LIE DETECTION

TECHNIQUES
CHERVIN LOEWE B NAVILLA
 POLYGRAPHY
IS DEFINED AS THE SCIENTIFIC
DETECTION OF DECEPTION
THROUGH THE USE OR AID OF
A POLYGRAPH.
POLYGRAPH
derived from the two Greek words:
POLY
means Many or More and
GRAPHOS
which means Writings.

✓is a device or an instrument

capable of recording changes in
blood pressure/pulse beats,
respiration, and galvanic-skin-
reflex or GSR as indicative of
emotional excitement, especially
of Lying when questioned.
DECEPTION - is an act of
deceiving or misleading which is
accomplished by lying.

DETECTION - is the act of

discovering the existence or
presence of something hidden or
obscured.
LYING - as commonly used
in our study, creating a
false or misleading
impression with the
intention of wrongfully
affecting the acts,
opinion, or affection
of another.
 Lying can be
accomplished either
by:

1. verbal terms spoken by

the mouth;
2. acts, feigns, ruses or other
means by which man may
be able to get desired
results through marks and
symbols.
• STIMULUS – is the force or motion
reaching the organism from the
environment and excites the
preceptors.
• REACTION – is any activity aroused in an
organism by a stimulus, which is of
mental processes.
• RESPONSE – is any reaction, usually of
muscular or glandular processes, that
depends upon stimulation.
• SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is one that is
exhibited by the subject to a particular
question, which is a deviation from the
norm.
SUBJECT – as often used in our discussion,
refers to any person undergoing
polygraph examination. He may be a
suspect, the complainant, the witness,
the victims or relative of the victim or
suspect (in cases of criminal investigation
or interrogation) or he may be an
aspiring job applicant (in cases of
employment in a government or private
institution undergoing screening through
loyalty test or integrity checking).
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/
POLYGRAPHIST or merely
EXAMINER/EXPERT – is the one
conducting the test or examination.
Admission-is a self-incriminating
statement falling short of
acknowledgement of guilt.

Confession- is the voluntary

statement made by a person and
given to proper authorities wherein
he acknowledged himself to be guilty
of an offense and discloses
circumstances of his felonious act of
the share and participation which he
had in it.
Emotion- is an acute disturbance of an individual
as a whole, psychological in origin involving
behavior conscious experience and visceral
functions.

Fear- is an emotional response to specific danger

that appears to be beyond the person’s defensive
power.

Heredity- is the transmission of mental and

physical traits from parents to offspring.
 TRIANGLE OF LIFE
An individual can change his environment and he can improve his
training or education but he could not change his acquired or
inherited traits.
Genetics – (heredity/ inheritance)

Eugenics – science and art of

improving human breed
Lie detector – “Man” or the investigator or the
polygraph examiner is the one who could detects
whether the person is lying or deceptive.

Normal Response- a tracing on the chart wherein

the subject answered the irrelevant questions.

Normal Tracing- a tracing of the subject which is

produced when irrelevant question was asked.
Dicrotic Notch- is a short horizontal line on
cardio tracing located at the middle of diastolic
stern.

Chart or Polygrams- refers to the composite

record of the pneumograph, galvanograph, and
cardiosphygmograph tracing recorded from one
series of questions.

Circumstantial evidence- is a series of events

upon which the guilt or innocence of a person is
inferred.
Polygraph examination is undertaken by asking
questions skillfully formulated while the subject is attached to the
instrument.

These questions are answerable by

yes or no, the inferences based from
a number of observable symptoms
in a subject which will be
interpreted by the polygraph
examiner.
 The accuracy of the test relies on the competency of the
examiner.

The usefulness of the polygraph in

recording symptoms of deception is
based on the established principle
that a conscious mental effort on the
part of the subject who is deceitful
would produce involuntary
physiological changes.
 These changes are
the respiration, blood
pressure and pulse
beat, galvanic skin
reflex which are
capable of being
recorded and
accurately diagnosed
by skillful polygraph
examiners.
 A polygraph test measures the subject’s pulse, blood pressure,
respiration and skin resistance or conductivity while the individual
is being asked
a series of questions.

The changes from an established baseline are presumed to indicate

an emotional reaction when lying in response to a question.
Polygraph is used in crime detection and investigation to:
➢ eliminate innocent subject
➢ recognize fabricated complaints
➢ determine the veracity of the information
➢ narrow the focus of inquiry
➢ locate the fruits of the crime
➢ and gather additional information on particular suspects and from
reluctant witnesses and aid the investigator to speed up the process
of investigation.
 The limitations however is clear
since the polygraph examination
may only be administered to a
willing subject and its result is not
accepted as an evidence in court
even if the data collected in a
polygraph examination are accurate
since interpretation may vary and
give rise to doubts.
 KNOWN METHODS
OF DECEPTION DETECTION

A. Ancient Methods
1. Red- Hot Iron Ordeal
2. Ordeal of the Balance
3. Boiling Water
4. Water Test Ordeal
5. The Smell – Out Technique
6. The Sacred Ass Ordeal
7. Trial by Combat
8. Other Known common practices, such as
a. Rice – chewing
b. Palm Reading
c. Card reading
d. Winnower & Scissor
e. Spirit of the glass
 Deception and detection
method

It is a method of gathering and knowing

information from the subject about the
crime in dispute employing the use of
machine or device, drugs or substances and
other accessory means.
The ancient method of detecting deception was not based on any
understanding of the psychological principles underlying
deception; it relied on religious and superstitious belief.

The ordeals were used in those times as a vehicle for establishing

the truth which may be traced back from the days of Christ, the
Dark Ages and Middle Ages until the later part of the 16th century.
B. Observation Methods
1. Thru Facial Expressions
2. Thru Postural Reactions
3. Thru Cause – Effect Process, such as the stimulation – reaction or response test;

C. Regular Police Methods (5w’s/1h & 3i’s)

D. Hypnotism - FRANZ (FRIEDRICH) ANTON MESMER (1734 –
1815)
E. Word – Association Test - 1879 by SIR FRANCIS
GALTON (1822 -1911); DR. CARL GUSTAV JUNG
(1875 – 1961)
F. Truth – Serum Test/Intoxication - DR. EDWARD
MANDEL HOUSE (1858 – 1938)
G. Psychological Stress Evaluator
H. Polygraph Test Technique
 SIGNs AND SYMPTOMS OF
EMOTIONAL TENSION
Color change
Sweating
Inability to look straight in the investigator’s eyes
Change in heart rate and pulse beat
Holding of breath
Dryness of mouth and throat
Peculiar and unusual expression
Unusual behavior
 VARIOUS SYMPTOMS OF GUILT
RESPONSE OBSERVABLE
IN LYING SUBJECTS

