Lie Detection Techniques

Polygraphy definition and etymology….

POLYGRAPHY
– is a technique used to determine stress levels of a person being
questioned regarding a specific issue to a certain whether
he/she is deceptive or telling the truth.
– It is a scientific method of detecting deception using an
instrument called polygraph.

Greek words POLY-

POLY many or more and GRAPHY/GRAPHOS-
GRAPHY/GRAPHOS
writing
 Polygraphy vs Polygraph
The POLYGRAPH is a machine in which multiple signals from sensors
are currently recoded on a strip of moving paper .

The Polygraph sensors are attached to the body of the person being
tested to detect physiological changes as directly affected by his
Psychological condition.

Polygraphy, or POLYGRAPH SCIENCE, is founded on the theory that

“When a person is lying, he has fear that his lies will be detected thus he
become anxious or uneasy.”
DETECTION- The act of detecting, discovery,
perceiving, finding, or uncovering something obscure.
STIMULUS – is the force or motion reaching the
organism from the environment and excites the
preceptors.
REACTION – is any activity aroused in an organism
by a stimulus, which is of mental processes.
RESPONSE – is any reaction, usually of muscular or
glandular processes, that depends upon
stimulation.
SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is one that is exhibited by the
subject to a particular question, which is a
deviation from the norm.
SUBJECT – as often used in our discussion, refers to any
person undergoing polygraph examination.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/ -POLYGRAPHIST or
merely EXAMINER/-EXPERT – is the one conducting
the test or examination.
Admission - is a statement of facts, partial
acknowledgement of guilt and usually given with some
justification or exemplification in admitting.
Confession - direct acknowledgement of guilt or a
statement of guilt.
A modern method of lie detection which
necessitates the use of an instrument
called polygraph.
a. Utilization of truth serum
b. Intoxication
c. Trial by Ordeal
d. Polygraphy
 Some Known Methods of
Detecting Deceptions
• Ancient Ordeals
• Observation Methods
• Regular Police Methods
• Hypnotism
• Word Association Test
• Truth Serum Test/ Intoxication
• Polygraphy
 Some Ancient Ordeals of
Detecting Lies
• Red Hot Iron Ordeal
• Ordeal of Balance
• The Boiling Water Ordeal
• Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
• Rice Chewing Ordeal
• Ordeal by Combat
 Observation Methods
• Thru Facial Expression
• Thru Postural Reaction
• Thru Cause and Effect Process, such as the
stimulation-reaction or response test.
 Thru Facial Expression
• Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead
• Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeballs and elevation
of upper eyelids
• Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, disdain, distrust, etc.)
• Twitching of the lips
• Excessive winking of eyes
• Failure to look the inquirer “straight into the eye”
• Excessive activity of Adam’s apple and the vein at the
temple due to dryness of throat and mouth
• Quivering of nose or nostrils
• A peculiar monotone of the voice
• A forced laugh
• Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another
 Thru Postural Reaction
• Fidgeting, tapping or drumming of fingers on the chair
or other surfaces
• Swinging of legs or one leg over the other
• Unnecessary movements of hands and feet (like
scratching, nail-biting, thumb – or finger sucking
• Pulsation of the carotid artery in the neck
• Incoherence, trembling and sweating of the whole body
 The CAUSE & EFFECT Process

• The Stimulus -> Reaction -> Response

• The Stimulus -> Fight! or Flight!
REGULAR POLICE METHODS

The Five “W’s” and One “H”

The Three “I’s”
 HYPNOTISM

Franz (Friedrich) Anton Mesmer

Through recovered memory by the used of the

dissociative functions, hyper-amnesia, and the
time regressive and para-regressive experiences.

The subject is at complete comfortable state of

relaxation.
 WORD ASSOCIATION TEST

Sir Francis Galton and Dr. Carl Gusta Jung

Done by giving the subject a long list of carefully

selected stimulus words or objects with other
pictures interspersed with other irrelevant words,
objects or pictures with the instruction to respond
with every first word that may come to subject’s
mind.
 TRUTH SERUM

Dr. Edward Mandell House

Involves intravenous injection or oral taking of

various drugs.

