creation of a fossil; otherwise, an organism will
TR: naturally decay away.
TR:
32: The earthquake struck while people were home

in bed; as a result, many died being crushed by
their falling houses.
TR: 37: Once the procedure is completed, most patients
will have a hospital stay of between one and three
days.
TR:
33: The patients with diabetes should focus on

keeping fit and improving energy rather than on
counting calories and losing weight. 38: Mobile phone use can cause drivers to take
TR: their eyes off the road; therefore, they should be
banned from using cell phones.
TR:
34: Many coal miners are unionized so that they

can enjoy more protections as workers.
TR:
39: Earthquakes occur as a result of sudden 40: The treaty unified the European countries not
displacements across a fault within the earth. only politically, but also economically.
TR: TR:
cruel ---- ...ya karşı zalim/acımasız
news ---- ...hakkında haber
---- the surface yüzeyde
vital ---- ...için çok önemli, hayati
compete ---- ...ile yarışmak/rekabet etmek
pressure ---- ... üzerinde baskı
patient ---- ... hastalığı olan hasta
ban ---- ...dan yasaklamak
focus ---- ...ya odaklanma
climate living age prescription
power cold space electricity
generate old war fit
keep medical seriously attention
prevent blood disease sugar
receive take plant change
hastalığı önlemek
ihtiyarlık
soğuk savaş
kan şekeri
ciddiye almak
yaşam alanı
ilgi görmek
tıbbi reçete
elektrik üretmek
elektrik santralı
zinde, formda kalmak
basic battle uncommon
myriad catastrophe finish
seriously close up neglect
necessity main produce
diverse
fundamental
major
dramatically
disaster
requirement
war
generate
ignore
shut down
complete
rare
Relative Clause
• Unit Words
• Relative Clause
Relative Clause ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
usually (adv): genellikle

Vocabulary
abandoned (adj): terk edilmiş activity (n): aktivite
active (adj): etkin anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik
authentic (adj): hakiki bat (n): yarasa, sopa (spor)
common (adj): yaygın, ortak biodiversity (n): biyolojik çeşitlilik
complex (adj): karmaşık business (n): ticaret, iş yeri
crowded (adj): kalabalık captain (n): kaptan, yüzbaşı
delicious (adj): lezzetli cavity (n): oyuk
dry (adj): kuru cell (n): hücre, küçük oda
embryonic (adj): embriyo ile ilgili, change (n): değişiklik, para üstü
gelişmeye başlamış children (n): çocuklar
good (adj): iyi chronic (adj): kronik
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel city (n): şehir
industrial (adj): endüstriyel climate (n): iklim
likely (adj): olası coach (n): antrenör, yolcu otobüsü
neurological (adj): sinirsel hastalıklar ile college (n): üniversite
ilgili
new (adj): yeni
official (adj): resmi
conference (n): konferans
physical (adj): fiziksel
constipation (n): kabızlık
rare (adj): nadir, az pişmiş (et), seyreltilmiş
cuisine (n): yemek pişirme sanatı
recent (adj): son zamanlardaki
data (n): veri
dedication (n): kendini adama, ithaf etme
small (adj): küçük
desire (n): arzu
stressful (adj): stresli
tiny (adj): küçücük
diabetes (n): şeker hastalığı
unable (adj): yapamayan
uncomfortable (adj): rahatsız
disorder (n): bozukluk
dress (n): elbise
warm (adj): ılık, sıcak tutan, içten
effect (n): etki
far (adv): uzak, çok daha
efficiency (n): verimlilik
horribly (adv): dehşet verici
naturally (adv): doğal olarak, doğuştan
rapidly (adv): hızlı bir şekilde
enthusiasm (n): heves
temporarily (adv): geçici olarak
event (n): olay, etkinlik
unexpectedly (adv): beklenmedik bir
şekilde experience (n): tecrübe
extent (n): boyut research (n): araştırma
finding (n): bulgu, hüküm restaurant (n): restoran
friend (n): arkadaş scholar (n): alim

hand (n): el school (n): okul, ekol, sürü (balık)
head (n): kafa, başkan student (n): öğrenci

health (n): sağlık summer (n): yaz mevsimi
holiday (n): tatil tailor (n): terzi
impact (n): etki, darbe team (n): takım

independence (n): bağımsızlık technique (n): yöntem
individual (n): birey teenager (n): ergen
information (n): bilgi third party (n): üçüncü kişi

ingredient (n): malzemeler, unsur toothpaste (n): diş macunu
intern (n): stajyer volunteer (n): gönüllü
iron (n): demir, ütü waste (n): israf, atık
island (n): ada weather (n): hava durumu

learning (n): öğrenme week (n): hafta
light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs) affect (v): etkilemek

lip (n): dudak apply (v): başvurmak, uygulamak, sürmek
(krem vs), ile ilgisi olmak (kural, kanun)
manufacturing (n): imalat
attract (v): çekmek
material (n): madde
collect (v): toplamak, koleksiyon yapmak,
money (n): para gidip almak
month (n): ay come (v): gelmek
movement (n): hareket, akım consider (v): düşünmek
night (n): gece contain (v): içermek, kontrol altına almak
observation (n): gözlem design (v): tasarlamak
ocean (n): okyanus develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak
official (n): yetkili differentiate (v): ayırt etmek,
farklılaştırmak
painting (n): tablo, resim sanatı, boyama
display (v): sergilemek, göstermek
paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, belge, makale
divide (v): bölmek
patient (n): hasta
engage (v): ilgilendirmek, iş vermek
period (n): dönem, âdet dönemi
excrete (v): vücuttan atmak
photon (n): foton
graduate (v): mezun olmak
politician (n): siyasetçi
hire (v): kiralamak, işe almak
invite (v): davet etmek, davetiye çıkarmak
promise (n): söz, umut verici şey
marry (v): evlenmek
meet (v): buluşmak, tanışmak, gidermek
relationship (n): ilişki
occur (v): meydana gelmek
religion (n): din
pray (v): dua etmek delighted (adj): memnun
present (v): sunmak, tanıştırmak depressed (adj): bunalımda
prevent (v): önlemek faded (adj): soluk
publish (v): yayımlamak famous (adj): meşhur

recommend (v): tavsiye etmek far (adj): uzak
recruit (v): bünyesine katmak frozen (adj): donmuş

recycle (v): geri dönüştürmek immune (adj): bağışık, dokunulmaz
reduce (v): azaltmak important (adj): önemli
require (v): gerektirmek infectious (adj): bulaşıcı
respect (v): saygı duymak Jewish (adj): Musevi

rule (v): yönetmek, hüküm vermek known (adj): bilinen
seem (v): ... gibi görünmek precise (adj): tam
serve (v): hizmet etmek, görev yapmak, işe primary (adj): başlıca, ilkokul, ilk
yaramak
resistant (adj): dirençli
share (v): paylaşmak, bölüşmek
royal (adj): kraliyet
show (v): göstermek
serial (adj): seri
subtropical (adj): alt tropikal
speak (v): konuşmak
torn (adj): yırtık
spoil (v): bozmak, şımartmak, çürümek
tropical (adj): tropikal
steal (v): çalmak
vascular (adj): damarsal
stop (v): durmak, engellemek
approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak
ısmarlamak clearly (adv): açık bir şekilde
use (v): kullanmak endlessly (adv): sonsuz bir şekilde
to be born (v): doğmak even (adv): bile
plant (n): bitki, santral greatly (adv): büyük ölçüde
stolen (adj): çalınmış mostly (adv): çoğunlukla
last (adj): geçen, son nowadays (adv): bugünlerde
at least (adv): en azından often (adv): sık sık
engage in (pv): katılmak probably (adv): muhtemelen
lead to (pv): yol açmak quite (adv): oldukça
lots of (q): birçok regularly (adv): düzenli olarak
a majority of (q): ...nın çoğunluğu up to (adv): en fazla
analyze (v): analiz etmek advertising (n): reklamcılık
multidisciplinary (adj): çok disiplinli agreement (n): anlaşma
enough (adv): yeterince, çok area (n): bölge, yüz ölçümü
lockdown (n): karantina atmosphere (n): atmosfer, ortam
healthcare (n): sağlık hizmeti authority (n): yetki
ancient (adj): eski bee (n): arı
cancerous (adj): kanserli binoculars (n): dürbün
blood (n): kan, soy insect (n): böcek
body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim interest (n): ilgi, çıkar, faiz
book (n): kitap job (n): iş

breath (n): nefes killer (n): katil
bribe (n): rüşvet land (n): kara, ülke

century (n): yüzyıl leave (n): izin
citizen (n): vatandaş level (n): seviye
colony (n): koloni living (n): geçim, yaşam

contract (n): sözleşme loss (n): kayıp, zarar
cook (n): aşçı maker (n): yapıcı
coral reef (n): mercan resifi mammal (n): memeli
country (n): ülke, taşra man (n): adam, insanoğlu

cover (n): kapak, örtü, maddi garanti, siper masterpiece (n): şaheser
creature (n): yaratık medicine (n): ilaç, tıp
cure (n): çare migraine (n): migren

dolphin (n): yunus minute (n): dakika, an
drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu murder (n): cinayet

earth (n): dünya, toprak museum (n): müze
education (n): eğitim object (n): cisim, amaç
elephant (n): fil outbreak (n): patlak verme

eye (n): göz, iğne deliği palace (n): saray
farmer (n): çiftçi pollination (n): tozlaşma
flower (n): çiçek population (n): nüfus

food (n): yiyecek portrait (n): portre
freedom (n): özgürlük prize (n): ödül
genius (n): deha public (n): halk

glacier (n): buzul region (n): bölge
government (n): hükûmet respect (n): saygı, özellik
grandparent (n): dede/nine sailor (n): denizci

growth (n): büyüme, şişlik scientist (n): bilim insanı
headache (n): baş ağrısı seed (n): tohum
herb (n): ot ship (n): gemi

herd (n): sürü size (n): ebat
history (n): tarih, geçmiş sloth (n): üşengeçlik, tembel hayvan

home (n): ev, yurt smallpox (n): çiçek hastalığı
homeland (n): anavatan society (n): toplum, dernek
ice cap (n): buz örtüsü speech (n): konuşma

immigrant (n): göçmen speeding (n): hız yapma
immunization (n): bağışıklık kazandırma supper (n): akşam yemeği
supply (n): kaynak utilize (v): yararlanmak
system (n): sistem view (v): görmek, seyretmek
telescope (n): teleskop want (v): istemek, gerekmek
Black Death (n): Kara Ölüm watch (v): seyretmek, dikkatli olmak
tower (n): kule wear (v): giymek, yıpranmak
treatment (n): tedavi, muamele settle (v): halletmek, yerleşmek, yatışmak
tree (n): ağaç be composed of (pv): ...dan oluşmak

user (n): kullanıcı live in (pv): ...da yaşamak
water (n): su account for (pv): oluşturmak, açıklamasını

yapmak
way (n): yol, yöntem
turn out (pv): ... olduğu ortaya çıkmak,
worker (n): işçi toplanmak
abandon (v): terk etmek freshwater (n): tatlı su
accomplish (v): başarmak
Collocations
increase rapidly : hızla artmak
arrest (v): tutuklamak
developed country : gelişmiş ülke
award (v): ödüllendirmek
keep a promise : sözünü tutmak
cause (v): sebep olmak
air pollution : hava kirliliği
compose (v): bestelemek, oluşturmak
share information : bilgi paylaşmak
contribute (v): katkıda bulunmak
anxiety disorder : anksiyete bozukluğu
convert (v): dönüştürmek
serious problem : ciddi sorun
elevate (v): yükseltmek
official religion : resmi din
read book : kitap okumak
exist (v): var olmak
young people : gençler / genç insanlar
find (v): bulmak
watch television : televizyon izlemek
flavour (v): tat vermek
great interest : büyük ilgi
force (v): zorlamak
find a job : iş bulmak
grant (v): vermek, kabul etmek
grant authority : yetki vermek
grow (v): büyümek
weight loss : kilo kaybı / kilo verme
weight gain : kilo alma
locate (v): yerini belirlemek
living conditions : yaşam koşulları
offer (v): teklif etmek, sunmak
water pollution : su kirliliği
paint (v): boyamak
significant impact : önemli etki
read (v): okumak
coastal area : kıyı bölgesi
rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş),
ayağa kalkmak cancerous cell : kanserli hücre
see (v): görmek, ziyaret etmek, anlamak offer sb bribe : birine rüşvet teklif etmek
stay (v): kalmak elevate level : seviyeyi yükseltmek
tear (v): yırtmak blood sugar : kan şekeri
trace (v): izini bulmak royal family : kraliyet ailesi
go bankrupt : iflas etmek to a … extent : … dereceye kadar
long time : uzun zaman at night : geceleyin

food supply : gıda arzı/kaynağı known for : ...sıyla ünlü, tanınan, bilinen
infectious disease : bulaşıcı hastalık interest in : …ya ilgi
enjoy freedom : özgürlüğe sahip olmak under ... conditions : ... şartlar altında
serial killer : seri katil impact on : …üzerinde etki
blood type : kan grubu responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
heart failure : kalp yetmezliği in turn : sırayla / dolayısıyla
heart may pump : kalp pompalayabilir use for : ... için kullanmak
pump blood : kan pompalamak die from : …dan ölmek
hold breath : nefesini tutmak known as : ... olarak bilinen
open to : ...ya açık

Prepositions
at the conference : konferansta disagree with : …ile anlaşmamak
married to : …ile evli resistant to : ...ya karşı dirençli
share with : ...ile paylaşmak a number of : çok sayıda ... , birçok ...
crowded with : …ile dolu contribute to : ...ya katkıda bulunmak
precise account for steal allow
royal outbreak offer meet
utilize settle rule compose
bir bütünün belirli bir parçasını oluşturmak
birinin bir şey yapmasına engel olmamak
bir ülkenin kralı, kraliçesi ile ilgili olan veya onlara ait olan
bir müzik parçası ya da şiir üretmek, yaratmak
başkasının malını izin almadan ya da gizlice almak
bir şeyden istifade etmek
bir ülkede en yüksek derecedeki yönetici olmak
kötü bir şeyin olmaya başlaması (salgın hastalık, afet, savaş vs)
kabul edilmesi için bir düşünce öne sürmek
tesadüfen ya da planlı olarak bir yerde bir araya gelmek
isabetli, doğru ve hatasız
bir yerde yaşamaya başlamak
convert impact temporarily approximately
bribe supply abandon display
religion accomplish clearly endlessly
belirgin ve kolay anlaşılır bir biçimde
gerçek değerine, miktarına yakın olarak
insanlar tarafından görülebilecek şekilde yerleştirmek
bir durum ya da kişiyi değiştirebilme gücü
uzun süre devam etmeyen veya kısa bir süreliğine ihtiyaç duyulan
bir yeri veya kişiyi terk etmek veya bir eylemi yarıda bırakmak
bir şeyin olumlu bir şekilde üstesinden gelmek
sağlanan veya kullanılabilen bir şey
birine istediğiniz şeyi yaptırmak için el altından verilen para veya hediye
uzun süre devam eden ve sonu yokmuş gibi görünen bir şekilde
bir biçimden, görüşten vb. bir diğerine geçirmek
tanrı düşüncesine dayalı inanç sistem
Relative Clause > Markers
WHO
Anemia can occur among children who do not get enough iron.
The number of people who are smoking in the developed countries is increasing so rapidly.
There are many politicians who don't keep their promises.
The athlete, who the coach recruited, became the team captain in her first year.
WHOM
Jane, whom everyone respects, was invited to speak at a conference on the health effects of air pollution.
He is married to Rose whom he met while they were working as interns in a small town.
To design a dress, the tailor should first consider the individual for whom the dress is being made.
The information may be shared with third parties with whom we have a business relationship.
The volunteers at the event, many of whom were teenagers, showed great enthusiasm and dedication.
The company hired 20 new employees last year, a majority of whom were recent college graduates.
WHICH
The city, which is usually crowded with people, seems to be abandoned during lockdown.
Light is made of tiny photons which contain lots of energy.
Anxiety disorder is a serious problem which can affect an individual’s life to a great extent.
The restaurant, which my friend recommended, serves delicious authentic Italian cuisine.
Constipation is an uncomfortable condition in which an individual is temporarily unable to excrete waste

naturally.
The island from which these rare plants come is located in the Pacific Ocean.
The program for which I am applying requires at least three years of experience.
Jack had all his money stolen, which spoiled his holiday.
The Cubans were being treated horribly by the Spanish, which led to Cuba's desire for independence.
WHERE
The conference where the research findings were presented attracted scholars from all over the world.
The clinic where the patients were treated had a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals.
The scholars published a paper, where they analyzed the impact of climate change on biodiversity.
WHEN
The most stressful day of the week is Monday, when people go back to work.
The data was collected during the summer months, when the weather was warm and dry.
The observations were made at night, when bats are most active.
WHY
The Zika virus may be the reason why babies are born with small heads.
Pregnancy is a common reason why periods unexpectedly stop.
WHOSE
Between 1517 and 1917, the Ottoman Empire whose official religion was Islam ruled the city of Jerusalem.
Marco Polo was a young traveller whose father was a rich man.
The artist whose paintings are displayed in the museum is known for her unique style.
WHEREBY & BY WHICH
The school uses gamification techniques, whereby it can engage students in the learning process.
The process whereby materials are recycled in industrial manufacturing can reduce waste and increase
efficiency.
The process by which cells divide and differentiate during embryonic development is a complex one.
THAT
Individuals that engage in regular physical activity are less likely to develop chronic diseases such as obesity
and diabetes.
Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects movement.
The most common active ingredient in toothpaste is fluoride that prevents cavities.
The hands that help are far better than the lips that pray.
Relative Clause > Your Turn
1: The book whose cover was torn and faded had 6: The precise mechanism by which drugs cause
clearly been read many times. weight loss or weight gain is often not known.
TR: TR:
2: Young people don't watch TV nowadays, which

has led to a greater interest in internet advertising.
7: Binoculars are a type of telescope that allows a
TR:
user to view far away objects using both eyes.
TR:
3: Large numbers of immigrants, many of whom

had been farmers in their homelands, found jobs in 8: The education system is going to be one of the
cities. primary areas of society where technology will be
TR: greatly utilized.
TR:
4: Coral reefs are composed of tiny creatures that

live in colonies in mostly tropical and subtropical
waters.
9: The Eiffel Tower is not far from the Louvre
TR:
museum, which contains the famous portrait, the
Mona Lisa.
TR:
5: A social contract is the agreement whereby a

government is granted authority by its people.
TR: 10: There are persons who can get depressed even
under the best living conditions.
TR:
11: Water pollution has significant impacts on 17: Carbohydrates cause blood sugar to rise, which
coastal areas, where some 50 per cent of the in turn elevates insulin levels.
population is located. TR:
TR:
18: An herb is a plant whose leaves, seeds, or

flowers are used for flavouring food or in medicine.
TR:
12: No one knows the reason why a cancerous cell

grows and divides endlessly.
TR:
19: Da Vinci was a genius who painted

masterpieces such as Mona Lisa and The Last
13: The Nazis are responsible for at least 12 million Supper.
murders, half of which were Jewish. TR:
TR:
20: The scientist whose research led to the

14: One of the reasons why Machu Picchu may development of a new cancer treatment was
have been abandoned is because of an outbreak of awarded a Nobel Prize.
smallpox. TR:
TR:
15: The speeding motorist whom the policeman 21: During the 14th century, about 25 million people
stopped offered him a bribe. died from a disease that became known as Black
TR: Death.
TR:
16: The tree under which they had their picnic was
the largest and oldest in the park.
TR:
22: The old palace, which the royal family once 27: A common type of vascular headache is
lived in, is now open to the public. migraine headaches, for which no known cure
TR: exists.
TR:
23: The history of Bosnia and Herzegovina can be

traced to the seventh century when the region was
first settled by Serbs. 28: The company, whose workers are now being
TR: forced to stay home, will probably go bankrupt.
TR:
29: Wig makers have existed since ancient times,

when Egyptian men and women wore them
24: Elephants, which are the largest land mammals, regularly.
live in herds of 10 or more adults. TR:
TR:
25: Mars, whose atmosphere is composed mostly 30: The children were delighted to see their
of carbon dioxide, is approximately half the size of grandparents whom they had not seen for quite a
Earth. long time.
TR: TR:
26: Freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the 31: 33% of the human food supply depends on
Earth’s water most of which is frozen in glaciers and insect pollination, most of which is accomplished by
ice caps. bees.
TR: TR:
32: Gandhi disagreed with those who wanted India 37: The cook is an important person on a ship
to become an industrial country. whom sailors treat with respect.
TR: TR:
33: Immunization is the process whereby a person 38: Scientists have found a way by which they can
is made immune or resistant to an infectious convert all blood types into 0 type blood.
disease. TR:
TR:
39: Heart failure is a condition in which the heart

can not pump enough blood throughout the body.
34: There are still a number of countries whose TR:
citizens don't enjoy freedom of speech.
TR:
40: A sloth can hold its breath for up to 40 minutes,

35: The man who the police had arrested turned out which is 4 times longer than a dolphin.
to be the serial killer. TR:
TR:
36: Coral reefs contribute to the economic growth of

areas where they exist.
TR:
married ---- to …ile evli
crowded ---- with …ile dolu
---- a … extent to … dereceye kadar
---- the conference at konferansta
interest ---- in …ya ilgi
known ---- as ... olarak bilinen
disagree ---- with …ile anlaşmamak
known ---- for ...sıyla ünlü, tanınan, bilinen
die ---- from …dan ölmek
open ---- to ...ya açık
impact ---- on …üzerinde etki
contribute ---- to ...ya katkıda bulunmak
share ---- with ...ile paylaşmak
---- ... conditions under ... şartlar altında
responsible ---- for ...dan sorumlu
resistant ---- to ...ya karşı dirençli
heart pump loss blood
water keep failure pollution
infectious coastal area disease
find living supply a promise
weight food conditions cell
cancerous hold a job breath
nefesini tutmak
gıda arzı/kaynağı
bulaşıcı hastalık
kanserli hücre
kıyı bölgesi
su kirliliği
kilo kaybı / kilo verme
kan pompalamak
yaşam koşulları
kalp yetmezliği
sözünü tutmak
iş bulmak
raise evacuate routinely
include take place ruin
track propose split up
possibly make use of deal
utilize
trace
offer
elevate
abandon
agreement
regularly
probably
spoil
occur
divide
contain
Noun Clause
• Unit Words
• Noun Clause
Noun Clause ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
especially (adv): özellikle

Vocabulary
afraid (adj): korkmuş eventually (adv): sonunda
bald (adj): kel, yalın exactly (adv): tam olarak
close (adj): yakın nearly (adv): neredeyse
different (adj): farklı never (adv): asla
difficult (adj): zor peacefully (adv): huzur/barış içinde
dwarf (adj, n): cüce precisely (adv): tam olarak
effective (adj): etkili quite (adv): oldukça
extrovert (adj, n): dışa dönük strongly (adv): güçlü bir şekilde
final (adj): son usually (adv): genellikle
foreign (adj): yabancı unless (conj): ...mezse / ...mazsa
given (adj): belirli activity (n): aktivite
great (adj): büyük, mükemmel airplane (n): uçak
ill (adj): hasta, kötü algae (n): yosun
important (adj): önemli answer (n): cevap
indicative (adj): gösteren antiseptic (n): antiseptik
infectious (adj): bulaşıcı area (n): bölge, yüz ölçümü
likely (adj): olası argument (n): tartışma, iddia
marine (adj): deniz ile ilgili army (n): ordu
moral (adj): ahlaki, ahlaklı aspect (n): özellik
nasal (adj): burunla ilgili assassination (n): suikast
physical (adj): fiziksel attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti
powerful (adj): güçlü balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi
reasonable (adj): makul ballot (n): oylama
responsible (adj): sorumlu bank (n): banka, kıyı (nehir, göl), yığın
safe (adj): güvende, güvenli benefit (n): yarar, devlet yardımı
scientific (adj): bilimsel body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim
secret (adj): gizli century (n): yüzyıl
sexual (adj): cinsel, cinsiyet change (n): değişiklik, para üstü
short (adj): kısa, yetersiz citizen (n): vatandaş
solar (adj): güneş kaynaklı civilization (n): uygarlık
unaware (adj): habersiz colon (n): kalın bağırsak, iki nokta üst üste
vulnerable (adj): savunmasız company (n): şirket, eşlik
willing (adj): istekli conspiracy theory (n): komplo teorisi
accurately (adv): doğru bir şekilde country (n): ülke, taşra
already (adv): çoktan crime (n): suç
approximately (adv): yaklaşık olarak culture (n): kültür
current (n): akım physicist (n): fizikçi
death (n): ölüm planet (n): gezegen

development (n): gelişme, geliştirme policy (n): politika, sigorta senedi
difference (n): fark, uyuşmazlık price (n): fiyat
disease (n): hastalık punishment (n): ceza

distribution (n): dağıtım quake (n): deprem
door (n): kapı rate (n): oran, ücret
drama (n): oyun (tiyatro), dram recommendation (n): tavsiye
earthquake (n): deprem region (n): bölge

evidence (n): kanıt robber (n): soyguncu
exertion (n): gayret, gücünü kullanma robbery (n): soygun
fear (n): korku role (n): görev, rol

feature (n): özellik scientist (n): bilim insanı
form (n): form, biçim seismology (n): deprem bilimi

growth (n): büyüme, şişlik ship (n): gemi
hardship (n): zorluk study (n): araştırma, çalışma
harm (n): zarar temperature (n): sıcaklık

health (n): sağlık tension (n): gerginlik
immunology (n): bağışıklık bilimi term (n): dönem, terim, şart
income (n): gelir theory (n): kuram

influence (n): etki throat (n): boğaz
injury (n): yaralanma trade (n): ticaret, iş
instinct (n): içgüdü triangle (n): üçgen

job (n): iş typhus (n): karahumma
lack (n): eksiklik victory (n): zafer
latitude (n): enlem violence (n): şiddet

life (n): hayat war (n): savaş
light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs) watch (n): kol saati, nöbet
loot (n): yağma wave (n): dalga, el sallama

material (n): madde wealth (n): zenginlik
mind (n): zihin according to (pp): …e göre
mishap (n): aksilik including (prep): … dahil

murder (n): cinayet annoy (v): sinirlendirmek
parent (n): ebeveyn assert (v): iddia etmek

particle (n): parçacık, edat avoid (v): kaçınmak
period (n): dönem, âdet dönemi begin (v): başlamak
person (n): kişi believe (v): inanmak

personality (n): kişilik buy (v): satın almak, kanmak
physical (n): bedensel muayene catch (v): yakalamak
cause (v): sebep olmak start (v): başlamak, (iş) kurmak, (araç)
çalıştırmak
communicate (v): iletişim kurmak,
(hastalık) bulaştırmak succeed (v): başarmak, sonrasında
gelmek
think (v): düşünmek
consult (v): danışmak
trust (v): güvenmek
determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek
try (v): ... yapmaya çalışmak, denemek,
disagree (v): aynı fikirde olmamak yargılamak
disappear (v): ortadan kaybolmak unlock (v): kilidi açmak
discourage (v): cesaretini kırmak use (v): kullanmak
ease (v): hafifletmek vary (v): çeşitlilik göstermek
encounter (v): karşılaşmak vote (v): oy kullanmak
estimate (v): tahmin etmek walk (v): yürümek
examine (v): incelemek, sınav yapmak want (v): istemek, gerekmek
exist (v): var olmak yield (v): ürün vermek, teslim olmak
export (v): ihraç etmek capital (n): başkent, büyük harf, sermaye
grow (v): büyümek at the same time (adv): aynı zamanda
hold (v): tutmak, düzenlemek come to do (pv): ... yapmaya başlamak
house (v): barındırmak split up (pv): ayrılmak
imagine (v): hayal etmek, sanmak airflow (n): hava akımı
import (v): ithal etmek come up with (pv): bulmak (çözüm yolu
vs)
influence (v): etkilemek
interact (v): etkileşime girmek
go through (pv): geçirmek, göz atmak,
involve (v): içermek, gerektirmek
pratik yapmak, kabul edilmek
keep (v): tutmak, devam etmek
kill (v): öldürmek
when it comes to (pp): ... söz konusu
know (v): bilmek olduğunda
leave (v): ayrılmak, bırakmak per cent (n): yüzde
live (v): yaşamak depend upon (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek
lose (v): kaybetmek astonishing (adj): şaşırtıcı
master (v): hakim olmak, uzmanlaşmak constant (adj): sürekli, sabit
mean (v): anlamına gelmek, kastetmek early (adj): erken, başları
notice (v): fark etmek fated (adj): kaderde yazılı olan
occur (v): meydana gelmek inhuman (adj): vahşi
pollute (v): kirletmek juicy (adj): sulu, kârlı, merak uyandıran
predict (v): tahmin etmek modern (adj): çağdaş
react (v): tepki göstermek potential (adj): potansiyel
reduce (v): azaltmak radioactive (adj): radyoaktif
reprimand (v): azarlamak regular (adj): düzenli
respond (v): cevap/karşılık vermek severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz
snore (v): horlamak sure (adj): emin
worrying (adj): endişe verici kite (n): uçurtma
young (adj): genç map (n): harita
fully (adv): tamamıyla medicine (n): ilaç, tıp

access (n): erişim minister (n): bakan, papaz
accommodation (n): konaklama, uyum mystery (n): gizem

sağlama
national (n): vatandaş
age (n): yaş, çağ
nerve (n): sinir, cesaret
archaeologist (n): arkeolog
opinion (n): fikir
birth (n): doğum, başlangıç
patient (n): hasta
brain (n): beyin
physician (n): hekim
poll (n): anket
carbon dating (n): karbon 14 yöntemi
press (n): basın
childhood (n): çocukluk
choice (n): seçim
recovery (n): iyileşme
researcher (n): araştırmacı
contact (n): temas, tanıdık
safe (n): kasa
counsellor (n): danışman
self-awareness (n): öz farkındalık
cradle (n): beşik, telefon kızağı, asma
iskele situation (n): durum
crust (n): dış tabaka sleepwalking (n): uyurgezerlik
cut (n): kesik, kesinti social worker (n): sosyal hizmet uzmanı
danger (n): tehlike soil (n): toprak, ülke
dentist (n): dişçi source (n): kaynak
disorder (n): bozukluk supplement (n): takviye
election (n): seçim surgery (n): ameliyat, muayenehane
fact (n): gerçek symptom (n): belirti
Fascism (n): faşizm the solar system (n): güneş sistemi
field (n): arazi, alan tolerance (n): hoşgörü
gang (n): çete trait (n): özellik
gender (n): cinsiyet treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
grave (n): mezar vote (n): oy, oylama
heaviness (n): ağırlık, yoğunluk winner (n): galip
history (n): tarih, geçmiş word (n): kelime
human (n): insan following (prep): ...den sonra
increase (n): artış regarding (prep): … ile ilgili
indication (n): belirti advise (v): tavsiye vermek
individual (n): birey affect (v): etkilemek
infection (n): enfeksiyon answer (v): cevap vermek
information (n): bilgi break (v): kırmak, bozmak, ara vermek
insect (n): böcek bring (v): getirmek
build (v): inşa etmek as to (pp): … ile ilgili
check (v): kontrol etmek, izin istemek find out (pv): keşfetmek
continue (v): devam etmek take place (pv): meydana gelmek
correct (v): düzeltmek regardless of (pp): …e bakmaksızın
debate (v): tartışmak makeup (n): makyaj, yapı