Symptoms of deception under

internal guilt response:
Quickening of heart palpitation;
Gripping of the intestine;
Dryness of the mouth;
Sinking feeling in the fit of the stomach;
Uncontrollable impulse to swallow saliva.
Symptoms of deception under
external guilt response:
Postural reaction
◦ Subjects hands and feet
exhibiting state of uneasiness;
◦ In ability of the subjects eye to
look straight to the investigator
or examiner;
◦ Peculiar monotone of voice;
◦ Fidgeting with the fingers,
tapping or drumming on the
table or chair;
◦ Excessive movement of the
Adam’s apple in male subjects.
Facial Expression
◦ Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of
the eyeballs and elevation of the
upper eyelid.
◦ Blushing, paling and profuse
sweating on the forehead
◦ Twitching at the corner of the lips.
◦ Excessive winking and movement
of the vein at the temple.
Narco-analysis /
narco-synthesis or
administration of truth serum
This is a deception detection method using
narcotic or anesthetic drug in order to get
information from the subject.
 Drugs used (truth serum)
Eyocine hydrobromide, sodium amytal,
penthotal, seconal and other barbiturates,
methanine, methyl pheridate, droperidol
and scopolamine; Trichloroethylene
(Anesthetic Drug).
Principle involved:
The drug is injected hypodermically or intravenously at certain
repeated dosage or if trichloroethylene is used should be taken by
inhalation at a certain amount. When the point was reached when
there is release of inhibition and subsequently release of repressed
materials from the mind, the subject is then asked questions by the
interrogator. The tendency of the subject is to reveal the secrets of
the crime and pinpoints all circumstances concerning the
commission of the crime.
The use of this method in criminal investigation is
not advisable because of the following reasons:
1. Administration of this drug is dangerous, if not properly
administered, it may kill the subject or damage the brain;
2. Unreliable result – the information gathered from the subject is
not reliable to be true.
3. It deprives the subject of his own free will to speak freely;
3. Information taken from the subject under narcosis is not admissible
in court as evidence.
Although not admissible, it is quite useful for further
investigation.

4. Very few doctors agree in the use of these drugs for

criminal investigation unless use for diagnosis and
treatment of ailment.

It has been agreed by most criminal investigators that a properly

conducted criminal interrogation equaled if not much better than a
Narco-analysis.
 Stimulus association test
In this test, the subject will be interviewed, wherein a group of
stimulus words or objects or person will be presented to the subject.
He will then be instructed to answer the questions as quickly as
possible. The time interval between each relevant questions and
answers were noted down as well as the reaction of the subject to
the stimulus words or objects or person related to the crime in
dispute. The time interval and the reaction of the subject will be
studied by the interrogator.
 Use of hypnotism
The hypnotism find its way in criminal
investigation by hypnotizing the subject and
then question will be asked when the subject is
under hypnosis. The subject is under the control
and influence of the hypnotist and therefore the
information is devoid of the subject’s own
freewill to speak making it not admissible in
court as evidence.
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE
Usually hard liquor is the one preferred but other soft liquors may
also be used provided it served the purpose. The subject is made to
drink the liquor in divided amount up to the point of loss of control
of the mind and thus released of inhibitions.

The information taken from the subject is also not admissible in

court, however, it maybe admissible if the subject can recall his
statement when he was under the influence of alcohol when
confronted again.
 Polygraph technique
The polygraph technique uses the principle
that the bodily functions of a person are
influenced by his mental state. The
physiological changes accompanying
deception are being recorded, measured
and interpreted with reasonable certainty.
Telling a lie is usually an emotional
experience. A conscious act of lying causes in
the mind of the examinee, which produces an
emotion of fear or anxiety, manifested by
fluctuations that come with the emotion are in
nature automatic, self-regulating and beyond
conscious control because they affect the
functioning of the internal structures that
prepare the body for emergency. They are
mobilized for survival value.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
DECEPTION
Emotion refers to an acute disturbance in origin
involving behavior conscious experience and instinctive
functioning. It is generally accepted that the human mind
greatly influences all bodily functions. The principle and
theory behind detecting deception relies of the dogma that
involuntary and automatic bodily changes accompany
deception. Such alterations are not derived from
consciousness of guilt but viewed as a result of fear of
exposure and being detected.
 The psychology of lying
LYING PERSON fears detection and possible
ostracism by the offended community. He may feel that
once detected, he could not but accept the bitter results
of being penalized, thus, placing his whole life at stake.
Since fear reaction carries emotional responses
due to detection, he may now exhibit external and
internal physical and physiological changes wihin him,
such that these changes occur beyond his defensive
power to control or repress them. These changes, on the
other hand, are recorded by the polygraph instrument
and diagnosed by the Examiner.
 REASONS WHY PEOPLE LIE
Defense mechanism used to avoid
trouble with the law
Not to hurt someone’s feelings
They lie because they gain from it
To avoid embarrassment and
For a good laugh or a joke
 KINDS OF LIES

•WHITE LIES or BENIGN LIE

•PATHOLOGICAL LIE
•RED LIE
•BLACK LIE
•MALICIOUS or JUDICIOUS LIE
 Kinds of liar
PATHOLOGICAL LIAR AND
PROFESSIONAL LIAR
Black lie- is a kind of lie used by a person to
deceive others.

Pathological lie – this is a lie made by persons

who cannot distinguish right from wrong.

Red lie - this involves political interest and

motives because this is part of Communist
Propaganda Strategy. Lies of this kind purport to
destroy other ideologies by means of
propaganda – brain-washing and black mail via
espionage and treason.
White lies or Benign lie – this is the kind of lie, the most common of
all, which is intended to protect or maintain harmony of friendship,
at home, in the office or elsewhere.

Malicious or Judicious Lie – this is very pure unjustifiable kind of lie.

This is intended purely to mislead justice. The probable results
would by all means be “Perjury” and pure dishonesty to obstruct
justice. Some liar lawyers and false witnesses fall under this
category.
 Types of lie
DIRECT DENIAL – this is the direct denial of the act in question that
creates an emotional sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers
to the conflict between what is true and the attempted deception
that creates an internal battle in the mind. “I DID NOT DO IT!”

LIE OF OMISSION – this is a type of lie that people usually used

because it is simple to tell. Individuals who will make use of this type
of lie will tell the truth while omitting details that could create
possible troubles.
LIE OF FABRICATION – this is the most difficult type of lie that a
subject could use in an interview.

