Pendulum in physics

The theory:

A pendulum is any-body suspended vertically and can move back

and forth passing its resting place (oscillating around its resting
place). An example of this is a children’s swing. The first person
to study the movement of a pendulum was the Italian scientist
(Galileo Galilei February 15, 1564 - January 8, 1642) through his
observation of the vibration of one of the chandeliers in Pisa
Cathedral, where he used the pulse of his hand to calculate the
time of the chandelier shaking, given that the frequency of the
strokes was constant, and he noticed that the time of the tremor
was equal regardless of the amplitude of that tremor. He
suggested using a pendulum to measure the pulse of patients.

The simple pendulum, used in physics laboratories, is a small

ball of iron, copper, wood, or any other material, suspended by a
thin thread whose mass is so small that it can be neglected in
solving physics problems.
Factors on which the pendulum depends:

1. Length of the pendulum: The length of the pendulum is

calculated by measuring the distance between the center of
gravity of its ball and the point of suspension (the axis).

2. The position of stability: It is the position in which the ball is at

rest, unless an external force, such as air, a human hand, a
mechanical force, or any other force, affects it and changes its
state of motion.

3. Displacement of the pendulum ball: The displacement of the

pendulum ball in a specific second is the length of the straight
line connecting the center of the pendulum ball and its resting
place, in that second.

4. The amplitude of the pendulum swing: It is the greatest

displacement that the pendulum ball can travel, away from its
place of stability.

5. Pendulum shake: The pendulum shake is every movement

back and forth to and from the same starting point (the
beginning of the movement), passing through the place of
stability.

6. Duration of the pendulum shake: The duration of the

pendulum shake, or the periodic time (duration of the
 oscillation), is the time it takes for the pendulum ball to
complete one shake and the factors affecting the duration of
the pendulum shake.

• Mass of the pendulum ball: The greater the mass of the

pendulum ball, the less air resistance it has. The air
resistance on a wooden ball is greater than if the ball were
made of lead. However, if the pendulum is placed in a
deflated bell, then the effect of the ball’s mass will be on
the duration of the tremor.

• Central angle: If the angle made by the ball (between its

launch and its stopping point on the other side before
returning) exceeds 10 degrees, then the duration of the
pendulum shake changes depending on the amplitude of
the shake.

• Length of the pendulum: The duration of the pendulum’s

oscillation is directly proportional to the square root of its
length. So the duration of the first pendulum shake is twice
the duration of the second pendulum shake.

• Ground acceleration: The duration of the pendulum shake is

inversely proportional to the square root of the ground
acceleration. That is, the duration of the pendulum swing in the
Arctic is less than it is at the equator.
7. The frequency of the pendulum’s vibration: The frequency of
the pendulum’s vibration is (the number of vibrations) that
occur within one second.

Simple pendulum equation

The simple pendulum has a special equation, through which the

length of the pendulum or the time of a single shock can be
calculated, when one of them is known. If we symbolize the
length of the pendulum with the letter L, the duration of the
pendulum swing as T, and the ground acceleration as G, the
equation will be as follows:

Ground acceleration in physics, the acceleration (acceleration) of

gravity or the acceleration of gravity is described as the
acceleration of a body as a result of the force of gravity on the
ground. Any-body in a gravitational field accelerates at the same
rate, regardless of the mass of the body. On the surface of the
Earth, it is said that all bodies fall with an acceleration of
Between (9.78-9.8 m/s2) depending on the latitude, and the
ground acceleration can be calculated using the following
equation:

m: the mass of the Earth.

r: the radius of the body's mass from the center to the location
under consideration.

𝑟^ : is the unit vector from the center of the body to the location
under consideration.

G: general gravitational constant