Collocations
decrease (v): azalmak predict precisely : kesin olarak tahmin
depend (v): bağlı olmak etmek
develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak reasonable price : makul fiyat
diagnose (v): teşhis etmek popular culture : halk kültürü
die (v): ölmek capital punishment : ölüm cezası, idam
discover (v): keşfetmek know exactly : tam olarak bilmek
disintegrate (v): parçalanmak keep watch : nöbet tutmak
ensure (v): temin etmek close watch : yakından takip etme
experience (v): tecrübe etmek scientific study : bilimsel çalışma
fight (v): kavga etmek, mücadele etmek, yield answer : cevap vermek
savaşmak physical features : fiziki özellikler
heal (v): iyileştirmek dwarf planet : cüce gezegen
help (v): yardım etmek solar system : güneş sistemi
hurt (v): incitmek cause disease : hastalığa neden olmak
increase (v): artmak infectious disease : bulaşıcı hastalık
intrigue (v): merak uyandırmak go through a change : değişiklik geçirmek
invent (v): icat etmek, uydurmak physical activity : fiziksel/ bedensel
last (v): sürmek, dayanmak aktivite
learn (v): öğrenmek weight loss : kilo kaybı / kilo verme
manage (v): yönetmek, başarmak hold sb responsible : birini sorumlu

tutmak
manipulate (v): yönlendirmek
combat disease : hastalıkla savaşmak
economic growth : ekonomik büyüme
open (v): açmak
population growth : nüfus artışı
realize (v): farkına varmak,
gerçekleştirmek cause problem : sorun yaratmak
remove (v): ortadan kaldırmak secret ballot : gizli oylama
reveal (v): ortaya çıkarmak genetic make-up : genetik yapı
study (v): çalışmak (ders), incelemek domestic violence : aile içi şiddet
understand (v): anlamak build bridge : köprü yapmak
wonder (v): merak etmek heal cut : kesiği iyileştirmek
work (v): çalışmak, işe yaramak get vote : oy almak
check-up (n): sağlık taraması put in danger : tehlikeye atmak
plant (n): bitki, santral full recovery : tamamen iyileşme
come from (pv): ...dan gelmek regular check-up : düzenli (genel) sağlık
kontrolü
human being : insanoğlu in the long term : uzun vadede
early childhood : erken çocukluk dönemi in the short term : kısa vadede
economic situation : ekonomik durum difference between : …arasındaki fark

answer question : soruyu cevaplamak tension between : ...arasında gerginlik
social worker : sosyal hizmet uzmanı respond to : …ya cevap, tepki vermek
blood test : kan tahlili theory about : ... hakkında teori

involved with : ...ya dahil olmak/karışmak
Prepositions
difficult for : ... için zor influence on : … üzerindeki etki
vulnerable to : ...ya karşı savunmasız argument over : ... konuda tartışma
play role in sth : bir şeyde rol oynamak problem with : ...da sorun
indicative of : ...nin göstergesi responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
effective in : …da etkili without fear : korkusuz
disagree about : …konusunda access to : …ya erişim

anlaşmamak information about : ... hakkında bilgi
polluted with : ... ile kirletilmiş in contact : temas/iletişim halinde
on television : televizyonda contact with : …ile temas/iletişim
interact with : ... ile etkileşime geçmek all over the world : dünyanın her yerinde
answer to : ...ya cevap at a ... rate : ... bir oranda
for sure : kesinlikle on the increase : artışta
lack of : ... eksikliği advise on : ... konuda tavsiye vermek
during ... century : ... yüzyılda
development reasonable safe disagree
accurately foreign personality murder
bald argument afraid precisely
birisi ile aynı fikri paylaşmamak, farlı fikirde olmak
tehlikede olmayan, zarar görmesi muhtemel olmayan
mantık sınırları içerisinde olan
başka bir ülke veya ulustan olan
belirli bir durumun olası sonuçlarından dolayı korku, endişe hisseden
saçı olmayan veya çok az saçı olan
bir insanı kasıtlı olarak öldürme
karşıt düşünceleri birbirine karşı savunma, anlaşamama
bir kimseye ait özgün davranış, his ve düşüncelerin bütünü
tam anlamıyla doğru, tam, ne eksik ne de fazla
hata veya kusur içermeden, tüm detaylarıyla doğru olacak şekilde
büyüyüp veya değişip gelişim gösterme süreci
manage victory estimate robbery
severe invent come up with mystery
last constant opinion ensure
çok sık veya sürekli meydana gelen
bir yerden ya da birinden silah zoruyla para çalma
özellikle yapması zor olan bir şeyi yapmayı başarmak
yeni bir şeyi ilk kez ortaya çıkarmak, yaratmak
belirli bir süre devam etmek, varlığını sürdürmek
yeni bir fikir, çözüm, plan vb. bulmak
bir şeyin sayısını, miktarını, değerini, fiyatını, maliyetini vs. tahmin etmek
birisi ya da bir şey hakkındaki düşünce ve inançlarınız
bir savaşta, oyunda, yarışmada kazanılan kesin başarı
ciddi derecede, hasara, zarara, acıya, endişeye vs sebep olan
bilinmeyen veya henüz anlaşılmamış, açıklanmamış olan
birisine bir konuda garanti vermek
Noun Clause > Markers
WHO
No one knows for sure who invented the kite.
In the field of genetics, researchers are still debating as to who should have access to information about an
individual's genetic makeup.
WHOM
The physician was trying to determine whom the patient had been in contact with to better understand the
potential sources of infection.
WHAT
What is learned in the cradle lasts till the grave.
Lack of self-awareness and tolerance and inhuman traits is what leads to domestic violence.
The price of accommodation may increase or decrease depending on what people want.
WHERE
The Minister brought a map to show where the new bridge was being built.
Archaeologists have no history to help them to find out where the first modern men came from.
WHEN
All are fated to die. However, you can't decide how and when you die.
According to a worrying new poll, more than half of British university students do not know when the EU
referendum is taking place.
WHY
To understand why fascism is bad, one must first understand what exactly it is.
I can’t understand why so many young men decide to do exactly what their fathers did with their lives.
HOW
Scientists have discovered how the body uses electricity to heal cuts.
How the gang managed to open the safe is a mystery.
People have been trying for years to understand how the bacteria manipulate insects.
The heaviness of the fruit is a good indication of how juicy it will be when eaten.
Some people just don't realize how much their words can hurt someone.
WHICH
The symptoms depend on which nerves are affected.
WHOSE
People wonder whose war Pakistan is fighting on its own soil, against its own nationals.
QUESTION WORD + EVER
The winner of the election will be whoever gets the most votes.
The treatment should be offered to whomever is diagnosed with the condition, regardless of their age or
gender.
In medicine, whatever works for one patient may not work for another.
Earthquakes occur all over the world, wherever there is stress in the crust that causes it to break.
THAT
Following surgery, regular checkups are important to ensure that the patient experiences a full recovery.
Scientists know that human beings learn at an astonishing rate during the first few months after birth.
Scientists used to believe that our brains were fully developed by early childhood.
I’m not sure that the new press counsellor will be able to answer all the questions regarding the economic
situation.
Most of the social workers are of the opinion that the drink problem among the young people is on the
increase.
THE FACT THAT
Carbon dating depends on the fact that radio-active carbon disintegrates at a constant rate.
The problem with sleepwalking is the fact that it can put the person who is doing the sleepwalking in severe
danger.
WHETHER
Your dentist will check your teeth and advise you on whether they need to be removed.
Whether or not people have a choice depends very much on where they live.
The question of whether life has ever existed elsewhere in the solar system continues to intrigue scientists.
IF
Some scientists are studying the plant to find out if it might be a good cancer treatment.
A simple blood test can reveal if someone is anemic, and supplements can correct the disorder.
Noun Clause > Your Turn
1: Unless you try to do something beyond what you 6: l think what annoyed him so much was the fact
have already mastered, you will never grow. that he was reprimanded for something he hadn't
TR: done.
TR:
2: Whether you will succeed or not depends upon

your own exertions.
TR: 7: Doctors usually cannot accurately predict
precisely how long an ill person will live.
TR:
3: It can be difficult for parents to know whose

recommendations to trust especially when it comes
to health.
TR:
8: Whomever I consulted said that we bought the
house at quite a reasonable price.
TR:
4: Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because 9: In order to notice when a person begins to bald
they do not know which areas of the city to avoid. they must have lost approximately 50 per cent of
TR: their hair on their head.
TR:
5: Can you imagine what our life would be like

without electricity?
TR:
10: Temperature, which varies according to latitude 15: Parents should know who their children interact
and marine currents, plays an important role in with and keep a close watch on their activities.
determining where algae can live. TR:
TR:
16: No one knows when or where such a quake will

occur, but everyone can reduce their risk of death
and injury in an earthquake.
TR:
11: Popular culture is much more indicative of what
people do than what they say they do.
TR:
12: People disagree about whether capital

17: Seismology, which involves the scientific study
punishment is moral or is effective in discouraging
of all aspects of earthquakes, has yielded answers
crime.
to why and how earthquakes occur.
TR:
TR:
13: Parents are afraid that their children's minds will

be polluted with the violence that they see on
television.
TR:
18: The physical features of a country strongly
influence where the people of that country live.
TR:
14: No one knows exactly how or when drama

began, but nearly every civilization has had some 19: Nobody knows for sure how many dwarf planets
form of it. exist in our solar system.
TR: TR:
20: There is some evidence that a lack of Vitamin D 25: In spite of all the hardships and mishaps that he
can lead to the development of colon cancer. encountered, he eventually got what he wanted.
TR: TR:
21: During the 20th century, physicists came to 26: Extrovert people are willing to try to
believe that light could be both a particle and a communicate even if they are not sure if they will
wave at the same time. succeed or not.
TR: TR:
27: Immunology is the study of how the body

22: Economists examine the distribution of wealth responds to foreign material, including microbes
and income, and consider whom economic policies that cause infectious disease.
are likely to benefit or harm in the short and long TR:
term.
TR:
28: The assassination of President Kennedy has

started many different conspiracy theories about
who was involved with the murder.
TR:
23: The difference between what a country exports
and what it imports is called the balance of trade.
TR:
24: The tension between two countries eased and

they got whatever they wanted peacefully.
TR:
29: There are many theories about why so many air 34: Three of the bank robbers were killed by the
planes and ships have disappeared in the Bermuda fourth during an argument over how they would split
Triangle. up their loot.
TR: TR:
30: Astronomers have come up with two different

techniques to estimate how far away any given star 35: Snoring means that there is some problem with
is. airflow whether it is in the nasal or throat region.
TR: TR:
31: The company is going through a period of great 36: Whoever left the door unlocked must be held
change and no one knows if their job is safe. responsible for the robbery.
TR: TR:
37: In the Middle Ages, final victory in a war might

depend on which army caught typhus first.
32: Freud asserted that sexual instinct was the TR:
most important influence on personality.
TR:
38: The scientist wants to see whether this powerful

antiseptic can be used to combat human disease.
33: Many people are unaware that walking is one of TR:
the best types of physical activity for weight loss.
TR:
39: The fact that the economic growth rate is lower 40: Citizens vote by secret ballot so that they can
than the population growth rate causes problems. vote without fear of how others will react.
TR: TR:
indicative ---- of ...nin göstergesi
effective ---- in …da etkili
disagree ---- about …konusunda anlaşmamak
polluted ---- with ... ile kirletilmiş
---- television on televizyonda
answer ---- to ...ya cevap
interact ---- with ... ile etkileşime geçmek
play role ---- sth in bir şeyde rol oynamak
involved ---- with ...ya dahil olmak/karışmak
---- the long term in uzun vadede
difference ---- between …arasındaki fark
respond ---- to …ya cevap, tepki vermek
theory ---- about ... hakkında teori
---- contact in temas/iletişim halinde
---- the increase on artışta
all ---- the world over dünyanın her yerinde
information ---- about ... hakkında bilgi
argument ---- over ... konuda tartışma
advise ---- on ... konuda tavsiye vermek
---- a ... rate at ... bir oranda
contact ---- with …ile temas/iletişim
hold sb reasonable childhood price
answer early punishment danger
scientific domestic test vote
combat put in a change responsible
blood capital violence disease
get go through study question
makul fiyat
hastalıkla savaşmak
bilimsel çalışma
erken çocukluk dönemi
oy almak
birini sorumlu tutmak
kan tahlili
soruyu cevaplamak
tehlikeye atmak
aile içi şiddet
secure acceptable oblivious
confidential reluctant proof
virtually susceptible absence
dissimilar precisely strong
vulnerable
unaware
secret
safe
different
powerful
reasonable
willing
exactly
nearly
evidence
lack
Reductions
• Unit Words
• Relative Clause Reduction
• Noun Clause Reduction
• Revision
Reductions ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.
call (v): adlandırmak, telefon etmek,

Vocabulary çağırmak
growing (adj): artan
cure (v): tedavi etmek
spectacular (adj): harikulade
damage (v): hasar vermek
already (adv): çoktan
domesticate (v): evcilleştirmek
gradually (adv): aşamalı olarak
stand (v): ayakta durmak, tahammül etmek
often (adv): sık sık
win (v): kazanmak
probably (adv): muhtemelen
settle (v): halletmek, yerleşmek, yatışmak
seriously (adv): ciddi bir şekilde
computer-generated (adj): bilgisayar
animal (n): hayvan tarafından oluşturulan
body (n): vücut, ceset, cisim thousands of (q): binlerce
case (n): durum, vaka, kap any longer (adv): artık daha
church (n): kilise live in (pv): ...da yaşamak
city (n): şehir suffer from (pv): ...dan muzdarip olmak
communication (n): iletişim chemical (adj, n): kimyasal
coral reef (n): mercan resifi dramatic (adj): çarpıcı, tiyatroyla ilgili
cough (n): öksürük exact (adj): tam
country (n): ülke, taşra main (adj): ana
Europe (n): Avrupa major (adj): büyük/önemli
foreigner (n): yabancı ready (adj): hazır
home (n): ev, yurt responsible (adj): sorumlu
medicine (n): ilaç, tıp thermal (adj): termal
parent (n): ebeveyn widespread (adj): yaygın
pig (n): domuz ago (adv): önce
pistol (n): tabanca almost (adv): neredeyse
poverty (n): yoksulluk afterlife (n): ahiret
rainforest (n): yağmur ormanı air (n): hava, hava yolu
regulation (n): düzenleme amount (n): miktar
sea (n): deniz attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti
site (n): alan, web sitesi behaviour (n): davranış
town (n): kasaba, çarşı border (n): sınır, şerit
vaccine (n): aşı century (n): yüzyıl
variety (n): çeşitlilik coal (n): kömür
weapon (n): silah concept (n): kavram
affect (v): etkilemek course (n): kurs, yemek, saha, gidişat
build (v): inşa etmek description (n): tasvir
earthquake (n): deprem attend (v): katılmak, dikkatini vermek
empire (n): imparatorluk believe (v): inanmak
erosion (n): erozyon burn (v): yakmak
example (n): örnek change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak

fear (n): korku convict (v): suçlu bulmak
feel (n): his develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak

finance (n): finans experience (v): tecrübe etmek
food (n): yiyecek gain (v): kazanmak
forest (n): orman impact (v): etkilemek

fossil (n): fosil, eski kafalı invent (v): icat etmek, uydurmak
glass (n): cam, bardak occupy (v): yer kaplamak, işgal etmek
increase (n): artış occur (v): meydana gelmek
independence (n): bağımsızlık produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak
kite (n): uçurtma publish (v): yayımlamak

material (n): madde repel (v): püskürtmek, itmek, iğrendirmek
minister (n): bakan, papaz require (v): gerektirmek
murder (n): cinayet sentence (v): ceza vermek
newspaper (n): gazete troop (v): topluca yürümek

ocean (n): okyanus cut down (pv): azaltmak, kesmek (ağaç)
paper (n): kâğıt, gazete, belge, makale depend on (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek
pollution (n): kirlilik leave behind (pv): arkada bırakmak

power plant (n): enerji santrali and then (trans): daha sonra
product (n): ürün, çarpım, bileşke critical (adj): eleştirel, çok önemli
production (n): üretim, yapım environmental (adj): çevresel

religion (n): din serious (adj): ciddi
remains (n): kalıntılar overall (adj): tüm

security (n): güvenlik, güvence currently (adv): şu anda
soil (n): toprak, ülke urgently (adv): acilen
source (n): kaynak board (n): tahta, kurul

student (n): öğrenci candidate (n): aday
toy (n): oyuncak company (n): şirket, eşlik
troop (n): askeri birlik district (n): bölge

type (n): tür health (n): sağlık
weather (n): hava durumu help (n): yardım
writer (n): yazar intelligence (n): zekâ, istihbarat
writing (n): yazı, yazma leader (n): lider

year (n): yıl marketing (n): pazarlama
add (v): eklemek, toplamak (matematik) matter (n): konu, madde
appear (v): ortaya çıkmak, ... gibi maturity (n): olgunluk, vade
görünmek
patient (n): hasta chance (n): şans, olasılık, risk
recommendation (n): tavsiye committee (n): komite

safe (n): kasa computer (n): bilgisayar
sign (n): işaret counselling (n): danışma
step (n): aşama, basamak, adım couple (n): çift

team (n): takım crop (n): ekin
thief (n): hırsız decision (n): karar
ask (v): sormak, istemek expression (n): ifade

assign (v): görevlendirmek farmer (n): çiftçi
determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek head (n): kafa, başkan

evaluate (v): değerlendirmek individual (n): birey
explain (v): açıklamak jury (n): jüri
hire (v): kiralamak, işe almak leak (n): sızıntı

know (v): bilmek manager (n): yönetici
launch (v): başlatmak, göndermek membership (n): üyelik
lead (v): öncülük etmek roof (n): çatı
operate (v): işletmek, ameliyat yapmak success (n): başarı

promote (v): teşvik etmek, terfi ettirmek, teacher (n): öğretmen
reklamını yapmak
visitor (n): ziyaretçi
receive (v): almak
water (n): su
tell (v): söylemek
wedding (n): düğün
vote (v): oy kullanmak
answer (v): cevap vermek
olmak appoint (v): atamak, ayarlamak
go ahead with (pv): ...ya devam etmek avoid (v): kaçınmak
ancient (adj): eski blame (v): suçlamak
ethical (adj): ahlaki buy (v): satın almak, kanmak
offending (adj): kırıcı cause (v): sebep olmak
newly (adv): yeni consider (v): düşünmek
simply (adv): yalnızca, tek kelimeyle, debate (v): tartışmak

basitçe
discuss (v): tartışmak
still (adv): hâlâ, yine de
face (v): yüzleşmek, ...ya dönük olmak
wisely (adv): akıllıca
grow (v): büyümek
access (n): erişim
handle (v): başa çıkmak, tutmak, ticaret
accident (n): kaza, tesadüf yapmak
advice (n): tavsiye help (v): yardım etmek
age (n): yaş, çağ hesitate (v): tereddüt etmek
anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik invite (v): davet etmek, davetiye çıkarmak
building (n): bina, inşa etme learn (v): öğrenmek
business (n): ticaret, iş yeri let (v): izin vermek
lower (v): indirmek
place (v): yerleştirmek unprecedented (adj): benzeri görülmemiş
say (v): söylemek warm (adj): ılık, sıcak tutan, içten
sit (v): oturmak, sınava girmek waterborne (adj): su yolu ile taşınan
sleep (v): uyumak underground (adj, adv): yer altı, gizli

teach (v): öğretmek especially (adv): özellikle
think (v): düşünmek nowadays (adv): bugünlerde

track (v): izini sürmek, kaydını tutmak percent (n): yüzde
trust (v): güvenmek sometimes (adv): bazen
use (v): kullanmak accountant (n): muhasebeci

wake up (pv): uyanmak advertisement (n): reklam
thanks to (pp): ...nın sayesinde allegation (n): iddia
when it comes to (pp): ... söz konusu archaeologist (n): arkeolog

olduğunda
bomb (n): bomba
a couple of (q): bir iki
bribery (n): rüşvet
abnormal (adj): anormal
analytical (adj): analitik
carbohydrate (n): karbonhidrat
certain (adj): kesin, belirli
challenge (n): zorluk, meydan okuma
complicated (adj): karmaşık
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü
contaminated (adj): kirlenmiş
choice (n): seçim
cultural (adj): kültürel
dry (adj): kuru
early (adj): erken, başları
climate (n): iklim
fair (adj): adil, açık renkli (saç, ten), makul
consensus (n): oy birliği
healthy (adj): sağlıklı
council (n): konsey
hot (adj): sıcak, acı
decade (n): on yıl
decline (n): azalma, gerileme
individual (adj): bireysel
deforestation (n): ormansızlaşma
individualized (adj): bireyselleştirilmiş
dehydration (n): su kaybı
modern (adj): çağdaş
desert (n): çöl
personal (adj): kişisel
detail (n): ayrıntı
physical (adj): fiziksel
discovery (n): keşif
prone (adj): yatkın
discussion (n): tartışma
saturated (adj): doymuş
technical (adj): teknik
economy (n): ekonomi
total (adj): toplam
election (n): seçim
tropical (adj): tropikal
engine (n): motor
ultimate (adj): nihai
equipment (n): teçhizat
uncontrolled (adj): kontrol edilemeyen
error (n): hata scientist (n): bilim insanı
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman, service (n): hizmet, çalışma süresi

kullanım
severity (n): ciddiyet, sertlik
skill (n): beceri
fast food (n): hazır yiyecek
slowdown (n): yavaşlama
fish (n): balık
glucose (n): glikoz
stage (n): aşama, sahne
growth (n): büyüme, şişlik
storm (n): fırtına
history (n): tarih, geçmiş
sun (n): güneş
human (n): insan
surface (n): yüzey
illness (n): hastalık
theatre (n): tiyatro
kid (n): çocuk, oğlak
theory (n): kuram
language (n): dil
toddler (n): yeni yeni yürüyen çocuk
leisure (n): boş vakit
training (n): eğitim, antrenman
member (n): üye
waste (n): israf, atık
monarch (n): kraliyet
wave (n): dalga, el sallama
monitor (n): monitör, ölçüm cihazı, denetçi
museum (n): müze
everything (pron): her şey
need (n): ihtiyaç
accept (v): kabul etmek
office (n): ofis, bakanlık
advise (v): tavsiye vermek
official (n): yetkili
agree (v): aynı fikirde olmak
opinion (n): fikir
arrive (v): varmak
party (n): parti (eğlence), parti (siyasi),
taraf blow (v): esmek, üflemek, patlamak
period (n): dönem, âdet dönemi catch (v): yakalamak
piece (n): parça, eser characterize (v): simgesi olmak
population (n): nüfus conduct (v): yapmak, iletmek (elektrik, ısı),

yönetmek (orkestra vb.)
consume (v): tüketmek
preference (n): tercih
correct (v): düzeltmek
public (n): halk
cover (v): kaplamak
queen (n): kraliçe, vezir (satranç), kız
(iskambil) describe (v): tasvir etmek
rain (n): yağmur detect (v): tespit etmek
rate (n): oran, ücret die (v): ölmek
reason (n): neden, mantık discover (v): keşfetmek
record (n): kayıt, rekor dispute (v): karşı çıkmak
region (n): bölge eat (v): yemek
requirement (n): gereklilik enjoy (v): hoşlanmak, keyfini sürmek
river (n): nehir evacuate (v): tahliye etmek
scarcity (n): kıtlık expect (v): ummak
explode (v): patlamak
fight (v): kavga etmek, mücadele etmek, get out of (pv): kaçınmak, ağzından laf
savaşmak almak, tadını çıkarmak
follow (v): takip etmek, anlamak lead to (pv): yol açmak
force (v): zorlamak look for (pv): aramak