LIE OF MINIMIZATION – in this type of lie individual will accept that

something has occurred but downplays the implication. Lie of
minimization could be used if a subject wanted to stay close to the
truth; however, he covers the truth for his or her own benefit.
Example:
Mr. X is complaining because Mr. B boxed him and as a result, the
nose of Mr. X was broken. If Mr. B uses the lie of minimization, he will state
that he only slapped Mr. X.
LIE OF EXAGGERATION – this is a lie often used to exaggerate things
for the hope of obtaining some advantage. This is also often found
on resume, where applicant exaggerates his or her experiences,
knowledge, skills, salary and length of service. The exaggerated
claims can be verified by looking for inconsistencies of the subject’s
story.
 Types of liar
PANIC LIAR:
◦ It is one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession.

OCCUPATIONAL LIAR:
◦ This person ia s practical liar and lies when it has a higher “pay off” than
telling the truth.

TOURNAMENT LIAR:
◦ Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected.
 PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR:
The most difficult liar. This person has no conscience.
-
He shows no regret for dishonesty and no
maniestation of guilt.
 ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR:
- One who is taught not to be squealer . Used by
underworld gang in order for their member not to
reveal any secret of their organization.
 PATHOLOGICAL LIAR:
- A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong. His
mind is sick. He is an insane person.
 BLACK LIAR:
- A person who always pretends.What he thinks of
himself, what kind of person he is and what he is.
 Statistical facts
of the history of polygraph
=====================
In 1730, Daniel Defoe wrote an essay
entitled, ”An Effectual Scheme for the
Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies
and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the
Night”, which recommends taking of the
pulse as a method of identifying a criminal.
Sir James MacKenzie
famous English heart specialist. He first
described the instrument in the article
entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which
appeared in a 1908 number of a British
Medical Journal. Its invention, however,
was not for lie-detection purpose but for
medical researches and polygraphs
specifically in the inking system, chart-
driving and pen conglomerating
simultaneous operating system and the
pen centering adjustment system.
Cesare Lombroso, M.D.
In 1895, Cesare Lombroso M.D., an
Italian criminologist, published the
second edition of L’Homme
Criminal. It documents his use of a
plethysmograph and
sphygmomanometer during the
interrogation of criminal suspects;

Used HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH for

detecting deception;

The first person to utilize an

instrument for the purpose of
detecting lie, through BLOOD
PRESSURE.
Vittorio Benussi
 1914: Conducted experiments using the
pneumograph for the detection of
deception. Noted that the inspiration-
expiration ratio changed during
deception. His theory was that if the
length of expiration, the ratio would be
greater before truth telling than
afterwards, and greater after lying than
before lying; He considered the
Respiration Changes as symptoms of
deception.
Harold E. Burt
1918: Partially confirmed the result
obtained by Benussi that deceit could be
detected in patterns of respiratory
inhibition; Indian began the use of
polygraph examinations in 1948 after an
Inspector of the CID completed training in
a U.S. polygraph school; He considered the
respiratory method of less diagnostic
value than the blood pressure. Agreed the
results obtained by Benussi.
John A. Larson
 He constructed the instrument capable
of continuously recording all the
phenomena such as blood pressure, pulse
and respiration in the year 1921.

He also was the first to use more than one

recording to detect deception.
 John A. Larson
A pioneer who in 1921 developed
an instrument capable of
simultaneously and continuously
recording blood pressure, pulse
rate and respiration. His invention
was designated as the “Bread Lie
Detector”.
William Moulton Marston
 He used SPHYGMOMANOMETER
attach to blood pressure. He
recorded the respiration noted
through the time when the subject’s
response verbally.

He used also GALVANOMETER to

record the skin resistance changes
and a gripping device to record
tension.
Leonarde Keeler
 He constructed a more satisfactory
instrument than the one used by Larson.
In the year 1926 the polygraph included in
addition to units for recording blood
pressure, pulse, respiration and galvanic
skin reflex or electrodermal response
known as GSR.
Keeler also to be credited with
introducing the card test used for control
purposes.
 Leonard Keeler (1926) An American
criminologist who invented the kymograph
machine. In 1949, the “KEELER’s
Polygraph” incorporated the galvanograph
with measurement, blood pressure &
respiration component & keymograph
component.He also devised a metal
recording bellow, rolled chart paper and
the method of question formulation used
in polygraph examination.
John E. Reid
He devised an instrument as Reid
Polygraph.

In the year 1945 he introduced a

completely revised polygraph technique,
the most significant feature of which was
the utilization of a control question
known as the Reid control question
technique.
 f. GALTON
Developed a Word Association Test
(WAT) in 1879.
During the test, the subject is asked to
speak of his thoughts in response to
word spoken by the examiner, it was
adapted for deception detection by
mixing words relevant to the crime
with words irrelevant to the crime.
 Akamatsu, uchida and togawa
Measured the skin conductance
in 1937.

It was Japan’s first reported

use of
psychophysiological
detection of deception.
 s. veraguth, 1907
- was the first to use the term
“psychogalvanic reflex” and believed that
the electrical phenomena was due to
activity of the sweat glands; China started its
own polygraph school, the Chongqing Sino-
American Cooperative Institute, in the early
1940’s.
 Luigi galvani (1791)
He is Italian physiologist who was accorded
the distinction for developing the galvanic
skin reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer,
which records electrical bodily resistance in
terms of ohms, the lowest current ever
recorded. The GSR reflected emotional
changes by measuring changes in person’s
skin resistance to electricity.
 Sticker (1897)
He made the first suggestion for using the
galvanograph for detecting deception
based on the works of several
predecessors. He theorized that galvanic
skin reflex is influenced by existing mental
impression and that will have no effect
upon it.
 h. Victor cohen of the
government of israeli
A police officer who attended the Reid
College of Detection of Deception in 1959
which marked the beginning of the use of
polygraph in Israel.
 Ivan babic, 1959
Head of the Forensic Laboratory in Zagreb, Croatia,
conducted the first experimental polygraph tests in
the Republic of Croatia and Yugoslavia.

Ron Decker was the first winner

of the APA J.J. Heger award
in 1979.
 The International Society
for the Detection Deception began issuing
memberships in 1948.

