Support And Movement (LIK, GH, 2016) (D) Collenchyma (MLN, G1,2016) tjundle caps in sunflower stem, are Selerenchyima (8) Parenchyma (C) Mesenchyma ‘The loss of water due £0 ex-osmosis from plant eells eauses plant (0: Oars Neate Win Dy Rupture Turgor pressure is generated by high osmotic pressure ofthe cell: 11h 2010 WP. 20 A) Cytoplasm BD Vacuole (© Mitochondria (D) Chloroplast These are shorter than fibers and are found. in seed coat and nut shell to provide (QML, G1.2014) (GRW. Gl 2016) formed by: (@ Sclerides (C) Vessels (D) Trachea 5, The collenchyma cells havé protoplast and usually Inck: (inp. Git, 2015) (A) Primary wall BB] Secondary wall (C) Middle Lemetla ‘ (D) Vacuole fg, The membrane that bounds vacuole 2016) (MLN. Gl, 2017) WGK. a 2015) (DGK. ¢ GQ Tonoplast (B) Leucoplast (C) Chromoplast (D) Chloroplast ‘Angular thickenings in their primary walls are present in: (BWP. GI, 2015)(LHIR. GI, 2016) (A) Parenchyma_ (B) Collenchyma {@} Sclerenchyma __(D) Tracheids 4 The inactive non-conducting wood is called: (GRW. GU,2014) { Heart wood (B) Sap wood (C) Cork =(D) Bark 9, An increase in plant growth due to activity of vascular cambium is called: (FBD. GI, 2014) (A) Primary growth Secondary growth (C) Sap wood (D) Heart wood 10, In terrestrial plants major mechanical stress is imposed by: (MLN. 1.2017) GD Gravity (B) Temperature (C) Wind (D) Soil i, This type of wood is most resistant to decay and insect attack. . (FBD. GI, 2017) (A) Callus Heart wood (C) Heat wood (D) Sap wood 12, Movement shown by sperms of liver worts, mosses, forns towards archegonia (LUR, GH, 2015) (LHR. Gl, 2016) {GB Chemotactic movement (B) Photdactic movement (C) Chematropi¢ movement (D) Phototropic movement : e movement in response to stimulus of touch i.e. Climbing vines is ealled: (BWP. Gl. 2016) (A) Hydrotropism Thigmotropism (C) Phototropism — (D) Geotropism 14, The sleep movements of plants fall under the category of: (MLN. GI, 2016) (A) Growth (B) Tactic @ Turgor (D) Tropic 1, Haptonastie movements occur in response to: * (BWP. GI, 2015) FD Contact (B) Chemical (C) Temperature (D) Water a 16. The word tropic is derived from Greek word "Tropos” meaning: (DGK. GI, 2015), (A)-Sticky Tum (Cy Attractive (D) Growth . Aositive gravitropism of root is due to: : ’ (DGK. GH, 2015) GW Auxin (B) Gibberellin _(C) Abscisic acid, ~ (D) Ethene 18. Action of the Venus fly trap i *GRw. Gu, 2014) (B) Photonasty ©® Haptonasty (D) Thermonasty (AyAyetinasty Nike hyphae of fungi are: awe. Gu2eIa) | (A) Phototactic (B) Chemotactic J Chemotropic (D) GeotropicSo - —— ). The type of nastic movement, which occurs in respoase (0 contact ane 6m, \ TE Hoptonastic (B). Photonasty (C) Thermonasty (D) Nyetinasy, ~“': + Hyponasty is caused by: a. (A) Auxin fal Cytokinins BJ Gibbereltins (D) Abscisic ag 22. Which bone provide attachment site for muscle? by Cana TE Compact bone —(B) Spongy bone (C) Sofi bone (D) Cartilage 23. The living cells of cartilage are called: “ ‘ vn 201406 (A) Cridocytes EE Chondrocytes (C) Nematocytes_—(D) Blastocytes 24. ‘The process of moulting is controlled by the nervous system and nevis saat Z aM, + (A) Aldosteron (B) Androgen © Ecdysone (D) Oxytocin“ 25, Mature bone cells are called ast BML Ghowpg (A) Osteoblasis GB Osteocytes (C) Osteoclasts (D) Chondrocyte, 26. Which of the following is a bone of axial skeleton? (Ue, (A) Humerus (B) Femus (C) Tibia DD rib : 27, Neck Region is called: ing (A) Lumber region (B) Thoracic region (C) Pelvic region DB Cervicat 28. The clavicle conneets scapula . . (A) Skull TD Sternum (C) Femur (D) Tibia 29, ‘The number of cervical vertebrae are: (FR 7 (B) 12 (3 (D) 22 30. The fusion of four posterior vertebrae present in the pelvic region form: —— (DEK, (A) Sacrum (B) Lumbar TH Coccyx (D) Chest ca 31. A bone is not a part of pelvic girdle: 1GRW,¢. (A) Hium (B) Ischium_ T& Humerus (D) Pubis 32. In thoracic region, number of vertebrae is: (GR. Gh rt.c. W 2 (B) 1S (C) 05 (D) 04 33. Allof the following bones are associated with coval bones, except: (DER CL (A) Mium (B) Ischium «C) Pubis D Clavicte 3M. The number of Lumbar vertebrae are: (ASR. GI, 018,060 TY os (B) 07 tC) 12 (D) 33 35. Which one is not a bone of axial skeleton? (LIER, Git, 2014p TR Gh (A) Ribs. (B) Sternum T Pelvic (D) Cranium 36. Which one of the following is not an unpaired bone? (seo (A) Mandible (B) Vomer (C) Sphenoid Qa Nasal 37. The joint that allows the movements in two directions is called: aur (A) Cantilaginous joints (B) Syrovial joints TF Hinge joins (D) Ball and Socket joints 38, ) The joints that allows movement in several directions is called: xe (A) Fibrous Joint (B) Synovial Joint (C) Hinge Joint "DD, Ball and Sock? 3. Joints that are held together by short fibers embedded in connective tissue: DO" EY Fibrous Joints (B) Cantlaginous Joint (C) Synovial Joints (1D) Hinge Joi’ The connective tisstie which attaches the bones together is called: (wom (A) Ligament TF Tendon (C) Cross bridges (1D) Z 41 attach bone to bone and are slightly elastic, oo GF. Fendons (8) Ligaments nts (C) Both A & B (D) None 42, Sciatica ts characterized by stabbing pain radiating over the course of: Ts nerve (C) Sciatic veinot. Q. 4. 