guide (v): rehberlik etmek half (adj, n): yarım
hit (v): vurmak

Collocations
hold (v): tutmak, düzenlemek traditional form : geleneksel biçim
host (v): ev sahipliği yapmak, sunuculuk damage seriously : ciddi bir şekilde zarar
yapmak vermek
influence (v): etkilemek gain independence : bağımsızlık
irrigate (v): sulamak kazanmak
meet (v): buluşmak, tanışmak, gidermek put in order : düzene koymak | sipariş
vermek
move (v): hareket etmek, taşınmak,
duygulandırmak turn attention : dikkatini çevirmek
need (v): ihtiyaç duymak foreign affairs : dış işleri
pay (v): ödemek popular icon : popüler simge
reflect (v): yansıtmak negative impact : olumsuz etki
release (v): serbest bırakmak, yaymak, food production : gıda üretimi

piyasaya çıkarmak soil erosion : toprak kayması
remind (v): hatırlatmak dramatic increase : çarpıcı artış
seek (v): aramak, ...yapmaya çalışmak exact amount : tam miktar
shelter (v): sığınmak produce product : ürün üretmek
speak (v): konuşmak require energy : enerjiye gerek duymak
start (v): başlamak, (iş) kurmak, (araç) environmental pollution : çevre kirliliği
çalıştırmak
serious matter : ciddi mesele
stop (v): durmak, engellemek
promote health : sağlığı geliştirmek
receive recommendation : tavsiye almak
surround (v): çevrelemek
ask for help : yardım istemek
theorize (v): tahminde bulunmak
go ahead with plan : plana devam etmek
tunnel (v): tünel açmak
critical step : çok önemli adım
understand (v): anlamak
launch product : ürün piyasaya çıkarmak
want (v): istemek, gerekmek
get access : erişim kazanmak
mark (v): puanlamak, lekelemek, belirtmek
ethical decision : ahlaki karar
plan (v): planlamak
prepare food : yemek hazırlamak
goods (n): mal
ensure health : sağlık sağlamak
flowering (adj): çiçek açan
good health : sağlıklı olma
hidden (adj): gizli
grow crop : ekin yetiştirmek
to date (adv): şimdiye kadar
take chance : şansını denemek
give rise to (pv): sebep olmak
nuclear energy : nükleer enerji
depending on (phr): ...ya bağlı olarak
face a problem : bir sorunla karşılaşmak
base on (pv): ...ya dayandırmak
cause problem : sorun yaratmak
handle stress : stresle başa çıkmak along the border : sınır boyunca
take seat : oturmak be convicted of : ...dan suçlu bulunmak

public school : devlet okulu sentence to : ...ya/cezasına çarptırılmak
spoken language : konuşma dili in the world : dünyada
liver cancer : karaciğer kanseri beyond description : kelimeler yetmez,

tarif edilemez
detect disease : hastalığı tespit etmek
add to : ...ya eklemek, katkıda bulunmak
build museum : müze inşa etmek
responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
first language : ana dil
impact on : …üzerinde etki
solar system : güneş sistemi
recommendation on : ... konuda tavsiye
meet requirement : gereksinimi
karşılamak ask for : …yı istemek
main reason : temel sebep in detail : detaylı olarak
produce goods : mal üretmek step in : ...da adım

climate change : iklim değişikliği decide on : ...konusunda karar vermek
human history : insanlık tarihi success in : ...da başarı
make a decision : bir karar vermek matter of : ... konusu

cure illness : hastalığı tedavi etmek blame for : …ile suçlamak
cure disease : hastalığı tedavi etmek invite to : …ya davet etmek
find error : hata bulmak at the age of : ... yaşında
nuclear power : nükleer enerji to be characterized by : ... ile nitelenmek /

tanımlanmak
build bridge : köprü yapmak
detail about : …hakkında detay
develop concept : konsept geliştirmek
type of : ...türü / bir tür ...
important part : önemli kısım
prone to : …ya meyilli
catch fish : balık tutmak
need for : … ihtiyacı
water scarcity : su kıtlığı
agree on : ... üzerinde anlaşmak
make discovery : keşifte bulunmak
decision about : … konusunda karar
technical skill : teknik beceri
learn from : …dan öğrenmek
use equipment : ekipman kullanmak
discussion about : ... hakkında tartışma
give training : eğitim vermek
to a degree : bir dereceye kadar
Prepositions
lose to : ...ya karşı kaybetmek
home to : ...ya ev sahipliği yapan
by chance : şans eseri
attention to : ...ya verilen dikkat/gösterilen
özen at times : bazen
vaccine widespread forest gain
description team domesticate cut down
behaviour district parent troop
bir şeyden daha az miktarda yapmak veya kullanmak
bir hastalığa karşı bağışıklık kazandırmak adına verilen o hastalığın zararsız hali
yabani bir hayvanı veya bitkinin büyümesini insan kontrolü altına almak
bir ülke içerisinde resmi sınırlarla ayrılmış bölge
birisinin davranma şekli
aynı işi yapmak için birlikte çalışan insan topluluğu
birçok yerde bulunan, gerçekleşen veya etkileri geniş alana yayılmış olan
görev başında olan bir grup asker
sizin için faydalı olabilecek bir şeyi almak
bir kimsenin veya bir hayvanın anne ve babası
bir şeyin nasıl bir şey olduğunu sözle veya yazıyla anlatma
ağaçlarla örtülü geniş arazi alanı
illness success growth debate
release decision hesitate suffer from
blame wake up desert river
olumsuz bir şey yaşamak veya onun etkilerini göstermek
istenen veya umulan sonuçlara ulaşma
suçu bir kimsenin veya bir şeyin üstüne atmak
bir konuyu ciddiyetle tartışmak
bir şey hakkında kararsız kalmak, duraksamak
çeşitli olasılıkları düşündükten sonra yapılan seçim
uyku halinden çıkmak
çok çok az yağış alan ve bitki örtüsü son derece seyrek olan arazi
bir şeyin büyümesi, artması, gelişmesi
genellikle denizde son bulan tatlı sudan oluşan geniş akarsu
çevresine bir madde (gaz, sıvı vs) yaymak
Relative Clause Reduction > Introduction
1: The pig is among the first animals to be 6: Writing, a traditional form of communication, is
domesticated. gradually losing to computer-generated
TR: communication.
TR:
2: The new regulation probably won't affect

foreigners already living in the country.
TR:
7: There have been cases of children being

seriously damaged by vaccines.
TR:
3: The medicine she took cured her of the bad

cough she'd been suffering from.
TR:
8: Often called the rainforests of the sea, coral reefs

are home to a spectacular variety of organisms.
TR:
4: Having been unable to stand city life any longer,

my parents have decided to settle in a small town.
TR:
9: Hagia Sophia is the third Church to have been

built on the site.
TR:
5: The weapon found near the body was a pistol

made in Europe.
TR:
10: Poverty is a growing problem worldwide,
affecting thousands upon thousands of people.
TR:
Relative Clause Reduction > Your Turn
1: Fossils are the remains left behind by an 7: Having been convicted of murder, he was
organism. sentenced to life imprisonment.
TR: TR:
2: Egypt developed one of the first religions to have

a concept of the afterlife.
TR: 8: The exact amount of energy depended on the
type of glass product being produced.
TR:
3: Occupied by the Ottoman Empire and then by

the British, Yemen only gained independence in
1962. 9: Stephen King is one of the few writers in the
TR: world to become a popular icon.
TR:
10: The fear we felt at the earthquake was beyond

4: Thermal power plants burning coal are major air description.
pollution sources. TR:
TR:
11: There are fewer newspapers being published in

5: Having put the country's finances in order, the America now than there were a century ago.
minister turned his attention to foreign affairs. TR:
TR:
12: The weather we experience on Earth occur

within the troposphere.
6: The country has fifty thousand troops along the TR:
border ready to repel any attack.
TR:
13: Chemicals added to food may be responsible 17: Paper, the main writing material today, was
for children’s bad behaviour. invented by the Chinese.
TR: TR:
18: The exact amount of energy required depends

14: Cutting down forests is an example of changing on the type of glass product being produced.
landforms having had a negative impact on our TR:
world.
TR:
19: The kite is believed to be the oldest toy having

been invented in China almost 3,000 years ago.
TR:
15: Soil erosion is widespread in Africa, affecting
food production and food security.
TR:
20: The first animals to appear on Earth lived in the

16: There has been a dramatic increase in the ocean.
number of students attending that course. TR:
TR:
Noun Clause Reduction > Introduction
1: How to deal with environmental pollution is a 6: Knowing when to ask for help is a sign of
serious matter. maturity and intelligence.
TR: TR:
2: Patients receive specific recommendations on

what to eat to promote overall health. 7: The district board will vote today on whether to
TR: go ahead with the plan.
TR:
3: Even though Timothy grew up near the ocean, he 8: The company is currently evaluating candidates
never learned how to swim. to determine whom to hire.
TR: TR:
4: The thieves were told where to find the safe. 9: The doctor will explain in detail why to operate
TR: the patient so urgently.
TR:
5: The team leader must decide who to assign to

lead the next project.
TR:
10: Deciding when to launch the new product is a
critical step in the marketing plan.
TR:
Noun Clause Reduction > Homework
1: Some companies are still debating whether to get 7: Every individual should consider wisely how to
Internet access. prepare their food to ensure good health.
TR: TR:
2: The CEO must decide who to appoint as the new

head of marketing.
TR: 8: The building manager doesn't decide on where to
place these newly bought security cameras.
TR:
3: Deciding whom to hire and from where can be

thought of as a major ethical decision.
TR:
9: The first farmers appeared 10,000 years ago

when people learned how to grow crops.
TR:
4: He hesitated before he answered, because he

didn't know what to say.
TR:
10: Success in business is simply a matter of

knowing when to take your chance.
TR:
5: Melatonin hormone lets the body know when to

sleep and when to wake up.
TR:
11: The jury is still determining whom to blame for

the accident.
TR:
6: We need to discuss what to do about the leak in

the roof.
TR:
12: Many countries are facing the problem of

whether or not to use nuclear energy.
TR:
13: The couple didn't decide who to invite to the 17: The public school teachers try to teach why to
wedding. avoid offending expressions.
TR: TR:
14: Anxiety counselling helps teach a person how to

handle the stress that is causing them problems.
TR: 18: Philip can't decide whether to buy a new
computer now or wait for a couple of more months.
TR:
15: The committee will debate whether to lower the

age of club membership to 16.
19: Some people don't know who to trust when it
TR:
comes to money advice.
TR:
16: Generally, visitors should not take a seat until

they have been told where to sit. 20: Thanks to spoken language, ancient people
TR: could explain how to track animals, or where to go
to find water.
TR:
1: Proteins tell cells what to do. 7: Because the region in which the Hopi have lived
TR: is hot and dry, they had to learn how to irrigate their
crops.
TR:
2: Liver cancer is one of the most complicated

diseases to detect in early stages.
TR:
8: Cancer describes a class of diseases

characterized by the uncontrolled growth of
3: Once the bomb exploded, everything surrounding
abnormal cells.
it was blown into many pieces.
TR:
TR:
4: Queen Elizabeth II, Britain's longest-reigning

monarch, died at the age of 96. 9: 88 percent of those living in France speak French
TR: as their first language.
TR:
5: The members of the town council disputed for

hours about whether to build a new museum. 10: Galileo Galilei was the first person to discover
TR: physical details about the individual bodies of the
Solar System.
TR:
6: Modern scientists still accept certain theories

developed in ancient times.
TR:
11: The economy experienced a major slowdown 16: A personal UV monitor can remind you when to
having started in the 1990s following three decades get out of the sun.
of unprecedented growth. TR:
TR:
17: Fast food causes obesity, the main reason

making children more prone to illnesses.
TR:
12: Deforestation gives rise to the release of the

carbon stored in the soil.
TR:
18: The one thing all the parties agreed on was the
need for fair elections.
TR:
13: Having taken in more carbohydrates than it

needs, the body uses glucose to meet its energy
requirements.
TR:
19: As individuals, people cannot produce all the
goods and services they want.
TR:
14: The first Europeans to visit Nigeria were the

Portuguese, who arrived in 1481. 20: The rate of climate change expected over the
TR: next 100 years is unprecedented in human history.
TR:
15: Individualized plans guide the patients in what

to eat, when to eat, and what type of exercise to do.
TR:
21: The committee has to make a decision about
who to conduct the project.
TR:
22: The ultimate decision about who to hire is made 27: Knowing when to stop eating in our food-
by consensus. saturated world can be a challenge, especially for
TR: kids.
TR:
23: Sochi is the warmest city to hold the Winter

Olympic Games to date.
TR:
28: There has been much discussion about whether

to host the next Olympic games.
TR:
24: Tropical rain forests covering only 7% of the

total dry surface of the Earth hold over half of all
species.
TR:
29: Sometimes you may be influenced by television

advertisements and buy things you don't need.
TR:
25: Toddlers learn from their parents about what to

eat and why to eat it.
TR:
30: Accountants need to know where to find
common record errors and how to correct them.
TR:
26: The Greeks were one of the first civilizations to

study medicine as a scientific way to cure illnesses
and disease.
TR:
31: Before a storm hits, officials must decide
whether to evacuate the public or advise them to
shelter in place.
TR:
32: Environmental pollution is one of the biggest 38: Ocean waves are caused by wind moving
problems the world faces today. across the surface of the water.
TR: TR:
39: Learning how to fight depression is an important

33: The Renaissance was a period in European part of being healthy.
history having been marked by a cultural flowering. TR:
TR:
40: Many species of fish being caught for food have

experienced dramatic population decline in the past
few decades.
34: One of the big problems with using nuclear TR:
power is what to do with the waste.
TR:
35: The decision has not yet been made whether to

tunnel under the river or build a bridge over it.
41: Water scarcity forces people to consume
TR:
contaminated water, leading to water-borne
diseases.
TR:
36: To some degree, modern theatre is based on

concepts having been developed by Aristotle.
TR: 42: An early example of a computer is the analytical
engine having been theorised by Charles Babbage.
TR:
37: Nobody at the office knew what to do about the

allegation of bribery.
TR:
43: People nowadays know how to plan and enjoy
their leisure time.
TR:
44: Dehydration occurs when the amount of water 48: Sometimes archaeologists know where to look
leaving the body is greater than the amount being for, however, at other times they make such
taken in. discoveries by chance.
TR: TR:
45: A patient needs to know when to seek medical

advice, depending on the severity of illness. 49: Managers will determine whom to hire, whom to
TR: promote, and how much people should be paid
based on factors.
TR:
46: The choice of whom to invite reflects their own

opinions and preferences.
TR:
50: Training gives people the technical skills they
need to understand why to use the equipment.
TR:
47: The people living in the desert know where to

find hidden, underground sources of water.
TR:
---- description beyond kelimeler yetmez, tarif edilemez
responsible ---- for ...dan sorumlu
detail ---- about …hakkında detay
---- the past in geçmişte
impact ---- on …üzerinde etki
success ---- in ...da başarı
---- the border along sınır boyunca
blame ---- for …ile suçlamak
recommendation ---- on ... konuda tavsiye
need ---- for … ihtiyacı
---- the world in dünyada
---- chance by şans eseri
home ---- to ...ya ev sahipliği yapan
prone ---- to …ya meyilli
---- times at bazen
discussion ---- about ... hakkında tartışma
learn ---- from …dan öğrenmek
attention ---- to ...ya verilen dikkat/gösterilen özen
agree ---- on ... üzerinde anlaşmak
to be caused ---- by ...dan kaynaklanmak
---- the age of at ... yaşında
decide ---- on ...konusunda karar vermek
---- detail in detaylı olarak
---- a degree to bir dereceye kadar
ask ---- for …yı istemek
main gain independence reason
make put in order a decision
cure foreign affairs disease
grow food production crop
dramatic dramatic increase increase
require receive recommendation energy
bağımsızlık kazanmak
düzene koymak | sipariş vermek
dış işleri
gıda üretimi
çarpıcı artış
tavsiye almak
temel sebep
bir karar vermek
hastalığı tedavi etmek
ekin yetiştirmek
çarpıcı artış
enerjiye gerek duymak
make get access goods
produce water disease matter
meet environmental chance requirement
take prepare scarcity discovery
serious give training food
take detect pollution seat
mal üretmek
oturmak
şansını denemek
keşifte bulunmak
eğitim vermek
hastalığı tespit etmek
erişim kazanmak
yemek hazırlamak
su kıtlığı
çevre kirliliği
ciddi mesele
gereksinimi karşılamak
gain gravely primary
freedom globe boundary
assess diversity prevalent
progressively increasing impair
growing
gradually
seriously
variety
damage
win
main
widespread
border
independence
world
evaluate
Dummy it
• Unit Words
• Dummy it
Dummy it ünitesinde geçen kelimelerin listesidir.

Vocabulary
common (adj): yaygın, ortak treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
different (adj): farklı window (n): pencere, vitrin, fırsat
important (adj): önemli believe (v): inanmak
late (adj): geç, sonları, rahmetli build (v): inşa etmek
middle (adj): ortasında, vasat discover (v): keşfetmek
obvious (adj): bariz forbid (v): yasaklamak
possible (adj): mümkün harm (v): zarar vermek
tall (adj): uzun keep (v): tutmak, devam etmek
wide (adj): geniş prescribe (v): reçete yazmak
overall (adj): tüm prohibit (v): yasaklamak
actually (adv): aslında read (v): okumak
effectively (adv): etkili bir şekilde recover (v): iyileşmek
yet (adv): henüz spoil (v): bozmak, şımartmak, çürümek
age (n): yaş, çağ throw (v): fırlatmak
air (n): hava, hava yolu use (v): kullanmak
appearance (n): görünüş, ortaya çıkma well-known (adj): iyi bilinen
brain (n): beyin give rise to (pv): sebep olmak
building (n): bina, inşa etme specialize in (pv): ...da uzmanlaşmak
centre (n): merkez accepted (adj): kabul edilen
city (n): şehir adequate (adj): yeterli
coin (n): madeni para agricultural (adj): tarımsal
disease (n): hastalık clear (adj): net, açık (hava), saydam
earthquake (n): deprem climatic (adj): iklimsel
effect (n): etki conservative (adj): muhafazakâr
environment (n): çevre, ortam critical (adj): eleştirel, çok önemli
exercise (n): egzersiz, antrenman, damaged (adj): hasarlı

kullanım difficult (adj): zor
half (q): yarısı good (adj): iyi
heart (n): kalp, merkez, cesaret homeless (adj, n): evsiz
information (n): bilgi impossible (adj): imkânsız
lung (n): akciğer known (adj): bilinen
ocean (n): okyanus likely (adj): olası
pollution (n): kirlilik major (adj): büyük/önemli
range (n): çeşit, aralık, menzil navigational (adj): navigasyonel
shape (n): şekil new (adj): yeni
skyline (n): uzun binaların oluşturduğu regular (adj): düzenli
ufuk çizgisi
severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz leader (n): lider
social (adj): toplumsal party (n): parti (eğlence), parti (siyasi),
taraf
strong (adj): güçlü
planet (n): gezegen
unbearable (adj): dayanılmaz
unsafe (adj): güvenilmez
region (n): bölge
ship (n): gemi
especially (adv): özellikle
skill (n): beceri
greatly (adv): büyük ölçüde
next (adv): daha sonra
south (adj, n): güney
quickly (adv): hızlıca
significantly (adv): önemli ölçüde
week (n): hafta
widely (adv): yaygın olarak
winter (n): kış
today (adv): bugün
year (n): yıl
anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik
act (v): davranmak, (rol) oynamak,
belief (n): inanç harekete geçmek
blizzard (n): kar fırtınası age (v): yaşlanmak
blood (n): kan, soy assume (v): varsaymak, üstlenmek
change (n): değişiklik, para üstü burn (v): yakmak
communication (n): iletişim comprehend (v): anlamak
country (n): ülke, taşra consider (v): düşünmek
criminal (n): suçlu continue (v): devam etmek
dam (n): baraj drink (v): içmek, içki içmek
danger (n): tehlike dump (v): boca etmek
deterrent (n): caydırıcı eat (v): yemek
development (n): gelişme, geliştirme educate (v): eğitmek
dispute (n): anlaşmazlık enter (v): girmek
event (n): olay, etkinlik estimate (v): tahmin etmek
experiment (n): deney occur (v): meydana gelmek
fact (n): gerçek predict (v): tahmin etmek
food (n): yiyecek prove (v): kanıtlamak, ortaya çıkmak
government (n): hükûmet recycle (v): geri dönüştürmek
gravel (n): çakıl reduce (v): azaltmak
heat (n): ısı sink (v): batmak
history (n): tarih, geçmiş trash (v): çöpe atmak, tahrip etmek
knowledge (n): bilgi unite (v): birleştirmek
laboratory (n): laboratuvar likely (adv): muhtemelen
lack (n): eksiklik due to (pp): ...den dolayı
lane (n): şerit, rota contribute to (pv): sebep olmak
law (n): hukuk, kanun look after (pv): ilgilenmek
known fact : bilinen gerçek
Collocations
use effectively : etkili bir şekilde relieve the situation : durumu düzeltmek
kullanmak climatic change : iklim değişikliği
harm environment : çevreye zarar vermek
Prepositions
take medication : ilaç almak
rise to : ...ya yükselme
read carefully : dikkatlice okumak
a range of : birçok farklı ...
contribute greatly : büyük katkıda
bulunmak recover from : …dan kurtulmak, iyileşmek
conservative party : muhafazakar parti in winter : kışın
come to power : iktidara gelmek deterrent for : ... için caydırıcı
death penalty : ölüm cezası, idam made from : ...dan yapılmak
proper communication : uygun/düzgün live in : ...da yaşamak

iletişim
in the south : güneyde
regular exercise : düzenli egzersiz
lack of : ... eksikliği
reduce symptoms : belirtileri azaltmak
in danger of : ... tehlikesi altında
age quickly : hızlı yaşlanmak
widely sink homeless look after
criminal forbid country agricultural
heat effectively likely recycle
bir sıvının yüzeyindeyken bir sebeple içine gömülmek
gerçekleşme ihtimali olan
bakıma muhtaç olan bir şeye veya kişiye bakmak
suç işlemiş kişilere verilen genel ad
birçok yerde, birçok kişi tarafından yapılan
tarımda kullanılan veya tarımla alakalı olan
kalacak sabit bir evi olmayan, sokaklarda yaşayan
başarılı veya amaçlanan bir sonucu size verecek şekilde
sıcak olma durumu veya bir şeyin sıcaklığı
atık malzemeleri tekrar kullanılabilir hale getirmek
bir devletin egemenliği altında bulunan toprakların tümü
özellikle resmi olarak bir şeye izin vermeyi reddetmek
Dummy it > Introduction
1: It is obvious that air pollution gives rise to a wide 6: In Paris, it is prohibited to build very tall buildings
range of heart and lung diseases. in the centre of the city, as this would spoil the
TR: overall appearance of the skyline.
TR:
2: It is known that exercise can be used very

effectively in the treatment of some diseases.
TR:
7: It is well-known that the left and right halves of

the brain specialize in different things.
TR:
3: It took Japan a long time to recover from the

effects of the earthquake.
TR:
8: It is important to read the prescribing information

carefully before you take the medication.
TR:
4: It is actually possible to keep the economy in
good shape without harming the environment.
TR:
9: It is forbidden to throw things out of the window.

TR:
5: It is believed that there may be millions more

species in the oceans that have not yet been
discovered.
TR:
10: It was not until the late Middle Ages that coins
became common throughout Europe.
TR:
Dummy it > Your Turn
1: It is critical that society look after the homeless, 7: It is a widely accepted belief that the two major
especially in winter. conservative parties should be united to come to
TR: power.
TR:
2: It takes less energy to recycle plastic than it does

to burn it.
TR:
8: It is considered that the death penalty acts as a

very strong deterrent for criminals.
TR:
3: It is unsafe to enter a building damaged by the

earthquake.
TR:
9: It is forbidden by Islamic law to drink blood or eat

any food made from blood.
TR:
4: It is forbidden to dump gravel and trash into
navigational lanes.
TR:
10: It is difficult to live in the south of the country in

5: It is obvious that the Ataturk Dam will greatly July or August, when the heat is unbearable.
contribute to the agricultural development of the TR:
region.
TR:
11: It has been predicted that the severe blizzard

will continue throughout next week.
TR:
6: Without good communication skills, it is
impossible to become a good leader.
TR:
12: It is estimated that more than 115 million 16: It was clear that the ship was in danger of
animals worldwide are used in laboratory sinking.
experiments every year. TR:
TR:
17: It is proven that regular exercise can

significantly reduce symptoms of anxiety.
TR:
13: Without an adequate knowledge of history, it is

not possible to comprehend today's social events.
TR:
18: It is a known fact that men age quicker than

females.
TR:
14: It is likely that in fifty years' time, we will have 19: It is assumed that the government will do
discovered a new planet. something to relieve the situation.
TR: TR:
15: It is widely said that 90% disputes occur due to 20: It is very important that we all educate our
lack of proper communication. children on the effects of climatic change.
TR: TR:
---- the south in güneyde
lack ---- of ... eksikliği
deterrent ---- for ... için caydırıcı
live ---- in ...da yaşamak
recover ---- from …dan kurtulmak, iyileşmek
---- danger of in ... tehlikesi altında
a range ---- of birçok farklı ...
---- winter in kışın
made ---- from ...dan yapılmak
age climatic environment greatly
proper come to communication exercise
reduce contribute change effectively
regular death fact quickly
harm use medication power
known take penalty symptoms
çevreye zarar vermek
bilinen gerçek
düzgün iletişim
iktidara gelmek
belirtileri azaltmak
ilaç almak
etkili bir şekilde kullanmak
düzenli egzersiz
hızlı yaşlanmak
büyük katkıda bulunmak
deficiency influential conflict
carry on peril forecast
come about talent take care of
decrease understand obvious
look after
reduce
predict
occur
comprehend
continue
skill
lack
dispute
danger
strong
clear
Advanced Passages 1
• Human-Like Rock Formations
• The World's Oldest Tree
• The Science of ASMR
• Garbage Houses
• 3D Printed Skin
• Asperitas Clouds
• Laughter Yoga
• Chaos Magic
• Biofluorescence: A Natural Light Show
• Songs of Humpback Whales
• Music as a Painkiller
• Future of Exploration: Venus
• Can Elephants Teach Us About Cancer?
• Underground City of Derinkuyu
• The Untold Story of the Vikings
Human-Like Rock Formations > Human-Like Rock Formations
Human-Like Rock Formations
Nature never fails to amaze us with its

artistic creations.
One such marvel is the occurrence of

rock formations that resemble humans.
These formations, also known as

anthropomorphic rock formations, are a
natural geological phenomenon that
occurs when erosion, weathering, and
sedimentation shape rocks into human-
like shapes.
Anthropomorphic rock formations can

be found all over the world, with some
of the most famous ones being the Old
Man of the Mountain in New Hampshire,
USA, and the Stone Forest in China.
These formations have fascinated

people for centuries and have been the
subject of numerous myths and
legends.
Scientists explain that the formation of

these rocks is a result of natural
processes that take place over a long
period of time.
The rocks are usually made up of

sedimentary, metamorphic, or volcanic
materials that have been exposed to
weathering and erosion.
Water, wind, and other natural forces

shape the rocks, creating unique
formations that often resemble human
faces, figures, or even animals.
Many cultures and societies have

revered these formations as sacred,
and they have been incorporated into
their traditions and beliefs.
In some places, they are considered to

have spiritual or healing properties, and
people travel from far and wide to
witness them.
Anthropomorphic rock formations are a

testament to the beauty and diversity of
nature.
They remind us of the power of natural

forces and the marvels they can create.
These unique formations are a true

wonder of the world, and we can only
hope to continue to discover more of
them in the future.
Human-Like Rock Formations > Vocabulary List