House Receptive Stage or the Twilight Zone

 INTOXICATION

Employs alcoholic beverages as stimuli to obtain

truth.
 POLYGRAPH TEST TECHNIQUE

The Science of Lie

Detection
Lie Detection is also called:

Deception Detection
Scientific truth verification
Forensic psychophysiology
Psychophysiological veracity examination (PVE)
Psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD)
Psychophysiological credibility assessment (PCA)
Lie detection tests customarily involve the presence of:
Recording the psycho physiological reactions of a person while being
questioned; and

Scientific interpretation of the person’s reactions by trained experts.

The field of psychophysiology is focused on studying the functions of
human nervous system and the bodily reactions of the person as influenced
by his mental responses to specific stimulus.
 Why is Psychophysiology closely
associated with lie detection?
May we say that a person is deceptive if we detected that his pulse
and respiration suddenly increased but such conclusion is disputable
unless we trace the cause of significant changes in psychological
reactions. Our deduction is positive if we identified that the cause is
anxiety or similar stress reaction that is psychological in nature.
Hence, there is direct relationship between human physiology and
psychology that is functional in explaining the theory of lie detection.
The polygraph instrument is also known as a lie
detector, but research clearly shows that it cannot
determine or detect a lying person. What then is the
use of polygraph instrument?
A.To record physiological reactions of the Subject.
B.To record psychological reactions of the subject.
C.To record and determine the facts of the case
based on the chart taken.
D.To record psychogalvanic reflex of the subject.
A means of acquiring information from unwilling
subject through the use of truth serum.
A.Lie detector test
B.Word association test
C.Narco-Analysis
D.None of the above
 PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING

In polygraphy, the psychological approach to all

these lies or similar situations are governed by
different type of test and control questions
prepared and formulated by the examiner.

Other psychological factors:

Subject’s basic emotionality and intensity of the
offense.
Intended to protect or
maintain harmonious
relationship

Lie made by
a person who
can’t distinguish
right or wrong
 - lie that purports to
destroy other ideologies
by means of propaganda
and brain washing

- a lie which accompanies

pretensions and
hypocrisies, intriguing to
cause dishonor or discredit
ones’ good image
 - Intended to
mislead or
obstruct justice.
- Examples are
“Perjury” and
“False
Testimonies” of
false witnesses.
A lie with evil intent
A.White lie
B.Black lies
C. Malicious Lie
D. Red lie
What kind of changes occur within the
person’s body whenever he/she lies?
a. Physical changes
b. Physiological Changes
c. Psychological changes
d. Psychiatric changes
Physical changes:
1.Excessive sweating
2.Dryness of the mouth
3.Fidgeting
4.Blushing
5.Not looking directly to the eye
Psychological changes:
Are changes which exist only in the mind of an
individual that may affect his/her response that may be
indicated in the polygram.
Physiological changes:
These are the changes made by most body organs as
a result of the question and answer thrown to a person during
the test.
Psychiatric changes:
Changes relating to disorders that have primarily
mental or behavioral symptoms and with the care of people
having such disorders.
 1. Emotion as CONSCIOUS
EXPERIENCES
• Happy; Elation; Delight; Affection; Joy; Laughter;
• Annoyance; Worry; Jealousy; Frustration; Shame;
 2. Emotion as MOTIVES

 Emotional Motive as Facilitating

 Emotional Motive as Interfering
Behavior
Behavior
3. Emotion as RESPONSES

• External Responses
• Internal Responses
Activator of the
body mechanism
 The Nervous/ Neurological System

Divisions
I. Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
II. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
» Sympathetic ANS
» Parasympathetic ANS
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
• Thinks –is responsible for your
memory, intelligence, your thoughts
• Controls your autonomic functions –
heart rate, breathing, homeostasis
• Controls your immune system –
protects you from viruses
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
• Receives information – within a fraction of a
second, too minuscule to measure
• Acts on the external universe – allows you to
cry, walk, play a musical instrument
• Utilizes language – one of your most
advanced functions
• Possesses emotions – creates your affective
universe
 Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Motor cortex Somato-Sensory
- voluntary cortex - pressure,
movement of touch, pain
muscles

