LESSON 1: CONVERSION OF UNITS AND SCIENTIFIC NOTATION EXAMPLE: 3 km/h to m/s

- 1 km = 1000 m
● MEASUREMENT: process and skill of finding the dimension of - 1 hr = 60 min
physical quantity - 1 min = 60 s
● SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
- SOLUTION: (3 )( 60 𝑠 ) → cancel yung dalawang km
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1ℎ
)(
- ENGLISH SYSTEM: also known as Imperial System ℎ 1 𝑘𝑚
as well as to dalawang h, leaving m and s
(pound for force, yard for length, ounce for
= 0.83 m/s
volume)
● SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: also known as standard form; has 2
- METRIC SYSTEM: system used for science; based on
3 parts: a number from 1-9 (1 ≤ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 > 10 ) and power of 10
powers of 10 (1km = 10 meters)
in exponential form
● CONVERSION: for quantities of different SI units; the value
● DECIMAL FORM TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
or magnitude of the physical quantity does not change
- Decimal point moving to the left = positive
(example: 1kg = 1000g) 10
(52 100 000 000 = 5. 21 𝑥 10 )
TIME - Decimal point moving to the right = negative
−7
(0.000 000 386 = 3. 86 𝑥 10 )
1 hour 60 minutes 3600 seconds
_______________________________________________________________
1 day 24 hours 1440 minutes 86400 seconds LESSON 2: PRECISION AND ACCURACY

1 year 365 days MASS

1 minute 60 seconds 1 kg 1000 g

1m 1000 km

LENGTH

1 cm 10 mm 1m 100 cm

1 km 1000 m 1 cm 10 mm

EXAMPLE: 80 m to cm
- 1 m = 100 cm
- SOLUTION: (80 𝑚) ( ) → nasa numerator ang
100𝑐𝑚
1𝑚
hinahanap; nasa denominator ang kailangan icancel ● PRECISION: how close measurements of the same item are to
= 8000 cm each other
● ACCURACY: how close a measurement is to the true or
accepted value
 LESSON 2: PRECISION AND ACCURACY EXAMPLE COMPUTATION:

● TYPES OF ERROR
- RANDOM/UNSYSTEMATIC ERROR: no pattern; FOR ACCURACY:
2 2
inconsistent ● GIVEN: O = 9. 7 𝑚/𝑠 ; A = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
2 2 2
- SYSTEMATIC ERROR: consistent; flawed ● AE = | 9. 7 𝑚/𝑠 − 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 | = 0. 1 𝑚/𝑠
experimental design
● PERCENTAGE OF ACCURACY AND PRECISION
2
% error: (100%) = 1.02%
𝐴𝐸 0.1 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴
(100%) = 2
➔ ACCURACY: expressed in terms of absolute error or 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
% accuracy: 100% - % error = 100% - 1.02% = 98.98%
percentage of error
FORMULA (ABSOLUTE ERROR): AE = | O - A |
FOR PRECISION:
- AE = absolute error
● GIVEN: T1 = 0.80s ; T2 = 0.79s ; T3 = 0.77s
- O = observed/measured value
MEAN: = 0.787s (M = up to 3 decimal
0.80 + 0.79 + 0.77 2.36
● =
- A = accepted value 3 3
places)
FORMULA (% error): AE/A x 100%
● AD = | O - M |
FORMULA (% accuracy): 100% - % error
→ (0.80 - 0.787) = 0.013
➔ PRECISION: expressed in terms of deviation or percentage
→ (0.79 - 0.787) = 0.003
of deviation
→ (0.77 - 0.787) = 0.017
- FORMULA (ABSOLUTE DEVIATION): AD = | O - M |
- AD = absolute deviation 𝐴𝐷(𝑎𝑣𝑒)
% deviation: (100%) = 1.4%
0.011𝑠
- O = observed/measured value 𝐴
(100%) = 0.787𝑠
- M = mean of several measurements % precision: 100% - % deviation = 100% - 1.4% = 98.6%
- FORMULA (% of deviation) = AD(ave)/M x 100%
- FORMULA (% precision): 100% - % deviation

LESSON 3: SCALARS AND VECTORS → TYPES OF VECTORS (7)