Vocabulary
nature (n): doğa, karakter society (n): toplum, dernek
fail (v): kalmak (sınav), başarısız olmak, revere (v): saygı duymak
arızalanmak, yüzüstü bırakmak sacred (adj): kutsal
amaze (v): şaşkınlık uyandırmak tradition (n): gelenek
creation (n): yaratma belief (n): inanç
marvel (n): şaşırtıcı consider (v): düşünmek
occurrence (n): olay, meydana gelme spiritual (adj): ruhsal
formation (n): oluşum healing (adj): şifalı
resemble (v): benzemek property (n): mal, özellik
anthropomorphic (adj): antropomorfik witness (v): şahit olmak
natural (adj): doğal, normal testament (n): vasiyetname, kanıt
geological (adj): jeolojik beauty (n): güzellik
phenomenon (n): olgu, fenomen diversity (n): çeşitlilik
occur (v): meydana gelmek wonder (n): hayret
weathering (n): aşınma discover (v): keşfetmek
sedimentation (n): posa birikmesi
Collocations
fascinate (v): büyülemek
natural force : doğal güç
natural process : doğal süreç
take place (pv): meydana gelmek
Prepositions
known as : ... olarak bilinen
be made up of (pv): ...dan oluşmak
expose to : …ya maruz bırakmak
sedimentary (adj): tortul
incorporate into : …ya katmak, dahil
metamorphic (adj): başkalaşıma uğramış etmek
force (n): güç, kuvvet (askeri vs) all over the world : dünyanın her yerinde
shape (n): şekil remind of : …yı hatırlatmak
shape (v): şekillendirmek for centuries : yüzyıllardır / yüzyıllarca
create (v): yaratmak travel from : ...dan seyahat
The World's Oldest Tree > The World's Oldest Tree
The World's Oldest Tree
The world's oldest tree, Methuselah, is a

Great Basin bristlecone pine located in
the White Mountains of California,
United States.
Estimated to be over 4,800 years old,

Methuselah has survived countless
droughts, fires, and harsh winters.
The tree was discovered in 1957 by

Edmund Schulman, a renowned
dendrochronologist, who was studying
the growth patterns of bristlecone pines.
Schulman initially thought the tree was

just an ordinary pine until he realized it
was much older than any other tree he
had come across.
The location of Methuselah is kept

secret to protect the tree from human
activity, but a nearby grove of
bristlecone pines is accessible to
visitors.
These trees have adapted to the harsh

conditions of the White Mountains by
growing very slowly and developing a
dense, resinous wood that is highly
resistant to decay and insects.
Some of the trees in this grove are

estimated to be over 4,000 years old,
making them among the oldest living
organisms on the planet.
Scientists have been studying

Methuselah and other bristlecone pines
to understand the secrets of their
longevity.
The trees have adapted to the extreme

environment of the White Mountains by
growing very slowly and conserving
resources.
They have also developed

sophisticated defense mechanisms to
protect themselves from damage and
disease.
By understanding how these trees

survive in such extreme conditions,
researchers hope to apply the lessons
learned to other plants and even to
human health.
The World's Oldest Tree > Vocabulary List
damage (n): hasar

Vocabulary
estimate (v): tahmin etmek disease (n): hastalık
countless (adj): sayısız survive (v): hayatta kalmak
drought (n): kuraklık condition (n): durum, rahatsızlık, şart
harsh (adj): sert location (n): konum
renowned (adj): meşhur wood (n): odun, ağaçlık
growth (n): büyüme, şişlik plant (n): bitki, santral
pattern (n): biçim, desen, (elbise vb) kalıp realize (v): farkına varmak,
gerçekleştirmek
pine (n): çam
Collocations
initially (adv): ilk başlarda
defence mechanism : savunma
ordinary (adj): sıradan mekanizması
grove (n): koru harsh condition : sert koşul
develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak extreme environment : sert koşullar
dense (adj): yoğun
Prepositions
resinous (adj): reçineli
locate in : ...da bulunmak
highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili
come across : rast gelmek
decay (n): çürük
adapt to : …ya uyum sağlamak
insect (n): böcek
resistant to : ...ya karşı dirençli
longevity (n): uzun ömür(lülük)
protect from : ...dan korumak
conserve (v): korumak
accessible to : … için erişilebilir
apply to : …ya uygulamak, başvurmak
The Science of ASMR > The Science of ASMR
The Science of ASMR
ASMR, or Autonomous Sensory

Meridian Response, has gained
immense popularity in recent years.
Millions of people tune in to videos that

stimulate the senses and trigger a
pleasurable tingling sensation in the
head, neck, and spine.
But what exactly is ASMR, and why do

people experience it?
Research on ASMR is still in its early

stages, but the phenomenon is believed
to involve the activation of the
parasympathetic nervous system, which
is responsible for rest and relaxation.
When triggered, this response can

induce a state of calmness and reduce
stress levels, making it a popular tool for
relaxation and sleep aid.
But why do certain sounds, visuals, and

physical sensations trigger ASMR in
some people but not others?
It's believed that ASMR may be linked

to synesthesia, a condition where
sensory experiences are perceived in a
way that involves multiple senses.
In the case of ASMR, certain stimuli

may activate multiple senses
simultaneously, leading to a pleasurable
and unique experience.
Despite the lack of research, ASMR has

become a mainstream phenomenon,
with thousands of videos and channels
dedicated to creating content
specifically designed to trigger the
response.
As more research is conducted, we

may gain a better understanding of this
intriguing phenomenon and its potential
benefits.
The Science of ASMR > Vocabulary List
mainstream (adj): ana akım

Vocabulary
gain (v): kazanmak content (n): içerik
stimulate (v): harekete geçirmek specifically (adv): özel olarak
sense (n): duyu, sağduyu, anlam design (v): tasarlamak
trigger (v): tetiklemek conduct (n): davranış, yürütme
pleasurable (adj): zevkli intriguing (adj): ilgi çekici
sensation (n): his, sansasyon benefit (n): yarar, devlet yardımı
spine (n): omurga, sırt (kitap), diken relaxation (n): dinlenme
experience (v): tecrübe etmek autonomous (adj): özerk
involve (v): içermek, gerektirmek meridian (n): meridyen
activation (n): hareketlendirme phenomenon (n): olgu, fenomen
responsible (adj): sorumlu state (n): durum, devlet, eyalet
response (n): yanıt multiple (adj): çoklu, kat
induce (v): sebep olmak, ikna etmek unique (adj): eşsiz
calmness (n): sakinlik Collocations

reduce (v): azaltmak early stage : erken evre, aşama
aid (n): yardım nervous system : sinir sistemi

tool (n): alet immense popularity : muazzam
popülarite
sensory (adj): duyusal
perceive (v): algılamak Prepositions
stimuli (n): uyarıcı in recent years : son yıllarda
activate (v): etkinleştirmek link to : ...ile bağlantı, bağ
simultaneously (adv): aynı anda lack of : ... eksikliği

dedicated to : kendini …ya adamış
Garbage Houses > Garbage Houses
Garbage Houses
As the world's population continues to

grow, waste generation becomes a
significant concern, and landfills are
quickly filling up.
However, there is a new trend

emerging in the world of sustainable
living: garbage houses.
These houses are built using materials

salvaged from landfills or other sources
of waste, such as old tires or shipping
containers.
These materials are typically free or

very low cost, making them an
attractive option for those on a tight
budget.
The benefits of garbage houses go

beyond their affordability, these houses
are also incredibly eco-friendly.
By using materials that would otherwise

end up in landfills, garbage houses help
reduce waste and lower the
environmental impact of traditional
housing construction.
Additionally, many of these materials

are insulating, meaning that garbage
houses can be energy efficient and
require less heating and cooling than
conventional homes.
Of course, there are some downsides

to garbage houses.
They may not be as durable as

traditional homes, and they can be
more difficult to insure.
However, with the right design and

construction techniques, these issues
can be mitigated.
Overall, garbage houses are an exciting

new development in the world of
sustainable living.
They offer an affordable and

environmentally friendly alternative to
traditional housing construction, and
they have the potential to make a
significant impact on our global waste
problem.
Garbage Houses > Vocabulary List

Vocabulary
population (n): nüfus environmental (adj): çevresel
grow (v): büyümek impact (n): etki, darbe
waste (n): israf, atık traditional (adj): geleneksel
generation (n): nesil, enerji üretimi construction (n): inşaat
significant (adj): önemli additionally (adv): ek olarak
concern (n): endişe, ilgi insulate (v): yalıtmak, tecrit etmek
landfill (n): çöp sahası efficient (adj): verimli
quickly (adv): hızlıca require (v): gerektirmek
fill up (pv): dolmak conventional (adj): geleneksel
emerge (v): ortaya çıkmak downside (n): dezavantaj
sustainable (adj): sürdürülebilir durable (adj): sağlam
garbage (n): çöp, saçmalık insure (v): sigortalamak
salvage (v): kurtarmak mitigate (v): hafifletmek
build (v): inşa etmek development (n): gelişme, geliştirme
source (n): kaynak exciting (adj): heyecan verici
tire (n): lastik offer (v): teklif etmek, sunmak
shipping (n): gemicilik, nakliye typically (adv): tipik olarak
attractive (adj): çekici Collocations

option (n): seçenek low cost : düşük maliyetli
benefit (n): yarar, devlet yardımı tight budget : sıkı bütçe
go beyond (pv): ötesine geçmek

Prepositions
affordability (n): satın alınabilirlik such as : … gibi, örneğin, mesela
eco-friendly (adj): çevre dostu option for : ... için seçenek
end up in (pv): ...da son bulmak
3D Printed Skin > 3D Printed Skin
3D Printed Skin
In recent years, 3D printing has made

significant advances in the medical
industry.
From printing surgical tools to implants,

the technology has revolutionized the
way doctors approach patient care.
One area that has seen immense

progress is 3D printed skin, which has
the potential to transform wound
healing.
Traditionally, skin grafts involve taking

skin from one part of the patient's body
and transplanting it to another.
This procedure can be painful and has

limitations in terms of the amount of
skin available.
With 3D printing, skin can be created

using a patient's own cells, eliminating
the need for a donor site.
The process involves taking a small

skin biopsy, isolating the cells, and
using them to create a bio-ink.
The bio-ink is then deposited layer by

layer to create a 3D structure that
mimics natural skin.
The benefits of 3D printed skin are

numerous.
It has the potential to reduce pain and

scarring for patients, as well as improve
healing times.
Additionally, it could help address the

shortage of donor skin, which is a
significant issue in burn centers.
While 3D printed skin is still in the early

stages of development, it holds
tremendous promise for the future of
wound healing.
As the technology continues to

advance, we may see more widespread
use of this innovative approach to
patient care.
3D Printed Skin > Vocabulary List
deposit (v): bırakmak, bankaya para

Vocabulary yatırmak
printing (n): basım
structure (n): yapı, bina
printed (adj): basılmış
mimic (v): taklidini yapmak, aynı özellikleri
advance (n): ilerleme, avans taşımak
surgical (adj): cerrahi improve (v): gelişmek
implant (n): doku ekimi shortage (n): kıtlık
revolutionize (v): devrim yapmak burn (n): yanık
approach (v): yaklaşmak tremendous (adj): devasa
progress (n): ilerleme promise (n): söz, umut verici şey
transform (v): dönüşmek advance (v): ilerlemek
wound (n): yara widespread (adj): yaygın
healing (n): iyileşme innovative (adj): yenilikçi
traditionally (adv): geleneksel olarak significant (adj): önemli
skin graft (n): deri grefti (tıp)

Collocations
transplant (v): nakletmek medical industry : tıp endüstrisi
patient (n): hasta
Prepositions
limitation (n): sınırlama
in recent years : son yıllarda
in terms of : … açısından
eliminate (v): yok etmek, saf dışı bırakmak
amount of : …nın miktarı
donor (n): donör
for the future : gelecek için
isolate (v): ayırmak
approach to : …ya yaklaşım
ink (n): mürekkep
Asperitas Clouds > Asperitas Clouds
Asperitas Clouds
Have you ever looked up at the sky and

seen a formation of clouds that looked
like a turbulent sea?
These clouds are called asperitas

clouds, and they are one of the most
unusual cloud formations known to
meteorologists.
Asperitas clouds are characterized by

their wavy, chaotic appearance, which
resembles the surface of a choppy
ocean.
They are formed when cool, moist air

mixes with warmer air, creating
turbulence and instability in the
atmosphere.
The undulating shapes of these clouds

are caused by rising and sinking air
currents that create pockets of
condensation.
Despite being officially recognized as a

distinct cloud type by the World
Meteorological Organization in 2017,
asperitas clouds remain a mystery to
scientists.
There is still much to be learned about

how they form and the conditions that
lead to their appearance.
One thing that is certain, however, is

that asperitas clouds are a stunning
sight to behold.
They can be seen all over the world,

but are most commonly observed in
regions with a lot of atmospheric
instability, such as the Plains of the
United States and the southern coast of
Australia.
Whether you're a weather enthusiast or

just someone who appreciates the
beauty of nature, the sight of asperitas
clouds is sure to leave you awestruck.
So next time you look up at the sky,

keep an eye out for these mesmerizing
cloud formations.
Asperitas Clouds > Vocabulary List
sight (n): görme yetisi, görüntü

Vocabulary
formation (n): oluşum behold (v): seyretmek
turbulent (adj): çalkantılı, (su, hava) commonly (adv): yaygın olarak, ortaklaşa
anaforlu region (n): bölge
unusual (adj): sıra dışı atmospheric (adj): atmosferik
wavy (adj): dalgalı enthusiast (n): hevesli
appearance (n): görünüş, ortaya çıkma appreciate (v): takdir etmek, farkına
surface (n): yüzey varmak
choppy (adj): hafif dalgalı awestruck (adj): hayran kalmış
moist (adj): nemli mesmerizing (adj): büyüleyici
turbulence (n): çalkantı Collocations

instability (n): istikrarsızlık remain a mystery : gizemini korumak
meteorologist (n): meteorolog
Prepositions
atmosphere (n): atmosfer, ortam look like : ... gibi görünmek
undulating (adj): inişli çıkışlı, aşağılı to be characterized by : ... ile nitelenmek /
yukarılı tanımlanmak
current (n): akım mix with : ... ile karıştırmak
sink (v): batmak to be caused by : ...dan kaynaklanmak
rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş), recognize as : ... olarak tanımak
ayağa kalkmak
learn about : ...yı öğrenmek
condensation (n): buğu, yoğuşma
lead to : ...ya yol açmak
officially (adv): resmi olarak
such as : … gibi, örneğin, mesela
distinct (adj): farklı
look at : …ya bakmak
stunning (adj): göz kamaştırıcı
Laughter Yoga > Laughter Yoga
Laughter Yoga
Laughter is known to be the best

medicine, and Laughter Yoga is a
practice that takes this idea to a whole
new level.
Developed in the 1990s by Dr. Madan

Kataria, a physician in Mumbai, India,
Laughter Yoga combines laughter
exercises with deep breathing
techniques to create a unique and fun
form of exercise.
Laughter Yoga is based on the

scientific principle that the body cannot
differentiate between real and fake
laughter, and both types of laughter
produce the same physical and
emotional benefits.
By laughing for no reason, we can

trigger the release of endorphins, the
body's natural feel-good chemicals, and
reduce stress levels.
In a Laughter Yoga session,

participants engage in a variety of
activities designed to promote laughter.
These can include silly games, role-

playing exercises, and guided laughter
exercises.
The group laughs together, often for no

particular reason, until the laughter
becomes contagious and genuine.
Laughter Yoga is not only a fun and

enjoyable form of exercise but also has
numerous health benefits.
It can boost the immune system, lower

blood pressure, improve mood and
mental clarity, and reduce pain and
inflammation.
Laughter Yoga is also an excellent way

to connect with others and build social
bonds, as laughter is contagious and
brings people together.
Laughter Yoga > Vocabulary List
enjoyable (adj): eğlenceli

Vocabulary
laughter (n): kahkaha boost (v): artırmak
medicine (n): ilaç, tıp lower (v): indirmek
practice (n): uygulama, idman improve (v): gelişmek
physician (n): hekim clarity (n): duruluk
produce (n): ürün inflammation (n): iltihaplanma
emotional (adj): duygusal excellent (adj): mükemmel
release (v): serbest bırakmak, yaymak, Collocations

piyasaya çıkarmak
deep breathing : derin nefes
endorphin (n): endorfin
scientific principle : bilimsel ilke
trigger (v): tetiklemek
health benefit : sağlık yardımı
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal
immune system : bağışıklık sistemi
session (n): oturum, dönem
blood pressure : kan basıncı / tansiyon
engage in (pv): katılmak
social bond : sosyal bağ
promote (v): teşvik etmek, terfi ettirmek,
reklamını yapmak Prepositions
silly (adj): aptalca combine with : ... ile birleştirmek
role-playing (n): rol yapma form of : ... çeşidi, türü, biçimi
guide (v): rehberlik etmek base on : ...ya dayandırmak
laugh (v): kahkaha atmak differentiate between : ... arasında
farklılaştırmak
particular (adj): özel, titiz
contagious (adj): bulaşıcı
connect with : …ile bağlantı kurmak
genuine (adj): gerçek
Chaos Magic > Chaos Magic
Chaos Magic
Chaos magic is a form of magic that

embraces the unpredictable and the
unknown.
It involves the manipulation of symbols

and beliefs to bring about a desired
outcome.
Unlike other forms of magic, chaos

magic does not rely on fixed rules or
traditions.
Instead, it allows for a more fluid and

creative approach to casting spells.
The origins of chaos magic can be

traced back to the late 20th century,
when a group of British magicians
began experimenting with new ways of
working with magic.
They drew inspiration from a variety of

sources, including Eastern mysticism,
quantum physics, and science fiction.
One of the key principles of chaos

magic is the concept of belief.
Chaos magicians believe that belief

itself is a powerful tool for shaping
reality.
By embracing new beliefs and

symbols, they can tap into the energy
of the universe and direct it towards
their goals.
Another important aspect of chaos

magic is the use of sigils, which are
symbols that represent a specific desire
or intention.
They are created through a process of

meditation and visualization, and are
then charged with energy through ritual
or casting spells.
Chaos magic can be a powerful and

transformative practice, but it is not for
everyone.
It requires a willingness to embrace

uncertainty and the unknown, and a
willingness to let go of traditional beliefs
and structures.
For those who are drawn to it, however,

it can be a powerful tool for self-
discovery and personal growth.
Chaos Magic > Vocabulary List
visualization (n): görselleştirme

Vocabulary
embrace (v): kabul etmek, sarılmak, ritual (n): âdet
kapsamak transformative (adj): dönüşebilir
unpredictable (adj): tahmin edilemez willingness (n): isteklilik
unknown (n): bilinmeyen uncertainty (n): belirsizlik
manipulation (n): manipülasyon self-discovery (n): kendini keşfetme
rely on (pv): bel bağlamak, güvenmek
Collocations
fixed (adj): sabit, tutturulmuş
desired outcome : istenen sonuç
tradition (n): gelenek
creative approach : yaratıcı yaklaşım
fluid (adj): akışkan, değişken
casting a spell : büyü yapmak
origin (n): köken
draw inspiration : esinlenmek
mysticism (n): gizemcilik
key principle : temel ilke
science fiction (n): bilim kurgu
powerful tool : güçlü alet
reality (n): gerçeklik
important aspect : önemli yön
tap into (pv): yararına kullanmak
personal growth : kişisel gelişim
universe (n): evren
Prepositions
goal (n): hedef, gol
form of : ... çeşidi, türü, biçimi
sigil (n): tılsım
allow for : … için izin vermek/sağlamak
represent (v): temsil etmek, tasvir etmek
trace back to : kaynağını bulmak
specific (adj): belirli
experiment with : …ile deney yapmak
desire (n): arzu
intention (n): niyet
direct towards : ...ya yönel(t)mek
meditation (n): meditasyon
bring about : sebep olmak
Biofluorescence: A Natural Light Show > Biofluorescence: A Natural Light
Show
Biofluorescence: A Natural Light

Show
Biofluorescence is the ability of some

organisms to absorb light at one
wavelength and then re-emit it at a
longer wavelength, creating a vibrant
and colorful display.
This phenomenon is different from

bioluminescence, where organisms
produce their own light, and is much
more common in the animal kingdom
than previously thought.
From the depths of the ocean to the

rainforest canopies, biofluorescent
creatures have been discovered in a
wide range of environments.
In the ocean, for example, coral reefs

are home to a plethora of fluorescent
species, such as corals, anemones, and
fish.
Even some sharks have been found to

exhibit biofluorescence.
On land, insects such as scorpions and

millipedes have also been found to
fluoresce.
It is believed that these creatures use

biofluorescence for a variety of
purposes, such as communication,
camouflage, and mate selection.
For instance, some species of fish

display intricate fluorescent patterns
that can only be seen by their own
species, suggesting that they use
biofluorescence as a form of secret
communication.
Other organisms, such as the lantern

shark, use biofluorescence to blend in
with the surrounding water, making
them invisible to predators.
The true beauty of biofluorescence lies

in its aesthetics.
The vivid colors and patterns that

appear under ultraviolet light are
nothing short of mesmerizing.
Not only is it a natural light show, but it

also provides valuable insight into the
complex lives of the organisms that
possess this unique ability.
It is a reminder that there is still so

much to discover in the natural world,
and that even the tiniest organisms can
hold fascinating secrets.
Biofluorescence: A Natural Light Show > Vocabulary List
suggest (v): önermek, tavsiye etmek,

Vocabulary (dolaylı olarak) göstermek
biofluorescence (n): biyofloresan
lantern (n): fener
ability (n): yetenek
invisible (adj): görünmez
absorb (v): emmek, odaklanmak, (bilgi)
kavramak predator (n): yırtıcı hayvan
wavelength (n): dalga boyu appear (v): ortaya çıkmak, ... gibi
görünmek
emit (v): (gaz, ısı, ışık vb.) yaymak
aesthetics (n): estetik ilmi
vibrant (adj): (renk) canlı
colourful (adj): renkli
possess (v): sahip olmak
display (n): sergi, gösteri, bilgisayar ekranı
reminder (n): hatırlatma
bioluminescence (n): biyoluminesans
tiny (adj): küçücük
produce (n): ürün
fascinating (adj): büyüleyici
rainforest (n): yağmur ormanı
Collocations
previously (adv): önceden
animal kingdom : hayvanlar alemi
canopy (n): tente, saçak
true beauty : gerçek güzellik
creature (n): yaratık
vivid colour : canlı renk
coral reef (n): mercan resifi
ultraviolet light : morötesi ışık
plethora (n): fazlalık, kan fazlalığı
natural light : doğal ışık
valuable insight : değerli bilgi
anemone (n): anemon
natural world : doğal yaşam
exhibit (v): sergilemek
mate selection : eş seçimi
land (n): kara, ülke
scorpion (n): akrep Prepositions
millipede (n): kırkayak different from : …dan farklı
fluoresce (v): floresan ışığı yaymak depths of : ...nın derinlikleri
purpose (n): amaç a variety of : çok çeşitli ...
communication (n): iletişim such as : … gibi, örneğin, mesela
camouflage (n): kamuflaj for instance : örneğin
display (v): sergilemek, göstermek blend with : ... ile karıştırmak
intricate (adj): karmaşık lie in : ...da uzanmak, bulunmak
pattern (n): biçim, desen, (elbise vb) kalıp a range of : birçok farklı ...
Songs of Humpback Whales > Songs of Humpback Whales
Songs of Humpback Whales
Humpback whales are known for their

impressive vocalizations, which are
among the most complex and diverse in
the animal kingdom.
Their songs can be heard from miles

away and consist of a series of moans,
cries, and whistles that are repeated in
a specific pattern.
Scientists have long been fascinated by

these songs and have been studying
them for decades to try to understand
their purpose.
Recently, researchers discovered that

humpback whales have a highly
sophisticated system of communication
that allows them to learn new songs
from each other.
This finding challenges previous

assumptions that humpback whale
songs were genetically determined and
unchanging.
The discovery was made by recording

the songs of humpback whales in the
wild and analyzing the recordings using
advanced computer algorithms.
The researchers found that humpback

whales from different regions have
distinct dialects and that these dialects
can change over time as whales learn
new songs from each other.
The ability of humpback whales to learn

new songs is not only impressive but
also raises new questions about the
function of their vocalizations.
Some scientists believe that humpback

whale songs are used for
communication, while others think that
they may play a role in mate selection
or even navigation.
Regardless of their purpose, the songs

of humpback whales remain one of the
most awe-inspiring wonders of the
natural world.
As we continue to learn more about

these magnificent creatures, we can
only imagine what other marvels they
have yet to reveal.
Songs of Humpback Whales > Vocabulary List
dialect (n): ağız

Vocabulary
humpback whale (n): kambur balina raise (v): yükseltmek, yetiştirmek (çocuk
vs), ortaya atmak
vocalization (n): seslendirme
function (n): işlev, tören
diverse (adj): çeşitli
navigation (n): navigasyon
moan (n): sızlanma
remain (v): kalmak
whistle (n): ıslık
awe-inspiring (adj): büyüleyici
repeated (adj): tekrarlanan
imagine (v): hayal etmek, sanmak
impressive (adj): etkileyici
fascinated (adj): büyülenmiş
Collocations
sophisticated (adj): kültürlü, gelişmiş
mate selection : eş seçimi
challenge (v): meydan okumak, karşı
çıkmak magnificent creature : muhteşem varlık
previous (adj): önceki

Prepositions
assumption (n): varsayım known for : ...sıyla ünlü, tanınan, bilinen
genetically (adv): genetik olarak consist of : ...dan oluşmak
determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek for decades : onlarca yıldır
unchanging (adj): değişmeyen in the wild : vahşi hayatta
record (v): kaydetmek over time : zamanla, zaman içerisinde
analyse (v): analiz etmek use for : ... için kullanmak
recording (n): kayıt regardless of : …ya bakmaksızın
advanced (adj): ileri düzeyde play a role in : ...da rol oynamak
distinct (adj): farklı learn about : ...yı öğrenmek
Music as a Painkiller > Music as a Painkiller
Music as a Painkiller
The thought of undergoing surgery can

be overwhelming for many people, and
it's no secret that it can be a stressful
and painful experience.
However, recent research from the

University of Pennsylvania suggests
that listening to music during surgery
can help reduce pain and anxiety levels
for patients.
The study, which involved over 2,000

patients, found that those who listened
to music during surgery required less
anesthesia and reported less pain and
anxiety than those who did not listen to
music.
In fact, the results were so significant

that the researchers suggested that
music could be used as a
complementary therapy for surgical
patients.
But how does music have such a

powerful effect on our bodies and
minds?
According to the study, music can

stimulate the release of endorphins,
which are natural painkillers produced
by the body.
Additionally, music can distract our

minds from the pain and anxiety we
might be experiencing during surgery,
allowing us to relax and focus on
something positive instead.
This research has important

implications for healthcare
professionals, as it suggests that simple
interventions like playing music during
surgery could improve patient outcomes
and satisfaction.
It also highlights the importance of

taking a holistic approach to patient
care, and considering the potential
benefits of complementary therapies
like music in addition to traditional
medical treatments.
Music as a Painkiller > Vocabulary List
Vocabulary Collocations
painkiller (n): ağrı kesici undergo surgery : ameliyat olmak
overwhelming (adj): ezici painful experience : acı verici deneyim
anxiety (n): endişe, isteklilik complementary therapy : tamamlayıcı

terapi
anaesthesia (n): anestezi
surgical patient : cerrahi hasta
report (v): bildirmek, şikayet etmek
powerful effect : güçlü etki
stimulate (v): harekete geçirmek
holistic approach : bütünsel yaklaşım
release (n): serbest bırakma, salınım,
piyasaya çıkarma medical treatment : tıbbi tedavi
endorphin (n): endorfin