Auditory cortex Visual Cortex

- memory, Perception, - vision, visual
emotion, language association &
learning
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
• Verbal competence • Nonverbal areas
• Speaking, reading, • Comprehension,
thinking & reasoning spatial relationships,
• Processes info in drawing, music,
sequence emotion
• One piece of data at a • Processes info. As a
time whole
• logical • intuitive
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
• Important for the • Important for the
expression of positive expression of negative
emotion emotion
• Damage to the L.H. • Damage to the R.H. may
leads to loss of the make people euphoric.
capacity of joy.
• Activation in the R.H.
• Activation in the L.H.
leads to tendencies to
leads to tendencies to withdraw from people.
approach other people.
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The NS outside of the brain and spinal cord

Sensory Nerves Motor Nerves

(to the brain)
Carry messages from
special reporters in the
skin, muscles, and other
internal and external sense
organs to the spinal cord
and then to the brain
(from the brain)
Carry orders from
CNS to muscles for
movement, or to the
glands to contract and
produce chemical
messengers
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Somatic NS Autonomic NS
Consists of nerves Permits the involuntary
connected to sensory functioning of blood
receptors and skeletal vessels, glands, and
muscles internal organs such as
Permits voluntary action the bladder, stomach
(writing your name) and heart
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS
• Like the accelerator of • Like the brakes in your
your car car
• Mobilized the body • Slows the body down to
for action keep its rhythm
• Increases heart rate • Enables the body to
• Elevates blood conserve and store
pressure energy
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic
THE FIGHT & FLIGHT RESPONSE
• You perceive the sensory stimulus.
• The adrenal gland sends two hormones:
epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.
• They activate the sympathetic nervous system.
• That produces a state of arousal or alertness that
provides the body with the energy to act (the
pupils dilate, the heart beats faster, and
breathing speeds up).
Responsible for
the
distribution of the
blood
Circulatory System

Responsible for the movement of the

blood in the veins and arteries throughout
the body.
•Heart- giving life to the system.
-hallow muscle located inside the chest
cavity that pumps out blood into the arteries
by contrasting and relaxing process.
Auricles- two upper chambers
Ventricles- two lower chambers
•Auricle-receives blood being returned
to the blood by veins.
•Ventricles- receives blood from the
auricle and pump it out into the
arteries.
•Arteries- refer to some of the system’s
branching tubes carrying blood from the
heart to all parts of the body.
•Capillaries- are tiny blood vessels
connecting the arteries with the veins.
•Veins- those blood vessels that carry blood
from some part of the body back to the
heart.
•Venules- are those small branches of veins
distributed in the vascular and muscular
part of the body.
The heart action or the cardiac cycle
consists of SYSTOLE AND DIASTOLE.
The whole cycle begins with the
connection of the auricles (systole) and
then followed by closely by contraction
of the left auricles. After a short pause,
both ventricles and/or chambers contract.
The contraction of each chamber is
followed by relaxation (diastole) and then
by a brief period of inactivity.
Understanding Pulse Rates

•144-133 beats per minute- at the end of fetal life.

•140-123 beats per minute- at birth, and up to 1-
year old
•96-76 beats per minute- from 10 to 15 years old.
•73-69 beats per minute- from 20-25 years.
•Any increase in pulse rate/min- after age 25,
depends on the person physical and cardiac
conditions.
In the case of polygraph tests, tracing in
the cardio-sphygmograph discloses an
upsweep of the pen movement following
the contraction of the heart (systolic
tracing). The downsweep tracing discloses
the relaxation of the heart (diastolic
tracing).
The DICROTIC NOTCH tracing is
produced by the blood rebounding in the
aorta which suddenly checked its flow-
back by the semi-lunar valves.
Responsible for the taking of air
into the lungs and
also expelling carbon dioxide
“We know very well that we can live for 40
days or more without food; we can survive for
3 days without water, but we die within
minute without oxygen. Its function is
automatic”.
 The breathing Capacity
As adult, at rest with normal respiration may inhale
about 500 cc of air. A less similar amount is also exhaled.
This ebb and flow of air is called “tidal” air respiration. In
addition to the tidal air, we can inhale another 1500 cc of
air called “complemental” air. After normal expiration, a
similar amount is exhaled called the “supplemental”air.
The combination of tidal, complemental air is called the
“vital capacity” of human life. In short, an average person
can breathe in about 2000 cc of air and ran about 3,500
cc.
In the scientific analysis, the composition of
air inspired within is about 79% Nitrogen,
21% Oxygen, .04% Carbon Dioxide and trace
of another gases. This indicates that about 4%
of oxygen are removed from the air by
breathing.
 Average breathing patterns
•New born=50 to 70 cycles per minute
•Children (1 to 5 years old)= 20 to 30 cycles
per minute
•Adult (without age consideration)= 15 to 20
cycles per minute
Men- deep breathers ( they breathe up to
their stomach)
Women- shallow breathers (they breathe up
to their chests)
External covering of the body consisting
essentially of
Epidermis, Dermis, and the Hypodermis
•Skin- external covering of the body consisting
essentially of the epidermis, dermis and the
corium.
Functions:
Protection from injuries and parasitic.
Regulation of body temperature
Aid of elimination of bodily waste products.
He is a medical doctor and famous English heart
specialist; who first described the instrument entitled
“The Ink Polygraph”.
A.Leonard keeler
B.John A.larson
C.Dr. James Mackenzie
D.Dr. Hans gross
1895 - first attempt to use a scientific instrument
stressing its importance to Lie-Detection