● SCALAR QUANTITY: quantities that are fully described by a PARALLEL VECTOR: two vectors EQUAL VECTOR: two parallel vector
magnitude alone. that have the same direction that have the same magnitude
- Distance, speed, volume, mass, time, length, and
so on
● VECTOR QUANTITIES: quantities that are fully described by
a magnitude and a direction.
- Force, velocity, acceleration, momentum,
displacement, and so on
→ TYPES OF VECTORS
ANTI PARALLEL VECTOR: two
vectors that are in opposite
direction
COLLINEAR VECTOR: two
vectors that act along a same
line
CO-TERMINUS VECTOR:
two or more vectors that has a
common terminal point
- MAGNITUDE: haba nung line
- INITIAL POINT: starting point
- TERMINAL POINT: saan nagtapos
NEGATIVE VECTOR: two
anti-parallel vectors that have
the same magnitude
CO-INITIAL VECTOR: two or
more vectors that has a
common initial point
LESSON 3.1: VECTOR ADDITION
A, B, and C: angles
a, b, and c: sides of the triangles
c = hypotenuse
b = adjacent
a = opposite
[ADDITIONAL]
◦ ◦
cos 50 = 0.642787609 sin 20 = 0.342020143
[in calculator] shift + cos + [in calculator] shift + sin +
0.642787609 = 50 0.342020143 = 20
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
● VECTOR ADDITION: the operation of adding two or more
vectors together into a vector sum (resultant vector).
- CASE 1: vectors in the same direction are added to get
the resultant following the direction of the vectors.
- CASE 2: vectors in the opposite direction are
subtracted to get the resultant following the direction
of the bigger vector.
- CASE 3: We use the Pythagorean theorem when
vectors
are acting at a right angle with each other.
 LESSON 3.1: VECTOR ADDITION
5. The vector is the resultant of all of the vectors plotted in the
→ CASE EXAMPLES Cartesian Coordinate.
[CASE 1]: 10 km east and 40 km east = 50 km east EXAMPLE COMPUTATION: (Not so accurate)
[CASE 2]: 30 km east and 10 km west = 20 km east
[CASE 3]: 30 km east and 40 km north
2 2
𝑐 = (30 𝑘𝑚) + (40 𝑘𝑚)
c = 50 km ↑

● POLYGON METHOD: used to determine the resultant of two

or more vectors; also known as head-to-tail method.
STEPS:
1. Convert the vectors into their appropriate scale.
2. Plot the first vector starting from the origin.
3. From the tip of the first vector, connect the tail of the
second vector, the third vector is connected to the tail of
the second vector, and so on, depending on the number Scale: 20N = 1 cm
of vectors involved. F1 (red): 60N, north
4. After all the vectors are plotted, draw a line starting from F2 (yellow): 80N, 45 degrees north of east
the origin to the tip of the last vector drawn, and put an F3 (gray): 120N, east
arrowhead, touching the head of the last vector. F4 (purple: 16cm): (16cm)(20N) = 320N, 54 degrees north of east

LESSON 4: KINEMATICS ● CASES OF FREE FALL:

➔ CASE 1: Object dropped (initial velocity is 0)
● SPEED: the time rate at which an object is moving along a ➔ CASE 2: Object thrown upward (velocity decreases
path (𝑠 = )
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 pataas until nag stop momentarily and velocity
● ACCELERATION: the rate of change of the velocity ( becomes 0 tapos increase na ulit kapag pababa na
) yung object
𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖
𝑎= 𝑡
2
● VELOCITY: the rate and direction of an object's movement * Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
(𝑣 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
) EQUATIONS: vertical motion
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
● KINEMATICS: study of motion which identifies the speed, - VELOCITY: 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑔𝑡
 velocity, acceleration and position of an object. - DISTANCE: 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖(𝑡) +
1 2
𝑔 (𝑡) or 𝑑𝑦 = (
𝑉𝑓+𝑉𝑖
)𝑡
2 2
● MOTION: change of position of an object w/ respect to a
reference point (example: if ang reference point ay ang
room ng cope at from teacher’s table pumunta si Ms. LESSON 5: PROJECTILE MOTION
Shammah sa pinto, walang motion dahil nasa reference - PROJECTILE: the object thrown or projected to be acted solely
point parin siya and ang meron lang ay movement; if ang by gravity in a curved-like path
reference point ay yung table at pumunta siya sa pinto, - TRAJECTORY: arc or curve-like path of the projectile
motion na siya) - PARABOLA: shape of the trajectory
● TYPES OF MOTION: (1) linear/rectilinear - straight; (2)
curvilinear - pacurve; (3) angular - motion at a certain
angle ● BALL: projectile
● Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): motion that act ● RED ARC: trajectory
along straight in a horizontal dimension ● SHAPE OF ARC: parabola
> EQUATIONS: for horizontal motion lang
- Eq A.) 𝑉 =
𝑑
𝑡
- Eq. B.) 𝑎 =
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
𝑡
- Eq. C.) 𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
→ ave = average velocity [COMPONENTS OF PROJECTILE]
2 - HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MOTION: horizontal and vertical
- Eq. D.) 𝑑 = 𝑉𝑖(𝑡) + 2
1
𝑎 (𝑡)
motion are independent of each other. IF WALANG AIR
EXAMPLE: RESISTANCE, object undergoing free fall and object in
2
GIVEN: a = 5. 50 𝑚/𝑠 ; t = 20.25 s, Vi = 0 projectile motion will reach the ground nang sabay
UNKNOWN: distance
FORMULA:
1 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖(𝑡) + 2
𝑎 (𝑡)
2
SOLUTION: 𝑑𝑥 = 0(20. 25) +
1
2
(5. 50) (20. 25)
ANSWER: 1127. 67 or 1128 meters
● FREE FALL: force of gravity acting on the object (vertical
motion)
● All objects fall at the same rate [technically speaking,
objects fall at the same rate but dahil sa air resistance,
heavier objects tend to fall faster than the lighter one]
2
● ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY: 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 (always
constant)
[SAMPLE PROBLEM 1]
1. A golf ball leaves the club 60 m/s at an angle of 27°
above the horizontal. Find (a) the range, (b) maximum
height reached and (c) the time of flight.
◦
GIVEN: 𝑣𝑖 = 60𝑚/𝑠 and Θ = 27
UNKNOWN: range, max height, and total time of flight
FORMULA:
2
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2Θ
- Range: 𝑅 = 𝑔
2
(𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ)
- Maximum height: 𝑑 =
𝑦 2𝑔
2𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ
- Total time of flight: 𝑡' = 𝑔
SOL’N:
2
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2Θ
- RANGE: 𝑅 = 𝑔
2 ◦ 2 2 2
→ →
(60 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (54 ) (60 𝑚/𝑠) (0.80901699437) (3600 𝑚 /𝑠 ) (0.80901699437)
𝑅= 2 2 2
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑅 = 297. 19 𝑚

