Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 183–189
DOI 10.1007/s10509-010-0371-5
O R I G I N A L A RT I C L E
Some Bianchi type cosmological models in f (R) gravity
M. Farasat Shamir
Received: 22 January 2010 / Accepted: 16 March 2010 / Published online: 16 June 2010
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract The modified theories of gravity, especially the
f (R) gravity, have attracted much attention in the last
decade. In this context, we study the exact vacuum solutions
of Bianchi type I , III and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes in
the metric version of f (R) gravity. The field equations are
solved by taking expansion scalar θ proportional to shear
scalar σ which gives A = B n , where A and B are the metric
coefficients. The physical behavior of the solutions has been
discussed using some physical quantities. Also, the function
of the Ricci scalar is evaluated in each case.
Keywords Bianchi type I · Bianchi type III ·
Kantowski-Sachs and f (R) gravity
1 Introduction
The late time accelerated expansion of the universe has at-
tracted much attention in the recent years. Direct evidence
of cosmic acceleration comes from high red-shift supernova
experiments (Riess et al. 1998, 2004; Bennett 2003). Some
other observations, such as cosmic microwave background
fluctuations (Spergel et al. 2003, 2007) and large scale struc-
ture (Tegmartk et al. 2004), provide an indirect evidence.
These observations seem to change the entire picture of our
matter filled universe. It is now believed that most part of the
universe contains dark matter and dark energy. The modifi-
cations of general relativity (GR) seem attractive to explain
late time acceleration and dark energy.
M.F. Shamir ()
Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab,
Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
e-mail: frasat@hotmail.com
Among the various modifications of GR, the f (R) theory
of gravity is treated most seriously during the last decade. It
provides a natural gravitational alternative to dark energy. It
has been suggested that cosmic acceleration can be achieved
by replacing the Einstein-Hilbert action of GR with a gen-
eral function Ricci scalar f (R). f (R) theory of gravity has
been shown (Chiba et al. 2007) equivalent to scalar-tensor
theory of gravity that is incompatible with solar system tests
of GR, as long as the scalar field propagates over solar sys-
tem scales. The explanation of cosmic acceleration is ob-
tained just by introducing the term 1/R which is essential at
small curvatures. Capozziello et al. (2008) have shown that
dust matter and dark energy phases can be achieved by the
exact solution derived from a power law f (R) cosmological
model. The f (R) theory of gravity is considered most suit-
able due to cosmologically important f (R) models. These
models consist of higher order curvature invariants as func-
tions of the Ricci scalar. Viable f (R) gravity models (No-
jiri and Odintsov 2010) have been proposed which show the
unification of early-time inflation and late-time acceleration.
The problem of dark matter can also be addressed by using
viable f (R) gravity models. There are some other useful
aspects (Nojiri and Odintsov 2007) of f (R) gravity. It gives
an easy unification of early time inflation and late time ac-
celeration. It can be used for the explanation of hierarchy
problem in high energy physics. It also describes the transi-
tion phase of the universe from deceleration to acceleration.
Thus f (R) theory of gravity seems attractive and a reason-
able amount of work has been done in different contexts.
Lobo and Oliveira (2009) constructed wormhole geome-
tries in the context of f (R) theories of gravity. Cognola
et al. (2005) investigated f (R) gravity at one-loop level in
de-Sitter universe. It was found that one-loop effective ac-
tion can be useful for the study of constant curvature black
hole nucleation rate. Multamäki and Vilja (2006) investi-
184
gated spherically symmetric vacuum solutions in f (R) the-
ory. The same authors (Multamäki and Vilja 2007) also stud-
ied the perfect fluid solutions and showed that pressure and
density did not uniquely determine f (R). In a recent paper,
Sharif and Kausar (2010) studied non-vacuum static spheri-
cally symmetric solutions in this theory. Capozziello et al.
(2007) explored spherically symmetric solutions of f (R)
theories of gravity via the Noether symmetry approach. Hol-
lenstein and Lobo (2008) analyzed exact solutions of sta-