CESARE LOMBROSO - an Italian Criminologist

and
Physicist, who published experiments regarding
the presence and absence of blood pressure
and pulse rate changes on suspects whose
guilt or innocence he sought to be determined.
CESARE
LOMBROSO
FIRST PERSON TO USE
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF DETECTING
LIES.
 1914-VITTORIO BENUSSI
Published his researches on respiration
changes as indicators of lying and deception
 William Moulton Marston
In 1915, he made researches
on sphygmomanometer's usefulness in
detecting lies and deceptions
Improvised and conformingly utilized the
techniques Of Benussi
In 1921, he assembled an instrument capable of recording
simultaneous physiological changes of blood-pressure,
pulse-rates, and respiration
Devised an additional instrument , which consisted of
galvanometer
for recording what is known as the GSR, to Larson.
Contributed a new device for recording unobserved
muscular
activities of the arms, thighs and feet.
Devised the Ink
Polygraph
Development of the Cardiograph
Angelo Mosso-1895
 Studied fear and its influence on the heart
and his observations subsequently the basis
for the technique.
 Developed the Sphygmomanometer and the
Scientific Cradle, which he uses in studying
fear and its influence in the heart.
 Development of the cardiograph
Cesare Lombroso-1895
 Employed the scientific instrument to detect
deception.
 The instrument is known as the
Hydrosphygmograph that measures changes
in the pulse and blood pressure when suspects
were questioned about their involvement in
or knowledge of a specific response.
Development of the cardiograph
William Marston-1917
 He dealt with sphygmomanometer.
 Experienced with and helped in the
development of the pneumograph which
records breathing patterns, and the
galvanograph which register changes in
skin resistance.
Development of the cardiograph
John Larson-1921
 Developed the polygraph, an instrument
capable of continuously record blood
pressure, pulse and respiration.
 The polygraph instrument that he developed
was described as polygraphic apparatus in
a portable form.
Development of the cardiograph
Leonarde Keeler-1929
 He invented the Keeler polygraph with the
components that simultaneously record
changes in blood pressure, pulse and
respiration as well as the newly developed
GSR.
 Devised the chart roll paper and
incorporated the kymograph.
 Development of the
pneumograph
Vittorio Benussi-1914
 Successfully detected deception with the
pneumograph, an instrument that
graphically measures an examinee’s
inhalation and expiration.
 Demonstrated that changes in breathing
patterns accompany deception.
 Development of the
Pneumograph
Harold Burt-1918
 Determined that respiratory changes were
indicative of deception.
 Found out that changes in systolic blood
pressure were of greater value in
determining deception than changes in
respiration.
 Development of the
GAlvanograph
Sticker-1897
 First to suggest the used of galvanograph
for detecting deception.
 Theorized that the galvanic skin phenomena
was influenced by exciting mental
expressions and that the will have no effect
upon it.
 Development of the
galvanograph
Veraguth-1907
 First to use the term psychogalvanic reflex.
 Believed that the electrical phenomenon
was due to the activity of the sweat glands.
 Development of the polygraph
Leonarde Keeler-1926
 Devised the kymograph assembly and the
rolled chart paper.
 Incorporated the cardiograph and
pneumograph components that measure the
blood pressure and respiration respectively.
What part of the polygraph instrument that
records breathing patterns of the subject?
a. Pneumograph