65, Tbdna df mee Med pelvis are i en! ' Opel © the symptoms of which disease im chide ns em GE Rickers (1) Dike Stip CS Bowed legs and det (D) Hacmatoma ‘disease whic (Cy Sciatica Nel causes immobility and fusion of vertebra joint 4 eal . ; : 01) (A) Sciatica {oan Gn. 2000 Wickets flue to dened Pom Iosls He) Ricker (D) Disc Stip a 0 deficieney of vitamin: (960, G12019) ( , (yc w ch one e wo Acute'fo UF Sciatica {C) Dise Slip (D) Spondy losis cute forms OF Arthritis usually result from: wwe G1 2010 acterial ty BY Bacterial Invasion(B) Viral invasion (C) Fu The disease whieh ¢; Invasion (D) Severe Injury ‘uses immobility and fusion of vertebral joints is called: (Gk. GN, 2018) ) Dise Stiy S i. lip (B) Sciatica (C) Arthritis TD Spondylosis re seas cause by tow clean oa is alle ad (A) Tetanus (B) Cramp (C) Sciatica DB tetany whee of muscle which remains fived when the muscle contracts? | (GH, CH 218 Muscle is connecte Go (©) Tendon ea 7 sd 10 bone by (Sb, G1, 0(GRW, GI. 2016) (A) Tendon TD Ligament (© Zine {D) Cross bridges Thick filament in myofibril is made up of: (SGD. G1, 2014(GRW, GI. 2016) ED Myosin (B) Actin {C) Tropomyosin —— (D) Troponin Slightly elastic connective tissues that attach bone to bone are called: (EBD. GI 2018) (A) Tendons (B) Brachialis (C) Brachio-radiatis {) Ligaments The skeletal muscles are attached with the bones through the: (MLS, GU, 2014) BF Ligaments (B) Tendons (C) Sarcolemma (D) Myotibrils Muscle present in the Gut wall are: (BWP. GI, 2014) GT Smooth (B) Skeletal (C) Cardiac (D) Voluntary There are muscles in the human body, most of which occur in pairs, (GRW. Gt, 2018) TY 650 (B) 630 (C) 660 (D) 6 ‘A respiratory protein which is present in all aerobic organism is: (awe. Gt,201) GH Haemoglobin (B) Myoglobin (C) Cytochrome (D) Cytochrone C ‘The protein filament which binds to the ealeium is: (LU 61,2017) (A) Actin * (B) Myosin (C) Troponin (D) Tropomyosin What is mortality rate in developing countries due to Tetanus? (MLN. G1,2017) (A) 35% TD 40° (C) 435% (D) 50% Which animal moves by jet-propulsion? (SWL. GI, 2016) (A) Earthworm (B) Star Fish (C) Snail DD belly Fish Euglena moves with the help oft (GK. GU, 2016) (A) Cilium (B) Pseudopodium — (C) Myonemes {DD Flagellum ‘The diameter of cilia ranges from: ‘ 18) TH 0.11005 pm (B)0.1100Smm — FW 0.361008 pm (D) 0.31008 mm ‘The mammals who walk on tips of the toes, modified into hooves are termed ast | (A) Plantigrades —(B) Unguligrades—_ (&) Digtigrades (D) Brachigrades ' Plantigrade mode of Locomotion is observed in: (PHD. GL 2015484. 2007) ZY Monkey (B) Rabbit (C) Goat (D) Rodents, The supracoracoid muscles provide power for the: . (um Gt.2015) Upward Stroke (B) Downward Stroke (C) Recovery Stroke (D) Neutral Stroke Most efficient way of supporting the body is seen inz (LURK, G1, 204K, G (A) (B) Aves (C) Reptiles () Mamnals. hes68. 69. 70. 7. 72. 3. 14. 71. "78. 79, 80. 81. 82. 83. 89, 90. ‘ow wings? (UR. Gy” ee aa has ade ro (©) Replies (0) Mammals : $ Which of the following cells have angular thickening in their primary walls? (.4tp.¢y TG Collenchyma © (B) Seterenchyma — (C) Fibers (D) Vessels ' is unguligrade. , . (MLN, Gh 2014 (MLN. Gia g (A) Bear _ (B) Man (C) Rabbit Goat . Muscles in the Gut Wall are: . (BWP, Gi. GD Smooth (B) Skeletal (C) Cardiac (D) Voluntary \) Muscle fatigue is caused by: (RWP, G) (A) COz (B) Funaric acid (C)_Ethylalcohols Lactic acid. Which of the following has hydrostatic skeleton? @ (A) Man (B) An insect Sea anemone (D) Fish Seven vertebrae lie in the neck region called: (RWP. G2, (A) Lumber region (B) Thoracic region’ (C) Pelvic region Cervical region The fusion of four posterior vertebrae present in the pelvic region form: (GK. Git,» (A) Sacrum (B) Lumbar Coccyx (D) Chest cage 1 Complete immobilization of muscle leads to: (SWL.Ghaws, (A) Increase in capillaries (B) Increase in Mitochondria Sever atrophy (D) Resistance to fatigue Brain is protected by: (sw { Cranium (B) Skull (C) Orbits * (D) Zygomatic bone Movement of plant organs in response to touch is called: : (scb.28° (A) Geotropism (B) Chemotropism — (C) Hydrotropism Thigmotropism Skeletal muscles are called striated (stripped) because of presence o: (awe. Ghat (A) Red and yellow band (B) White and yellow band Alternating dark and light band (D) Red and black band : The inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages joints is called: (awe. GIL Arthritis (B) Osteoprosis __ (C) Meningitis, (D) Spondy losis The lower two pairs of ribs in humans are called: * crwe. Gita" (A) Free ribs (B) Fix ri Floating ribs (D) Former ribs Be sno joint is oe by ; layer of connective tissue called: (ur ont igament * jucleus pulposus (C) At i _ Collagen fibres of bone are hardened is eee cae end Bas pags cy Caleium phosphate ames (B) Sodium phosphate (D) Calcium carbonate The cell walls of sclerenchy matous cells are usually impregnated with: (rnp. Gl, DGK.GH"* (C) Sodium carbonate (A) Silica (B) Pectin aca Bone forming cells are know: ID) Ligning (D) Suberin at Osteoblasts (B) Osteocytes (c (FBD. : ) Os Sacrum is formed by the fusion of anterior: ies (D) Chandrobter 7 Two bones (B) Three bones Cc (MLN. GE Fe fs ‘The upper surface of leaves in bud condition ot hones (D) Five bones (A) Photonasty (B) Hyponasty (C) Heptonast (swe The Collenchyma and sclerenchyma are with heavily li Ba DY Epinasty = (A) Cortex and phleom ignified cells in: (ovr. Cortex and xylem ema e tyler (C) Xylem and phloem (D) Pericycle and cortex Which of the following muscle straightens the eth uu 7 ! ow joints? si (A) Brachialis Triceps (Cc) Biceps mst / own ‘The number of pelvie vertebrae in vertebral column of man ig: >) Brachioraialis (A) 5 (B) 7 3 is: ca (D) 12 fnAs. ns, — a namin 4 mass of clotted blood that forms at the fracture site is calle (GK. Gt, 207) (A) Haemahuma cats (C) Haemoglobin (D) Haematoma \ hardened outer surface to which inte: (BGK. GUI, 2017) EY Endoskeleton (B) Hydrostatic skeleton (C) Exoskeleton (D) Axial skeleton Change in water potential of a system due to the presence of solute molecules is called: (LHR. G11, 2017) (A) Pressure potential J) Solute pote (C) Matric potential (D)Gravitational potential in male human beings the amount of red blood cells per cubic millimeter is: (LR. Git. 2017) $— 3%: million ‘million (C) 66% million (D) 33% million nal muscles can be attached SHORTANSWER QUESTION EOS eee eS Differentiate between callus and galls. «awe. G1, 2017) Callus in Animals: Callus is a repaired tissue either soft or bony formed at fracture site in animals. Callus formation involves the activity of fibroblasts, osteoblast at the fracture site and osteoclasts later. Callus in plants: Callus is mass of ing undifferentiated cells at the cut end of a shoot in plants. Callus in plants is formed by cambium as wood tissue on the wound. Soft parenchymatous tissues are rapidly formed on or below the damaged surface of stems and roots. Callus unites the branches during budding and grafting. Gals: An abnormal swelling of a plant tissue, caused by injury or by parasitic organisins such as insects, mites, nematodes and bacteria, parasites stimulate the production of galls by secreting chemical irritants on or in the plant tissue. Define turgor and Osmotic pressure. (MLN. G1,2014) (SGD. G1,2016) Turgor Pressure: “Intemal Hydrostatic pressure in plant cells due to endosmosis of water is called turgor pressure.” Thie turgor pressure is extremely important to maintain the turgidity in plants. Osmotic Pressure: Osmotic pressure is a term related to vacuoles within a plant cell. Osmotic pressure is regulated by Tonoplast. Differentiate between Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma cells. (FBD. Gl, SWL. GI, RWP, Gl. 2014) (GRW. GI, 2015) (DGK. GH, AIK. Gl, 2016) (SGD. GI, BWP. G1, 20! Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma Cells ai (i) Collenchyma Cells are Cells of supporting] (i) Sclerenchyma Cells are Cells of| tissue that have protoplasts and usually supporting tissue that have thick secondary lack secondary walls. cell walls impregnated with Lignin. ii) Cotlenchyma Cells are living and grow|(ii) Most of the Sclerenchyma cells are with growing plants. . non-living, [\iii) Coltenchyma cells are soft and elastic. (iti) Sclerenchyma cells are tough and hard. Differentiate between fibers and Sclerides, (LU, GH, 2014) (LUR, GU, D. Gl, 2018) (MLN. G1, 2016) Fibers Sclerides (i) Fibers are long and cylindricall(i) Sclerides are sclerenchymatous cells sclerenchymatous cells. which are shorter than fibres. (ii) They may exist as solid bundles.in Xylem] (ii) They are found in seed coats and nut shells or as bundle caps. and provide protection.« 5. What is difference between cork eambium and vascular cambium? ‘ GI. 20149 (RWP. GI, 2016 Ans. Vascular Cambium Cark Cambium’ G) Vascular cambium is present between] (i) Cork cambium is present between primary Xylem and primary phloem as] Epidermis and cortex cells as Latera, Lateral meristems. Meristems. (ii) Vascular cambium divides again and dgain| (ii) Cork cambium divides again and again to to produce secondary Xylem and] produce bark in woody plants thus plays its secondary phloem thus plays its role in| role in Secondary growth. secondary growth, 6. Differentiate between Heartwood and Sapwood. —— (AIK. GL RWP. GI, 2015)SGD. Gh, PHD. Gl, SWL. Gl RWP. Gl, 2016(DGK. GI. ASK. Ans. Sap wood Heart wood (i) The active conducting wood is called Sap|(i) The inactive non conducting wood is wood. called Heart wood. ; (ii) Sap wood conducts water and dissolved] (ii) Heart wood accumulated a variety of| substances as the new conducting vessels, chemicals such a8 resins, oils, gums and| tannins and waste materials e.g. 7. Define Secondary growth and give its significance. (RWP. G1, 2013) ‘Ans. Secondary Growth:'An increase in plant girth due to activity of vascular cambium is called secondary growth. Significanes i, 2017), The apical meristem produces embryonic or primary tissues. After this, the stems or Toot become thick by secondary growth. The secondary growth is more evident in woody perennial plants like trees, shrubs and vine. 8. Which tissues arise from vascular cam Ans. Tissue arises from Vascular Cambium: Vascular cambium gives rise to two new tissues: : (i) Secondary xylem m? {SWL. GI, 2017) (ii) Secondary phloem 9. What are characteristics and functions of sclerenchyma cells? Ans. Characteristics of sclerenchymia cells: ')_Sclerenchyma have thick secondary cells walls, - Most of the sclerenchyma cells are non-living. Functions of Sclerenchyma cells: ‘Primary function of sclerenchyma cell Sclerides are sclerenchyma cells found in seed coats and rit shells, ‘They provide protection. Fibers and Tracheids both are ypes-of sclerenchyma cells and are found ty xylem tissue. Both are involved in condition of water and minerals in plant, 10. Differentiate between Geotropism and Hydrotro, Ans. [ Geotropism i (i) Geotropism is a plant movement in esponse to gravity stimulus, (ii) Roots displays positive geotropism and shoots negative geotropism, (SGD. G1, 2017) (iii) Sclerenchyma is preseint ii xylem tissues, 10 provide support to the plant, cm. (WGK. G1,2010 Hydrotropism ] () Hydrotropism is a plant movement in Tesponse to water stimulus, | (ii) The growth of roots toward water is due | Positive hydrotropism and growth of shoot! away from water is negative hydrotropism. | 11. Define Tactic Movements. Give its one type. Ans. Tactic Movements: Tactic movements in plants are the movements of i.e. Locomotion due to internal stimulus Types of Tactic Movements: Types of Tactic movements are: (i) Phototactic Movement (ii) Chemotactic Movement (MLN, Gt, 2018) an entire cell or organisitAns. 