tic spherically symmetric spacetimes in f (R) gravity cou-
pled to non-linear electrodynamics. Azadi et al. (2008) stud-
ied cylindrically symmetric vacuum solutions in this the-
ory. Momeni and Gholizade (2009) extended cylindrically
symmetric solutions in a more general way. Reboucas and
Santos (2009) studied Gödel-type universes in f (R) gravity.
We have explored static plane symmetric vacuum solutions
(Sharif and Shamir 2010a) in f (R) gravity. The field equa-
tions are solved using the assumption of constant scalar cur-
vature which may be zero or non-zero. Recently, Babichev
and Langlois (2009) studied relativistic stars in this theory.
Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) models, being spa-
tially homogeneous and isotropic in nature, are best for the
representation of the large scale structure of the present
universe. However, it is believed that the early universe
may not have been exactly uniform. Thus, the models with
anisotropic background are the most suitable to describe
the early stages of the universe. Bianchi type models are
among the simplest models with anisotropic background.
Many authors (Lorenz-Petzold 1982; Hanquin and Demaret
1984; Tikekar and Patel 1992; Yavuz and Yilmaz 1996;
Chakraborty et al. 2003; Reddy et al. 2009; Christodoulakis
and Terzis 2007; Bagora 2009) explored Bianchi type space-
times in different contexts. Kumar and Singh (2007) stud-
ied solutions of the field equations in the presence of per-
fect fluid using Bianchi type I spacetime in GR. Mous-
siaux et al. (1981) investigated the exact solution for vac-
uum Bianchi type-III model with a cosmological constant.
Lorenz-Petzold (1982) studied exact Bianchi type-III solu-
tions in the presence of electromagnetic field. Xing-Xiang
(2005) discussed Bianchi type III string cosmology with
bulk viscosity. He assumed that the expansion scalar is
proportional to the shear scalar to derive the solutions.
Wang (2005) investigated string cosmological models with
bulk viscosity in Kantowski-Sachs spacetime. Upadhaya
and Dave (2008) explored some magnetized Bianchi type-
III massive string cosmological models in GR. Recently,
Hellaby (2009) presented an overview of some recent de-
velopments in inhomogeneous models and it was concluded
that the universe is inhomogeneous on many scales.
The investigation of Bianchi type models in alternative
or modified theories of gravity is also an interesting discus-
sion. Kumar and Singh (2008) investigated perfect fluid so-
lutions using Bianchi type I spacetime in scalar-tensor the-
Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 183–189
ory. Singh and Agrawal (1991) studied some Bianchi type-
III cosmological models in scalar-tensor theory. Adhav et
al. (2009) obtained an exact solution of the vacuum Brans-
Dicke field equations for the metric tensor of a spatially
homogeneous and anisotropic model. Paul et al. (2009) in-
vestigated FRW cosmologies in f (R) gravity. Recently, we
(Sharif and Shamir 2009, 2010b) have studied the solutions
of Bianchi types I and V spacetimes in the framework of
f (R) gravity.
In this paper, we focuss our attention to explore the vac-
uum solutions of Bianchi types I , III and Kantowski-Sachs
spacetimes in metric f (R) gravity. The field equations are
solved by taking expansion scalar θ proportional to shear
scalar σ which gives A = B n , where A and B are the metric
coefficients. The paper is organized as follows: A brief in-
troduction of the field equations in metric version of f (R)
gravity is given in Sect. 2. In Sects. 3, 4 and 5, the so-
lutions of the field equations for Bianchi types I , III and
Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes are found. Some physical pa-
rameters and the functions of Ricci scalar are also evaluated
in the context of these solutions. In the last section, we dis-
cuss the results.
2 Some basics of f (R) gravity
The metric tensor plays an important role in GR. The de-
pendence of Levi-Civita connection on the metric tensor is
one of the main properties of GR. However, if we allow tor-
sion in the theory, then the connection no longer remains the
Levi-Civita connection and the dependence of connection
on the metric tensor vanishes. This is the main idea behind
different approaches of f (R) theories of gravity.
When the connection is the Levi-Civita connection, we
get metric f (R) gravity. In this approach, we take variation
of the action with respect to the metric tensor only. The ac-
tion for f (R) gravity is given by