2
(𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ)
- MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 𝑑 =
𝑦 2𝑔
◦ 2 2 2
→ →
[(60 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(27 )] [(60 𝑚/𝑠) (0.45399049974)] (27.2394299844)
𝑑𝑦 = 2 2 2
2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 ) 19.6 𝑚/𝑠 19.6 𝑚/𝑠
2 2
→
741.98654587503 𝑚 /𝑠
2 𝑑𝑦 = 37. 86 𝑚
19.6 𝑚/𝑠

2𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ
- TOTAL TIME OF FLIGHT: 𝑡' = 𝑔
◦
→ →
2(60 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (27 ) (120 𝑚/𝑠) (0.45399049974) 54.4788599688 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡' = 2 2 2
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡' = 5. 56 𝑠

ANSWER: 𝑅 = 297. 19 𝑚; 𝑑𝑦 = 37. 86 𝑚 ; 𝑡' = 5. 56 𝑠

 PROJECTILE MOTION
[KINEMATICS] DST AND DVT
[HORIZONTAL
PROJECTION] Distance: (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) Speed:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Time:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
- HORIZONTAL DISTANCE:
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 • 𝑡
Displacement: (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) Velocity:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Time:
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
- MAXIMUM HEIGHT:
2
𝑔𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = 2 [KINEMATICS] 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖

[ARBITRARY ANGLE] Acceleration: Time: Initial velocity: Final velocity:

- TOTAL TIME OF FLIGHT: 𝑎=
𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎(𝑡)
2𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ 𝑡 𝑎
𝑡' = 𝑔
- MAXIMUM HEIGHT: [KINEMATICS] Uniformly Accelerated Motion
2
(𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛Θ)
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑔
Velocity: Ave. Velocity: Acceleration: Distance:
- RANGE: 𝑑 𝑣𝑓+𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 1 2
2
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2Θ 𝑉 = 𝑡
𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2
𝑎= 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖(𝑡) + 2
𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑅= 𝑔

[KINEMATICS] Free fall

Final Velocity: Distance: 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖(𝑡) +

1 2
𝑔 (𝑡) or Initial Velocity:
2
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡 𝑉𝑓+𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑑𝑦 = ( 2
)𝑡

[CONVERSION] TIME PRECISION

(ABSOLUTE DEV): AD = | O - M |
1 hour 60 minutes 3600 seconds - AD = absolute deviation
- O = observed/measured value
1 day 24 hours 1440 minutes 86400 seconds - M = mean of several measurements
(% of deviation) = AD(ave)/M x 100%
1 year 365 days [CONVERSION] MASS
(% precision): 100% - % deviation

1 minute 60 seconds 1 kg 1000 g

ACCURACY
1000 m 1 km
(ABSOLUTE ERROR): AE = | O - A |
- AE = absolute error
[CONVERSION] LENGTH - O = observed/measured value
- A = accepted value
1 cm 10 mm 1m 100 cm (% error): AE/A x 100%
(% accuracy): 100% - % error
1 km 1000 m 1 cm 10 mm