13. Ans. MW ‘Ans. 7. Ans. 18, Ans, 19, Ans, 2. Any, What do you know about sleep movement in plants? (GRW, GI. 2016) Sleep Movements in Plant ges in turgor pressure in the pulvinus", "Sleep movements in Plants are due to d When turgor pressure on the lower side of pulvinus increase, the leaves rise and become horizontal. When turgor pressure decreases on the tower side of pulvinus, the leaves lower and go to sleeping position, Explain Haptonastic movements by giving an example. (LUR, GH, 2014) (SGD. GI, 2015) Hapt Movements: Haptonastic movements occur in response to contact in plants. Example: Action of Venus fly trap. Differentiate between Epinasty and Hyponasty. {GRW. GI, MLN. Gi, RWP. Gl, 2014) (DGK. GH, 2015) (HWP. GI, 2016) (LIER. GIL, SWE, GI. 2017) Epinasty Hyponasty (i) Epinasty‘is'a growth movement in plants in](i) Hyponasty is a growth movement in plants which the upper surface of leaf in bud] which the lower surface of leave in bud condition shows more growth as compared condition shows more growth as to the lower surface. compared, to the upper surface. (ii)_Epinasty leads to opening of buds. Hyponasty leads to closing of buds. What is Nutation? {(GRW. GI, AJK. GI, 2015) (GRW. GI, 2016) Nutation: Nutation is a growth movement in which the growing tip of young stem moves in a zig-zag fashion due to alternate changes in growth on opposite side of the apex Differentiate between photonasty and thermonasty. (GRW. Gil, SGD. G1, 2015) (LHR. Gl, 2016) (LR. GH, SWL. G1. 2017) Photonasty Thermonasty Photonasty is a nyctinastic movement due to| Thermonasty is a nyctinastic movement due to photoperiod leading to differential growth, _| temperature leading to differential growth. Example: Opening and closing of flower due| Example: The flower of Tulip close at night to light intensity. © | due to change in temperature. ‘What is pulvinus? What is its function? (DGK. GI, 2014) (DGK. GI, MLN. G1,2017) Pulvinus: Pulvinus is the place of attachment of leaf with the shoot. It is a swollen portion of the petiole composed of parenchymatous cells with relatively large intercellular spaces and central strand of vascular tissues. Funetion: The changes in the leaf orientation, after exposure to a stimulus, are mostly associated with rapid turgor pressure changes pulvinus. What are phototactic movements? (LR. GLSGD. Gt,2015) Phototactic Movement: Phototactic Movement is an autonomic movement in response 'e stimulus of light. . Define Nastic movements. Give its types. Ravetontarn Nastic Movement: The non-directional movement of the plant in response to external stimuli is called nastic movement. ‘Types of Nastic Movement: There are two types of nastic mcvement as under. (i) Nytinasty (ii) Haptonasty D . How growth movements occur in the plants? . eretersarn) Growth Movements: The movements dute to unequal growth on the twvo sides of the plant organs Tike stem, root, tendrils are called growth movements. There are three types of growth movement as under: i) Epinasty which takes place due to Auxins. (ii) Hyponasty which takes place due to Gibberellins, (iii) Nutation Define Chemotactic Movement. Write its cause. (un. Gu.2015) Chemotactic Movement: Chemotactic Movement is an autonomic movement in response to22, Ans, Paratonic Movement stimulus of chemicals - 4 tema in ran Causes: The cause of chemotatic movement of sperms of cliverworts, mosses and ferns is nucleic acid secreted by ovum in the archegonium What are Paratonic Movements? Name its types. + The Plant movements dur (MLS. GI 7) to external causes are called Paratonic movement, Types of Paratonic Movement: There are following typ ) (ii) Nastic Movements. of Paratonic movements. (i) Tropic Movements. 22 Compare phototropism and geotropism, RG 247 Ans. Phototropism Geotropism “| Ty The opis movement of the part of plant in response] (i) The tropic movement in response] to stimulus of light is called phototropism, to gravity are called geotropism. | (ii) Stem shows positive phototropism (ii) Root shows positive geotropism. | 24. Define tropic movements. Write the names of its types. (SGD. Gh2017 Ans. Tropic Movements: The movements in curvature of whole organ towards or away, from the 26. Ans. 27. Ans. 28. Ans. 29, Ans. stimuli such as light, gravity and touch are called tropic movement, Types of Tropic Movement: Following are some common types of tropic Movements, Thigmotropism Chemotropism (iv) Hydrotropism (8) Geotropism or Gravitropism. Differentiate between hyaline and fibrocartilage. (GRW. Gt, FD. G (i) Phototropism GI, 2016(DGK. GL, 2017) . Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage | Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of long] Fibrocartilage contains wide rows of thick| bones and in the nose, at larynx and trachea, | collagenous fibres is found in the discs located between the vertebrae and cartilage of knee. me the types of cells associated with bones. (LTR. Git, 2014) Types of Bone Cells: Following are some types of cells associated with bones: (i) Osteoblast: These are Bone forming cell. ) Osteocyte: These are Mature bone cell. . (iii) Osteoclast: These are Bone dissolving cell. Give role of Skeleton in mineral homeostasis and blood cell production. (SGD. Gi, RWP. GI. 2014) Role of Skeleton in Mineral Homeostasis: Bones serve as store for calcium, phosphorus. sodium and potassium, Bones can release or take up minerals to maintain homeostasis through negative feed back mechanism. Role of Skeleton in Blood cell production: Red and White blood cells are produced in bone marrow. ‘ Differentiate between Hyaline and Elastic Cartilage. (EBD. 2OLSWRWP. GI. 201°) 1 Hyaline Cartil ge (i) Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type|(i) Elastic Cartilage has matrix containing __in human body. : bundles of collagen fibers (ii) Hyaline Cartilage is found at the movable] (ii) Elastic Cartilage forms external pinnae of) joints . ears and epiglottis. Compare Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton, (ONS Gh 20! iz Exoskeleton Endoskeleton (i) An exoskeleton is a hardened outer|(i) An endoskeleton is a skeleton to which covering to which internal muscles] external muscles are attached and primarily are attached. made up of two types of rigid connective} ” tissues bones and cartilage : :0, ins, 55, Ans. . Ans, (ii) The exoskeleton in inert and non living, (iii) Exoskeleton is secreted by ectoderm in animal cells, (i) Both bones and cartilage of Living cells embedded in the matrix of collagen protein. Endoskeleton is secreted by mesoderm in animal cells, Differentiate between Epicuticte and procuticte. ADGK. GI, 2014, ATK. GI, 2017) Epicuticte Procuticle (i) Ppicuticle is the outer most layer of the exoskeleton, Gi) Epicuticle is made up of waxy lipoprotein that is why it is permeable to water. (ili) Epicuticle serves as a barrier to microorganisms in insects. (i) Procuticle is the inner most layer of the exoskeleton, Procuticle is made up of chitin, tough, leathery polysaccharide and several kind of protein, (iii) Procuticte constitutes the bulk of exoskeleton below epicuticte. Give composition of exoskeleton in Mollusks and arthropods. Exoskeleton of mollusks is composed of carbonate. Molluscan shell can grow a the shell. (LHR. G1, 2015 BD. Gr, 2016) one or two shells containing crystals of ealeium animal grows and growth rings are apparent on the Composition of Arthropods Exoskeleon: Exoskeleon of Arthropods have complex composition for adaptations to allow them to live and grow The inv Define Ecdysis and how it is controlled. (GRW.G ‘RD. GI, RWP. GI, AJK. W within their exoskeleton as under: ation of exoskeleton forms ridges and, bars for muscle attachment. It is modified for gaseous exchange. It is modified for formation of j . It is modified for sensory receptors. G1, 2015) (SWL. GI, DG 2016) (RW: 2017) Arthropods exoskeleton has disadvantage that it carinot grow larger. To overcome this problem they undergo eedysis, Eedysis or Moultin; "Ecdysis is the period: shedding of older exoskeleton and development of new exoskeleton with comparatively large size." It is also known as moulting. Controt of Ecdysis: Ecdysis is controlled by What is cartilage? Give its types. Cartilage: The Cartilage is connective tissues much softer than the bone. Carti ends of the bone at joints. They also support vessels do not penetrate into the cartilage. nervous system and the hormone Ecdysone. (BWP. G1, 2015)RWP. GUI, 2017) ge covers the ‘the flexible portion of nose and external ears. Blood Types of cartilage: There are two main types of cartilages as under: (i) Hyaline Cartilage (ii) Fibrus cartilage Which kind of cells are responsible for bone formation, write their function. (GRw. G1, 2017) Three types of cell are responsible for bone formation, (i) Osteoblast iii) Osteoctas: ‘These are bone forming cell Is. (ii) Osteo cytes: These are mature bone cells. ‘These are bone dissolving cells. Collagen: Bone-and cartilage consist of living cells embedded in the matrix of protein called collagen. What is difference between compact and spongy Bone? ‘Compact Bone It forms the outer Shell of the] (i) (ii) (i) bone. (ii) Wis dense and Strong. * }) It provides site for the attachment of muscle. Define the mechanism of hydrostatic skeleton. Spongy Bone It is present in the interior of the bone. It is light, rich in blood capillaries and highly porous, . The cavities of the spongy bone contain bone marrows. Blood cells are formed in bone marrow. (FD, G13016) Mechanism of Hydrostatic Skeleton: The skeleton of the body which is produced due to fluidSo ‘alled hydrostatic skeleton, It is present in the a arthworm. Hydrostatic skeleton provides suppor It causes movement of the body. in the gastrovascular or is ¢: which hard skeleton is absent like & resistance to the contraction of muscles. Example: Arthropods or Insects. 37. Name the unpaired facial bones. ‘Ans. Unpaired facial Bones: Following are tvo unpaired facial bones: (ii) Vomer (i) Mandible (Ln. GH FRD. G1. BFL GH 38. Name different bones of hind limb. : (BWP. Gh.ang ‘Ans. Bones of hind limb: Each hind limb is formed of following 30 bones. (i) 1 Femur ii) 2 Tibia and fibula (iii) 7 Tarsals (iv) 5 Meta-Tarsals (v) 14 Phalanges (vi) | Patella 39, Name two paired facial bones. . (FED. G1. 