√
S= −g(f (R) + Lm )d 4 x, (1)
where f (R) is a general function of the Ricci scalar and Lm
is the matter Lagrangian. The field equations resulting from
this action are
1
F (R)Rμν − f (R)gμν − ∇μ ∇ν F (R) + gμν F (R) = Tμν
m
,
2
(2)
where F (R) ≡ df (R)/dR,  ≡ ∇ μ ∇μ , ∇μ is the covariant
derivative and Tμνm is the standard minimally coupled stress
energy tensor derived from the Lagrangian Lm . Now con-
tracting the field equations, it follows that
F (R)R − 2f (R) + 3F (R) = T .
Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 183–189 185

In vacuum, this reduces to is independent of the index μ and hence Aμ − Aν = 0 for

all μ and ν. Thus A0 − A1 = 0 gives
F (R)R − 2f (R) + 3F (R) = 0, (3)
2B̈ 2ȦḂ ȦḞ F̈
− + + − = 0. (10)
which implies that B AB AF F

3F (R) + F (R)R Also, A0 − A2 = 0 yields

f (R) = . (4)
2 Ä B̈ ȦḂ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
− − + + 2+ − = 0. (11)
This gives an important relationship between f (R) and A B AB B BF F
F (R) which will be used to simplify the field equations and Now we give definition of some physical quantities before
to evaluate f (R). solving these equations.
Now we consider the metric The average scale factor a and the volume scale factor V
are defined as
ds 2 = dt 2 − A2 (t)dr 2 − B 2 (t)[dθ 2 + l 2 (θ )dφ 2 ], (5)
3
a= AB 2 , V = a 3 = AB 2 . (12)
where
⎧ The average Hubble parameter H is given in the form
⎪
⎪ θ2 when k = 0 (Bianchi I model),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
when k = −1 1 Ȧ 2Ḃ
⎨sinh θ H= + . (13)
l (θ ) =
2
(Bianchi III model), 3 A B
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ sin2 θ when k = 1
⎪
⎪
The expansion scalar θ and shear scalar σ are defined as
⎩ follows
(Kantowski-Sachs model).
Ȧ
μ Ḃ
Here k is the spatial curvature index and the above three θ = u;μ = +2 , (14)
models are Euclidian, semi-closed and closed respectively. A B
 
1 1 Ȧ Ḃ 2
σ = σμν σ =
2 μν
− , (15)
2 3 A B
3 Bianchi type I solution where
1 1
Here we shall find exact solutions of Bianchi I spacetime in σμν = (uμ;α hαν + uν;α hαμ ) − θ hμν , (16)
f (R) gravity. For the sake of simplicity, we take the vacuum 2 3
field equations. The line element of Bianchi type I space- h = gμν − uμ uν is the projection tensor while uμ =
time is given by √μν
g00 (1, 0, 0, 0) is the four-velocity in co-moving coordi-
nates.
ds 2 = dt 2 − A2 (t)dr 2 − B 2 (t)[dθ 2 + θ 2 dφ 2 ], (6) We have two differential equations given by (10, 11) with
three unknowns namely A, B and F . Thus we need one ad-
where A and B are cosmic scale factors. The corresponding ditional constraint to solve these equations. We use a physi-
Ricci scalar is given by cal condition that expansion scalar θ is proportional to shear
  scalar σ which gives
Ä 2B̈ 2ȦḂ Ḃ 2
R = −2 + + + 2 , (7)
A B AB B A = B n. (17)

where dot denotes derivative with respect to t. Using (4), the Using this condition, (10, 11) take the form
vacuum field equations take the form,
2B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
F (R)Rμν − ∇μ ∇ν F (R) F (R)R − F (R) − + 2n 2 + n − = 0, (18)
= . (8) B B BF F
gμν 4
B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
(n + 1) + (n2 − 2n − 1) 2 − + = 0. (19)
One can view (8) as the set of differential equations for F (t), B B BF F
A and B. It follows from (8) that the combination Adding these, we get
F (R)Rμμ − ∇μ ∇μ F (R) B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ
Aμ ≡ , (9) + (n + 1) 2 + = 0. (20)
gμμ B B BF
186 Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 183–189

We solve this equation using power law relation between F while the shear scalar σ becomes
and a (Sharif and Shamir 2009),
c1 (n − 1)2
σ2 = . (33)
F = ka m , (21) 3T 4n+8
Moreover, the function of Ricci scalar, f (R), can be
where k is the constant of proportionality, m is any integer
found by using (4)
and a is given by
n+2 kT n+2 R
a=B 3 (22) f (R) = . (34)
2
Thus for m = 3, we obtain It follows from (7) that

F = kB n+2 . (23) R = 2c1 (n2 + 6n + 5)T −4n−8 . (35)

Using this in (20), it follows that Thus f (R) can be written as a function of R only

B̈ Ḃ 2 k n+2 3
+ (2n + 3) 2 = 0. (24) f (R) = [2c1 (n2 + 6n + 5)] 4n+8 R 4 . (36)
B B 2