Prepositions
implication (n): olası sonuç, ima, suça thought of : ... düşüncesi
karışma
listen to : …yı dinlemek
healthcare (n): sağlık hizmeti
during surgery : ameliyat sırasında
intervention (n): müdahale
according to : ...e göre
outcome (n): sonuç
distract from : ...dan dikkatini dağıtmak
satisfaction (n): memnuniyet
focus on : ...ya odaklanma
highlight (v): vurgulamak
in addition to : ...e ilaveten
importance (n): önem
Future of Exploration: Venus > Future of Exploration: Venus
Future of Exploration: Venus
While Mars has been the focal point of

space exploration for decades,
scientists and researchers are now
turning their attention to another planet
in our solar system - Venus.
Long considered a "hellish" planet due

to its extreme temperatures and thick,
toxic atmosphere, Venus is now being
viewed as a potential destination for
future missions.
One of the key reasons why Venus is

attracting attention is its proximity to
Earth.
Unlike Mars, which can take up to eight

months to reach, Venus is only a few
weeks away.
This makes it much easier to send

robotic probes and even human
missions to the planet.
Another factor contributing to Venus'

newfound popularity is the discovery of
potential signs of life in its atmosphere.
Recent observations have detected

traces of phosphine gas, which on
Earth is produced primarily by living
organisms.
While it's still unclear whether the gas is

indeed a sign of life on Venus, the
discovery has sparked renewed interest
in the planet.
Venus has a lot more features that

make it a fascinating subject of study.
Its thick atmosphere, for example,

could hold clues about how to address
climate change on Earth.
And its geology, with its volcanoes and

extensive lava flows, could help
scientists better understand the inner
workings of rocky planets like Earth.
All in all, Venus is an exciting frontier

for space exploration, and it's likely that
we'll be hearing a lot more about it in
the years to come.
Future of Exploration: Venus > Vocabulary List
volcano (n): yanardağ

Vocabulary
exploration (n): keşif extensive (adj): geniş çaplı
hellish (adj): cehennem gibi flow (n): akış, akın
planet (n): gezegen exciting (adj): heyecan verici
thick (adj): kalın frontier (n): sınır
toxic (adj): zehirli likely (adj): olası
atmosphere (n): atmosfer, ortam Collocations

destination (n): varış yeri focal point : odak noktası
mission (n): görev space exploration : uzay keşfi

proximity (n): yakınlık solar system : güneş sistemi
take up (pv): almak (zaman, yer), extreme temperature : aşırı sıcaklık

başlamak
key reason : ana sebep
attract attention : dikkat çekmek
probe (n): araştırma, sonda
living organism : canlı organizma
popularity (n): popülerlik
hold clue : ipucu taşımak / içermek
sign (n): işaret
observation (n): gözlem
inner workings : iç çalışmalar
detect (v): tespit etmek
rocky planet : kayalık gezegen
primarily (adv): esas olarak
Prepositions
indeed (adv): aslında
spark (v): başlatmak
contribute to : ...ya katkıda bulunmak
renewed (adj): yenilenmiş
interest in : …ya ilgi
feature (n): özellik
for example : örneğin
trace of : ...nın izi
address (v): hitap etmek, sorunla
ilgilenmek, adres yazmak clue about : ...hakkında ipucu
geology (n): yer bilimi on Earth : Dünya'da
Can Elephants Teach Us About Cancer? > Can Elephants Teach Us About
Cancer?
Can Elephants Teach Us About

Cancer?
For years, scientists have been puzzled

by the fact that elephants, despite their
enormous size and long lifespans,
rarely develop cancer.
In fact, research has shown that

elephants have a cancer mortality rate
of only around 5%, compared to around
25% in humans.
This has led many researchers to ask

the question: can elephants teach us
something about how to prevent and
treat cancer in humans?
The answer, it seems, is yes.
Recent studies have revealed that

elephants have several unique
mechanisms for preventing cancer,
including multiple copies of a gene that
helps to suppress tumor growth.
In addition, elephants also have a much

higher concentration of a cancer-
fighting protein called p53, which helps
to prevent damaged cells from
becoming cancerous.
These discoveries have led to a

growing interest in studying elephant
DNA in the hopes of developing new
cancer treatments for humans.
In fact, several research teams around

the world are currently working on
developing drugs that mimic the
cancer-fighting mechanisms found in
elephants.
While it remains to be seen whether

these drugs will be effective in humans,
the study of elephant DNA offers a
promising avenue for unlocking new
treatments for one of the deadliest
diseases in the world.
Who would have thought that these

gentle giants could hold the key to such
an important medical breakthrough?
Can Elephants Teach Us About Cancer? > Vocabulary List
gentle (adj): nazik

Vocabulary
lifespan (n): ömür giant (n): dev, dev gibi, dev şirket
rarely (adv): nadiren Collocations

develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak enormous size : muazzam boyut
prevent (v): önlemek mortality rate : ölüm oranı
treat (v): davranmak, tedavi etmek, promising avenue : umut verici bir yol
ısmarlamak
deadly disease : ölümcül hastalık
mechanism (n): mekanizma
medical breakthrough : tıbbi atılım/yenilik
gene (n): gen
suppress (v): bastırmak
Prepositions
teach about : ... hakkında öğretmek
concentration (n): odaklanma, yoğunluk
for years : yıllardır, yıllarca
damaged (adj): hasarlı
puzzled by : ...e şaşırmak
cancerous (adj): kanserli
in fact : aslında, gerçekte
treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
rate of : ...nın oranı
currently (adv): şu anda
compare to : ...ile karşılaştırmak
drug (n): ilaç, uyuşturucu
lead to : ...ya yol açmak
effective (adj): etkili
help to : ...ya yardım
in the hope of : …nın umuduyla
unlock (v): kilidi açmak
work on : üzerinde çalışmak
Underground City of Derinkuyu > Underground City of Derinkuyu
Underground City of Derinkuyu
Derinkuyu, located in the Cappadocia

region of Turkey, is home to one of the
most incredible underground cities in
the world.
This ancient city was built over 2,500

years ago and is estimated to have
housed up to 20,000 people at its peak.
The city spans over 18 levels and goes

as deep as 85 meters underground.
The underground city of Derinkuyu was

built by the Phrygians as a way to
escape invaders, and it was later
expanded by early Christians to avoid
persecution.
The city is an engineering marvel,

featuring ventilation shafts, water wells,
kitchens, wineries, and even a school.
The city was connected to other

underground cities in the area by a
network of tunnels that ran for miles.
The city was rediscovered in 1963

when a resident of Derinkuyu was
renovating his home and broke through
a wall, revealing a hidden room.
Today, visitors can explore the

underground city and marvel at the
ingenuity of the people who built it so
long ago.
The underground city of Derinkuyu is a

testament to the resourcefulness and
determination of the human spirit.
It is a reminder that even in the face of

adversity, we have the power to create
incredible things.
The city is a must-see for anyone

interested in history, architecture, or
engineering, and it serves as a powerful
reminder of our shared human heritage.
Underground City of Derinkuyu > Vocabulary List
determination (n): kararlılık

Vocabulary
ancient (adj): eski adversity (n): sıkıntılı durum
house (v): barındırmak history (n): tarih, geçmiş
escape (v): kaçmak architecture (n): mimarlık, mimari tarz
invader (n): istilacı shared (adj): paylaşılan
expand (v): genişlemek heritage (n): miras
avoid (v): kaçınmak Collocations

persecution (n): zulüm underground city : yeraltı şehri
engineering (n): mühendislik human spirit : insan ruhu

ventilation (n): havalandırma powerful reminder : etkili hatırlatıcı
shaft (n): sap, dikey boşluk, şaft

Prepositions
well (n): kuyu locate in : ...da bulunmak
winery (n): şarap imalathanesi home to : ...ya ev sahipliği yapan
resident (n): sakin (bir yerin) at peak : zirvede, en üst sınırda
renovate (v): onarmak connect to : …ile bağlantı kurmak
break through (pv): (engel) aşmak network of : ...nın ağı
hidden (adj): gizli serve as : ... olarak hizmet etmek
ingenuity (n): pratik zeka marvel at : ...e hayret etmek
resourcefulness (n): beceriklilik
The Untold Story of the Vikings > The Untold Story of the Vikings
The Untold Story of the Vikings
When people think of Vikings, they

often conjure up images of fierce
warriors pillaging and plundering their
way through Europe.
However, this popular perception of the

Vikings as ruthless raiders only tells
half of the story.
In reality, the Vikings were key players

in the development of Europe and
contributed greatly to its cultural and
economic growth.
During the Viking Age, which spanned

from the late 8th century to the mid-
11th century, the Vikings were not only
raiders but also traders, explorers, and
settlers.
They established trade networks that

spanned from the Middle East to North
America, and their influence can be
seen in the art, architecture, and
language of many European countries
today.
In addition to their contributions to trade

and exploration, the Vikings were also
instrumental in the defense of Europe.
In the 9th and 10th centuries, Europe

was under constant threat from
invading armies, including the Magyars
and Saracens.
It was the Vikings who stepped in to

help defend Europe, forming alliances
with local rulers and providing crucial
military support.
Despite their many contributions, the

Vikings still have a reputation as
savage raiders.
This is due in part to the fact that their

raids were highly publicized and had a
profound impact on the European
psyche.
However, it is important to remember

that the Vikings were more than just
raiders – they were a complex and
dynamic people who played a vital role
in the development of Europe.
The Untold Story of the Vikings > Vocabulary List
key player : önemli şirket/oyuncu

Vocabulary
conjure up (pv): hayal etmek, maharetle economic growth : ekonomik büyüme
hazırlamak trade network : ticaret ağı
pillage (v): yağmalamak constant threat : sürekli tehdit
plunder (v): yağma etmek invading army : istila eden ordu
ruthless (adj): acımasız local ruler : yerel hükümdar
raider (n): yağmacı military support : askeri destek
trader (n): tüccar profound impact : büyük/derin etki
explorer (n): kaşif vital role : hayati rol
settler (n): yerleşimci
Prepositions
establish (v): kurmak, belirlemek
think of : düşünmek, hayal etmek;
influence (n): etki uydurmak
step in (pv): devreye girmek half of : ...nın yarısı
crucial (adj): çok önemli in reality : gerçekte
savage (adj): vahşi, zalim instrumental in : ...da yararlı, ...ya

yardımcı
publicize (v): reklamını yapmak
alliance with : …ile ittifak
psyche (n): akıl
reputation as : ...olarak tanınma
play a role in : ...da rol oynamak
Collocations
step in : ...ya adım atmak
fierce warrior : vahşi savaşçı
impact on : …üzerinde etki
popular perception : popüler algı
Advanced Passages 2
• The Power of Numerology
• Forest Bathing
• The Unique Taste of Umami
• The Brilliant Minds of Octopuses
• Cryonics
• Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
• Annual Cockroach Worship in Karnataka
• The Black Sun
• Why Do Cats Purr?
• Injectable Bandage
• The Curse of the Hope Diamond
• Nature's Mathematicians: Honeybees
• A Book That No One Can Read
• Artificial Embryos
• The Rise of Jackfruit
The Power of Numerology > The Power of Numerology
The Power of Numerology
Numerology is the study of numbers

and their impact on our lives.
It is based on the belief that each

number has a unique vibration and
significance that can provide insight into
our personality, relationships, and life
path.
Numerology has been practiced for

centuries, and many people continue to
use it today to gain a deeper
understanding of themselves and the
world around them.
In numerology, each number has a

specific meaning.
For example, the number one

represents independence and
leadership, while the number two
symbolizes balance and harmony.
By analyzing the numbers present in

our birthdate, name, and other
significant life events, numerologists
can provide personalized insights and
guidance.
Numerology can also be used to

uncover hidden meanings in everyday
life.
For instance, noticing recurring

numbers or number patterns may be a
sign from the universe.
This could be a message to pay

attention to a particular aspect of your
life or to take action in a certain way.
Despite its popularity, numerology is

often met with skepticism.
Critics argue that the practice lacks

scientific evidence and is therefore
invalid.
However, many proponents of

numerology argue that it offers a
unique perspective on life that cannot
be explained by science alone.
Whether you believe in the power of

numerology or not, there is no denying
that numbers have a significant impact
on our lives.
Understanding the meanings behind

these numbers can provide valuable
insights into our past, present, and
future.
The Power of Numerology > Vocabulary List
take action (v): harekete geçmek

Vocabulary
numerology (n): numeroloji skepticism (n): şüphecilik
vibration (n): titreşim lack (v): eksik olmak
significance (n): önem invalid (adj): geçersiz
personality (n): kişilik proponent (n): yandaş
relationship (n): ilişki deny (v): inkar etmek, izin vermemek
practise (v): alıştırma yapmak Collocations

independence (n): bağımsızlık life path : yaşam yolu
leadership (n): liderlik hidden meaning : gizli anlam
represent (v): temsil etmek, tasvir etmek everyday life : gündelik yaşam
symbolize (v): simgelemek scientific evidence : bilimsel kanıt
balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi valuable insight : değerli bilgi
harmony (n): uyum

Prepositions
personalized (adj): kişiselleştirilmiş for instance : örneğin
guidance (n): rehberlik sign from : ...dan işaret
uncover (v): ortaya çıkarmak meaning behind : …nın arkasındaki
notice (v): fark etmek anlam
recurring (adj): tekrarlayan insight into : …hakkında bilgi
universe (n): evren message to : ...ya mesaj
meet with : ...ile buluşmak/karşılaşmak
Forest Bathing > Forest Bathing
Forest Bathing
Forest bathing, also known as Shinrin-

yoku, is a practice that originated in
Japan in the 1980s.
It involves immersing oneself in nature

by taking a leisurely walk through the
forest, breathing in the fresh air, and
taking in the sights and sounds of the
natural world.
This practice has been shown to have

numerous benefits for both physical
and mental health.
Studies have found that spending time

in nature can lower stress levels, boost
mood, and improve overall well-being.
Forest bathing specifically has been

shown to lower cortisol levels, reduce
blood pressure and heart rate, and
improve immune system function.
It has also been linked to increased

creativity and productivity, as well as
improved sleep quality.
In addition to the physical and mental

health benefits, forest bathing can also
provide a sense of connection to the
natural world.
By slowing down and taking in the

beauty and serenity of the forest, we
can develop a deeper appreciation for
nature and our place within it.
This can lead to a greater sense of

purpose and meaning in life.
If you're interested in trying forest

bathing, find a nearby park or nature
reserve and take a leisurely stroll
through the trees.
Leave your phone behind and focus on

being present in the moment.
Take deep breaths and let the sights,

sounds, and smells of the forest wash
over you.
With time, you may find that this simple

practice becomes an important part of
your self-care routine.
Forest Bathing > Vocabulary List
self-care (n): kişisel bakım

Vocabulary
specifically (adv): özel olarak Collocations
cortisol (n): kortizol leisurely walk : rahat yürüyüş
function (n): işlev, tören fresh air : temiz hava

creativity (n): yaratıcılık overall well-being : genel refah
productivity (n): verim heart rate : kalp atış hızı
connection (n): bağlantı, aktarma (tren, deep breath : derin nefes

uçak vs)
sleep quality : uyku kalitesi
slow down (pv): yavaşlamak
take in (pv): anlamak, kandırmak
Prepositions
originate in : ...da ortaya çıkmak
serenity (n): sükûnet
immerse in : kendini ...ya kaptırmak
appreciation (n): takdir, değerlenme
link to : ...ile bağlantı, bağ
reserve (n): rezerv, çekingenlik, koruma
alanı sense of : … duyusu, anlayışı
stroll (n): gezinti, başarması kolay zafer interest in : …ya ilgi
focus on (pv): odaklanmak
The Unique Taste of Umami > The Unique Taste of Umami
The Unique Taste of Umami
When we think of taste, we often

associate it with the four basic flavors:
sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
However, there is a fifth flavor that has

been recognized by scientists and food
enthusiasts alike: umami.
Umami is a Japanese word that

translates to "pleasant savory taste"
and is known for its mouth-watering
richness and depth.
Umami taste is a result of glutamic

acid, an amino acid that's found in
many foods, including meats, fish,
vegetables, and dairy products.
It can be described as a subtle and

lingering sensation on the tongue that
is both savory and satisfying.
It is often described as a meaty, brothy,

or earthy flavor that enhances the
overall taste of a dish.
Umami taste can be found in many

dishes, from traditional Japanese
cuisine like miso soup, soy sauce, and
dashi, to Italian pasta dishes like
spaghetti alla carbonara, and even
American fast food like burgers and
fries.
Umami taste is a versatile and

delicious flavor that adds depth and
complexity to any dish.
The discovery of umami taste has

revolutionized the culinary world, and it
has opened up new opportunities for
chefs and food enthusiasts to
experiment with flavors and create new
and exciting dishes.
Many people who have experienced

umami taste describe it as a "mouth-
watering" and "addictive" taste that
keeps them coming back for more.
The Unique Taste of Umami > Vocabulary List
dish (n): tabak, yemek, bulaşık

Vocabulary
taste (n): tat, zevk soy sauce (n): soya sosu
associate with (pv): ilişkili olmak soup (n): çorba
flavour (n): tat versatile (adj): çok yönlü
sour (n): ekşi alkollü bir içki delicious (adj): lezzetli
salty (adj): tuzlu add (v): eklemek, toplamak (matematik)
enthusiast (n): hevesli complexity (n): karmaşıklık
translate (v): tercüme etmek open up (pv): doğmak (fırsat, olasılık),

kilidi açmak, içini dökmek
pleasant (adj): hoş
addictive (adj): bağımlılık yaratan
savoury (adj): tuzlu, uygun
come back (pv): geri dönmek, tekrar moda
mouth-watering (adj): ağız sulandıran olmak
richness (n): zenginlik, canlılık

Collocations
depth (n): derinlik dairy product : süt ürünü
glutamic acid (n): glutamik asit traditional cuisine : geleneksel mutfak
amino acid (n): amino asit culinary world : mutfak dünyası
subtle (adj): belli belirsiz
Prepositions
lingering (adj): uzun süren
recognize by : ... ile tanımak
sensation (n): his, sansasyon
known for : ...sıyla ünlü, tanınan, bilinen
satisfying (adj): tatmin edici
result of : ...nın sonucu
meaty (adj): etli, yenecek kısmı çok olan,
ilginç describe as : ...olarak tanımlamak
brothy (adj): et suyuna benzeyen discovery of : ..nın keşfi
earthy (adj): cinsel içerikli, dünyayla ilgili experiment with : …ile deney yapmak
enhance (v): geliştirmek recognize as : ... olarak tanımak
The Brilliant Minds of Octopuses > The Brilliant Minds of Octopuses
The Brilliant Minds of Octopuses
Octopuses are some of the most

intriguing and intelligent creatures in
the ocean.
With eight arms, a soft body, and a

keen sense of curiosity, these creatures
have captured the imaginations of
people for centuries.
But what makes octopuses so

remarkable is not just their appearance,
but their ability to think and problem-
solve like no other creature in the sea.
Octopuses are known for their

impressive problem-solving skills.
They can use tools, solve mazes, and

even escape from jars and other
containers.
Their brains are distributed throughout

their bodies, allowing them to use their
arms almost independently and process
information from multiple sources at
once.
This means that they can quickly

assess a situation and find a solution
that works for them.
Unlike humans, octopuses don't have a

centralized brain, but instead have a
decentralized nervous system that
extends throughout their bodies.
This allows them to process information

from multiple sources simultaneously
and respond quickly to changing
conditions.
It also means that each arm has its own

"mind," so to speak, which can work
together to solve complex problems.
Some scientists believe that octopuses

may be capable of conscious thought
and even have personalities.
They are curious, playful, and

sometimes even mischievous, and
seem to enjoy exploring their
surroundings and interacting with their
environment.
Their intelligence and problem-solving

abilities have led some researchers to
wonder if they might even be capable
of learning and using language.
The Brilliant Minds of Octopuses > Vocabulary List
curious (adj): meraklı, tuhaf

Vocabulary
intriguing (adj): ilgi çekici playful (adj): şakacı
curiosity (n): merak mischievous (adj): yaramaz
capture (v): ele geçirmek intelligence (n): zekâ, istihbarat
imagination (n): hayal gücü wonder (v): merak etmek
remarkable (adj): kayda değer Collocations

maze (n): labirent intelligent creature : akıllı yaratık / varlık
problem-solving (n): problem çözme keen sense : keskin duyu

jar (n): kavanoz, sarsılma changing condition : değişen şart
independently (adv): bağımsız olarak conscious thought : bilinçli düşünce

process (v): işleme koymak, işlemek
Prepositions
information (n): bilgi escape from : …dan kaçmak
assess (v): değerlendirmek distribute throughout : ... boyunca
solution (n): çözüm, çözelti dağıtmak
work for (pv): ...da işe yaramak capable of : ...yı yapabilen
centralized (adj): merkezileştirilmiş at once : hemen, birden, bir çırpıda
decentralized (adj): ademimerkeziyetçi respond to : …ya cevap, tepki vermek
extend (v): uzatmak, kapsamak interact with : ... ile etkileşime geçmek
Cryonics > Cryonics
Cryonics
Cryonics is a controversial and

unconventional field of science that
involves freezing a human body in
hopes of reanimating it in the future.
Advocates of cryonics believe that this

technology may one day offer a second
chance at life to those who have
passed away.
The process of cryonics involves

quickly cooling the body after death to
preserve it in a state of suspended
animation.
Once the body is frozen, it is stored in a

cryogenic chamber at a temperature of
-196°C.
The hope is that future medical

technologies will be able to repair any
damage to the body caused by the
freezing process and revive the
individual.
Despite the potential benefits of

cryonics, many people are skeptical of
its effectiveness.
Critics argue that the technology is

unproven and that the chances of
successfully reanimating a frozen body
are slim to none.
Furthermore, the high cost of cryonics,

which can reach up to hundreds of
thousands of dollars, makes it an option
only available to a small and wealthy
minority.
Despite the controversy surrounding

cryonics, there are those who remain
hopeful that one day the technology will
become mainstream and offer a real
chance at immortality.
Whether or not this will ever come to

fruition remains to be seen, but for
those who believe in the potential of
cryonics, the possibility of a second
chance at life is too alluring to ignore.
Cryonics > Vocabulary List
successfully (adv): başarılı bir şekilde

Vocabulary
cryonics (n): kriyojeni wealthy (adj): zengin
controversial (adj): tartışmalı minority (n): azınlık
unconventional (adj): alışılmadık immortality (n): ölümsüzlük
freeze (v): donmak fruition (n): gerçekleşme
reanimate (v): yeniden canlandırmak alluring (adj): cezbedici
advocate (n): avukat, savunan Collocations

pass away (pv): vefat etmek second chance : ikinci şans
preserve (n): reçel, tekelinde olma, doğa medical technology : tıbbi teknoloji
koruma alanı
high cost : yüksek fiyat
suspended animation (n): geçici ölüm hali
Prepositions
field of : ... alanı
frozen (adj): donmuş
temperature of : ...nın sıcaklığı
chamber (n): oda
repair (v): onarmak
chance of : … şansı, ihtimali
revive (v): canlandırmak
available to : ...için ulaşılabilir
effectiveness (n): etkililik
possibility of : ... olasılığı
unproven (adj): kanıtlanmamış
believe in : ... (nın varlığına) inanmak
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome > Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
Alice in Wonderland syndrome, also

known as AWS, is a rare neurological
condition that affects perception,
causing objects to appear smaller or
larger than they actually are.
Named after the Lewis Carroll book

"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", in
which the protagonist experiences
similar distortions in size and
perception, AWS can be a disorienting
and frightening experience for those
who suffer from it.
People with AWS can experience

visual, auditory, and tactile
hallucinations, as well as altered
perceptions of time and space.
Some may even feel like they are

floating or flying.
The condition can affect anyone, but it

is more common in children and
adolescents.
The cause of AWS is still unknown, but

it is thought to be related to migraines,
epilepsy, or viral infections.
Some people with AWS may also have

a history of drug use or mental health
issues.
While there is no cure for AWS, there

are ways to manage the symptoms.
Medications used to treat migraines or

epilepsy may be effective in reducing
the frequency and intensity of
hallucinations.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy can also

help people cope with the condition by
teaching them techniques to manage
anxiety and stress.
Living with AWS can be challenging, but

it is possible to lead a fulfilling life with
the right support and treatment.
It is important for those experiencing

symptoms of AWS to seek medical
advice and support from healthcare
professionals.
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome > Vocabulary List

Vocabulary
syndrome (n): sendrom medication (n): ilaç tedavisi
rare (adj): nadir, az pişmiş (et), seyreltilmiş treat (v): davranmak, tedavi etmek,
ısmarlamak
neurological (adj): sinirsel hastalıklar ile
ilgili frequency (n): sıklık, frekans
affect (v): etkilemek intensity (n): yoğunluk
perception (n): algılama cognitive (adj): bilişsel
name after (pv): adını vermek behavioural (adj): davranışsal
protagonist (n): baş kahraman cope with (pv): başa çıkmak
distortion (n): bozukluk treatment (n): tedavi, muamele
size (n): ebat seek (v): aramak, ...yapmaya çalışmak
disorientating (adj): afallatan Collocations

frightening (adj): korkutan viral infection : viral enfeksiyon
suffer from (pv): ...dan muzdarip olmak fulfilling life : tatmin edici hayat
auditory (adj): işitsel medical advice : tıbbi tavsiye
tactile (adj): dokunma ile ilgili, yüzeyi hoş,

Prepositions
sürekli dokunan
feel like : ... gibi hissetmek
alter (v): değiştirmek
common in : ...da yaygın
float (v): batmadan durmak
related to : ...ile ilişkili
adolescent (adj, n): ergen
live with : ...ile yaşamak
migraine (n): migren
support from : ...dan destek
epilepsy (n): epilepsi
cure for : ... için tedavi
Annual Cockroach Worship in Karnataka > Annual Cockroach Worship in
Karnataka
Annual Cockroach Worship in

Karnataka
In the southern state of Karnataka, a

unique and ancient tradition is
celebrated every year - the worship of
cockroaches.
This tradition, known as "Gowli Pooja,"

has been practiced for centuries by a
community called the Gowli people,
who are primarily found in the districts
of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi.
According to folklore, the Gowli people

believe that a particular species of
cockroach, known as "Ganda
Bherunda," has divine powers and can
ward off evil spirits.
During the festival, these cockroaches

are caught and decorated with colorful
beads and flowers, before being placed
on a platter and worshipped with great
reverence.
The festival takes place during the

month of Ashada, which falls between
June and July, and is celebrated over a
period of three days.
The first day is dedicated to the

preparation of the cockroaches, while
the second day involves the actual
worship, accompanied by traditional
music and dance performances.
On the final day, the cockroaches are

released into the wild, symbolizing the
victory of good over evil.
Despite the Gowli people being a small

community, the annual cockroach
worship has attracted tourists and
visitors from across the country, who
come to witness this unique and
fascinating tradition.
While some may find it unusual or even

repulsive, for the Gowli people, the
worship of cockroaches is an important
part of their cultural identity and a way
to connect with their roots and
traditions.
Annual Cockroach Worship in Karnataka > Vocabulary List
preparation (n): hazırlık

Vocabulary
annual (adj): yıllık victory (n): zafer
cockroach (n): hamam böceği attract (v): çekmek
worship (n): tapınma witness (v): şahit olmak
community (n): topluluk unusual (adj): sıra dışı
primarily (adv): esas olarak repulsive (adj): itici
district (n): bölge root (n): kök
folklore (n): halk bilimi Collocations

divine (adj): ilahi evil spirit : kötü ruh
ward off (pv): savuşturmak great reverence : büyük saygı

decorate (v): süslemek, madalya takmak cultural identity : kültürel kimlik
bead (n): boncuk