Dick Arther was the first winner

of the max Wasti, Srf. Award
from the AAPP in 1990
KOREA began its use of polygraph in
the 1950’s. Its first examiners were
trained by U.S. Army polygraphers
stationed there. There are
approximately 70 active forensic
psychophysiologists in Korea today
working with the military or the
government.
 Angelo Mosso
A pioneer who developed in
1895 a type of
sphygmomanometer and
utilized a scientific cradle and
focus on the significance of
fear as an indication of
deception.
The Polygraph was first introduced to the
Philippines in 1945 by the Crime
Laboratory of the Military Police. The
Crime Laboratory sent several people
including Mr. Jose Navarro and Conrado
Dumlao to the U.S for polygraph training.
In 1950 the National Bureau Investigation
sent Mr. Agustin Patricio to train at the
keeler Polygraph Institute,
 Lawyer Manuel C. Roura also trained
their after he succeeded Mr. Patricio
as chief of the Polygraph Division of
the NBI Crime Lab Personnel trained
in Polygraph were Ernesto Lucena,
Ms. Tessie Logan and Artemio
Panganiban Jr.
 THEORY OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
When a mentally normal person
tells a lie, physiological changes occur
within his body that could be
recorded by the instrument and
evaluated by the examiner.
CARDINAL RULE OF THE POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER:

“Always
OBJECTIVITY
over SUBJECTIVITY”
PURPOSE OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
:
To determine truth or deception
based on the presence of emotional
disturbance of the subject as
appearing on the questions relative to
the case under investigation.
 OBJECTIVE OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION :
The ultimate objective of
Polygraph Examination is to
obtain the Subject’s ADMISSION
or CONFESSION of the offense
committed.
USES OF POLYGRAPH :
1. Criminal investigation
2. Pre- employment test and screening
3. Periodic personnel check (for integrity)
4. Claim verification test (for insurance
compensation/benefits)
5. Loyalty test (for intelligence & honesty)
6. Promotion
 THE FOUR MAJOR
COMPONENTS OF
POLYGRAPH
AND THE PLACEMENT
OF INSTRUMENTAL
ATTACHMENT:
1. PNEUMOGRAPH
a rubberized corrugated tube about seven inches
in length fastened around the subject’s chest and
abdomen. This occupies the two top upper pens
of the instrument which records the thoracic and
abdominal breathing patterns of respiration. The
inhalation/exhalation of the subject cause the
tubes to expand and contract, thereby reflecting
the change through bellows to the pen into the
chart.
 The beaded chain another component of the
pneumograph assembly is used to fix in place the
rubber convoluted tube.

Pneumograph recording unit is made up of brass

bellows, a frame, crankshaft, countershaft,
adjustable fulcrum, bearing with adjusting screw,
pen cradle and pen centering control. Volume
changes of the chest caused by breathing is
transmitted to the chest assembly to the
recording unit.
Contributors to the development of
pneumograph:
Harold Burtt- a scientist who, in 1918 determined
that the respiratory changes were signs of
deception and concluded that systolic pressure
changes are valuable in determining deception.

Vittorio Benussi-(1914) noted the changes in

inhalation and exhalation ratio occuring during
deception. He recorded the respiratory curves of
the pneumograph.
2. CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH

the blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is

wrapped around one of the subject arms in such a way as
to ensure that the rubber portion of the cuff is place over
the brachial artery of the right arm for more satisfactory
recordings. This is the fourth and the bottom pen of the
instrument. The polygraphist inflates the bladder with a
hand pump to put air into the system, which recorded in a
sphygmomanometer in millimeter of mercury (generally
60-80 mm).
Blood pressure cuff which is installed on the
upper right arm of the subject, slightly
above the brachial artery.
Sphygmomanometer which is utilized to
indicate the amount of air pressure inflated
to the system.
Pump bulb assembly which inflates air into
the system, also known as an air pump, it
has a hose connecting the blood pressure
cuff through which the blood pressure
changes and passed into the recording pen.
Resonance control unit which is used for
reducing or increasing the amount of air pressure
to reach the brass bellows (tambour) and thus
reduce or increase the amplitude of pen
excursions.
Centering control which is used to provide
adjustment of the tracing so that the composite
records pattern would be on the guideline.
Vent which provides the means by which air in
the system can be released.
Recording pen (5 inches long) which is used to
record blood pressure pulse rate changes on the
chart paper by means of a five (5) inch recording
pen.
 Pioneers that contributed to the development & use of
the Cardiospyghmograph in lie detection:
Cesare Lombroso – An Italian scientist who in 1885 used
hydrospygmograph procedure and was credited to be the
pioneer who envisioned the idea of using scientific
procedures to lie detection. He is considered as the first
person to use an instrument for the purpose of detecting
deception.

Angelo Mosso – A pioneer who developed in 1895 a type

of sphygmanometer and utilized a scientific cradle and
focus on the significance of fear as an indication of
deception.
 Dr. William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) was born in
Cliftondale, Massachusetts where he received three
degrees, an A.B. in 1915, an LL.B. in 1918 and a PH.D. in
1921. He was a physician, the developer o the theory we
use today for the DISC system and other important
devices, and the creator of the comic book character
Wonder Woman.

Marston was also the creator of the systolic pressure test,

which lead to the creation of the polygraph (lie detector).
Because of his discovery, Marston was convinced that
women were more honest and reliable than men and
could work faster and more accurately.
 John A. Larson – A pioneer who in 1921
developed an instrument capable of
simultaneously and continuously recording
blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration.
His invention was designated as the “Bread
Lie Detector”.
3. GALVANOGRAPH
a set of electrodes attached to the index finger and to
the ring finger of the left hand or the palmer or dorsal
surfaces of subject’s hand. This is the longest and the
third pen of the instrument. The electrodes used for
obtaining the recording of the GSR or electro dermal
responses, are fastened to the hand or fingers by means
of the passage of an imperceptible amount of electrical
current through the hand or fingers bearing the
attached electrodes, a galvanometer unit provides
recording of the variation in the flow of the electrical
current.
Finger electrodes assembly which has a
finger electrode plate and retainer bond
attached to the left index and ring finger of
the subject. And a connecting plug designed
to fasten the system to the polygraph
machine.

Recording pen unit which is usually 7 inches

in length.

Amplifier unit which is made to support the

galvanometer in converting electrical to
mechanical current.
Personalities involved in the development & use of
galvanograph:

