Plant Physiology Test 1

1. Gravitational Water is free-moving water through soil by force of gravity. It

is largely found in the macro-spores of soil.
2. The source is the site of production and can also be a storage site if the
availability of these compounds exceeds its utilization.
3. Secondary active transport is the hydrolysis of ATP, while primary active
transport is the conversion of the chemical energy of ATP to electro-
chemical potential. FALSE
4. Stomata opens when guard cells take up potassium.
5. What is an example of a diffusion mechanism Ion exchange
6. Which of the following fundamental aspects is the one that is priority?
Significance of the source and sink

7.

8.
9.
10. Define and differentiate amongst symport, tonoport, and apoplast. Use a
diagram to elaborate on the differentiation. Which of these three above is
used to absorb water from the soil?
Symport involves the simultaneous transport of multiple substances in the
same direction, Tonoport refers to the movement of water across a
concentration gradient, and Apoplast describes the extracellular space where
substances can freely move within plant tissues. The symport mechanism is
primarily responsible for absorbing water from the soil. It allows the
simultaneous uptake of water and solutes by root cells, facilitating the
movement of water into the plant's vascular system.
11.Differentiate between xylem and phloem. what are the types of cells,
structure components, and substances that are transported in them
1. Xylem:- Cell Type: tracheids and vessel elements in angiosperms, and
tracheids and vessel elements along with fibers and parenchyma cells in
gymnosperms.
- Structure Components: the tracheids and vessel elements, which are
elongated cells with thick secondary cell walls. These cells are dead at
maturity and form long, interconnected tubes that facilitate the transport of
water and minerals.
- Substances Transported: transports water, dissolved minerals, and some
organic compounds from the roots to the rest of the plant.
2. Phloem:- Cell Type: sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem fibers,
and phloem parenchyma cells.
- Structure Components: sieve tube elements, which are elongated cells with
perforated end walls called sieve plates. Companion cells are closely
associated with sieve tube elements and provide metabolic support. Phloem
fibers provide mechanical support, while phloem parenchyma cells are
involved in storage and metabolism.
- Substances Transported: organic compounds, such as sugars (mainly
sucrose), amino acids, hormones, and other signaling molecules, from the
source (usually leaves) to the sink (areas of growth or storage) in the plant.
This process is known as translocation and requires energy.
Plant Physiology Test 2
1. RuBisCO can act as either a carboxylase (incorporating CO2) or as an
oxygenase (incorporating O2). In the presence of relatively high CO2
levels, rubisco acts mainly as a carboxylase. When oxygen levels are
high, rubisco acts as an oxygenase and incorporates O2. TRUE
2. How many photons are required to transfer the electrons in the
production of one molecule of oxygen? 8
3. In the first step of reduction, in the third stage of photosynthesis, which
enzyme catalyses the phosphorylation of 3-PGA? phosphoglycerate
kinase
4. It is the amount of light available for Photosynthesis, wavelengths
between 400 and 700 nm: Photosynthetically Active Radiation
5. In Regeneration of the C3 carbon fixation pathway, how much ATP and
NADPH are required to fix 3 molecules of CO2? 9 ATP and 6 NADPH
6. Photosynthesis uses ________ energy to drive electrons ___________
away from water molecule to a weaker electron acceptor. light and uphill
7. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis when: water molecules are
split to provide electrons for photosystem II
8. The process that Involves photolysis of water and production of reduced
NADPH and ATP. Electrons travel from PSII to PSI and then to NADP:
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
9. C4 Pathway C3 Pathway

CAM Pathway CAM Pathway

10.