29, ‘Ans, Paired Facial Bones: Following are two paired facial bones: 5 (i) Maxilla (ii) Zygomatic ) Nasal (iv) Lacrimat (v) Palatine (vi) Inferior concha (crw, 40. Name bones of fore limb. ‘Ans, Bones of Forelimb: Each forelimb consists of following bones: (i) Humerus (ii) Radius and ulna (iii) Carpels (iv) Metacarpels (v)_ Phalanges 41, Name components of human axial skeleton. (SGD. 1.201 Ans. Components of Human Axial Skeleton: Followings are the components of human axi: 7 skeleton: a (i) The Skull (ii) The Vertebrae (iii) Ribs and the sternum } 42. Name unpaired bones of cranium. (GRW. GUI, 2015 | Ans. Unpaired Bones of Cranium: Following are unpaired bones of cranium. (i) Frontal Bone (ii) Occipital Bone (iii) Sphenoid Bone _—_(iv) Ethmoid bone 43. Name Bones of Pelvice girdle. (FBD. GI, 2015(0GK. GUL? Ans. Bones of Pelvice Girdle: Pelvice girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each is formed by tk? fusion of three bones as under: “ (i) ium Gi). Ischium (ii) Pubi ubi 44. What are floating ribs? pues cue}, rat 7 | (GK. GU 2015 Ans. Floating Ribs: Human rib cage is composed of twelve pairs of ribs articulite with the thor vertebrae. The lower two pair of ribs are c: floating rit ho te called" floating ribs" vec ting ribs” because they do not attach tot 45. Describe Pelvic Girdle and Hind limb in human : Ans, Pelvie Girdle: Pelvic girdle attaches the hind fab eine ae Saareiet rd consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fi trios ie Ischium and Pubis. The pelvic girdle supports the Faas ce) a Hind Limb: Each, hind lim Femur, Tibia and Fibula, Pelvic region, is formed of following bones. Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalange Tip alanges 46, What is difference between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton? n? 2014) (GRW, GL, MLN, GH, DGK. 6 Appendicular Skeleton leton is the divison offi Ay icula eton i ‘si é Ra Ppendicular Skeleton is the division of hut main axis of the body. (ii) The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral-column and the ribs Ans, «Axial Skeleton (i) Axial ske! skeleton which forms the appendages of a) skeleton. ‘ (ii) The appendicular skeleton consists of pector | Birdle with appendages (fore limb) and pel™ and sternum, le with appendages (hind limb).we a. Ans 48 Ans 2. Ans. Ans. Ans. 3. Ans. . Sciatica: What is synovi (LR, 61,2014) synovial Joints: Synovial joi eduee Synov nls: Synovial joints contain a cavity filled with fluid and are adapted to reduce jction between the moving 4 ‘sue fi the moving joints. The joint is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called fibrous capsule and theit inner layer th Define joint and give name on the basis of structure sw 1: Joints occur where zl ; i Joi ccur where bones meet, They hold our Skeleton together, and give it the mobility. Types of joints on the basis of structure: is of structure: {i) Fibrous Joints (iii) Synovial Joints Define Hinge Joint Give example. inge Joints: We synovial membrane. G1,2014) Following are types of joints on the Gi) Cartilaginous Joints i « 1, 2014) (DGK, Gil, 2015) Hinge Joints allow the movements in two directions. At these joints, pair of muscles are aranged in the same plane as that of joins, Examples: Elbow joints and Kriee joints,” What is Ball and Socket joint? Ball and Socket Joints: 1.2017) (GRW. GI, 2015) (DGK. Ball and Socket joints allow the movement in several directions. Such joints have at least two pairs of muscles present perpendicular to each other. They provide maximum flexibility. Examples: Hip joints arid Shoulder joints, . What is Sciatica and its causes? y Git, 2016) ciatica is characterized by stabbing pain radiating over the course of sciatic nerve. Causes of Sciatica: Sciatica results due to injury of proximal sciatic nerve, which might follow a fall, a herniated dise or improper administration of an injection into the buttock. Define Rickets. Write its cause and cure. (GRW, Gl, BGK. Gil, 2014) (LUR, GH, BWP. GI, 2015) (RWP. GI, 2016) Rickets: Rickets is a disease in children with bowed legs and deformed pelvis. Causes: Rickets is caused by deficiency of calcium in diet or vitamin D deficiency. Cure: Rickets is treated by vitamin D fortified milk and exposing skin to sunlight to cure disorder. What is cleft palate? p (GRW. GI. 2014) Cleft Palate: Cleft palate is a condition in which palatine processes of maxilla and palatine fail to fuse. The persist opening between the oral and nasal cavity interferes with sucking, It can lead to inhalation of food into the lungs causing aspiration pneumonia. - ‘ive hormonal causes of deformity of skeleton, a (FBD. G1, 2015) (MLN, GI, 2016) Hormonal Cause of Deformity of Skeleton: Osteoporosis is a group of disease related to deformity of skeleton due to insufficient Estrogen hormone. In this disease bone resorption out paces bone deposit. As’a result bone mass is reduced and chemical composition of the matrix remains normal. What is meant by Dise (DGK. GH, 2014) (MLN. GIl,2017) Dise Slip: Severe or sudden physical trauma to spines for example from bending forward while lifting a heavy object may result in herniation of one or more discs. How genetic deformities of skeleton occur in humans? (RWP. GIT, 2017) Genetic deformities of Skeleton in Humans: Thee are following genetic abnormalities in’ humans: ‘ (i) Clef Palate i) Microcephaly i) Arthri Differentiate between Microcephaly and Osteoarthritis. (My. Git, 2017) Microcephaly Osteoarthri The small sized skull is known as{(i) Osteoarthrit is is a degenerative joint disease microcephaly. which is the most common chronic arthritic, (ii) Microcephaly is caused by some|(jii) Osteoarthritis is also caused by genetic defect + defect. in spite of degeneration disease. genetJen as Ans, 7. ans, 1 joint, Spondylosis is a skele y se cause mm fusion of vertebr s disease cause inmobill Spondylos sal