Prepositions
place on (pv): üzerine koymak according to : ...e göre
platter (n): servis tabağı be accompanied by : ...ya eşlik etmek
take place (pv): meydana gelmek release into : ...ya serbest bırakmak,
fall between (pv): (iki şeyin) arasına salmak
düşmek across the country : ülke genelinde
dedicate (v): adamak, ithaf etmek, tahsis part of : ...nın parçası/kısmı
etmek
The Black Sun > The Black Sun
The Black Sun
The Black Sun is a rare astronomical

phenomenon that has captivated
people for centuries.
Also known as the antumbra, it occurs

during a total solar eclipse when the
moon is too far away to completely
block the sun, creating a ring of fire in
the sky.
The black center of the sun surrounded

by a blazing corona makes for a
breathtaking sight that has been the
subject of many artworks and legends.
Throughout history, various cultures

have interpreted the Black Sun in
different ways.
In ancient China, it was seen as a

celestial dragon eating the sun, while in
Norse mythology, it was thought to be
caused by two wolves chasing the sun
and the moon.
In many cultures, the Black Sun was

seen as a sign of impending doom or a
harbinger of major changes to come.
Despite its ominous connotations, the

Black Sun has also been viewed as a
symbol of rebirth and renewal.
In some Native American cultures, it

represents the cycle of life and death,
while in Hinduism, it is associated with
the god Vishnu and the process of
creation.
Despite the various interpretations, the

Black Sun remains a fascinating and
awe-inspiring sight to behold.
People travel from all over the world to

witness a total solar eclipse and
experience the beauty of the Black Sun.
The Black Sun > Vocabulary List
ominous (adj): uğursuz

Vocabulary
astronomical (adj): astronomik (miktar), connotation (n): çağrışım
gök bilimsel rebirth (n): tekrar ortaya çıkma
captivate (v): cezbetmek renewal (n): yenileme
total solar eclipse (n): tam güneş cycle (n): bisiklet, döngü
tutulması
interpretation (n): yorum
block (n): blok, engel, mahal Collocations

blazing (adj): çok sıcak, çok kızgın breathtaking sight : nefes kesen manzara
corona (n): hale impending doom : yaklaşan kıyamet
make for (pv): ...ya doğru yürümek, ...e major change : büyük değişme
neden olmak
Prepositions
interpret (v): yorumlamak, çevirmek
far away : uzak, uzakta, uzaktan
celestial (adj): gökyüzüyle ilgili
surrounded by : ile çevrili
Norse (adj): İskandinav (eski)
throughout history : tarih boyunca
mythology (n): mitoloji
chase (v): kovalamak
symbol of : ...nın sembolü
harbinger (n): alamet
see as : … olarak görmek
Why Do Cats Purr? > Why Do Cats Purr?
Why Do Cats Purr?
Cats are known for their unique ability

to purr, a low-frequency sound that they
make by vibrating their larynx muscles.
For years, researchers have been

studying the reasons behind this
mysterious feline behavior, and while
there's no definitive answer, there are
several theories that shed light on why
cats purr.
One of the most common theories is

that cats purr to communicate with their
owners.
Purring is often associated with

contentment and relaxation, so when a
cat purrs while being petted, it's a sign
that they're feeling happy and
comfortable.
Cats may also purr to signal their

hunger, or to ask for attention from their
owners.
Another theory suggests that cats purr

as a form of self-healing.
Studies have shown that the frequency

of a cat's purr can have a therapeutic
effect on their body, helping to reduce
stress and promote healing.
It's possible that cats have evolved to

purr as a way to help themselves
recover from injuries or illnesses.
Finally, some researchers believe that

cats purr as a way to communicate with
each other.
Purring is a subtle sound that can be

difficult to detect from a distance, so
cats may use it as a way to signal to
other cats without attracting the
attention of potential predators.
Cats' purring behavior is significant

despite the mystery surrounding its
reasons.
Whether they're communicating with

their owners or healing themselves, the
gentle vibrations of a cat's purr are a
source of comfort and joy for cat lovers
everywhere.
Why Do Cats Purr? > Vocabulary List
detect (v): tespit etmek

Vocabulary
purr (v): mırlamak distance (n): mesafe
frequency (n): sıklık, frekans predator (n): yırtıcı hayvan
vibrate (v): titremek joy (n): neşe
larynx (n): gırtlak comfort (n): rahatlık, rahatlama
muscle (n): kas, güç Collocations

feline (adj, n): kedi therapeutic effect : iyileştirici etki
owner (n): sahip definitive answer : kesin cevap

contentment (n): memnuniyet
Prepositions
pet (v): el üstünde tutmak reason behind : arkasındaki sebep
comfortable (adj): rahat ask for : …yı istemek
hunger (n): açlık as a form of : bir … biçimi olarak
evolve (v): evrilmek recover from : …dan kurtulmak, iyileşmek
injury (n): yaralanma
Injectable Bandage > Injectable Bandage
Injectable Bandage
Researchers from the University of

Texas have developed a breakthrough
in wound care by creating a new type of
injectable bandage that can help to
stop bleeding and promote healing.
The bandage is made of a hydrogel

material that can be injected directly
into a wound, creating a protective
barrier that helps to prevent infection
and stop bleeding.
The injectable bandage is made of a

mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic
components, which allows it to be
easily injected into a wound and form a
gel-like material upon contact with
bodily fluids.
This material then forms a seal over the

wound, helping to prevent further
bleeding and providing a protective
barrier that can aid in the healing
process.
The hydrogel material is biocompatible,

meaning that it is safe for use in the
human body, and has already been
tested successfully in laboratory
experiments on animals.
The bandage has also been found to be

effective in stopping bleeding in wounds
that are difficult to treat with traditional
bandages or sutures, such as wounds
in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract.
The development of this new injectable

bandage has the potential to
revolutionize wound care, providing a
new and effective treatment option for
patients with a wide range of injuries.
The bandage could be particularly

useful in emergency situations, where
quick and effective treatment is critical
to saving lives.
With further research and development,

this new technology could soon
become a standard part of medical
practice.
Injectable Bandage > Vocabulary List
tract (n): alan, kanal

Vocabulary
injectable (adj): enjekte edilebilen Collocations
breakthrough (n): atılım wound care : yara bakımı
bleeding (n): kanama protective barrier : koruyucu bariyer
infection (n): enfeksiyon bodily fluid : vücut sıvısı

hydrophilic (adj): hidrofilik emergency situation : acil durum
hydrophobic (adj): hidrofobik save life : hayat kurtarmak
seal (n): fok, mühür medical practice : tıbbi uygulama
component (n): bileşen

Prepositions
hydrogel (n): hidrojel made of : ...dan yapılmak
biocompatible (adj): biyouyumlu inject into : ...içine zerk etmek
safe (adj): güvende, güvenli experiment on : ... üzerinde deney
suture (n): dikiş treat with : ...ile tedavi etmek
gastrointestinal (adj): sindirim ile ilgili critical to : …için çok önemli
The Curse of the Hope Diamond > The Curse of the Hope Diamond
The Curse of the Hope Diamond
The Hope Diamond is a breathtaking

blue diamond that has been
surrounded by mystery and legend for
centuries.
It has a long and fascinating history, but

it is its alleged curse that has made it
famous around the world.
The story of the curse of the Hope

Diamond began when it was stolen
from an Indian temple in the 17th
century.
Legend has it that the thief was

immediately struck down by a curse
placed upon the diamond by the god
Shiva.
Over the years, the diamond passed

through many hands, and each of its
owners seemed to be cursed by
misfortune, tragedy, and even death.
One of the most famous victims of the

curse was Marie Antoinette, who
reportedly wore the diamond before
she was beheaded during the French
Revolution.
The diamond eventually found its way

into the possession of American jeweler
Harry Winston, who donated it to the
Smithsonian Institution in 1958, where
it remains on display today.
But even this act of charity was not

without incident, as the diamond's
shipment to the museum was said to be
jinxed, with the plane crashing en route,
though the diamond was unharmed.
Despite its beauty, the Hope Diamond

has long been shrouded in mystery and
superstition.
While skeptics dismiss the curse as

mere coincidence, others believe that
the diamond's history is proof of its
power.
Whatever the truth may be, there is no

denying that the diamond continues to
capture the public's imagination and
fascination.
The Curse of the Hope Diamond > Vocabulary List
incident (n): olay

Vocabulary
curse (n): lanet, küfür jinxed (adj): uğursuz
alleged (adj): iddia edilen unharmed (adj): sağ salim
temple (n): tapınak, şakak superstition (n): batıl inanç
immediately (adv): derhal, hemen dismiss (v): yok saymak, işten çıkarmak,
(yakınında) gitmesine izin vermek
strike down (pv): öldürmek capture (v): ele geçirmek
misfortune (n): talihsizlik fascination (n): hayranlık
victim (n): kurban shroud in (pv): ile gizlemek
reportedly (adv): söylenenlere göre Collocations

behead (v): kellesini vurdurmak plane crash : uçak kazası
eventually (adv): sonunda mere coincidence : sadece tesadüf
possession (n): sahip olma, egemenlik

Prepositions
jeweller (n): kuyumcu around the world : dünya genelinde |
donate (v): bağışlamak dünyanın etrafında
institution (n): kurum, gelenek steal from : ...dan çalmak
display (n): sergi, gösteri, bilgisayar ekranı act of : ... eylemi
charity (n): yardım derneği, yardım proof of : ...nın kanıtı
shipment to : ...ya nakliyat
Nature's Mathematicians: Honeybees > Nature's Mathematicians: Honeybees
Nature's Mathematicians:
Honeybees
Honeybees are often praised for their

incredible work ethic and their vital role
in pollination.
But did you know that honeybees are

also exceptional mathematicians?
Researchers have discovered that

honeybees are capable of performing
simple arithmetic operations, such as
addition and subtraction, using a
complex system of visual cues.
In a study conducted by a team of

researchers at RMIT University in
Melbourne, honeybees were trained to
associate colors with addition and
subtraction operations.
The bees were presented with a series

of blue and yellow shapes on a screen,
with each color representing a different
mathematical operation.
The bees were then tasked with finding

the correct answer by flying towards a
corresponding image.
Remarkably, the honeybees were able

to solve these mathematical problems
with impressive accuracy, with success
rates of up to 80%.
The results of this study suggest that

honeybees have an innate ability to
understand basic mathematical
concepts, similar to that of humans and
other animals.
This ability is believed to be linked to

the bees' exceptional navigational
skills.
Honeybees use sophisticated spatial

awareness and memory to navigate
their environment and locate food
sources.
This complex cognitive ability allows

them to process and analyze visual
information in a way that enables them
to perform simple arithmetic operations.
Nature's Mathematicians: Honeybees > Vocabulary List
work ethic : iş ahlakı

Vocabulary
pollination (n): tozlaşma visual cue : görsel işaret
exceptional (adj): istisnai mathematical operation : matematik

işlemi
mathematician (n): matematikçi
innate ability : doğuştan gelen yetenek
addition (n): toplama, ilave
spatial awareness : mekansal farkındalık
subtraction (n): çıkarma işlemi
cognitive ability : bilişsel yetenek
associate (v): ilişkilendirmek
Prepositions
corresponding (adj): karşılık gelen
praise for : ... için övgü
remarkably (adv): dikkat çekecek şekilde
capable of : ...yı yapabilen
accuracy (n): doğruluk
conduct by : tarafından yürütmek
navigational (adj): navigasyonel
a series of : bir dizi ...
navigate (v): yön belirlemek
rate of : ...nın oranı
Collocations
similar to : ...ya benzer
A Book That No One Can Read > A Book That No One Can Read
A Book That No One Can Read
The Voynich Manuscript, a small book

of around 240 pages, has been baffling
scholars and cryptographers for over a
century.
The manuscript was discovered by a

rare books dealer named Wilfrid
Voynich in 1912, who purchased it from
a Jesuit college in Italy.
Since then, countless researchers have

attempted to decipher the book's
content, but to no avail.
The Voynich Manuscript is written in an

unknown language and script, and its
illustrations are equally enigmatic.
The pages are filled with strange

drawings of plants, celestial bodies,
and women in unusual poses.
The book appears to have been written

in the early 15th century, but its origins
and purpose remain a mystery.
Many theories have been proposed

about the book's purpose and content.
Some suggest that it is a medical text,

while others argue that it may contain
information about alchemy or even
extraterrestrial life.
However, none of these theories have

been proven, and the manuscript
remains as enigmatic as ever.
Over the years, researchers have

employed various methods to decode
the manuscript, including using
computer algorithms and attempting to
link the book to historical figures and
events.
However, despite these efforts, the

Voynich Manuscript remains one of the
world's most unreadable books.
Its secrets continue to tantalize and

intrigue scholars and laypeople alike,
and the mystery of the Voynich
Manuscript is likely to endure for many
years to come.
A Book That No One Can Read > Vocabulary List
employ (v): iş vermek, kullanmak

Vocabulary
manuscript (n): el yazması decode (v): deşifre etmek, çözmek
baffle (v): afallatmak unreadable (adj): kafa karıştırıcı,

okunması zor
cryptographer (n): kriptolog
tantalize (v): boşuna ümit vermek
dealer (n): satıcı, kağıt dağıtan kişi
(iskambil) intrigue (v): merak uyandırmak
purchase (v): satın almak scholar (n): alim
decipher (v): deşifre etmek laypeople (n): sıradan kimseler
avail (n): fayda endure (v): dayanmak
script (n): senaryo, yazı Collocations

illustration (n): örnekleme, resim celestial body : gök cismi
equally (adv): eşit şekilde extraterrestrial life : dünya dışı yaşam

enigmatic (adj): gizemli historical figure : tarihi figür
strange (adj): tuhaf, yabancı historical event : tarihi olay

propose (v): önermek, evlenme teklifi
etmek
Prepositions
write in : ...da yazmak
contain (v): içermek, kontrol altına almak
fill with : ... ile doldurmak
alchemy (n): simya
alike in : ...bakımından benzer
prove (v): kanıtlamak, ortaya çıkmak
Artificial Embryos > Artificial Embryos
Artificial Embryos
In recent years, scientists have made

remarkable strides in the field of
reproductive technology, including the
creation of artificial embryos.
These synthetic structures are created

using stem cells, which are
undifferentiated cells that have the
potential to develop into any type of cell
in the body.
By manipulating the growth factors and

environmental conditions that surround
these cells, researchers can coax them
into forming structures that resemble
natural embryos.
One of the most exciting aspects of

artificial embryos is their potential for
creating new models of early human
development.
By studying the growth and

differentiation of these embryos,
scientists can learn more about the
early stages of embryonic development
and how different genetic and
environmental factors affect it.
This knowledge could lead to new

treatments for infertility, as well as a
better understanding of developmental
disabilities and birth defects.
In addition to their scientific potential,

artificial embryos also raise a number
of ethical questions.
Some worry that these structures could

be used for human reproduction,
potentially leading to a new era of
designer babies or even the creation of
entirely artificial life forms.
As with any new technology, the

development of artificial embryos raises
many concerns.
However, with careful regulation and

oversight, these lab-grown structures
could hold tremendous promise for the
future of reproduction and genetic
research.
Artificial Embryos > Vocabulary List
lab-grown (adj): laboratuvar ürünü

Vocabulary
artificial (adj): yapay Collocations
stride (n): ilerleme, uzun adım genetic factor : genetik faktör
reproductive (adj): üreme ile ilgli environmental factor : çevresel faktör
synthetic (adj): sentetik birth defect : doğuştan olan özür
stem cell (n): kök hücre developmental disability : gelişimsel

engellilik
undifferentiated (adj): farklı olmayan
ethical question : etik konu
coax (v): ikna etmek
human reproduction : insan üremesi
embryonic (adj): embriyo ile ilgili,
gelişmeye başlamış new era : yeni dönem
infertility (n): kısırlık

Prepositions
entirely (adv): tamamen develop into : (gelişerek) ...ya dönüşmek
regulation (n): düzenleme potential for : ... için potansiyel
oversight (n): ehemmiyetsizlik
The Rise of Jackfruit > The Rise of Jackfruit
The Rise of Jackfruit
As the number of vegetarians and

vegans continue to rise, the search for
sustainable meat substitutes has
intensified.
One of the most promising options is

jackfruit, a large, spiky fruit that has
been used for centuries in Southeast
Asia.
In recent years, it has gained popularity

as a meat substitute due to its meaty
texture, versatility, and nutrient content.
Unlike other meat substitutes, jackfruit

is a whole food and not highly
processed, making it a healthier and
more sustainable option.
It is low in calories, high in fiber, and

contains important nutrients such as
potassium, vitamin C, and antioxidants.
What's more, jackfruit trees are highly

productive and require very little water,
fertilizer, or pesticides, making them an
ideal crop for sustainable agriculture.
They can also be grown in a wide

range of soil types, which means they
can be cultivated in many parts of the
world.
The rise of jackfruit as a meat

substitute has not gone unnoticed by
food companies either.
Many have started incorporating it into

their products, from vegan burgers to
meatless pulled pork.
As the demand for sustainable and

plant-based food options continues to
grow, jackfruit's potential as a crop and
meat substitute is becoming more
widely recognized.
Its versatility, nutrition, and

sustainability make it a valuable
addition to the global food system and
a promising solution for a more
sustainable future.
The Rise of Jackfruit > Vocabulary List
pork (n): domuz eti

Vocabulary
jackfruit (n): jak meyvesi demand (n): talep
substitute (n): yedek plant-based (adj): bitki kökenli
intensify (v): artmak widely (adv): yaygın olarak
spiky (adj): diken diken (saç), huysuz valuable (adj): değerli
texture (n): doku Collocations

versatility (n): beceriklilik whole food : az işlem görmüş gıda
nutrient (n): besin sustainable agriculture : sürdürülebilir

tarım
fibre (n): lif
highly productive : oldukça verimli /
fertilizer (n): gübre üretken
pesticide (n): haşere ilacı
Prepositions
crop (n): ekin
rise of : ...nın yükselişi
search for : ...yı arama
cultivate (v): ekip biçmek, geliştirmek
low in : … bakımından düşük
incorporate (v): birleştirmek
grow in : büyümek
Advanced Passages 3
• Sky Burial Tradition
• Living Robots Made From Frog Cells
• Chuseok: The Korean Thanksgiving
• Synesthesia
• How Do Babies Learn Language?
• Cotard Delusion: A Rare Mental Illness
• The Enigma of the Sphinx
• What Your Dog Really Think of You?
• The Reasons Behind Food Cravings
• The Golden Spice
• The Unchanging Genomes of Dolphins
• The Season of Love In Regency London
• Smart Pill Bottles
• The Art of Qi Gong
• The Chemistry Behind Fireworks
Sky Burial Tradition > Sky Burial Tradition
Sky Burial Tradition
Sky burial, also known as celestial

burial, is a traditional funeral practice
that has been performed in various
parts of the world for centuries.
It is a ritual in which the body of the

deceased is offered to vultures, eagles,
and other scavenger birds to be
consumed.
The belief behind this practice is that

the birds will carry the soul of the
deceased to the heavens, where it will
be reincarnated into a new body.
The practice of sky burial is commonly

observed in Tibet, Mongolia, and parts
of China, where the terrain is rugged
and the ground is too hard for burial.
In these regions, the practice is seen

as a way of honoring the dead and
providing them with a peaceful
passage into the afterlife.
The ritual involves a series of steps,

including the preparation of the body,
which is typically wrapped in white cloth
and placed on a mountaintop or other
elevated location.
The body is then dismembered by a

designated individual known as a
rogyapa, who cuts the flesh into small
pieces and places them on a raised
platform for the birds to consume.
Despite the uniqueness of this ritual,

the practice of sky burial has faced
some challenges in recent years due to
modernization and urbanization in Tibet.
The Chinese government has also

placed restrictions on the practice,
citing health concerns and the need for
modernization.
Nevertheless, many Tibetans continue

to practice this ancient ritual, seeing it
as an essential part of their culture and
a way of connecting with their ancestors
and the natural world.
Sky Burial Tradition > Vocabulary List
uniqueness (n): eşsizlik

Vocabulary
burial (n): defin modernization (n): modernleştirme
funeral (n): cenaze töreni urbanization (n): kentleşme
deceased (adj): rahmetli government (n): hükûmet
vulture (n): akbaba restriction (n): kısıtlama
eagle (n): kartal cite (v): bahsetmek, mahkemeye çağırmak
consume (v): tüketmek Collocations

heavens (n): gökyüzü scavenger bird : leşçil kuş
reincarnate (v): reenkarnasyon geçirmek rugged terrain : engebeli arazi
honour (v): saygı duymak, onurlandırmak

Prepositions
afterlife (n): ahiret passage into : ...ya geçiş
cloth (n): kumaş wrap in : ...ya sarmak
elevated (adj): yüksek place on : ...üzerine yerleştirme, koyma
dismember (v): uzuvlarını kesmek, (ülkeyi) cut into : ...ya bölmek, kesmek
parçalamak
flesh (n): et
Living Robots Made From Frog Cells > Living Robots Made From Frog Cells
Living Robots Made From Frog Cells
In a ground-breaking experiment,
Japanese scientists have created the
world's first living robots, known as
"xenobots," from frog cells.
The researchers used stem cells from

frog embryos to create these novel
organisms, which can move and
perform simple tasks.
The team employed a supercomputer

algorithm to design the xenobots, which
were then constructed by arranging the
stem cells into specific patterns.
These patterns allowed the xenobots to

move in a coordinated fashion, enabling
them to crawl, swim, and even push tiny
objects.
One of the most remarkable aspects of

the xenobots is their ability to self-
repair.
If a xenobot is damaged, its cells will

reassemble themselves into a new
configuration, allowing the organism to
continue functioning.
The scientists believe that the xenobots

could have a wide range of
applications, from cleaning up pollution
to delivering drugs inside the body.
They are also exploring the potential of

using different types of cells to create
xenobots with specific functions, such
as detecting and removing cancer cells.
The development of the xenobots is just

the beginning of a new era in robotics.
As scientists continue to explore the

possibilities of living machines, we may
see a whole new generation of robots
that are not only intelligent but also self-
replicating and self-repairing.
These robots could revolutionize many

fields, from healthcare to manufacturing
to space exploration.
Living Robots Made From Frog Cells > Vocabulary List
clean up (pv): temizlemek

Vocabulary
ground-breaking (adj): çığır açan pollution (n): kirlilik
stem cell (n): kök hücre deliver (v): teslim etmek, doğum yapmak
construct (v): inşa etmek remove (v): ortadan kaldırmak
coordinated (adj): koordine intelligent (adj): zeki
crawl (v): emeklemek, yalakalık yapmak replicate (v): kopyasını yapmak
reassemble (v): tekrar bir araya getirmek, manufacturing (n): imalat

yeniden monte etmek
Collocations
configuration (n): düzenleme,
yapılandırma simple task : basit görev
function (v): çalışmak, işlevini yerine Prepositions

getirmek
arrange into : ... şeklinde/hâlinde
application (n): başvuru, telefon düzenlemek
in an experiment : bir deneyde
Chuseok: The Korean Thanksgiving > Chuseok: The Korean Thanksgiving
Chuseok: The Korean Thanksgiving
Chuseok, also known as the Korean

Thanksgiving, is one of the most
significant holidays in Korea.
It is a three-day celebration that

typically falls between late September
or early October, depending on the
lunar calendar.
During Chuseok, Koreans travel back to

their hometowns to spend time with
their families and pay their respects to
their ancestors.
One of the main customs of Chuseok is

the preparation and sharing of food.
Families come together to prepare a

variety of traditional dishes such as
Songpyeon (a type of rice cake), Jeon
(pan-fried food), and Japchae (a dish
made with stir-fried glass noodles).
In addition to the food, another

significant aspect of Chuseok is the
ancestral rites, where families visit the
graves of their ancestors and offer
food, drink, and incense to pay their
respects.
This is a time for families to honor and

remember their ancestors, and the
ritual is considered to be an essential
part of the holiday.
In recent years, Chuseok has become a

popular tourist attraction, with many
visitors coming to Korea to experience
the holiday firsthand.
The streets are decorated with colorful

lanterns, and traditional performances
and games are held in various locations
throughout the country.
Chuseok is deeply rooted in Korean

culture and serves as a reminder of the
importance of family and community.
It is a truly unique and special holiday

that showcases the rich cultural
heritage of Korea and highlights the
values of love, respect, and gratitude
that are at the heart of the Korean
people.
Chuseok: The Korean Thanksgiving > Vocabulary List
Thanksgiving Day (n): Şükran Günü

Vocabulary
celebration (n): kutlama Collocations
fall between (pv): (iki şeyin) arasına lunar calendar : ay takvimi
düşmek
spend time : zaman harcamak/vakit
depend on (pv): bağlı olmak, güvenmek geçirmek
hometown (n): memleket pay respect : saygı göstermek
ancestor (n): ata traditional dish : geleneksel yemek
custom (n): gelenek, gümrük ancestral rite : atalara ilişkin ayin

come together (pv): bir araya gelmek tourist attraction : turizm merkezi, turistik
yer
incense (n): tütsü
deeply rooted : derinlemesine yerleşmiş
lantern (n): fener
cultural heritage : kültürel miras
showcase (v): sergilemek
highlight (v): vurgulamak Prepositions
respect (n): saygı, özellik time for : ... için zaman
gratitude (n): şükran at the heart of : ...nın kalbinde,

merkezinde
Synesthesia > Synesthesia
Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a neurological condition

where the stimulation of one sensory
pathway leads to an involuntary
experience in another pathway.
For example, someone with

synesthesia may see colors when they
hear music, taste flavors when they
touch certain textures, or feel physical
sensations when they smell certain
scents.
While synesthesia may sound like

something out of a science fiction
novel, it is a genuine condition that
affects around 4% of the population.
Researchers believe that synesthesia

may be caused by differences in brain
connectivity, which leads to heightened
cross-talk between different sensory
regions.
Studies have also shown that

synesthesia can be inherited,
suggesting a genetic component to the
condition.
Synesthesia is often a lifelong

condition, and many people with
synesthesia do not even realize that
their experiences are unusual until later
in life.
However, for some people, synesthesia

can be a source of creativity and
inspiration.
Famous synesthetes include Vincent

Van Gogh, who experienced colors as
sounds, and musician Pharrell
Williams, who has said that he sees
colors when he hears music.
While synesthesia can be a fascinating

phenomenon, it can also be
overwhelming for some people.
For instance, a person who

experiences colors as sound may find it
difficult to concentrate in a noisy
environment.
Nonetheless, many synesthetes learn

to embrace their unique experiences
and find ways to navigate the world
around them.
Synesthesia > Vocabulary List
inherit (v): miras kalmak, kalıtım yoluyla

Vocabulary
geçmek, devralmak
synesthesia (n): duyum ikiliği
lifelong (adj): ömür boyu süren
neurological (adj): sinirsel hastalıklar ile
ilgili overwhelming (adj): ezici
stimulation (n): uyarım embrace (v): kabul etmek, sarılmak,

kapsamak
involuntary (adj): istemsiz
Collocations
novel (n): roman
sensory pathway : duyu yolu
genuine (adj): gerçek
physical sensation : fiziksel duyum
connectivity (n): bağlanabilirlik
genetic component : genetik bileşen
heighten (v): yüksel(t)mek
cross-talk (n): cızırtı, birbirine karışma Prepositions

for instance : örneğin
How Do Babies Learn Language? > How Do Babies Learn Language?
How Do Babies Learn Language?
Language is one of the most complex

and unique human abilities, and
learning it is essential for
communication and social interaction.
Babies are born with the innate ability to

learn any language, but the process of
language acquisition is a remarkable
and complex phenomenon.
From the moment they are born, babies

start to absorb the sounds and patterns
of the language that surrounds them.
They can differentiate between different

sounds, tones, and rhythms, and start
to associate them with specific
meanings.
At first, they mainly communicate

through cries and gestures, but they
quickly start to imitate the sounds and
words they hear from their caregivers.
Babies learn language through a

combination of innate abilities and
environmental factors.
The human brain is wired to recognize

and process language, and babies use
this ability to learn from the speech and
interactions they experience.
They pay close attention to the sounds,

facial expressions, and body language
of their caregivers, and they gradually
start to associate words with their
meanings and use them to express
their needs and desires.
As babies continue to learn language,

they develop a deeper understanding of
its structure and rules.
They learn to form sentences, use

grammar and syntax, and communicate
in more complex ways.
The process of language acquisition is

ongoing, and babies continue to refine
their skills throughout childhood and
beyond.
How Do Babies Learn Language? > Vocabulary List
innate ability : doğuştan gelen yetenek

