LEARNING IN AND OUT OF THE

SCHOOL
Prepared by
Mrs. Anisha B
Assistant Professor of Mathematics
 LEARNING IN AND OUT OF SCHOOL
• Purpose of learning in and out of school
• Importance of observation learning out of school
• Approaches to learning outside the classroom
• Advantages of learning outside the classroom
• Out of School Learning
• Modern strategies of learning
 INTRODUCTION

• Learning inside school gives pleasure and enthusiasm to the students.

It is a natural way of learning. This learning is linked to student’s lives

and a variety of different teaching methods are used in school

whereas, out of school learning consists of curricular and non

curricular learning experiences for pupils.

Purpose of learning in and out of school

Humans are social animals and we need people around us to

survive. School can be an excellent way to build a network of friends

and a like – minded community. A school environment offers students

the opportunity to learn, and to work with others.

Purpose of Learning in School

A school is an institution designed to provide learning spaces

and learning environments for the teaching of students under the
direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal
education, which is commonly compulsory. In these system,
students’ progress through a series of schools
• To develop in students cognitive and physical skills required for
leading a successful day to day life.
• Providing adequate opportunities for students to get training in
higher order mental abilities such as inquiry, logical thinking,
value analysis and clarification and solving problems faced in day
to day life.
• To make students learn the elements of culture in which they live
(language, social practices, values and beliefs, the knowledge and
technology, social traditions and practices, ethics and laws
accumulated and conserved over generations).
• To make them learn good conduct, ethical behaviour and personal
hygiene

• To make them acquire the basic knowledge of vocational skills to

become self-reliant in their future life.

• To prepare them to become good citizens to discharge their duties.

• Relationships with other people, in which students develop
understandings, skills and attitudes that enhances their interactions
and relationships with others.

• Healthy communities and environments, in which students contribute

to healthy communities and environments by taking responsible and
critical action.
Features of learning in School
• Learning is linked to students’ lives
• A variety of different teaching methods are used.
• Different learning styles are respected
• High expectations for all students
• Formative evaluations are used systematically
• Opportunities for classroom participation.
• Social and emotional learning is valued.
Purpose of Learning out of school

In every society, changes are taking place continuously. A change

in the lifestyle of the majority of a community or society is called ‘Social
Change’. Learning out of school is about getting children out and
providing them with challenging, exciting and different experience to
help them learn. Learning out of school is a tool for teaching and
learning which has been proven to raise attainment and achievement.
• Developing in students, keen observation, ability to select and use
tools and technique appropriately according to the situations,
developing scientific temper and aesthetic sense.

• Developing social skills like collaborating with fellow students and

sharing learning with others.
• Getting training in context –specific skills.
• Verifying the information already received, results of classroom
debates and results of individual tests.
• Collecting basic information about a particular lesson.
• After a learning a particular lesson, integrating the information
and ideas to realize personally how they are being used in practical
life.
• Developing the ability to adopt to day to day life situations
 Examples of out of school learning

• Homework
• Study clubs extending curriculum
• Mentoring by other pupils and by adults, including parents
• Learning about learning
• Community service and citizenship
 Comparison between learning in and out of school

Sl.No. Learning in School Learning out of School

1 In classroom teaching, the teacher is Students act independently and get
actively functioning and reaching out knowledge and get knowledge through
the subject content to students. He direct experiences. Students take
plays a key role in student learning. responsibility for their learning.
2. Students’ learning activities and In learning outside the school, students
achievement are individualistic . i.e. share the learning activities among
Classroom learning activities and themselves and work together to learn. i.e.
methods of evaluation of learning They work with team spirit.
achievement are individual-centered.
3 In classroom teaching, importance is In learning outside the school, along with
given to develop students’ intellectual higher order mental skills like
and physical skills. observation, reflective thinking, logical
thinking, reasoning etc. social skills like
collaborating with others, well adjusted
social behaviour, adapting to new
situations etc. get importance
 Comparison between learning in and out of school

4 Knowledge obtained by students is Knowledge obtained by students is

theoretical in nature. empirical and functional.

5 Knowledge obtained through classroom As knowledge acquired in learning out

learning has less functional utility. of school is through personal
Whatever is learned may also be forgotten in experiences and in real situations, its
due course of time. practical utility is more.

6 General skills and skills which find wide use In learning out of school, as situation –
in life are alone taught in school. Though specific skills are taught, they are
students have wide knowledge it is shallow limited in range. i.e. students do not
in depth. get wide knowledge.

7 Students do not get the ability to adapt Students get the ability to adapt
themselves to environment. themselves to new situations.

8 Learning activities are mostly based on Learning activities based on

listening, seeing, reading etc. Students’ observation, learning by personal
learning achievement is individually handling, learning activities in natural
assessed by written tests and examinations. and social settings, assessment of
learning achievement by group
Importance of observation learning out of school

Observational learning is learning that occurs through

observing the behaviour of the others. It describes the process of
learning through watching others, retaining the information, and
then later replicating the behaviours that were observed. It is a
form of social learning which takes various forms, based on
various processes.
Albert Bandura states that people’s behaviour could be determined
by their environment. Observational learning occurs through
observing negative and positive behaviours.