Sticker-(1897) worked on the galvanograph

component & studied the influence and relation of
the sweat glands to skin resistance.
Veraguth- (1907)formulated the term psycho-
galvanic skin reflex. He claimed that electrical
phenomena are due to the activity of the sweat
glands.
Richard O. Arthur- developed and improvised
polygraph machine with two galvanic skin
resistance.
4. KEYMOGRAPH
this is the chart-recording unit of the instrument.
It has a synchronized motor that drives the charts
at the rate of six inches per minute and its speed
constant is vital because the vertical lines, which
are spaced either at one inch interval, represents
five or ten seconds interval on the chart. This
provides the polygraphist with a means of
determining pulse rate and question spacing.
A motor which drive or pull the paper or chart
under the recording pen at the rate of 6 to 12
inches per minute.
The chart must travel at uniform speed to
facilitate valid interpretations. Chart rolls are
approximately 100 ft. Holes spaced ½ inch apart.
The paper is imprinted with horizontal lines at ¼
inch interval twenty (20) divisions and vertical
lines at 1/10 inch interval with heavy lines at ½
inch divisions across the paper which represents
5 seconds of time. Pulse rate per minute may be
computed by multiplying the number of beats
counted in one division by 12.
The Parts of KEYMOGRAPH
Chart is a rolled graph paper composed of 12
divisions in sixty (60) seconds run designed to
measure the rate of various body functions.
Rubber roller which pull the paper out of the
machine.
Paper rail guide serves to secure or ensure the
chart paper’s forward movement without
shaking.
Personalities involved in the
development of KEYMOGRAPH:
Leonard Keeler (1926) An American criminologist
who invented the keymograph machine. In 1949,
the “KEELER’s Polygraph” incorporated the
galvanograph with measurement, blood pressure &
respiration component & keymograph
component.He also devised a metal recording
bellow, rolled chart paper and the method of
question formulation used in polygraph
examination.
Sir James Mackenzie- an English heart specialist
who first described the polygraph machine as the
“Ink Polygraph”.
Cleve Backster – created the numerical scoring
on the polygraph chart and standardized
quantitative polygraph technique.
F. Galton – credited for devising the “word
association test”
John E. Reid - developed
improvement with the conventional
polygraph by incorporating muscular
resistance his device was known as
the Reid Polygraph. He was also
credited for the development of the
SAT and Control Question test.
Note:
In the conduct of instrumentation,
always remember that the last to attach
be the first to detach!

Examination will last 5 to 8 minutes of

time…….
 Requisites in
Polygraph Examination
General Objectives:
This SOP prescribes the mandatory requisites in
Polygraph Examination to produce accurate and
reliable chart tracings, which shall be the basis in
determining truth or deception as an invaluable
aid in the investigation of cases, pre-employment
screening and periodical or promotional
polygraph examinations.
Specific objectives:
1. To serve as legal and scientific basis in conducting polygraph.
2. To ensure accurate and reliable chart tracings of the subjects for
the determination of truth or deception.
3. To provide invaluable aid in hastening the investigation of case
through elimination of innocent suspects.
4. Verify the correctness and completeness of positive applicant’s
“Statement of personal and Employment History”.
 procedure
1. Polygraph examination shall be based
upon a formal written request from PNP,
AFP, other government and private
investigating agencies, order from the
court of appropriate jurisdiction and
private individual duly approved by the
Director, PNPCL under the following
conditions:
 ◦All requests shall be hand-carried by the
Investigator-on-case together with other
requirements namely:

a. Investigation Report
b. Sworn statements of the subjects, suspects
and witnesses
c. Crime scene sketch
d. Other information relative to the background
of the suspect, criminal records and those
connected to the case.
 Request through telephone may be
allowed only in cases of emergency
pending submission of formal written
request together with the necessary
information to make a determination
as to the propriety of polygraph
examination.
Field request sent through radio message should
state the nature of the case, number of subjects
and exact location of the test.

Polygraph examination shall be conducted of

offense punishable under the Revised Penal
Code, Articles of War or by Special Laws. Civil
case shall be entertained only when there is an
order from the court of higher headquarters.
A case which has been examined
by the other government agencies
shall not be accepted by this
division for further or another
polygraph examination, unless
directed by the court or higher
headquarters.
The examiner shall conduct initial
interview of the investigator-on-case
to have complete details of the facts
and circumstances surrounding the
case. This shall be the basis of
questions to be asked during the
examination.
Four (4) Phases of Polygraph
Examination:
1. Initial Interview - with the Investigator Handling the Case.

This includes such as:

a. Obtaining and evaluating case facts
b. Determine areas the subject needs to asked about
c. The investigator should furnish the examiner
adequate facts of the case
2. The Pre-test interview - with the subject to be
examined. The primary purpose of the pre-test
interview is to prepare the subject for the test. Its
duration usually lasts for 20 to 30 minutes.

This phase includes:

a. The Subject must be appraised of his constitutional
rights.
b. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo the test (signing of
the statement)
c. The taking of the personal data of the subject
d. Determine his or her suitability of the test
e. Clinically observation of the subject
f. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject
g. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case
 Prior to the polygraph examination the following
considerations are taken into account:
1. The patient should avoid taking medication
for at least two (2) days prior to the
examination;
2. The subject should not be hungry;
3. The subject must refrain from smoking at
least two (2) hours prior to the test;
4. The subject must refrain from consuming
alcoholic beverages for at least twelve (12)
hours prior to the actual test;
5. The subject should not be suffering from
physical or emotional abuse;
6. The subject should calm down and relaxed;
7. If the female subject is pregnant or having
menstruation, the test will not be undertaken;
8. The subject should not wear tight apparels or
clothing as this may cause inference in the test
results;
9. The subject should have at least five (5) hours
of sleep prior to the examination.
3. The conduct of instrumental test - with
the asking of questions previously reviewed
with the subject.

a. Transducers are attached to the body of the

subject
b. Test instructions are given to the subject
c. Stimulating and conditioning the subject
d. Conduct preliminary evaluation/Initial Findings
4. Post Interview/Interrogation - with the subject.

This phase includes all consideration that bear on the

examination just after the instrument is turned off.

If the polygraph test result indicates deception then

the examiner proceeds to conduct a short
interrogation, the purpose of which is to obtain
confession or admission. However, if the test charts of
polygraphs indicate that a subject is telling the truth
then he will be released cordially and the examiner
will thank then/him for his cooperation.
 Polygraph Examination may be re-
scheduled or postponed when:
a. The subject does not have sufficient
sleep, at least five (5) hours;
b. The subject is suffering from any
temporary illness, such as: headache, monthly
period, stomachache and the like or
experiencing discomforts which may cause
abnormal response.
 THE EXAMINATION ROOM
The Polygraph Examination must be
conducted in a quite, private semi-sound proof
room. Extraneous noises, such as the ringing of a
telephone or the conversation of persons outside
the examination room, or the presence of
investigators in the room itself, would induce
disturbances and distractions that in turn would
distort the various physiological recordings and
seriously interfere with a satisfactory polygraph
diagnosis.
 It should be very conservative as to
painted wall and furniture. It should not
contain an ornaments, pictures or other
objects which would in any way distract
the attention of the person being
examined. It should be properly
ventilated with an even comfortable
temperature. There should have an
observation room adjoining with the
examination room equipped with one-
way mirror.
 Chart markings
Mankind has used signs and
symbols since the beginning of time. The
absence of sign can cause a great deal of
confusion.