Vocabulary
absorb (v): emmek, odaklanmak, (bilgi) language acquisition : dil edinimi
kavramak facial expression : yüz ifadesi
surround (v): çevrelemek body language : vücut dili / beden dili
gesture (n): jest ongoing process : devam eden süreç
imitate (v): taklit etmek
Prepositions
caregiver (n): bakıcı
essential for : …için gerekli
pay attention to (pv): ...ya dikkat etmek
born with : …ile doğmuş
gradually (adv): aşamalı olarak
differentiate between : ... arasında
express (v): ifade etmek farklılaştırmak
desire (n): arzu at first : başta
syntax (n): söz dizimi communicate through : ... yoluyla iletişim

kurmak
refine (v): arıtmak
learn through : ... yoluyla öğrenmek
Collocations
combination of : ...nın birleşimi
social interaction : sosyal etkileşim
Cotard Delusion: A Rare Mental Illness > Cotard Delusion: A Rare Mental
Illness
Cotard Delusion: A Rare Mental

Illness
Cotard delusion, also known as walking

corpse syndrome, is a rare mental
illness that affects a person's
perception of their own body and
existence.
Those who suffer from this condition

believe that they are dead, dying, or
have lost their internal organs, blood, or
soul.
They often have delusions of

immortality, believing that they cannot
be harmed, or that they are already
dead and cannot be killed.
The condition was first described by

French neurologist Jules Cotard in
1880, who encountered a patient who
believed she was dead and didn't have
any internal organs.
Since then, only a few hundred cases

have been reported worldwide, making
it one of the rarest psychiatric
disorders.
Individuals with Cotard delusion may

experience a range of symptoms,
including depressive thoughts, suicidal
tendencies, delusions of immortality,
and self-neglect.
Some patients may even refuse food

and water, believing that they do not
need it as they are already dead.
The causes of Cotard delusion are not

fully understood, but it is believed to be
related to a dysfunction in the brain's
neural pathways, specifically the areas
that control perception, emotion, and
self-awareness.
It has been associated with various

psychiatric and neurological conditions,
such as depression, schizophrenia, and
traumatic brain injuries.
Treatment for Cotard delusion usually

involves a combination of medication
and therapy.
Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and

mood stabilizers may be prescribed to
manage symptoms.
Psychotherapy can also help individuals
to understand their delusions and
develop coping mechanisms.
Cotard Delusion: A Rare Mental Illness > Vocabulary List
prescribe (v): reçete yazmak

Vocabulary
delusion (n): sanrı stabilizer (n): dengeleyici, kıvam arttırıcı,
dengeleme aygıtı
existence (n): varlık
psychotherapy (n): psikoterapi
soul (n): ruh
Collocations
immortality (n): ölümsüzlük
mental illness : akıl hastalığı
neurologist (n): nörolog
walking corpse : yürüyen ölü
internal organ : iç organ
psychiatric disorder : psikiyatrik bozukluk
neglect (n): ihmal
suicidal tendency : intihar eğilimi
refuse (v): reddetmek
coping mechanism : savunma
dysfunction (n): işlevsizlik mekanizması
schizophrenia (n): şizofreni hastalığı
Prepositions
antipsychotic (n): antipsikotik
suffer from : ...dan muzdarip olmak
The Enigma of the Sphinx > The Enigma of the Sphinx
The Enigma of the Sphinx
The Sphinx, a mythical creature with

the head of a human and the body of a
lion, has fascinated and intrigued
people for thousands of years.
Located on the Giza Plateau in Egypt,

the Great Sphinx is a massive statue
that stands over 20 meters tall and is
believed to have been built during the
reign of Pharaoh Khafre in the 4th
dynasty of ancient Egypt.
Despite its grandeur and imposing

presence, the Sphinx has remained an
enigma, with many questions
surrounding its purpose and meaning.
One of the most enduring mysteries of

the Sphinx is its missing nose.
While some theories suggest that it

was destroyed by Napoleon's troops
during the French campaign in Egypt,
others believe that it was vandalized by
iconoclasts in the 8th century AD.
Another mystery surrounding the

Sphinx is the question of its original
function.
Some scholars believe that it was built

as a guardian of the pyramids, while
others argue that it served as a symbol
of the pharaoh's power and authority.
Some even suggest that the Sphinx

was a representation of the sun god
Ra.
While the Sphinx is shrouded in

mysteries that continue to baffle
historians and archaeologists, it
remains an iconic symbol of ancient
Egypt's grandeur and sophistication.
Its enigmatic presence and colossal

size continue to captivate the hearts
and minds of visitors from all over the
world, making it a timeless symbol of
human civilization's artistic and
engineering prowess.
The Enigma of the Sphinx > Vocabulary List
authority (n): yetki

Vocabulary
enigma (n): gizem shroud in (pv): ile gizlemek
plateau (n): plato baffle (v): afallatmak
statue (n): heykel sophistication (n): kültürlü olma
reign (n): hükümdarlık enigmatic (adj): gizemli
dynasty (n): hanedan colossal (adj): devasa
grandeur (n): görkem prowess (n): yetenek
imposing (adj): görkemli Collocations

missing (adj): kayıp mythical creature : efsanevi varlık
troop (n): askeri birlik human civilization : insan uygarlığı
campaign (n): kampanya, sefer

Prepositions
vandalize (v): kasten zarar vermek serve as : ... olarak hizmet etmek
iconoclast (n): gelenek veya kurumlara
karşı çıkan kimse
What Your Dog Really Think of You? > What Your Dog Really Think of You?
What Your Dog Really Think of You?
For centuries, humans have had a

special bond with dogs, considering
them to be their best friends.
Although we have always assumed that

dogs love us unconditionally, it is only
now that modern neuroscience has
allowed us to take a glimpse into their
minds.
Recent studies have shown that dogs'

brains process human emotions in the
same way as they do their own.
Functional MRI scans have revealed

that when dogs smell their owners'
familiar scent, the reward center of their
brains lights up, indicating that they
experience pleasure and happiness.
Furthermore, when dogs see their

owners, the area of their brains that is
associated with social bonding also
lights up.
This suggests that dogs view their

owners as important social
companions, just as humans do.
Scientists have also found that dogs

can understand human body language
and use it to infer our intentions.
For instance, when dogs see a human

pointing to an object, they will look in
the direction that the person is pointing.
This ability to understand our

communicative gestures indicates that
dogs are capable of reading our
intentions and responding appropriately.
These findings shed new light on the

age-old relationship between dogs and
humans.
It is clear that the more we learn about

dogs and their cognitive abilities, the
more we appreciate their unique place
in our lives as cherished companions
and trusted helpers.
What Your Dog Really Think of You? > Vocabulary List
appropriately (adv): uygun bir şekilde

Vocabulary
assume (v): varsaymak, üstlenmek age-old (adj): çok eski
neuroscience (n): nörobilim cherished (adj): sevgiyle anılan
functional (adj): işlevsel, çalışır durumda Collocations

scan (n): tarama, gözden geçirme special bond : özel bağ
scent (n): koku human emotion : insani duygu
reward (n): ödül shed light on sth : (bir konuya) ışık tutmak
/ aydınlatmak
light up (pv): parlamak, (sigara, puro)
yakmak cognitive ability : bilişsel yetenek
indicate (v): göstermek love unconditionally : kayıtsız şartsız

sevmek
companion (n): yoldaş
infer (v): çıkarım yapmak Prepositions
intention (n): niyet glimpse into : ...ya bakış
communicative (adj): konuşkan, place in : ...daki yer

iletişimsel point to : ...ya işaret etmek
The Reasons Behind Food Cravings > The Reasons Behind Food Cravings
The Reasons Behind Food Cravings
Food cravings are a universal

experience that most people encounter
at some point in their lives.
Whether it's the sudden urge for

something sweet, salty, or savory,
these cravings can be intense and
difficult to resist.
But what causes them?
One of the most common reasons for

food cravings is emotional eating.
When we feel stressed or anxious, our

bodies release hormones like cortisol
and adrenaline, which can trigger
cravings for high-calorie, high-sugar
foods.
These foods provide a temporary

sense of comfort and pleasure, which
can help to alleviate negative emotions
in the short term.
Another reason for food cravings is

nutrient deficiencies.
Our bodies are designed to seek out

and consume the nutrients we need to
function properly.
When we're lacking in a particular

nutrient, our bodies may crave foods
that are rich in that nutrient.
For example, if you're low in iron, you

may crave red meat or spinach.
Finally, hormonal changes can also

play a role in food cravings.
During pregnancy, for example, many

women experience strong cravings for
certain foods.
This is thought to be due to the

hormonal changes that occur during
pregnancy, which can affect taste and
smell.
Our bodies have a way of telling us

what they need, and sometimes these
signals come in the form of cravings.
Listening to our bodies and

understanding why we're experiencing
these cravings can help us make more
informed decisions about what we eat
and how we take care of our health.
The Reasons Behind Food Cravings > Vocabulary List
spinach (n): ıspanak

Vocabulary
craving (n): istek take care of (pv): ilgilenmek
resist (v): direnmek Collocations

intense (adj): yoğun sudden urge : ani dürtü
temporary (adj): geçici nutrient deficiency : besin eksikliği
alleviate (v): hafifletmek informed decision : bilinçli karar
seek out (pv): araştırmak

Prepositions
properly (adv): düzgünce in the short term : kısa vadede
crave (v): çok istemek lack in : …bakımından eksik olmak
iron (n): demir, ütü reason behind : arkasındaki sebep
The Golden Spice > The Golden Spice
The Golden Spice
Saffron, also known as "red gold," is

the world's most expensive spice.
It is derived from the stigmas of the

crocus flower, a small purple flower that
blooms in the fall.
Saffron's high price is due to the labor-

intensive harvesting process, as each
flower produces only three stigmas,
which must be carefully picked by
hand.
It takes about 75,000 flowers to

produce just one pound of saffron.
Saffron's unique flavor and vivid color

make it a prized ingredient in many
cuisines, including Indian, Middle
Eastern, and Mediterranean.
It is used in a wide range of dishes,

from savory to sweet, and is particularly
popular in rice dishes such as paella
and biryani.
Saffron is also used in traditional

medicine for its various health benefits,
including anti-inflammatory and anti-
depressant properties.
The majority of the world's saffron is

produced in Iran, where it has been
cultivated for over 3,000 years.
Other major producers include Spain,

India, and Greece.
Due to its high value, saffron is often

subject to fraud, with lower-quality
saffron being mixed with other
substances or artificially colored.
This has led to efforts to establish

standards and regulations for saffron
production and labeling.
While saffron's high price may make it

a luxury ingredient, it remains a vital
part of many cultures and cuisines.
Its unique flavor and aroma cannot be

replicated by any other spice, making it
truly one-of-a-kind.
The Golden Spice > Vocabulary List
producer (n): yapımcı, üretici

Vocabulary
spice (n): baharat fraud (n): dolandırıcılık, dolandırıcı
saffron (n): safran (baharat), koyu sarı substance (n): madde, önem
rengi establish (v): kurmak, belirlemek
stigma (n): damgalama, tepecik (bitki) labelling (n): etiketleme
crocus (n): çiğdem production (n): üretim, yapım
bloom (v): çiçek açmak, gelişmek luxury (n): şatafat
labour-intensive (adj): yoğun işgücü
gerektiren Collocations
harvest (n): hasat traditional medicine : geleneksel tıp
prized (adj): değer verilen one of a kind : türünün tek örneği
ingredient (n): malzemeler, unsur Prepositions

cuisine (n): yemek pişirme sanatı derive from : …dan türemek
property (n): mal, özellik by hand : elle
anti-inflammatory (adj, n): iltihap sökücü subject to : ...ya maruz kalmak
cultivate (v): ekip biçmek, geliştirmek
The Unchanging Genomes of Dolphins > The Unchanging Genomes of
Dolphins
The Unchanging Genomes of

Dolphins
Researchers have recently completed

the sequencing of the genomes of
various species of dolphins, shedding
light on the evolutionary history of these
intelligent marine mammals.
The results were astounding, as they

found that dolphins' genomes have
remained largely unchanged for
millions of years.
The team of scientists analyzed the

DNA of 17 different species of dolphins
and porpoises, which belong to the
cetacean order.
They discovered that the genomes of

these animals had undergone very little
change since their divergence from
their common ancestor around 30
million years ago.
This evolutionary stasis is a rare

phenomenon in the animal kingdom, as
most species undergo genetic
modifications over time due to
environmental pressures and natural
selection.
The researchers noted that the

dolphins' stable genomes may be due
to their unique ecological niche in the
ocean.
Unlike many other marine species,

dolphins have a highly specialized diet
and do not face many predators.
They also have exceptional cognitive

abilities that allow them to adapt to
changing conditions and communicate
effectively with each other.
The discovery of the unchanged

genome of dolphins is a fascinating
insight into the biology and evolution of
one of the most beloved creatures on
Earth.
It highlights the incredible resilience

and adaptability of these animals, and
may help us better understand how life
on our planet has evolved and thrived
over millions of years.
The Unchanging Genomes of Dolphins > Vocabulary List
thrive (v): gelişmek

Vocabulary
genome (n): genom Collocations
sequence (v): sıraya sokmak, dizilemek evolutionary history : evrim tarihi
astounding (adj): aşırı derecede şaşırtan marine mammal : deniz memelisi
porpoise (n): domuzbalığı common ancestor : ortak ata

dolphin (n): yunus genetic modification : genetik
modifikasyon
cetacean (n): memeli deniz hayvanı
natural selection : doğal seçilim
ecological niche : ekolojik yaşam alanı
divergence (n): farklılık
communicate effectively : etkili bir şekilde
beloved (adj): sevilen iletişim kurmak
resilience (n): çabuk iyileşme kabiliyeti
Prepositions
adaptability (n): değişkenlik
belong to : ...ya ait olmak
evolve (v): evrilmek
evolution of : ...nın evrimi
The Season of Love In Regency London > The Season of Love In Regency
London
The Season of Love In Regency

London
Regency era London's ton, the elite

society, was a world of intense social
competition, particularly during the
social season when the marriageable
youth of the nobility and gentry were
launched into society.
This was a time of great pressure for

young women seeking to make
advantageous marriages and secure
their futures, and for young men hoping
to make a name for themselves in the
world.
The social season was a whirlwind of

balls, dinners, and other events, all
designed to showcase the eligible
young people of London society.
For young women, this meant dressing

in the latest fashions, perfecting their
manners and conversation, and
carefully selecting the events they
attended in order to maximize their
chances of meeting eligible bachelors.
For young men, it meant carefully

cultivating their connections and
reputation, and being on the lookout for
potential brides who could bring them
social or financial advantage.
Despite the intense competition, the

social season was also a time of great
excitement and romance.
Many young couples met and fell in

love during this time, and the season
was famous for its extravagant
weddings and lavish balls.
For those who could navigate the

complex social scene of Regency
London, the rewards were great: love,
marriage, and a place at the top of
society.
The Season of Love In Regency London > Vocabulary List
attend (v): katılmak, dikkatini vermek

Vocabulary
Regency (adj): İngilterede 1811-20 reputation (n): itibar
dönemine ait (mimari üslûbu, mobilya, lookout (n): gözcü, gözetleme yeri
âdetler vb.)
fall in love (v): aşık olmak
ton (n): ton, sosyete
extravagant (adj): savurgan
lavish (adj): savurgan
marriageable (adj): evlenme çağında
nobility (n): soyluluk Collocations

gentry (n): seçkinler intense competition : yoğun rekabet
advantageous (adj): avantajlı eligible bachelor : gözde bekar
secure (v): ele geçirmek, korumak, sıkıca financial advantage : finansal avantaj
tutturmak
social advantage : sosyal avantaj
make a name for yourself (idiom):
maximize chance : şansı artırmak
adından söz ettirmek
whirlwind (n): hortum Prepositions

ball (n): top, yumak, balo chance of : … şansı, ihtimali
eligible (adj): nitelikli famous for : …ile ünlü
manner (n): biçim, tavır at the top : zirvede

dress in : giyinmek
Smart Pill Bottles > Smart Pill Bottles
Smart Pill Bottles
Medication non-adherence is a
significant problem that affects millions
of people worldwide.
This occurs when individuals fail to take

their medications as prescribed, either
by skipping doses or stopping
treatment altogether.
Smart pill bottles have emerged as a

potential solution to this issue, using
technology to remind patients when to
take their medications and help them
stay on track with their treatment.
Smart pill bottles work by using sensors

and connectivity to track medication
use and provide reminders.
Some models also include features like

dose tracking and refill alerts to help
patients manage their medications
more effectively.
This technology can be particularly

helpful for individuals with complex
medication regimens or chronic
conditions that require ongoing
treatment.
One of the most significant advantages

of smart pill bottles is their ability to
reduce medication errors.
These bottles can be programmed to

alert patients if they are taking the
wrong medication or if they have
exceeded the recommended dosage.
This can help prevent dangerous

interactions between medications and
ensure that patients are taking the
correct medication in the right amount.
Smart pill bottles have the potential to

improve the lives of millions of patients
by providing a simple, yet effective
solution to medication management.
As technology continues to evolve, it is

likely that we will see even more
advanced versions of these bottles in
the future, further enhancing their
capabilities and improving patient
outcomes.
Smart Pill Bottles > Vocabulary List
exceed (v): aşmak

Vocabulary
medication (n): ilaç tedavisi improve (v): gelişmek
pill (n): hap remind (v): hatırlatmak
adherence (n): bağlılık Collocations

prescribe (v): reçete yazmak chronic condition : kronik durum
treatment (n): tedavi, muamele recommended dosage : tavsiye edilen

doz
reminder (n): hatırlatma
provide (v): sağlamak Prepositions
track (v): izini sürmek, kaydını tutmak emerge as : ... olarak ortaya çıkmak,
...haline gelmek
refill (n): tekrardan doldurma
be on track : yolunda/rayında olmak
alert (n): uyarı
work by : ...erek çalışmak
regimen (n): rejim
interaction between : ... arasında
etkileşim
The Art of Qi Gong > The Art of Qi Gong
The Art of Qi Gong
Qi Gong is an ancient Chinese practice

that combines physical movement,
meditation, and breathing techniques to
cultivate and balance the body's vital
energy, also known as Qi.
It is a holistic approach to wellness that

promotes physical, mental, and spiritual
harmony.
The practice of Qi Gong dates back

over 4,000 years, and its teachings
have been passed down through
generations.
Its benefits are numerous, including

improving flexibility, balance, and
posture, reducing stress and anxiety,
and boosting the immune system.
There are many forms of Qi Gong,

each with its unique style and benefits.
Some are gentle and slow-paced, while

others are more dynamic and intense.
Some focus on breathing techniques,

while others incorporate visualization
and meditation.
One of the essential elements of Qi

Gong is the awareness and control of
the breath.
Deep, slow breathing helps to calm the

mind and relax the body, allowing the
Qi to flow freely.
Movements in Qi Gong are designed to

stimulate specific energy pathways in
the body, which can help to unblock
and balance the Qi.
Qi Gong can be practiced by people of

all ages and fitness levels.
It is a low-impact exercise that can be

done anywhere and requires no special
equipment.
With regular practice, one can

experience a sense of peace, harmony,
and balance within themselves and the
world around them.
The Art of Qi Gong > Vocabulary List
incorporate (v): birleştirmek

Vocabulary
wellness (n): sağlıklı olma flow (v): akmak
date back (pv): bir tarihe dayanmak meridian (n): meridyen
pass down (pv): geçmek (nesilden nesle) unblock (v): açmak
flexibility (n): esneklik equipment (n): teçhizat
balance (n): denge, bakiye, terazi Collocations

posture (n): duruş holistic approach : bütünsel yaklaşım
The Chemistry Behind Fireworks > The Chemistry Behind Fireworks
The Chemistry Behind Fireworks
Fireworks have been a staple of

celebrations around the world for
centuries.
From grand displays on New Year's

Eve to backyard Fourth of July shows,
fireworks never fail to mesmerize and
awe spectators.
One of the reasons for their enduring

popularity is the incredible display of
colors that light up the sky.
The answer to how fireworks create

such vivid and vibrant colors lies in the
chemistry of pyrotechnics.
Inside each firework shell are small

pockets of chemicals called stars,
which contain a fuel, an oxidizer, and a
variety of metal salts.
When the firework is ignited, the fuel

and oxidizer rapidly react, generating a
large amount of heat and gas.
This heat and gas push the stars out of

the firework shell and into the air.
As the stars burn, the metal salts they

contain release energy in the form of
light.
Different metals produce different

colors, so by combining different metal
salts, fireworks can create a wide
range of hues.
For example, strontium produces a

deep red color, while copper creates a
bright blue.
Barium, on the other hand, produces a

pale green, and sodium yields a yellow-
orange hue.
By carefully controlling the timing and

placement of the stars, pyrotechnicians
can create stunning displays of color
that dance and swirl in the night sky.
The science behind fireworks is a

fascinating combination of chemistry
and physics.
From the colorful explosions to the

intricate patterns, each firework display
is a unique work of art created through
the careful manipulation of chemicals
and the laws of nature.
The Chemistry Behind Fireworks > Vocabulary List
combine (v): birleştirmek

Vocabulary
staple (n): zımba, başlıca öğe hue (n): ton (renk)
New Year's Eve (n): Yılbaşı arifesi strontium (n): stronsiyum
mesmerize (v): cezbetmek, ipnotize etmek copper (n): bakır
awe (v): korkuyla karışık saygı duymak barium (n): baryum
spectator (n): izleyici pale (adj): solgun
chemistry (n): kimya sodium (n): sodyum
pyrotechnics (adj): havai fişekçilik yield (v): ürün vermek, teslim olmak
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal swirl (v): fırıl fırıl dön(dür)mek
oxidizer (n): oksitleyici Collocations

ignite (v): ateşlemek law of nature : doğa kanunu
react (v): tepki göstermek work of art : sanat eseri
Advanced Passages 4
• Lotus Flower in Hinduism and Buddhism
• The Origin of Halloween
• Blindsight
• The Nose's Ability to Distinguish Scents
• Lucid Dreaming
• Virtual Reality Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
• The Secret Life of Cows
• Oaxacan Wood Carving
• From Resistance to Resilience: Capoeira
• Why We Enjoy Fear?
• Diamond Rain
• The Nebra Sky Disk
• Social Prescribing
• The Mysterious "Blob"
• The Nazca Lines
Lotus Flower in Hinduism and Buddhism > Lotus Flower in Hinduism and
Buddhism
Lotus Flower in Hinduism and

Buddhism
The lotus flower is a revered symbol in

both Hinduism and Buddhism,
representing the journey towards
enlightenment.
Its significance lies not only in its beauty

but in the way it grows.
The lotus flower rises from the murky

waters of a pond or river, yet it remains
untouched and unstained by the
impurities around it.
In Hinduism, the lotus flower is

associated with the gods Brahma,
Vishnu, and Lakshmi, and is often
depicted in religious art and
architecture.
It is seen as a symbol of purity, divinity,

and enlightenment.
The lotus is also mentioned in Hindu

scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita,
where it is described as a metaphor for
the path of knowledge.
In Buddhism, the lotus flower is a

significant symbol of the journey
towards enlightenment.
The Buddha himself is often depicted

sitting on a lotus flower, with his
teachings described as "the lotus of the
Buddha's mouth."
Like in Hinduism, the lotus is seen as a

symbol of purity, as it emerges
unscathed from the muddy waters.
In both religions, the lotus flower is a

reminder that despite the chaos and
suffering of the physical world, purity
and beauty can still be found.
The lotus is a symbol of hope and the

potential for spiritual growth and
transformation.
Lotus Flower in Hinduism and Buddhism > Vocabulary List
unscathed (adj): yara almadan

Vocabulary
lotus (n): nilüfer çiçeği religion (n): din
enlightenment (n): aydınlanma (bilgi) spiritual (adj): ruhsal
pond (n): gölet Collocations

impurity (n): katışıklık murky water : bulanık su
depict (v): tasvir etmek

Prepositions
religious (adj): dinî lie in : ...da uzanmak, bulunmak
purity (n): saflık mention in : ...de bahsetmek
divinity (n): ilahlık, tanrı metaphor for : ... için benzetme
scripture (n): kutsal kitaplar rise from : ...den yükselmek
The Origin of Halloween > The Origin of Halloween
The Origin of Halloween
Halloween, a holiday celebrated in

many parts of the world, has its roots in
the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain.
Samhain, which means "summer's

end" in Gaelic, marked the end of the
harvest season and the beginning of
winter.
It was believed that on the night of

October 31st, the boundary between
the world of the living and the dead
became blurred, and the spirits of the
dead returned to earth.
To ward off evil spirits and ghosts, the

Celts would light bonfires and wear
costumes, often made from animal
skins.
They also believed that the presence of

these spirits made it easier for Druids,
the Celtic priests, to make predictions
about the future.
Thus, Samhain was considered a time

of prophecy and divination.
In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III

designated November 1st as a time to
honor all saints and martyrs, a day that
became known as All Saints' Day or All
Hallows' Day.
The night before became known as All

Hallows' Eve, and later, Halloween.
When the Irish immigrants came to

America in the 19th century, they
brought with them their Halloween
traditions.
Over time, Halloween evolved into a

secular, community-based event
characterized by activities such as trick-
or-treating, carving pumpkins, and
wearing costumes.
Today, Halloween is celebrated by

millions of people around the world, and
although its origins are steeped in
ancient traditions, it remains a fun and
festive occasion for all.
The Origin of Halloween > Vocabulary List
secular (adj): laik

Vocabulary
origin (n): köken trick or treat (v): cadılar bayramında şeker
toplamaya çıkmak
ward off (pv): savuşturmak
carve (v): oymak
bonfire (n): şenlik ateşi
steeped in sth (phr): ... bakımından
priest (n): rahip zengin
prediction (n): tahmin

Collocations
prophecy (n): kehanet animal skin : hayvan derisi
divination (n): geleceği görme
Prepositions
saint (n): aziz
boundary between : ... arasındaki sınır
martyr (n): şehit
presence of : ...nın varlığı
immigrant (n): göçmen
to be characterized by : ... ile nitelenmek /
tanımlanmak
Blindsight > Blindsight
Blindsight
Blindsight is a fascinating and intriguing

phenomenon that challenges our
understanding of consciousness and
the brain.
It is the ability of some people who are

visually impaired due to damage to the
visual cortex to respond to visual stimuli
without being aware of seeing it.
This means that they can detect and

locate objects in their visual field,
navigate around obstacles, and even
discriminate between different colors
and shapes without consciously
experiencing them.
This seemingly paradoxical condition

has puzzled scientists for decades, as it
suggests that consciousness and
perception are not necessarily
synonymous.
Blindsight patients can perform visual

tasks with remarkable accuracy, yet
they have no subjective awareness of
what they are seeing.
This has led researchers to question

whether our conscious experience of
the world is a mere byproduct of neural
activity, or if it serves a more
fundamental purpose in our cognitive
processes.
Moreover, blindsight challenges the

traditional view that the visual cortex is
solely responsible for visual perception.
Instead, it suggests that other areas of

the brain, such as the superior
colliculus, may be involved in
processing visual information in a way
that bypasses conscious awareness.
The exploration of blindsight has

already shed light on the interplay
between conscious and unconscious
processing and challenged
conventional theories of visual
perception.
The continued investigation of this

enigmatic condition may pave the way
for new approaches to treating visual
impairments and other neurological
disorders.
Blindsight > Vocabulary List
solely (adv): yalnızca