Put Ḃ = g(B) in this equation, we get

4 Bianchi type III solution
dg 2 4n + 6 2
+ g = 0, (25)
dB B Here we shall find the solution of the Bianchi type III space-
which leads to the solution time in f (R) gravity for the vacuum field equations. The
line element of Bianchi type III spacetime is given by
c1
g2 = 4n+6
, (26)
B ds 2 = dt 2 − A2 (t)dr 2 − B 2 (t)[dθ 2 + sinh2 θ dφ 2 ], (37)
where c1 is an integration constant. Hence the solution be-
comes where A and B are cosmic scale factors. The Ricci scalar for
this spacetime is given by
2
ds 2 =
dt
dB 2 − B 2n dr 2 − B 2 (dθ 2 + θ 2 dφ 2 ), (27)  
Ä 2B̈ 2ȦḂ 1 Ḃ 2
dB R = −2 + + − 2+ 2 , (38)
A B AB B B
which can be written as
where dot denotes derivative with respect to t. Using (9), the
1 vacuum field equations take the form,
ds = B 4n+6 dB 2 − B 2n dr 2 − B 2 (dθ 2 + θ 2 dφ 2 ),
2
(28)
c1
2B̈ 2ȦḂ ȦḞ F̈
and after the transformations B = T , r = R, θ =  and − + + − = 0, (39)
B AB AF F
φ = , it takes the form
Ä B̈ ȦḂ 1 Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
1 4n+6 2 − − + − 2+ 2+ − = 0. (40)
ds 2 = T dT − T 2n dR 2 − T 2 (d2 + 2 d2 ). (29) A B AB B B BF F
c1
Here we also need one additional constraint to solve these
The average Hubble parameter becomes equations. Using the same physical condition that expansion
√ scalar θ is proportional to shear scalar σ , we obtain
c1 (n + 2)
H= , (30)
3T 2n+4 2B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
− + 2n 2 + n − = 0, (41)
while the volume scale factor turns out to be B B BF F
B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈ 1
(n + 1) + (n2 − 2n − 1) 2 − + = − 2. (42)
V =T n+2
. (31) B B BF F B

The expansion scalar θ is given by Adding these, we get

√ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ
c1 (n + 2) B̈ 1
θ= , (32) + (n + 1) 2 + =− . (43)
T 2n+4 B B BF (n − 1)B 2
Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 183–189 187

Using power law relation between F and a, we obtain It follows from (38) that
 
F = kB n+2 . (44) c2 (n2 + 6n + 5) 1 3n2 + 2n − 2
R=2 + , (54)
T 4n+8 T 2 2n2 + n − 3
Thus we get a differential equation with one unknown,
which clearly indicates that f (R) cannot be explicitly writ-
B̈ Ḃ 2 1 ten in terms of R. However, for a special case when n = −5,
+ (2n + 3) 2 = − . (45) f (R) turns out to be
B B (n − 1)B 2
k
Put Ḃ = g(B) in this equation, we get f (R) = √ R 5/2
12 3
dg 2 4n + 6 2 2
+ g =− , (46) This gives f (R) only as a function of R.
dB B (n − 1)B

which leads to the solution

5 Kantowski-Sachs solution
c2 1
g =
2
− , (47)
B 4n+6 (n − 1)(2n + 3) The line element of Kantowski-Sachs spacetime is
where c2 is an integration constant. Hence the solution be- ds 2 = dt 2 − A2 (t)dr 2 − B 2 (t)[dθ 2 − sin2 θ dφ 2 ], (55)
comes
where A and B are cosmic scale factors. The corresponding
1 Ricci scalar is given by
ds = 2
c2
dB 2

B 4n+6
− 1
(n−1)(2n+3)  
Ä 2B̈ 2ȦḂ 1 Ḃ 2
− B 2n dr 2 − B 2 (dθ 2 + sinh2 θ φ 2 ), (48) R = −2 + + + 2+ 2 , (56)
A B AB B B

which takes the form where dot denotes derivative with respect to t. The vacuum
field equations for Kantowski-Sachs spacetime are given by
1
ds 2 = c2
dT 2 − T 2n dR 2 2B̈ 2ȦḂ ȦḞ F̈
T 4n+6
− 1
(n−1)(2n+3) − + + − = 0, (57)
B AB AF F
− T 2 (d2 + sinh2 θ φ 2 ). (49) Ä B̈ ȦḂ 1 Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
− − + + 2+ 2+ − = 0. (58)
where B = T , r = R, θ =  and φ = . A B AB B B BF F
The average Hubble parameter becomes here Here we also use (17) so that the field equations take the
form
 1
n+2 c2 1 2
H= − . (50) 2B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈
3 T 4n+8 (n − 1)(2n + 3)T 2 − + 2n 2 + n − = 0, (59)
B B BF F
while the volume scale factor turns out to be same as for the B̈ Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ F̈ 1
Bianchi type I spacetime. The expansion scalar θ is given (n + 1) + (n2 − 2n − 1) 2 − + = 2. (60)
B B BF F B
by
Adding these, we get
 1
c2 1 2
Ḃ 2 Ḃ Ḟ
θ = (n + 2) 4n+8 − , (51) B̈
+ (n + 1) 2 + =
1
T (n − 1)(2n + 3)T 2
B B BF (n − 1)B 2
. (61)