As an illustration, a stranger on a
crossroad without any signs will not know
the right road to take in order that he will
reach his destination.
 The same situation confronts the polygraph examiner.
Without marking of any kind, it is impossible to evaluate
the chart and arrive at any conclusion.
CHART MARKING is very important part of
polygraph technique. The examiner may have the
best training, used the most advance method
and run miles of chart tracing yet the value of his
endeavor is lost without proper chart markings.
One or two seconds that he is off on chart
marking can easily create misinterpretation.
The following are signs and
symbols used on chart markings:
x/60/1.5 A - first markings of the examiner on the chart

xx/60/1.5 A – examiner’s mark after the test

X - start of the test or symbol that signify the test has begin

XX – end of the test

60 - millimeter of mercury shown in sphygmomanometer

1.5 - ohms of skin electrical resistance sensitivity

A or M - refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier used

ll – particular point where each question begins and end

(also called stimulus marks)

+ - YES answer to question

A - adjustment

- NO answer to question

M - movement

T - subject talked instead of answering with single YES or NO

R - subject request for repetition of question

C - coughing
N - noise

S - sigh by the subject

L - laugh

Y - yawn

B - used to signify belch

C+ - increase in galvo sensitivity

C- - decrease of galvo sensitivity

PJ - paper jam

CT - subject clearing throat

SN - sniffed by the subject

BI - breathing instruction

OS - tracing change caused by outside stimulus

IM – movement instruction

IS - ink stop
“Without chart marking it is impossible
to evaluate the chart or to arrive at
any conclusion. The tracings have no
meaning unless you know what
occurred at each point throughout the
chart. The accuracy of the result of
polygraph test depends on the
competency of the polygraph
examiner and a well-trained
investigator.”
tracings
TRACINGS TAKEN BY A COMPUTERIZED
POLYGRAPH
Respiratory Block – appear at the end of the exhalation
respiratory Block – appears at the end of the
inhalation
Suppression – approaches but does not quite equal
the typical respiratory blocks in A and B.
STAIRCASE SUPPRESSION
RISE FROM THE BASELINE
GALVO TRACING RESPONSES

DECREASES WITH CORNEAL DEHYDRA

INCREASE WITH CORNEAL HYDRATION
HYDRATED CORNEUM DEHYDRATED CORNEUM
RELATED TO CHANGE IN HEIGHT OF
COLUMN OF SWEAT IN CORNEAL
PORTION OF DUCT
RESPONSE ONGOING RESPONSE
PLUNGING PEN AT STIMULUS
PLUNGING ELECTRODERMAL TRACING
GALVANOGRAPH DECEPTION
RESPONSES:
▪Double Saddle Response
▪Rise from the Baseline
▪Vertical Rise Point
▪Long Duration
▪Plunging of the tracing
CARDIO TRACING NON-DECEPTION
RESPONSES

Consistently Relatively Small

Irregular (Obese subject)
(described as
Ectopic)
Fluctuating Level of the Blood
Pressure Occurrence of Two Dicrotic Notches
(reflective of nervousness)
 CARDIO TRACING DECEPTION
RESPONSES

Slow Roller Coaster Shape

Pulse
 EFFECTS OF IMPROPER CUFF PRESSURE

Presence of burge amplitude – to be Cuff Pressure is too Low

reduce by lowering the cuff pressure
 THE GENERAL RULE IN CHART
INTERPRETATION
There must be specific response.
To be specific, it must form a deviation
from the norm.
The specific responses must appear in at
least two (2) test charts.
The best indication of deception is the
simultaneously specific in the three (3)
tracings of the chart.
 “THE LEGAL RULE IN CHART
INTERPRETATION”

Is that there must be specific

responses and the specific
responses must appear
consistently the same in relevant
questions in two or more charts.
THE GENERAL RULES IN QUESTION
FORMULATION
It must be simple and direct.
They must not involve legal
terminology, such as rape, assault,
murder killed. etc.
They must be answerable by yes or
no only and should be as possible.
Their meaning must be clear and phrase in
a language the subject can easily
understand.
They must not be in the form of
accusation.
Questions must never contain inference
(opinion).
All questions must refer to one offense
only.
They must not contain inferences to one’s
religion, race or belief.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF QUESTIONS:
Irrelevant Questions – these questions are
formulated without any specific relationship with the
case under investigation. They are assigned to
established subject’s physiological norm and to
reduce the excitement level created by a relevant
question, in this question the examiner usually refer
to dates, names of place, subject’s position, etc.

Relevant Questions – these are the primary or key

questions asked by the examiner in order to resolve a
specific subject matter. Its purpose is to detect
deception, as a result of this type of question in the
polygraph examination via between chart probing
and interrogation.
a. Sacrifice or DYAT Questions
This is designed to absorb the
responses generally generated by the
introduction of the first relevant question
in the series. It reveals the subject’s norm
plus stimulus and excitement level.
Construction of this question is regarding
the matter under investigation, as “Do you
intent to answer truthfully all the
questions about them”.

Example: Regarding the stolen wristwatch,

you intend truthfully to answer each
question about that?
b. Knowledge Questions

This is the questioned designed to prove

whether the subject possess information
regarding the identity of the offender, or as
to the location of the evidence or other
secondary elements of the facts of the
case under investigation. The knowledge
question is framed “Do you know who
committed the offense” in the formulation
of the question and review.

Example: Do you know for sure who stole

the wristwatch of Hazel?
 Evidence Connecting Questions

This is designed to stimulate the guilty subject

and focus his attention on the probability of
incriminating proof that would tend to establish
his guilt. In formulating the question the
examiner must secure information from the
investigator as to whether or not fingerprints,
footprints, tools or other evidences where
collected from the crime scene. The examiners
proceeds in asking the question “Was the
evidence found in (crime scene) yours”

Example: Were the footprints outside the house of Hazel’s yours?

 Control Question (Probable Lie)

This is a question designed to produce a

response in the innocent subject and serves as a
basis for evaluating the subject’s perceptual set.
Control questions would either be a Primary or
Secondary. The Primary Control question-is
based on known lie. It must concerned about
events that transpired within three to five years
period before the case under investigation
(present) occurred.

Example: of the question is “before reaching the

age of 20, have you ever stolen anything”
 The secondary control question is of more
specific in nature and is based upon
another experience or wrong doing which
will enhance the opportunity for
responsiveness. Its scope covers up to the
present period. The question of
responsiveness must not be related to the
case under investigation;

Example, “Have you ever committed any

crime in your community or have you ever
stolen anything”.
 Symptomatic Questions

These questions are designed to detect and

evaluate the presence of the outside issue
factor is neither a case which he is involved,
but is nor a subject matter under
investigation.