deformity. This disea: How callus is formed? Callas Formation: Callus formation is the sec formation, Capillaries grow into the hematomas an osteoblasts migrate into the fracture Ieforms inv 3-4 weeks after fracture of bone Explain briefly Hematoma Formation. amass of clotted blood ad step of repair process after Hematoma ad clear up the debris that is termed as soft callus Fibroblasts and | site and begin to construct bone (HWP. GH, 2014) (LTR. GH, 2016), forms at the fracture site as result toma Formation: Hematoma is Mem b ring of blood vessels in surrounding: of traction? What are source of energy for muscles cont for muscle contraction is by the aerobic break down of glucose 10 muscle cell to emorrhage due to tea rmorthag RG) 21H, Source of energ maintain the continuous supply of ATP. What is Musde Fatigue? How is it produced? Muscle Fatigue: Muscle fatigue is a state of physiological in results from relative deficit of ATP. Excess accumulation of Lacti contribute to muscle fatigue, What is All or None Principle? . (SGD. GI, BWP. Gh, 2018) All or None Principle: The contraction of each muscle fibre is based on “AI! or none” principle ie, all of its fibrils participate in contraction, The degree of contraction depends upon the (MLN. GI, 2015) (HWP, GI, 2016) bility to contract. Muscle fatigue cid] and ionic imbalance also mber of fibers that participates in contraction. What is Rigor Mortis? Give its cause. (DGK. GI GA, 2015) (LUIRS 1 mortis is a condition of stiffening of body after death.” The amount of ATP in the body falls After death, Under these circumstances, the cross bridges between myosin and ction can not be broken and so they remain firmly bound resulting in the stiffening of the body. What are characteristics of Smooth Muscles? (awe. Gi 201) 2017) Characteristics of Smooth Muscles: Some of the important characteristics of smooth miuscles are as under: (i) Smooth muscles are long and spindle shape with each containing a single nucleus. (ii) Smooth muscles are visceral, non-striated and involuntary. Examples: s w smooth muscles are found in blood vessels, digestive tract etc. te down the difference between Tetany and Tetanus, Tetany | ow Gl, 2014) (WGK. Gh 2018 Tetanus ] (i) Tetany is a disease caused by low](i) Tetanus is a dis calcium in the blood. se caused by anaerobic Clostri Gi) Tetany involves muscle twitch and| ii) Te lium tetani. tanus is persistant paintul spasms of some convulsion. skeletal muscles, (iii) If tetany is not treated, the system|(iii) Tetanus begins with stiffness of jaws and progresses to spasm of Laryny, a respiratory paralysis and ultimately death occurs, heck muscles progressing gradually, usually fatal due 10 respiratory failure, What is antagonistic action of Muscles? Antagonistic pair of Muscles: In the antagonistic pairs, one other and they do not contract simultaneously. If one (GRW. GI Fup, Gi,2018 muscle reverses the effect of the muscle contracts, other rela he and he do S, other relaxes versa, This action of muscles is called antagonastic action of muscles “es‘% Differentiate between tendons and Ligaments, 2015) (GRW, Gt, 2016) (LHR, GL, 2017) (MLN. GI, SWL. GI, RWP. G ba Ligaments, Tendons (i) Ligaments are connective tissue that|(i) Tendons are connective tissue that attach attach bone to bone, muscles to bones. Gi)_Ligaments are slightly elastic, Gii)_Tendons are non-elastic. ‘T-system? (DGK. GI, 2015) he thousands of T-tubules of each muscle cell are collectively called T-system.” The sarcolemma of muscle fibre cell penetrates deep into the cell to form hollow elongated tube, the transverse tubule, T-tubule the Lumen of which is continuous with the extracellular fluid. 0, What are Flexors? Give their examples. (GK, Gil, 2017) as. Flexors: Flexors are muscles which cause the hinge joint to bend. Examples: Biceps are flexors muscles which bend the arm at elbow joint. Along with Biceps, Brachiales and Brachioradilus muscles are also flexors‘of the arms. What is the effect of exercise on muscles? fect of Exercise on Muscles: Followings are effect of exercise like swimming, joggings and fast walking on skeletal muscles: Capillary surrounding the muscle fibres (ii) Mitrochondria within the muscle cells increase in number. (iii) The muscle fibres synthesize more myoglobin. These changes make the muscles more efficient. Their metabolism is increased. «Write few lines about cardiac muscles. 3, Cardiac Muscles: (i) The muscles of heart are called cardiac muscles. (ii) ‘These are striated and involuntary muscles, (iii) These muscles are branched and interconnected, (iv) Heart muscle is composed of chains of single cell. Each cell has its own nucleus. | Differentiate between effective and recovery stroke. (WGK. GI, 2015) (LR. Gt, 2016) ts. Effective Stroke Recovery Stroke In Paramecium, Five out of nine (5/9) double|In Paramecium, Four out of nine (4/9) double | |hibrits contract or slide simultaneously with] fibrils contract or'slide simultaneously with the Jthe result that cilium bend or shorten. 