while the shear scalar σ becomes Using (23), we obtain one differential equation with one un-
  known,
1 c2 1
σ = (n − 1)
2 2
− . (52)
3 T 4n+8 (n − 1)(2n + 3)T 2 B̈ Ḃ 2 1
+ (2n + 3) 2 = , (62)
Moreover, the function of Ricci scalar, f (R), can be B B (n − 1)B 2
found by using (4) which gives
 
k 3(2n2 + 7n + 6) n c3 1
f (R) = T n+2 R − T . (53) Ḃ 2 = + , (63)
2 2n2 + n − 3 B 4n+6 (n − 1)(2n + 3)
188 Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 183–189

where c3 is an integration constant. Hence the solution be- the light of solar system constraints is not done in this paper.
comes However, it would be worthwhile to check the consistency
of these parameters with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1 Probe (WMAP) data. Also, the solutions can be compared
ds 2 = c3 dT 2 − T 2n dR 2
T 4n+6
+ 1
(n−1)(2n+3) with Lemaître-Tolman cosmology (Hellaby 2009) that de-
scribes the inhomogeneity in the universe on many scales.
− T 2 (d2 + sin2 θ φ 2 ). (64) The general function of Ricci scalar, f (R), is also con-
structed in each case. For some special cases, it is found that
where B = T , r = R, θ =  and φ = .
f (R) models include some root powers of the Ricci scalar.
The average Hubble parameter becomes here
It has been shown (Capozziello et al. 2009) that the model
 1 f (R) = R 3/2 is consistent with cosmological results. In par-
n+2 c3 1 2
H= + . (65) ticular, it is possible to obtain flat rotation curves for galax-
3 T 4n+8 (n − 1)(2n + 3)T 2
ies and consistency with solar system tests. However, more
while the volume scale factor turns out to be same as for the work has still to be done to find the viability of these models
Bianchi types I and III spacetimes. The expansion scalar θ and consistency with solar system.
is given by The models of the universe in (29, 49, 64) are non-
singular at T = 0. The physical parameters H, θ and σ are
 1 all infinite at this point but the volume scale factor V van-
c3 1 2
θ = (n + 2) 4n+8 + , (66) ishes. The general function of the Ricci scalar is finite while
T (n − 1)(2n + 3)T 2
the spatial part of the metric vanish at T = 0. The expansion
while the shear scalar σ turns out to be stops for n = −2 in all models. The models indicate that af-
  ter a large time the expansion will stop completely and the
1 c3 1
σ 2 = (n − 1)2 4n+8 + . (67) universe will achieve isotropy. The isotropy condition, i.e.,
3 T (n − 1)(2n + 3)T 2 σ2
θ → 0 as T → ∞, is also satisfied in each case. Thus we
The function of Ricci scalar becomes can conclude from these observations that the models start
  their expansion from zero volume at T = 0 and the volume
k n+2 3(2n2 + 7n + 6) n
f (R) = T R+ T , (68) increases with the passage of time.
2 2n2 + n − 3

while Ricci scalar takes the form

 
c3 (n2 + 6n + 5) 1 3n2 + 2n − 2
R=2 − .
T 4n+8 T 2 2n2 + n − 3
For a special case when n = −5, f (R) turns out to be
k
f (R) = √ |−R|5/2
4 3
6 Concluding remarks
The main purpose of this paper is to study some Bianchi
type cosmological models in metric f (R) gravity. We find
exact solution of the vacuum field equations for Bianchi
type I , III and Kantowski-Sachs spacetimes. Initially, the
field equations look complicated but lead to a solution using
some assumptions. The first assumption is that the expan-
sion scalar θ is proportional to the shear scalar σ . It gives
A = B n , where A, B are the metric coefficients and n is
an arbitrary constant. Secondly, the power law relation be-
tween F and a is used to find the solution. Some important
cosmological physical quantities for the solutions such as
expansion scalar θ , shear scalar σ 2 and average Hubble pa-
rameter are evaluated. The analysis of these parameters in
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