Example: “Are you now convinced that I will

not ask you any questions aside from those
which we have reviewed? Or “Are you afraid
that I will ask you about something else which
I told you I would not?
SKY Questions
These three questions grouped together by
Backster confirm the previous charts and may
detect indirect involvement or guilty knowledge.
The “S” stands for suspect; the “K” stands for
know; and the “Y” stands for you. The “Y”
question is the same as the strong relevant
question.
Example: Do you suspect anyone in particular
of stealing Hazel’s wristwatch?
Do you know for sure who stole
Hazel’s wristwatch?
Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch?
Control Questions- these are
answerable by NO and it is
designed to produce a response
from an innocent subject.
Strong Relevant Question-refers to a verbal
motivation of primary importance projected in a
form of a question which overcomes the
psychological excitement level and causes three
major component tracing change from the
subject’s psychological norm.

Weak Relevant Questions- are secondary queries

which are concerned with the less important
elements of the offense and deals mostly on
guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
 General question test
This test is about the case under
investigation. These are sequence or
relevant, irrelevant and control qustion
asked in a designed order.
The questions are arranged in order
to contrast the subject’s responses
between relevant questions and control
questions.
The answer to the question is
restricted to yes or no only.
 SEQUENCE AND SAMPLE OF gqt
1Q : Irrelevant – Is your first name Juan?
2Q : Irrelevant – Do you know that today is
Saturday?
3Q : Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to 12:30 AM of
December 25, 2014, did you open the table drawer of
Mr. Daniel Padilla?
4Q : Irrelevant - Are you married?
5Q : Strong Relevant – Were you the one who actually
stole the missing Php 50,000.00 cash money of
Mr. Koko Martin?
6Q : Control – Before reaching the age of 25 have
you ever stolen anything?
7Q : Irrelevant – Do you know how to read?
8Q : Evidence Connecting - Were the bunch of keys
recovered under the table of Mr. Koko Martin,
yours?
9Q : Knowledge – Do you know who stole the cash of
Mr. Koko Martin?
10Q: Secondary Control - Have you ever stolen anything from your
current employment?
 Purpose of gqt (series)
1. To get the standard tracing of
the subject.

2. To establish a truth telling

pattern for the initial part of the
record.
 The gqt series
This consists of a series of Relevant
and Irrelevant Questions asked in a
planned order.
Questions are so arranged as to make
possible a comparison of responses to
relevant questions with a subject’s norm
made during the answering of irrelevant
questions.
 TYPES OF TESTS
The number of test required when the subject
indicates deception is at least five (5) test which
may be any of the foregoing:

●General Question Test- answerable by “Yes” or

“No”, questions in which the subject knows it to
be true. It consists of a series of irrelevant and
relevant questions ask in a planned manner.
 Card test
It is conducted immediately after the completion of the first
test while the pressure cuff is still deflated. The subject is ask to
choose one from seven numbered cards, take it and return the same
without telling the examiner or otherwise identifying the chosen
number.
The card is then shuffled by the examiner and instruct the
subject to answer “No” concerning the cards when shown. This is to
single out which among the answers given by the subject is a lie.
This is undertaken to stimulate lying subjects into specific
responsiveness to the subsequent relevant questions and to afford
the lying subject an opportunity to try to distort the polygraph
examination tracings which would result in exposing his deception
with respect to the matter under investigation.
 Peak of Tension Test

Refers to the series of questions in which only

one has a bearing on the matter under
investigation.

This is conducted where there is a widespread

knowledge pertaining to a crime but the intimate
details are known only by the offender. It is
answerable by “No” only.
 Silent Answer Test

It is a confirmatory test because the

subject is afraid of the unfamiliar and the
unknown. It is an examination in which the
subject is instructed by the examiner to
avoid audible response to the questions
being asked.
 Guilt Complex Test
In cases where the subject is overly responsive,
this test is given which consists of a test
pertaining to a purely fictitious incident of a
similar nature to the one under query. It is
designed to compare the responsiveness on it
with those that appeared on the actual test
record wherein questions are those which
pertains to that which is under Investigation. This
test is designed for diagnostic purpose to aid in
the post examination interrogation of a lying
subject.
 Mixed Question Test
This is consists of an arrangement of first and third
test questions, administered for the purpose of
discounting possible factor of accidental responses and to
compare the degree of reaction between control and
relevant questions.
The objective of such changes in question choice
of words is to direct the subject’s attention to certain
particular items or situations and in so doing arouse his
concern that his earlier test records may have disclosed
some deception respecting one or more of the previous
questions.
 Sequence of mixed questions
4Q : Irrelevant - Are you married?
1Q : Irrelevant – Is your first name Juan?
9Q : Knowledge – Do you know who stole the cash of
Mr. Koko Martin?
6Q : Control – Before reaching the age of 25 have
you ever stolen anything?
2Q : Irrelevant – Do you know that today is
Saturday?
3Q : Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to 12:30 AM of
December 25, 2014, did you open the table drawer of
Mr. Daniel Padilla?
10Q: Secondary Control - Have you ever stolen
anything from your current employment?
5Q : Strong Relevant – Were you the one who actually
stole the missing Php 50,000.00 cash money of
Mr. Koko Martin?
6Q : Control – Before reaching the age of 25 have
you ever stolen anything?
2Q : Irrelevant – Do you know that today is
Saturday?
8Q : Evidence Connecting - Were the bunch of keys
recovered under the table of Mr. Koko Martin,
yours?
10Q: Secondary Control - Have you ever stolen anything from your
current employment?

PURPOSE:
To compare the degree of reaction between control and relevant
question.
 Other questions asked:
CHECK QUESTION – last question asked in the lie test, it is direct
question that relates to the fact that the subject has told the truth to
all questions asked in the lie test.

FISHING EXPEDITION TEST QUESTION – used to vagrants or loiters

for routine interrogation. No idea as to what offense has been
committed.
Ex. A. Have you ever been arrested before?
B. Are you wanted anywhere now by the police?
C. Have you stolen anything since you have been in tour?
“WHAT TAKES PLACE ON A POLYGRAPH CHART
DURING THE TEST?”

During the test, the examiner asks question, this

question becomes verbal stimulus, and the message is
received by the ear and transmitted to the brain. The
brain analyses the question, if the question is not a
threat to the well being of the subject the thought
central center discards it and the body continue to
function normally. However, when the question is
important to the subject, physiological chain reaction
takes place within his/her body, which is recorded by
the polygraph instrument and can be evaluated by the
polygraph examiner.
 HYPOTHALAMUS
The origin of such physiological changes is the
hypothalamus, the area of the brain which acts
as the control center for the integration of
emotional expressions. This ends out the
automatic response to physical and psychological
stimulation. When a warning of danger is
perceived, this control center dispatch message
through the nervous system to prepare the
whole organism for fight or fight defense
mechanism. An evident and manifested result
would be an increase in pulse rate and blood
pressure.
 IS POLYGRAPH RESULT
CONCLUSIVE?

