Kinetic Molecular

Theory
introduction:

--Gases exist since the beginning of time. Scientists

found their characteristics – invisible, odorless and
colorless – so fascinating that they dedicated much of
their lives inventing techniques with which to study the
nature and generate and collect gases.
--When we talk about gases, the first word that would
enter your mind would probably be air.
 Word Identity
Diatomic
-- a chemical structure formed from two similar
atoms.

Noble gases
--the inert gases found in group 18
of the periodic table. Inert gas -
a gas that does not undergo
chemical reactions under a set
of given conditions.
 Word Identity
Global warming
-- a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans,
a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate..

Greenhouse Gas
--a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal
infrared range. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are
water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse
gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth’s surface
would average about 33 °C colder, which is about 59 °F below the present
average of 14 °C (57 °F).
Nitrogen
● Nitrogen is a colorless,
odorless, nonflammable and
tasteless diatomic non-metal
gas that makes up almost 79%
of the air. It serves as a shield
protecting oxygen from
potentially reactive materials.
 Oxygen
● Oxygen is a very important gas
in the air, necessary to sustain
most terrestrial life as it is used
in respiration. Like nitrogen, it
exist in the atmosphere as a
colorless, odorless, and tasteless
diatomic gas. Another form of
oxygen is ozone (O3). It
strongly absorbs UVB radiation
and protects us from ultraviolet
radiation.
 Argon
● Argon is a noble gas. The name
“argon” is derived from the
Greek word αργον, the neuter
singular form of αργος
meaning” lazy” or “inactive”,
which is suitable since itis not
particularly reactive. Argon is
used to provide an inert
blanket for certain industrial
operations and in making
“neon” lamps and in lasers.
 Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
● Carbon Dioxide is a prominent
greenhouse gas and is the
primary source of carbon in life
on Earth. Its increasing
concentration in the
atmosphere, due to the burning
of carbon-based fuels, has led
to global warming.
 Neon
● Neon is another noble gas with
symbol Ne and atomic number
10. Neon is a colorless, odorless,
inert monatomic gas. The name
neon is derived from the Greek
word, νέον, neuter singular
form of νέος [neos], meaning
new. This name was given due
to its bright red emission
spectrum that made it
recognized as a new element.
 Helium

● Helium is a colorless, odorless,

tasteless, non-toxic, inert,
monatomic gas with atomic
number 2 that heads the noble
gas group in the periodic table.
 Methane (CH4)
● Methane is one of the most
potent greenhouse gas. It is
released into the atmosphere
during natural gas production
and distribution, which greatly
damages our climate (global
warming). It is also called marsh
gas and is the main component
of natural gas.
 Hydrogen
● Hydrogen typically exists as a
diatom H2O, which is in
gaseous state. The name was
derived from the Greek hydro
meaning “water” and genes
meaning “creator” due to the
fact that water is produced
when hydrogen gas is burned.
Out of 67 elements detected in
the Sun, hydrogen is the most
abundant. It makes up 71% of
the total mass of the Sun.
 Water Vapor
● Water Vapor is the gaseous
phase of water. It is also a
potent greenhouse gas along
with other gases such as
carbon dioxide and methane.
The use of water vapor, as
steam, has been important to
humans for cooking and as a
major component in energy
production and transport
systems since the industrial
revolution.
kinetic molecular theory
-- describes the way each gas particles interact
with one another on a microscopic level.
--this theory is made up of several postulates
from which the ideal gas law is based.
kinetic molecular theory

1. All gases are made up of small, hard, and spherical particles called
molecules that moves constantly in straight lines in all directions.
kinetic molecular theory
2. The molecules in gases are very far apart compared to their sizes, so
they can be considered as points, and therefore do not occupy
space. Most of the volume of a gas is therefore empty space.
kinetic molecular theory
3. Gas molecules are perfectly elastic. When they collide, they rebound
with perfect elasticity and with neither loss nor gain of energy.
kinetic molecular theory
4. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or
between the molecules and the walls of the container.
kinetic molecular theory
4. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or
between the molecules and the walls of the container.
kinetic molecular theory
5. The average kinetic energy of gases increases as temperature
increases, and decreases as temperature decreases.
 VOLUME, PRESSURE, AND
TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP
The equations showing the relationships between
volume, pressure and temperature are commonly referred
to as the gas laws. The gas laws we will be considering in
this book are Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Amonton’s law,
Avogadro’s law, and the combined gas law. But before
we went through all that, let us first discuss some
important terminologies.
 Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average heat energy of the
particles in a substance. Since it is an average measurement, it
does not depend on the amount of the substance. That’s why
a cup of water boils at the same temperature as a large pot
of water. Units of temperature are Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit,
and Rankine.
 Volume
Volume, sometimes referred to as capacity, is the
enclosed space that a matter occupies. Common units
used to express volume include liters, cubic meters,
gallons, milliliters, teaspoons, and ounces.
 Pressure
Pressure (P) is defined as the force exerted
per unit of surface area:
Pressure=Force⁄Area
This force is exerted by the collision of the gas
particles moving randomly within a container
with relatively high velocities.