Vocabulary
consciousness (n): bilinç bypass (v): çevreden dolanmak, es
geçmek
visual cortex (n): görsel korteks
interplay (n): etkileşim
obstacle (n): engel
Collocations
consciously (adv): bilinçli bir şekilde
visually impaired : görme engelli
paradoxical (adj): çelişkili
visual impairment : görme bozukluğu
synonymous (adj): eş anlamlı
subjective (adj): öznel Prepositions
by-product (n): yan ürün with accuracy : isabetle
mere (adj): sadece discriminate between : ...arasında

ayrımcılık yapmak
neural (adj): sinirsel
awareness of : … farkındalığı
fundamental (adj): temel
The Nose's Ability to Distinguish Scents > The Nose's Ability to Distinguish
Scents
The Nose's Ability to Distinguish

Scents
Our sense of smell is a remarkable feat

of nature that often goes unnoticed.
The human nose is capable of

distinguishing between an enormous
variety of scents, from the pleasant
aromas of freshly baked bread and
flowers to the unpleasant odors of
garbage and rotting food.
But how does our nose identify and

differentiate these various smells?
The process begins when odor

molecules enter our nostrils and bind to
receptor cells in the nasal cavity.
These receptors are specialized to

recognize specific types of odor
molecules, and when they bind to
them, they send electrical signals to the
brain.
The brain then interprets these signals,

allowing us to identify the smell and
associate it with a particular object or
experience.
This is why the smell of freshly brewed

coffee might trigger memories of early
morning routines, or why the scent of a
particular perfume might remind us of a
loved one.
Interestingly, our sense of smell is

closely linked to our emotions and
memories, making it one of our most
powerful and evocative senses.
Additionally, the nose can distinguish

between different scents even when
they are present in the same
environment, thanks to the brain's
ability to separate and identify
individual odor molecules.
The human nose is a marvel of

biological engineering, capable of
detecting and distinguishing between
an astonishing array of smells.
This ability is not only fascinating from a

scientific perspective but also plays an
essential role in our daily lives,
influencing our emotions, memories,
and even our appetite.
The Nose's Ability to Distinguish Scents > Vocabulary List
evocative (adj): anımsatan

Vocabulary
distinguish (v): ayırt etmek separate (v): ayırmak
freshly (adv): yeni array (n): dizi
odour (n): koku appetite (n): iştah
rot (v): çürümek Collocations

identify (v): tespit etmek nasal cavity : burun boşluğu
nostril (n): burun deliği brew coffee : kahve demlemek
bind (v): bağlamak, ciltlemek go unnoticed : gözden kaçmak

receptor (n): alıcı
Prepositions
interpret (v): yorumlamak, çevirmek sense of : … duyusu, anlayışı
Lucid Dreaming > Lucid Dreaming
Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming refers to the state in

which the dreamer becomes aware that
they are dreaming and can control the
dream's events consciously.
In this state, the dreamer can do

anything they desire, such as flying,
traveling to different dimensions, and
interacting with dream characters.
Although lucid dreaming has been

widely studied, scientists are still
exploring the phenomenon's
mechanisms and potential benefits.
The scientific community agrees that

lucid dreaming happens during the
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of
sleep.
During this stage, the brain is highly

active, and the body is in a state of
paralysis, preventing the dreamer from
acting out their dreams physically.
Lucid dreaming occurs when the

prefrontal cortex, the area responsible
for decision-making and self-
awareness, becomes active during
REM sleep.
This increased activity allows the

dreamer to become aware that they are
in a dream and manipulate the dream's
outcome consciously.
Lucid dreaming has been associated

with several benefits, including
enhanced problem-solving skills,
creative thinking, and improved motor
skills.
It can also help alleviate nightmares,

phobias, and anxiety disorders by
allowing the dreamer to confront and
control their fears in a safe
environment.
Although lucid dreaming is a natural

phenomenon, it can also be induced
through various techniques, such as
reality checks, dream journaling, and
meditation.
With practice, anyone can learn to lucid

dream and explore the limitless
possibilities of their imagination.
Lucid Dreaming > Vocabulary List
confront (v): karşılaşmak

Vocabulary
desire (v): arzulamak induce (v): sebep olmak, ikna etmek
dimension (n): boyut reality check (n): durum değerlendirmesi
rapid eye movement (n): hızlı göz Collocations

hareketi
lucid dream : bilinçli rüya
paralysis (n): felç
highly active : ziyadesiyle hareketli
act out (pv): canlandırmak (rol)
creative thinking : yaratıcı düşünme
prefrontal cortex (n): prefrontal korteks
motor skill : motor beceri
decision-making (n): karar verme
Virtual Reality Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain > Virtual Reality Therapy for
Phantom Limb Pain
Virtual Reality Therapy for Phantom

Limb Pain
Phantom limb pain is a debilitating

condition that affects many amputees
and is characterized by pain or
discomfort in the missing limb.
This pain can be severe and chronic,

and it can significantly impact a
person's quality of life.
Virtual reality therapy is a promising

new approach to reducing phantom
limb pain in amputees.
Virtual reality therapy involves using a

computer-generated environment to
provide sensory feedback to the brain.
By using specialized software and

hardware, therapists can create a
virtual representation of the missing
limb that allows the patient to see, hear,
and feel the limb as if it were still there.
This sensory feedback can help to

rewire the brain's perception of the
missing limb and reduce the intensity of
the pain.
Research studies have shown that

virtual reality therapy can be effective
in reducing phantom limb pain.
In one study, patients who received

virtual reality therapy reported a
significant reduction in pain compared
to those who did not receive the
therapy.
Other studies have also shown that

virtual reality therapy can improve
function and mobility in amputees.
Virtual reality therapy is a safe and non-

invasive treatment option for phantom
limb pain.
It can be tailored to the individual needs

of each patient and can be used in
conjunction with other treatments, such
as medication and physical therapy.
With further research and development,

virtual reality therapy may become a
standard treatment option for phantom
limb pain and other chronic pain
conditions.
Virtual Reality Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain > Vocabulary List
feedback (n): geri bildirim

Vocabulary
phantom (adj): hayali receive (v): almak
debilitating (adj): zayıf düşüren (hastalık, reduction (n): azalma

problem) non-invasive (adj): yayılmayan,
amputee (n): ampüte müdahalesiz (ameliyat)
severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz Collocations

computer-generated (adj): bilgisayar virtual reality : sanal gerçeklik
tarafından oluşturulan
Prepositions
software (n): yazılım
compare to : ...ile karşılaştırmak
hardware (n): donanım, hırdavat, teçhizat
tailor to : ...e uygun hale getirmek
rewire (v): kablo döşemek, yeniden
yapılandırmak in conjunction with : ...ile birlikte
The Secret Life of Cows > The Secret Life of Cows
The Secret Life of Cows
Cows have long been considered as

simple and unintelligent animals, but
recent studies have shown that they
have a rich and fascinating world of
behavior and communication.
These studies reveal that cows are

social animals that form strong bonds
with one another and have a complex
communication system that allows them
to convey a wide range of emotions and
intentions.
One of the most surprising findings is

that cows have a sophisticated way of
communicating with each other.
They use a range of vocalizations, such

as moos, grunts, and bellows, to
express different emotions like
excitement, contentment, or stress.
Additionally, they have a unique way of

greeting each other by licking and
nuzzling, which shows affection and
helps to establish social bonds.
Cows also exhibit a remarkable level of

empathy towards their herd members.
They show concern for their sick or

injured fellows, often staying close to
them and comforting them with gentle
nudges or licks.
They have even been known to form

lasting friendships and hold grudges
against other cows that have treated
them unfairly.
In terms of behavior, cows have been

observed engaging in various activities
that were once thought to be exclusive
to humans or primates.
They have shown problem-solving

skills, the ability to learn from
experience, and even have a sense of
humor, as evidenced by their love for
playing and goofing around.
The secret life of cows is a captivating

world of behavior and communication
that goes far beyond their placid
appearance.
The more we learn about cows, the

more we realize how fascinating and
intelligent these animals truly are.
The Secret Life of Cows > Vocabulary List
nudge (n): dürtme

Vocabulary
unintelligent (adj): zeki olmayan primate (n): primat
convey (v): iletmek exclusive (adj): kişiye özel, seçkin
grunt (n): homurtu goof around (pv): aylak aylak dolaşmak
bellow (n): bağırma placid (adj): sakin
contentment (n): memnuniyet Collocations

lick (v): yalamak form bond : bağ oluşturmak
nuzzle (v): burunla eşelemek, sokulmak strong bond : güçlü bağ

affection (n): şefkat sense of humour : mizah anlayışı
exhibit (n): sergilenen şey, sunulan delil

Prepositions
herd (n): sürü consider as : ...olarak görmek/düşünmek
Oaxacan Wood Carving > Oaxacan Wood Carving
Oaxacan Wood Carving
Oaxacan wood carving is a traditional

art form that has been passed down for
generations in the Mexican state of
Oaxaca.
The artisans who create these intricate

pieces of art use the natural beauty of
the local woods to bring to life their
imagination and artistic expression.
The resulting carvings are highly

detailed, colorful, and full of cultural
symbolism.
The tradition of Oaxacan wood carving

dates back to pre-Columbian times,
when the Zapotec and Mixtec
civilizations were flourishing in the
region.
However, it wasn't until the 20th century

that this art form gained widespread
recognition and popularity.
One of the most distinctive features of

Oaxacan wood carving is the use of
bright colors and intricate patterns.
The artisans use natural pigments

derived from local sources, such as
cochineal insects and indigo plants, to
create vibrant hues that are unique to
the region.
Many of the carvings depict creatures

such as jaguars, iguanas, and birds,
which are deeply rooted in the cultural
heritage of the region.
Today, Oaxacan wood carving is a

thriving industry, with artisans selling
their work both locally and
internationally.
The art form has also gained

recognition from organizations such as
UNESCO, which has designated
Oaxacan wood carving as an intangible
cultural heritage of humanity.
Oaxacan wood carving is also an

important source of income for many
families in the region.
By preserving this tradition and passing

it down to future generations, these
artisans are ensuring that this unique
art form continues to flourish for years
to come.
Oaxacan Wood Carving > Vocabulary List
internationally (adv): uluslararası

Vocabulary
wood carving (n): oymacılık, oyma ahşap intangible (adj, n): elle tutulamaz
nesne
Collocations
artisan (n): zanaatkar
piece of art : sanat eseri
wood (n): odun, ağaçlık
gain recognition : kabul görmek
bring to life (phr): canlandırmak
distinctive feature : ayırt edici özellik
carving (n): oyma
deeply rooted : derinlemesine yerleşmiş
flourish (v): gelişmek
source of income : gelir kaynağı
local (adj): yerel
Prepositions
cochineal (n): koşnil
for generations : nesillerdir
indigo (adj, n): çivit mavisi
derive from : …dan türemek
locally (adv): yerel olarak
From Resistance to Resilience: Capoeira > From Resistance to Resilience:
Capoeira
From Resistance to Resilience:

Capoeira
Capoeira is a Brazilian martial art

recognized for its unique blend of
dance, acrobatics, and music.
Its roots can be traced back to the 16th

century when the Portuguese began
importing African slaves to Brazil.
The slaves developed Capoeira as a

way to defend themselves against their
oppressors while disguising it as a
dance.
In this way, Capoeira became an

important tool of resistance and
rebellion.
Over time, Capoeira evolved to

become an integral part of Brazilian
culture.
It was officially recognized as a national

sport in Brazil in 1937, and today, it is
practiced all over the world.
Capoeira is unique in that it involves

music played on traditional instruments,
such as the berimbau, pandeiro, and
atabaque.
The music sets the rhythm of the game

and helps to create a sense of
community among participants.
Capoeira is also characterized by its

acrobatic movements, including flips,
spins, and kicks.
While Capoeira is primarily a physical

practice, it holds significant cultural
meaning for many people.
It represents a way to connect with the

past and to celebrate the resilience and
strength of the human spirit.
Capoeira also serves as a way for

marginalized communities to come
together and find a sense of belonging.
Its combination of physicality, music,

and community make it a truly unique
and powerful art form.
From Resistance to Resilience: Capoeira > Vocabulary List
spin (n): döndürme

Vocabulary
resistance (n): direnç Collocations
resilience (n): çabuk iyileşme kabiliyeti martial art : dövüş sanatı
import (v): ithal etmek integral part : ayrılmaz parça

slave (n): köle traditional instrument : geleneksel
enstrüman
oppressor (n): acımasız kimse
disguise (v): kılık değiştirmek Prepositions
rebellion (n): isyan trace back to : kaynağını bulmak
flip (n): perende atma defend against : ...ya karşı savunmak
marginalized (adj): dışlanmış combination of : ...nın birleşimi
Why We Enjoy Fear? > Why We Enjoy Fear?
Why We Enjoy Fear?
Fear is a powerful emotion that has

been essential for the survival of
humans and animals.
It is an evolutionary adaptation that

triggers a fight-or-flight response in our
bodies when we perceive a potential
threat.
Our brains release hormones such as

adrenaline and cortisol, which prepare
us to react quickly to danger.
However, fear isn't just a survival

mechanism.
It can also be a source of

entertainment, as seen in horror
movies, haunted houses, and other
thrilling experiences.
When we experience fear, our brains

release dopamine, a neurotransmitter
associated with pleasure and reward.
This dopamine release can be

addictive, leading some people to seek
out scary experiences repeatedly.
Our brains have evolved to enjoy

novelty and uncertainty.
When we watch a horror movie or visit

a haunted house, our brains are trying
to predict what will happen next.
The unpredictability of these

experiences keeps us engaged and
interested, and when the tension is
finally released, we feel a sense of relief
and satisfaction.
Furthermore, fear can be a way to

confront our mortality and face our
fears in a safe environment.
By exposing ourselves to scary

situations, we can gain a sense of
control and overcome our anxieties.
Fear is a complex and powerful emotion

that serves multiple purposes.
It can be a survival mechanism, a

source of entertainment, and a
therapeutic tool.
Understanding the different roles of fear

in our lives can help us better manage it
and use it to our advantage.
Why We Enjoy Fear? > Vocabulary List
tension (n): gerginlik

Vocabulary
fight-or-flight (phr): savaş ya da kaç relief (n): rahatlama, yardım
threat (n): tehdit satisfaction (n): memnuniyet
survival (n): hayatta kalma confront (v): karşılaşmak
entertainment (n): eğlence mortality (n): ölüm oranı, fanilik
neurotransmitter (n): sinir taşıyıcısı overcome (v): üstesinden gelmek
addictive (adj): bağımlılık yaratan Collocations

repeatedly (adv): tekrar tekrar evolutionary adaptation : evrimsel
adaptasyon
novelty (n): yenilik
haunted house : perili ev
uncertainty (n): belirsizlik
predict (v): tahmin etmek Prepositions
unpredictability (n): tahmin edilemezlik source of : ...nın kaynağı
react to : ...ya tepki göstermek
Diamond Rain > Diamond Rain
Diamond Rain
In the vast expanse of the universe, the

possibilities of natural phenomena are
endless.
One such remarkable phenomenon is

the occurrence of diamond rain in the
atmospheres of gas giants like Uranus
and Neptune.
It might sound like science fiction, but

this rare phenomenon is a plausible
reality, according to some theoretical
models.
The conditions for diamond rain to

occur are extreme.
In the upper atmospheres of Uranus

and Neptune, temperatures can reach
up to 5,000 degrees Celsius, and the
pressure can be over a million times
stronger than that of Earth's surface.
Under these conditions, methane

molecules are broken down into carbon
atoms that bond together, creating
small, diamond crystals.
As the crystals grow larger, they

become heavy enough to fall towards
the planets' cores, pulled by gravity,
creating a diamond rainstorm.
Although the idea of diamond rain may

seem impossible, scientists have
evidence that it may exist.
In 2017, researchers at Stanford

University conducted high-pressure
experiments and confirmed that
diamonds can form under the extreme
conditions of Uranus and Neptune's
atmospheres.
However, even if diamonds were to

form in the atmospheres of Uranus and
Neptune, it would be impossible to
harvest them given the inhospitable
conditions of Uranus and Neptune's
atmospheres.
Nonetheless, diamond rain remains a

fascinating topic of research and sparks
our imagination about the wonders of
the universe.
Diamond Rain > Vocabulary List
inhospitable (adj): misafirperver olmayan,

Vocabulary yaşanmaz
plausible (adj): makul
Collocations
vast expanse : engin genişlik
surface (n): yüzey
gas giant : gaz bulutundan oluşan
methane (n): metan gazı gezegen
break down (pv): bozulmak, parçalamak, upper atmosphere : üst atmosfer
crystal (n): kristal Prepositions
core (n): esas, çekirdek possibility of : ... olasılığı
gravity (n): yer çekimi, ciddiyet according to : ...e göre
rainstorm (n): sağanak idea of : ...nın fikri
The Nebra Sky Disk > The Nebra Sky Disk
The Nebra Sky Disk
The Nebra Sky Disk is a bronze disk

with gold appliques that is believed to
date back to 1600 BC, making it one of
the oldest known representations of the
cosmos.
Discovered in Germany in 1999, the

disk measures 32 centimeters in
diameter and features a depiction of the
sun, moon, stars, and a possible
constellation.
Experts believe that the disk was likely

used for astronomical purposes, such
as tracking the movement of the sun
and moon, and determining the
changing seasons.
The disk also features a depiction of a

crescent-shaped boat, which some
believe may represent the journey of
the sun across the sky.
The Nebra Sky Disk is not only a

remarkable example of ancient
astronomical knowledge, but it also
serves as a testament to the skill and
craftsmanship of Bronze Age artisans.
The gold appliques, which include

depictions of the sun, moon, and stars,
were carefully crafted and positioned on
the disk to accurately represent the
night sky as it would have appeared
over central Germany thousands of
years ago.
Today, the Nebra Sky Disk is housed at

the State Museum of Prehistory in
Halle, Germany, where it continues to
captivate and inspire visitors from
around the world.
Its intricate design and historical

significance offer a fascinating glimpse
into the ancient cosmos and the people
who sought to understand it.
The Nebra Sky Disk > Vocabulary List
craftmanship (n): zanaatkarlık

Vocabulary
appliqué (n): aplike artisan (n): zanaatkar
cosmos (n): evren depiction (n): tasvir
diameter (n): çap Prepositions

constellation (n): takımyıldız, topluluk across the sky : gökyüzünde
crescent (n): hilal position on : ...üzerine konumlanmak
Social Prescribing > Social Prescribing
Social Prescribing
Social prescribing is an innovative

approach to improving health outcomes
that addresses the root causes of
physical and mental health problems.
This approach involves using non-

medical interventions such as exercise,
art, and social activities, rather than
traditional medical treatments that rely
on drugs or surgery.
Social prescribing aims to empower

patients to take control of their health
by connecting them with activities and
resources that support their physical,
emotional, and social wellbeing.
It recognizes that health is influenced

by a range of factors beyond just
medical conditions and treatments.
Examples of social prescribing include

gardening as a form of therapy for
patients with depression, which has
been found to be effective in improving
their mood and reducing symptoms of
depression.
Gardening provides a calming and

meditative activity, while also providing
a sense of purpose and
accomplishment.
Other examples of Social Prescribing

include dance classes for individuals
with Parkinson's disease, art therapy
for patients with anxiety, and social
activities for people with chronic pain.
These interventions not only improve

physical health outcomes but also
promote social connections, which are
important for overall well-being.
Social prescribing has the potential to

revolutionize healthcare by providing
patients with more holistic and
personalized treatments.
It recognizes that patients are

individuals with unique needs and
experiences, and that addressing the
root causes of health problems requires
a multidisciplinary approach.
By connecting patients with non-

medical interventions, social prescribing
can help to promote better health
outcomes and a higher quality of life.
Social Prescribing > Vocabulary List
Vocabulary Collocations
rely on (pv): bel bağlamak, güvenmek innovative approach : yenilikçi yaklaşım
empower (v): yetki vermek medical intervention : tıbbi müdahale
accomplishment (n): başarı

Prepositions
multi-disciplinary (adj): çok disiplinli rather than : ...dan ziyade
as a form of : bir … biçimi olarak
The Mysterious "Blob" > The Mysterious "Blob"
The Mysterious "Blob"
The oceans are a source of wonder

and amazement, home to some of the
most unique and mysterious creatures
on the planet.
Among them is the "blob," a peculiar

organism that has captured the
attention of scientists around the world.
This brainless organism has shown an

impressive ability to solve problems
despite its lack of a central nervous
system.
Discovered in 1973 off the coast of

Norway, the "blob" has been found in
other regions, including the
Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific
Ocean.
Scientists have identified it as a type of

slime mold, which are typically single-
celled organisms that can unite to form
a larger, multicellular organism under
favorable conditions.
The "blob" stands out for its unique

ability to form a network of cells without
the aid of a brain or nervous system.
It has demonstrated remarkable

problem-solving skills, as seen in a
maze experiment where it was able to
find the shortest path to an exit, even
when the exit's location was changed.
The implications of the "blob's"

problem-solving skills are significant, as
it challenges conventional ideas about
intelligence and cognition.
It raises questions about whether

brains are necessary for problem-
solving and what other factors could
contribute to intelligence.
While the exact mechanisms behind the

"blob's" problem-solving abilities remain
a mystery, scientists are continuing to
study this fascinating organism in
hopes of unlocking its secrets and
expanding our understanding of
intelligence.
The Mysterious "Blob" > Vocabulary List
implication (n): olası sonuç, ima, suça

Vocabulary karışma
peculiar (adj): tuhaf, özgü
contribute (v): katkıda bulunmak
central nervous system (n): merkezi sinir
sistemi Collocations
slime mold (n): cıvık mantar capture attention : dikkatleri üzerine
toplamak
unite (v): birleştirmek
conventional idea : geleneksel fikir
multicellular (adj): çok hücreli
stand out (pv): göze çarpmak Prepositions
demonstrate (v): göstermek, gösteri without the aid of : ...nın yardımı olmadan
yapmak
The Nazca Lines > The Nazca Lines
The Nazca Lines
The Nazca Lines are one of the most

enigmatic and fascinating
archaeological mysteries of the world.
Located in the Nazca Desert of

southern Peru, the Nazca Lines consist
of hundreds of geometric shapes,
animals, and human-like figures etched
into the desert floor.
The lines are so large that they can only

be fully appreciated from above, and
they range from a few feet to over 1,000
feet in length.
The lines were created by the Nazca

culture between 500 BCE and 500 CE,
and their purpose remains unknown.
Some theories suggest that the lines

were used for astronomical or religious
purposes, while others propose that
they were a form of communication with
extraterrestrial beings.
One of the most intriguing aspects of

the lines is their precision.
The lines are so perfectly straight that

some have speculated that they were
created using advanced mathematical
and surveying techniques.
The Nazca Lines are also notable for

their preservation.
The dry, arid climate of the Nazca

Desert has helped to protect the lines
from erosion and other forms of
damage.
However, the increasing number of

tourists visiting the site has led to
concerns about the lines' long-term
preservation.
In recognition of their cultural and

historical significance, the Nazca Lines
were declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1994.
The site remains a popular destination

for tourists and archaeologists alike,
drawing visitors from all over the world
who seek to unravel the mysteries of
this ancient wonder.
The Nazca Lines > Vocabulary List
unravel (v): çözmek, açığa çıkarmak,

Vocabulary
aksamak
archaelogical (adj): arkeolojik
Collocations
etch (v): asitle yakmak, kazımak
desert floor : çöl yüzeyi
varmak arid climate : kurak iklim
extraterrestrial (adj): dünya dışı
Prepositions
precision (n): hassaslık consist of : ...dan oluşmak
survey (v): araştırmak, anket yapmak range from ... to ... : ... ile ... arasında
preservation (n): koruma değişmek
site (n): alan, web sitesi notable for : ...ile meşhur
declare (v): ilan etmek in recognition of : ...ya karşılık olarak,

tanınmasıyla

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2023 Sonbahar Akademik Çeviri, Kelime, Okuma

Bu dijital kaynak kullanıcının isteği üzerine ders notu olarak çoğaltılmıştır.

sentence (n): cümle, ceza

bone (n): kemik sugar (n): şeker

chest (n): göğüs, sandık warning (n): uyarı

depletion (n): azalma wedding (n): düğün

difference (n): fark, uyuşmazlık abdominal (adj): karın ile ilgili

disorder (n): bozukluk current (adj): güncel

gender (n): cinsiyet formal (adj): resmi

health (n): sağlık insufficient (adj): yetersiz

leader (n): lider moonless (adj): ay ışığı olmayan

marriage (n): evlilik natural (adj): doğal, normal

opposition (n): karşı çıkma nomadic (adj): göçebe

pain (n): ağrı, üzüntü proper (adj): düzgün

personality (n): kişilik recent (adj): son zamanlardaki

prevention (n): önleme severe (adj): ciddi, sevimsiz

process (n): süreç, işlem sudden (adj): ani

proposal (n): teklif, evlenme teklifi ability (n): yetenek

rate (n): oran, ücret application (n): başvuru, telefon

capacity (n): kapasite, görev partially (adv): kısmen

change (n): değişiklik, para üstü sharply (adv): aniden, keskince

distinction (n): ayrım totally (adv): tamamen

result (n): sonuç agree (v): aynı fikirde olmak

advanced (adj): ileri düzeyde control (v): kontrol etmek

delicious (adj): lezzetli injure (v): yaralamak

pleasant (adj): hoş look (v): bakmak, görünmek

rapid (adj): hızlı recover (v): iyileşmek

significant (adj): önemli rise (v): yükselmek, doğmak (güneş),

attack (v): saldırmak, eleştirmek medical (adj): tıbbi

influence (v): etkilemek promising (adj): ümit verici

kill (v): öldürmek approach (n): yaklaşım, yaklaşma

negotiate (v): müzakere etmek help (n): yardım

protect (v): korumak light (n): ışık, ateş (çakmak vs)

read (v): okumak professional (adj, n): profesyonel

share (v): paylaşmak, bölüşmek substance (n): madde, önem

rarely (adv): nadiren trade (n): ticaret, iş

difficult (adj): zor yield (n): verim

choice (n): seçim determine (v): belirlemek, karar vermek

circulation (n): dolaşım produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak

difficulty (n): zorluk regulate (v): düzenlemek

disease (n): hastalık take (v): almak, (süre) almak

information (n): bilgi adult (adj, n): yetişkin

need (n): ihtiyaç alternative (adj): alternatif

suicide (n): intihar annual (adj): yıllık

world (n): dünya average (adj): ortalama, vasat

dark (adj): karanlık, ürkütücü racial (adj): ırksal

dizzy (adj): başı dönen rich (adj): zengin

dry (adj): kuru round (adj): yuvarlak

effective (adj): etkili scientific (adj): bilimsel

entire (adj): bütün similar (adj): benzer

equal (adj): eşit small (adj): küçük

extinct (adj): nesli tükenmiş, sönmüş solar (adj): güneş kaynaklı

great (adj): büyük, mükemmel white (adj): beyaz, sütlü

handsome (adj): yakışıklı worst (adj): en kötü

happy (adj): mutlu next (adj): sonraki

harsh (adj): sert deep (adj, adv): derin

healthy (adj): sağlıklı part-time (adj, adv): yarı zamanlı

high (adj): yüksek, kafayı bulmuş underwater (adj, adv): su altı

important (adj): önemli weekly (adj, adv): haftalık

injured (adj): yaralanmış brown (adj): kahverengi

intelligent (adj): zeki ago (adv): önce

known (adj): bilinen almost (adv): neredeyse