11 is]result that cilium becomes straight. It is called alled effective stroke. recovery stroke. (FBD. GI, SGD. Gl, DGK. GUI, 2017) as. \creases, (BD. G1, 2017) te between active flight and passive flight. (AIK. GI, 2016) s Active Flight Passive Flight (i) When little oF no support can be gained from](i) When a bird glides during passive upward air currents, the same effect can be] flight, the wings act as aerofoils. achieved by flapping of wings. (ii) An aerofoil is any smooth surface As the birds move through the air, the air] — which moved through the air at an flows more quickly over the curved upper] angle to the airstream. surface than over the lower surface. (iii) The air flows over the wing in such a (iii) This reduces the pressure on the top of the| way that the bird is given lift; the wings, compared with air pressure below the] amount of lift depénds on the angle at \wings, there is therefore a net upward pressure} which the wing is held relative to the on the wing which gives lift to the bird, airstream. Give two adaptations in fish for swimming. (Swi. Gh20ra) Adaptations in fish: Two of the important adaptations in fish for swimming are as under: (i) ‘The body of the fish is streamlined being tapered at both ends, (it) Fins help the fish to move efficiently through the water.76. What are aerofoits? (owe. ci.2y,) “Ans Acro! n aerofoils is any smooth surface which moves through the air at an angle to q, airstream." i 77. Differentiate between Plantigrade and Unguligrade animals, (OGK. G1 2014) (LUR, Gl.20)/ Ans. Plantigrade Unguligrade ' Plantigrade is a mode of locomotion in which | Unguligrade is a mode of locomotion in whic) some mammals walk on the their soles with]some mammals walk on the tips of tog, palms, wrist and digits all resting more or less| modified into hoof. It is the most swift type g) on ground. Locomotion. i Example: Monkeys, apes, man and bear etc, | Example: Dear, goat ct. 78, What is Foramen Trioseum? How it is formed? (LUR. GI, FBD. GI, 2015) (LIER. GH 297 Ans. Foramen Trioscum: “Foramen trioseum is an opening that is formed between the seapul:) coracoid and clavicle bones.” It is formed to facilitate the lifting action of the wings during fli by passing tendon of supra coracoid muscles through itself which are further attached to 1 upper surface of the Humerus, | 79. Give classification of vertebral column. (GRW. 61,29, Ans. Classification of vertebral column: - (i) Cervical vertebrae is located in neck region. There are seven vertebra in human neck. (ii) ‘Thoracic vertebrae is located in the thoracic region. Twelve thoracic vertebrae are found in t region. 5 (iii) Lumber vertebrae is found in the lumbar region. There are five vertebrae in this region ) (iv) Pelvic vertebrae is found in the pelvic region. Pelvic vertebrae form two sets: (a) Sacrim which is formed by the fusion of five anterior vertebrae. (b) Coccyx which is formed’by the fusion of four posterior vertebrae: 80. What is jet propulsion? Give one example. > (GRW. GL ‘Ans, Jet Propulsion: Jelly fish has umbrella like body called bell. First of all water enters in the bk then the bell contracts, water is forced out like a jet and the animal moves forward. Th movement is called jet propulsion. Go Die bones of human pectoral girdle. . ns. Bones of human pectoral girdle: (i) ium Ischium (iii) Pubis. ferentiate between cartilage and bone. ¢ Bone: Bone is most rigid form of connective tissue. Bone is highly vascular tissue. It has tht types of cells. i.e, osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast. The main protein in the matrix is collag which is hardened by calcium phosphate. Cartilage: Cartilage is the soft and flexible form of connective tissue. No blood vessel penett in to the cartilage. The living cell of cartilage are called chondrocytes. It is not hardened calcium phosphate. ess anda ee earsn) [er } BUTT Mee LA a EYL KS 1, Describe the significance of secondary growth. ° (LR, GH, SGD. GH, 2015).0GK. GI 2. Differentiate between Sclerenchyma cells and collenchymas cells and sketch their diagra* . (RWI 12 3. What are growth movements? Give its types. (awecel 4 Write note on autonomic movements. (Al “5. Give an account of paratonie Movements in plants. a 6. Explain tropic Movements in plants. (LHR, Git, 2008 (ERD. Gh crwe. Gh?! 7. Describe nastic movements is plants.i AIR, GI, 2016) What is endoskeleton? Describe bone and cartilage, i LHR. GI, 2016) Elaborate some major functions of the skeletal system, ‘ 2015) ; raw back? SRW. G Write a note on exoskeleton, How arthropods overcome its draw back? « - } PGK. GE 2017) Write down the process of cedysiy in Arthropoda, (OGK. What are skeletal Muscles? Discuss their structure in det 2018) (AW, 1, 2016) MEN. GH, 2017) (GR, GI END, G1 2014) HP, ¢ What are the main difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton? Explain, (MLN. GH, 2007) (NIK. GH, 2017) What are compoments of endoskeleton? Give their general characterist Give importance of skeleton, (HR. G4, 2017) Write note on human appendicular skeleton, (LHR, GIT, SGD. GI. 2016) Explain bones of human skull with diagram, (MLN. GI. 20140) (DGK. GI, 2015) Ww hat are joints? Explain their types. \ (RW, GSW. GH 014) (MLN. G1. 2016) (LHR, GH, SGD, Gl, SWE. G1, 2917) DGK. GI. BWP. G What is bone fracture? Explain the repair process of a simple fracture. (DGK. GI, 2015) Deseribe the various steps involved in the repairing of broken bones. (AIK. GI, 2015) (EBD. GE, 2017) jxaplain Sliding filament Model. (SGD. G1, 20149 (RWP. GI, 2016) Give a detailed note on sliding filament Model of muscle contraction. SRW. GI, 2015) (RWP. GI, FBD, GI, 2016) 'D. GL 2014) (LHR, G1, Described ultra structure of Myofilaments of Skeletal Muscle, (LN. Gi, 2018) Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle fibre. (GRW. Gt.2017) Describe the locomotion in Jelly Fish and Cockroach, (SGD. G1, 2015) Deseribe Locomotion in é : WGK. cu. 2014) ‘yee methods of Locomotion in Fish and mammals. (awe. Gh.2017)