11.Within chloroplast, where is the ATP synthesized? thylakoid membrane

12.Within the Photosystem II, it Is the primary electron acceptor. →

Pheophytin,
The enzyme that initiates carbon fixation in C4 pathway plant species →
PEP case,
 In Photosynthesis, these are the packets of light energy absorbed by
specific pigments. → Quanta,
An electron carrier with a small copper-containing protein. →
Plastocyanin,
One factor affecting photosynthesis, it is a deathly adaptation by plants,
from shade leaves to sun leaves. → Solarization
13.It is the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle that is the evolution of
CO2 during photosynthesis. It arises because RuBisCO can act as either
a carboxylase or as an oxygenase: photorespiration
14.How many photons are required to transport two electrons? 4
15.The reactions of the synthesis of ATP, NADPH, and transport of
electrons are called? Light-dependent reactions
16.The solar exposure when photosynthesis just balances respiration, i.e.,
the CO2 exchange is zero, is called: the light compensation point
17.The electrons originate from oxygen and end up at NADPH. FALSE
18.C4 photosynthesis pathway is an adaptation to hot, dry conditions in
which: CO2 is fixed and stored in the leaf
19.Differentiate the supply of inorganic carbon dioxide in C3, C4, and
CAM photosynthesis pathways.
In C3 plants, the primary enzyme responsible for carbon fixation is
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). CO2 is
directly fixed by Rubisco in the Calvin cycle, leading to the formation of
a three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). This process
occurs in the mesophyll cells of leaves. However, C3 plants have a
relatively lower affinity for CO2, which can lead to wasteful
photorespiration under certain conditions.C4 plants have an additional
carbon fixation step before the Calvin cycle. In these plants, CO2 is
 initially fixed into a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, by the enzyme
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP Case). This initial fixation
occurs in mesophyll cells. The four-carbon compound is then transported
to bundle sheath cells, where it releases CO2 for the Calvin cycle. This
spatial separation of initial and final carbon fixation reduces
photorespiration and enhances CO2 concentration around Rubisco,
leading to higher efficiency in hot and dry conditions. Crassulacean Acid
Metabolism (CAM) plants have a unique temporal separation of carbon
fixation. These plants open their stomata at night to take in CO2, which
is then fixed into organic acids, such as malate or oxaloacetate, by PEP
Case in mesophyll cells. During the day, the stomata close to conserve
water, and the stored organic acids release CO2 for the Calvin cycle in
the same cells. This temporal separation allows CAM plants to minimize
water loss by reducing daytime transpiration while still fixing CO2 for
photosynthesis. In summary, C3 plants directly fix CO2 in the Calvin
cycle, C4 plants initially fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound before
the Calvin cycle, and CAM plants temporally separate CO2 fixation into
night and day phases. These adaptations in carbon fixation strategies
help plants optimize photosynthesis under different environmental
conditions.
20.What is the final product of the Carboxylation phase in the Calvin-
Benson Cycle? PGA
Plant Physiology Test 3

1. Which Hormone promotes fruit ripening? Ethylene

2. Plants' response to contact is Thigmotropism
3. A ________is a biological phenomenon, indicating the growth or turning
movement of a biological organism, in response to an environmental
stimulus. Tropism
4. Cytokinins promote cell division. True
5. Abscisic acid promotes fruit ripening. False
6. Gibberellins are produced in root tips. False
7. _________promotes germination of dormant seeds and growth of dormant
buds. Gibberellins
8. There is a total number of groups of plant hormones? 6
9. Which group of plant hormones are responsible to the formation of the
pollen tube and delays senescence? Brassinosteroids
10.As ABA induces stomatal closure, which of the following molecules don not
contribute to the flaccidity of guard cells? PO4
11. Define:
a) Gravitropism-is a plant's response to gravity
b) Heliotropism- is a plant's response to sunlight or solar radiation.
c) Photomorphogenesis-The light-mediated changes in plant growth and
development
d) Plant hormones- an organic compound synthesized in one part of a plant
and translocated to another part where, in very low concentrations, it
causes a physiological response.
e) Parthenocarpy- is a phenomenon in which fruits develop without
fertilization or the formation of seeds
12.Examples:
a) Auxins- IAA and IBA
b) Physiological effects of abscisic acid (ABA)-induces stomatal closure,
helps in respiration
c) Gibberellins- GA1 and GA2
d) Common names of plants where the effects of plant hormones were
shown- Banana, tomato, plant pumpkin vine, sunflower
e) Function of Cytokinins- promotes cell division, opens stomata, promotes
growth
13.What are the basipetal and acropetal directions of IAA in shoots and roots?
Explain the movement of IAA between cytoplasm and cell wall, and the cell
wall to the cytoplasm.
Basipetal movement refers to the downward movement of IAA in shoots.
Acropetal movement refers to the upward movement of IAA in roots. IAA
can move from the cytoplasm to the cell wall through active efflux
transporters located in the plasma membrane. IAA can move from the cell
wall back into the cytoplasm through passive diffusion.