It can also increase or decrease the frequency of behaviours that

have previously been learned.
Observational learning leads to a change in an individual’s
behaviour along three dimensions:
1. An individual thinks about a situation in a different way and may
have incentive to react to it.
2. The changes is a result of person’s direct experiences as opposed to
being in-born.
3. For the most part, the change an individual has made is permanent.
The four stages of Observational Learning
are:
• Attention: Observes cannot learn unless they pay attention to what’s
happening around them.
• Retention: Observes must not only recognize the observed behaviour
but also remember it at some later time.
• Production: Observers must be physically and intellectually capable of
producing the act.
• Motivation: the observer must have motivation to recreate the
observed behaviour.
Examples of Observational Learning include
• An infant learns to make and understand facial expressions.
• A child learns to chew
• A child learns to walk
• A child watches his mother folding the laundry. He later picks up
some clothing and imitates folding the clothes.
 TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

1. Imitation Learning
2. Observational Causal Learning
3. Apprenticeship Learning
4. Peer model influences
5. Cultural Variation
1. Imitation Learning

Imitation plays an important role in observational learning .

Infants can learn simple facial expressions and actions by imitation. As
they grow up they can acquire social and personal skills by imitating a
social model.
2. Observational Causal Learning

• Humans use observational causal learning to watch what other

people’s actions and use that information to find out how something
works and how we can do it ourselves.
3. Apprenticeship Learning

• Apprenticeship can involve both observational learning and

modelling. Apprentices gain their skills in part through working with
masters in their profession and through observing and evaluating the
work of their fellow apprentices.
4. Peer Model influences

Observational learning is very beneficial when there

are positive, reinforcing peer models involved. Peers will
always enhance learning. Peers observe their friends good
behaviour and try to imitate.
5. Cultural Variation

Cultural variation can be seen in the extent of information

learned or absorbed by children through the use of observation and
more specifically the use of observation without verbal requests for
further information.
O u t o f S ch o ol
Le a rning
Ivan Illich's concept " Deschooling Society " introduced
in 1974.In 1987,Lauren Resnik popularized this concept. The
students get both academic and non-academic from outside
learning. Learning non-formally in a social setting is called as "Out
of school learning ". Students learning from home using electronics
media, particularly the internet is also included some under out of
school learning.
• Education is not something to keep in a box, even when the box is
classroom-shaped. The habit of learning, an urge to find out more,
is developed when we feel inspired. The world outside the school is
richly inspiring and constantly re-energizing.
 Salient Features of ‘Out of School Learning’
• Learning is a social setting.
• Learning through direct experiences by having contact with
objects and events in their own settings
• Unstructured but well planned learning environments.
• Learning in collaboration with others and sharing learning with
others
• Giving importance to Learning through observation.
• Learning achievement is evaluated not in terms of individual
performance but by the performance of the group.
 Approaches to Learning Outside the classroom

Out of school learning refers to learning through non-formal

method in a social environment by using community resources like
hospitals, engineering industries, botanical gardens, zoos, museum,
science centers, libraries, automobile workshops, bakery shops, various
industrial units etc.
In out of school learning, usually three approaches followed.
They are

Providing Field Training

Field Research

Internet web-based Learning

1. Field Training

Field training also known as field trip. It is a training

designed for students to get full sensory experiences with things
and phenomena which cannot be brought into the classroom.
There are 3 phases in Field trip.
i. pre- field stage
ii. field work stage
iii. post field stage
i. Pre-field stage
When teaching a topic in the class,
the teacher gives an outline of the key concepts present in it.
Study the topic in the textbook with more concentration
Displays the topic related video
ii. Field work stage
• Teacher makes necessary arrangements for the field trip
• Gives brief direction to students
• Students collect information and record visuals
iii. Post Field Stage

After field trip, teacher and students returning to the classroom

and discuss what they had seen and heard.

2. Field Research
• Steps involved in field research are:
i. Sensing the Problem
Teacher explained regarding the subject matter in a topic or as a result
of what the students have learned from their own situations.
ii. Formulation of Hypothesis
iii. Collection of Data
iv. Data Analysis
v. Hypothesis testing
vi. Solving problem
3. Internet web-based Learning
With a computer having internet connection, searching websites
related to the topic to be studied.
Selecting the appropriate websites related to the topic to be studied.
finding out the relevant information from the website visited;
downloading and storing them in the computer as a file.
Taking print out from the saved life.
Advantages of Learning Outside the classroom
Advantages of learning through field trip or field
research

1. Give first hand or quality experiences. One can find natural

phenomena in their proper background
2. Helps students to have close contact with the environment
3. Develops the power of observation and reasoning skills.
4. Encourage active learning in students
5. It develops social skills in students
6. It provides opportunities for collaborative learning and sharing of
learning
7. Develops the skill of problem- solving in students
Advantages of Learning by Using Websites
i. Develops the ability to derive meaning and engage in active discourse.
ii. Encourages the learner to collect the information they need and develop
their own knowledge.
iii. Provide for the teacher and taught to share information mutually
iv. It is learner centred.
v. It encourages learners’ active participation and knowledge – construction
vi. Fosters the higher order cognitive abilities like analysis, synthesis and
evaluation.
vii. It helps both the teacher and students to have interaction at different
levels.