No, because polygraph

result is opinionated.
WHAT IS THE OTHER MEANS THAT THE POLYGRAPH
RESULT CAN BE ADMISSIBLE IN COURT ASIDE
FROM STIPULATION AND ORDER FROM THE
COURT?

During the presentation of the defense they

should established the fact that the polygraph
examiner upon request of the investigator
examined the accused and they would like to
offer as evidence the technical report of the
examiner. The court will accept the evidence
based on the presumption that the polygraph
report is suppressed evidence since the finding
is against the finding of the investigator.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ACCURACY
OF THE POLYGRAPH RESULTS:
1. The instrument.
2. The condition of the Subject.
3. The condition of the examination
room.
4. The qualification and skills of the
examiner.
 ACCEPTANCE OF THE POLYGRAPH
Many countries all over the world have
utilized polygraph technique as a method
of lie detection. It has been proven that it
is a valuable aid in investigation. In some
countries, polygraph test results are
admitted as evidence in court. In the U.S.,
almost all courts utilized polygraph and
more than one half of these courts accept
it as evidence in criminal prosecution.
LAFFAYETTE CONVENTIONAL
5 PENS
STOELTING CONVENTIONAL
4 PENS
LX 4000 Lafayette Computerized
Polygraph
HANDHELD POLYGRAPH
Tactics and techniques in the interrogation of suspects
whose guilt is definite or reasonably certain:

1. Display an air of confidence in the subject’s guilt.

2. Point out SOME, BUT BY NO MEANS AT ALL, of the circumstantial
evidence indicative of a subject’s guilt.
3. Call attention to the subject’s physiological symptoms of guilt.
4. Sympathize with the subject by telling him that anyone else
under similar conditions or circumstances might have done same
thing.
5.Suggest a less revolting and more morally acceptable motivation or
reason for the offense that which is known or presumed.

6. Reduce the subject’s guilt feeling by minimizing the moral

seriousness of the offense.

7. Sympathize the subject by:

a. Condemning his victim.
b. Condemning his accomplice.
c. Condemning anyone else upon whom some degree of moral
responsibility might conceivably be placed for the commission of the
crime in question.
8. Utilize displays of understanding and sympathy in urging the
subject to tell the truth.
9.Point out the possibility of exaggeration on the part of the accuser
or victim or exaggerate the nature and seriousness of the offense
itself.
10. Have the subject place himself at the scene of the crime or in
some sort of contact with the victims or the occurrence.
11. Seek an admission of lying about some incidental aspect of the
occurrence.
12. Appeal to the subject’s pride by well-selected flattery or by a
challenge to his honor.
13. Point out the futility of resistance to telling the truth.
14. Point out to the subject the grave consequences and futility of a
continuation of his criminal behavior.
15. Rather than seek a general admission, first ask the subject a
question as to some detail of the offense or inquire as to the reason
for its commission.
16. When co-offenders are being interrogated and the previously
described techniques have been ineffective, “play one against the
other.” (Mutt & Jeff Method)
Tactics and techniques for the interrogation of suspects
whose guilt is uncertain:

1. Ask the subject if he knows why he is being questioned.

2. Ask the subject to relate all he knows about the occurrence, the
victim and possible suspects.
3. Obtained from the subject-detailed information about his activities
before, at the time of and after the occurrence in question.
4. Where certain facts suggestive of the subject’s guilt are known, ask
him about them rather casually and as though the real facts were not
already known.
5. At various interval ask the subject certain pertinent questions in a
manner which implies that the correct answers are already known.
6. Refer to some non-existing incriminating evidence to determine
whether the subject will attempt to explain it away; that the fact is
suggestive of his guilt.
7. Ask the subject whether he ever thought of committing the offense
in question or one similar of it.
8. In theft cases, if a suspect offers to make restitution, that fact is
indicative of guilt.
9. Ask the subject whether he is willing to take a Lie-Detector Test.
The innocence, whereas the guilty person is more prone to refuse to
take the test or to find excuses for not taking it or for backing out his
commitment to take it.
10. A subject who tells the interrogator,”all right”, I’ll tell you what you
want but I did’nt do it”, is, in all probability, guilty.
General suggestions regarding the interrogation of
criminal suspects:
1. Interview the victim, the accuser or the discoverer of the crime
before interrogating the suspects.
2. Be patient.
3. Make no promises when asked, “What will happen to me if I tell
you the truth?”
4. View with skepticism the so-called “conscience stricken”
confession.
5. When a subject has made repeated denials of guilt to previous
interrogations, first question him, whenever circumstances permit,
about some other unrelated offense of a similar nature of which he is
also considered to be guilty.
6. An intelligent uneducated criminal suspect with a low cultural
background should be interrogated on a psychological level
comparable to that usually employed in the questioning of a child
respecting an act of wrong doing.
Cases involving the use of
polygraph examination in the
philippines:
Criminal Case:

1. PEOPLEOF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-appellee

vs. AMADO DANIEL alias AMADO ATO” accused
– appellant. Supreme Court Reports Annotated
(SCRA), Vol. 86, pp. 551-541.
 The subject case was docketed as
2.
Criminal Case No. 92-7817 for Illegal
Possession of Firearms, against
DANILO J. BAJAS,before the National
Capitol Judicial Region, Regional Trial
Court of Makati, Branch 146, Metro
Manila.
3.The subject case was filed by JUDITH
ASILO,charging a crime of Estafa against
MELANIO M. SPORAS and ELENA
FALZON,before the National Capital Judicial
Region, Regional Trial Court of the City of
Makati, Branch 146, Metro Manila,
docketed as Criminal Case No. 94-6985.
Civil case:
1. The subject case docketed as Civil Case No. 58092 was filed by
CRESENCIA ISAGUIRRE against ELVIRA ISAGUIRRE, et. Al., for Sum
of money, before the National Capital Judicial Region, Regional
Trial Court of Pasig, Branch 162, Metro Manila.

2. The subject case docketed as Civil Case No. 91-3453 was filed by
JESUSA REYES and CONRADO B. REYES for sum of Money against
Bank of the Philippine Islands, National Capital Region,Regional
Trial Court of Makati, Branch 142, Metro Manila.
 Accuracy of polygraph examinations

In the past 75 years, studies have been conducted

on the accuracy of polygraph testing. Since many
different conditions and factors are involved in the
research and since a polygraph examination is a very
complex process, it is difficult to draw from the data a
precise figure for the accuracy of polygraph testing in all
settings. Nevertheless, the preponderance of available
information indicates that when a properly trained
examiner utilizes as established testing procedure, the
accuracy of the decisions made by polygraph examiners is
generally on the range of 85-95% for specific issue
investigations.