14.Explain what happens in the bending of the epidermal tissue in the shoot
apical meristem.
the bending of the epidermal tissue in the shoot apical meristem involves a
combination of differential growth, changes in cell wall properties, turgor
pressure, and auxin redistribution. These processes work together to enable
the shoot apical meristem to respond and adapt to external stimuli, leading to
the bending and growth of the plant shoot.
Plant Physiology Quiz 1
1. __is the free water moving through soil by the force of gravity. It is
largely found in the macrospores of soil. Gravitational Water
2. __is the hydrostatic pressure that develops in a plant cell as a result of
osmosis and/or imbibition. Turgor pressure
3. Water moves across a semi-permeable from lower water potential to
higher water potential and higher solute concentration to lower solute
concentration. False
4. What covalent bond joins sugar molecules to another group, which may
or may not be another sugar? Example between hemicellulose and
pectin? Glycosidic bond
5. The synthesis of lignin starts immediately when the secondary cell wall
starts to form. Both the primary and secondary walls are bound to this
rigid substance that is a strong structure that is resistant to degradation.
True
6. What is an active transport mechanism? Proton pump
7. Water potential is the tendency for water to leave one place and go to
another. Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
Water stabilizes air temperatures by absorbing heat from warmer air and
releasing heat to cooler air-specific heat. Proteins constitute
approximately 10% of the dry weight of the primary cell wall. Plant
physiology is the science that studies the response of plants or parts of
plants towards external or internal variables. Hemicellulose is a type of
vertebral column formed by a flat chain of sugars. Hygroscopic water is
water absorbed from the atmosphere and held very tightly by the soil
particles, so that it is unavailable to plants in amounts sufficient for them
to survive.
8.

9. Explain how the properties of water contribute to the tree ways of water
movement and absorption.
Plant Physiology Quiz 2

1. Based on the biochemical function of nutrients, what is the total number

of nutrients? 16
2. __is the main supply of nitrogen for plants. Urea
3. For Boron deficiency, because of its immobility, symptoms appear first in
the zone of young growth, both in the roots and the shoots. True
4. __ may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in some
fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers. Sulfur
5. __ helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production
and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. Nitrogen
6. __ is the monovalent cation that is essential not only for plants but also
for all living things. Potassium
7. __ helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy;
proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. Phosphorus
8. For boron deficiency, because of its immobility, the main symptom is
general chlorosis in the young leaves. Boron deficiency is frequent in
fruit trees. False
9. For iron deficiency, because of its immobility, the main symptom is
general chlorosis in the young leaves. Iron deficiency is frequent in fruit
trees. True
10.Chlorine’s role is in the release of oxygen in photosystem II. Deficiency
symptom of wilting indicates that it has something to do with
transpiration. True
Plant Physiology Quiz 3

1. During the primary growth of a plant,___ includes the younger primordial

leaves and the growing point of the stem. Plumule
2. __- it is a tissue, which possesses thicker primary cell walls, no secondary
cell walls present, and provides support without restraining growth.
Collenchyma
3. At the initial primary growth,___ is the portion of the stem above the
cotyledon. Epicotyl
4. ___- Is the ground tissue, which have primary cell walls and a large central
vacuole and functions as storage and photosynthesis. Parenchyma
5. ___-it is the process of growth and differentiation of individual cells into
tissues, organs and organism. Morphogenesis

6.