b. galvanograph
c. cardiograph
d. kymograph
Which tracings are those recorded at the
bottom of the polygraph chart?
a. pneumograph
b. Cardiograph
c. galvanograph
d. kymograph
 The POLYGRAPH
a.k.a.
The DECEPTOGRAPH
a.k.a.
The LIE-DETECTOR
a.k.a.
The PNEUMO-GALVO-SPHYGMO-
CARDIOGRAPH
 The
The POLYGRAPH
POLYGRAPH
Components
Components &
& Accessories
Accessories
The
ThePNEUMOGRAPHIC
PNEUMOGRAPHICTUBE
TUBE
PNEUMOGRAPHIC
PNEUMOGRAPHICTRACINGS
TRACINGS
 The
TheARM
ARMCUFF
CUFF
The
TheCARDIOGRAPHIC
CARDIOGRAPHICComponent
Component
 HAND-PUMP
HAND-PUMPBULB
BULB
The
TheCARDIOGRAPHIC
CARDIOGRAPHICComponent
Component
 HAND-PUMP
HAND-PUMPBULB
BULB
The
TheCARDIOGRAPHIC
CARDIOGRAPHICComponent
Component
The
TheCARDIOGRAPHIC
CARDIOGRAPHICTRACINGS
TRACINGS
 The
TheFINGER
FINGERELECTRODES
ELECTRODES
The
TheGALVANOGRAPHIC
GALVANOGRAPHIC(GSR)
(GSR)Component
Component
The
TheG.S.R.
G.S.R.Tracings
Tracings
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The KYMOGRAPH Component
 Chart Papers/Graphs/Polygrams
Driven past the recording pens at a uniform
speed of 6 inches per minute.
It is calibrated along with the vertical lines
in it per minute, or even per five second
counting or friction type.
 100 feet long
6-8 inches wide with ½ inch margins each at
top and bottom for sprocket holes space and ½
inch apart each for the friction drive.
¼ inch intervals or 20 divisions-horizontal
lines
1/10 inch intervals with heavy lines at ½
inch intervals-vertical lines
Each ½ inch division of the vertical lines
represents 5 seconds of time.
Pulse rate per minute must then be
computed according to number of beats per ½
inch division by 12.
 Top Panel controls and Features
 Pen Stop Bracket Mounting Screw
 Used to mount a pen stop, when needed.
 Limits pen swing
 Mode Switch
Used to select the recording mode of the module
 Pen Cradle Assembly
 Facilitates attachment of recording pen to
module.
  Ink Bottle Holder/Thermal Heat Control
 Holds bottle and is used to position the bottle height
for proper capillary ink flow or Pen Heat on thermal
modules.
 Controls the flow of the ink
 Used to restore the ink
 Center (all modes)
 Controls pen baseline position in Manual or auto
mode.
 Response (cardio mode)
 Controls the size amplification of the tracing
 Notch (cardio mode)
Adjusting the size and position of dicrotic
notch.
Sensitivity
Controls level of amplification
Size of tracing
Vent
Use to close and open the passage way of air.
 1K-(GSR mode)
Calibration test button
Auto/Man Mode Switch-(GSR mode)
GSR recording mode selection
 Other Parts
 Removable Power Supply
 Removable Paper Drive
 Crimp and Lifter
 4 Position pen Lifter Bar
 Removable pen Modules
 Ground
 Sliding Retainer
 Quick Connect and Disconnect Input Valves
Full Length Storage Well
Lexon Paper Guide
Paper Knife
5 sec. Marks
Identification Plate
Chart Paper Well
Paper Ejector and Gauge
 Power On/Off Switch
Paper Drive Switch
Fuse Box
Ground Loss Indicator
Inclined Pressure Gauge
 Polygraph Chair
Specifications:
Must permit heart level for recording
maximum pulse amplitude by having the arm
rests vertically adjustable and horizontally
rotating.
Must be adjustable in height in order to
accommodate any kind of subjects.
Must be constructed to withstand rugged
continuous use.
Must positioned alongside the desk of the
polygraph examiner such that the subject
would be facing blankly on the wall, while the
examiner facing his side.
They are use to let the atmospheric air to enter
into the polygraph machine.
A.sphygmomanometer
B.blood pressure cuff
C. Vents
D. rubber convoluted tubes
What is the term for the corrugated rubber bellows
which are fastened on the abdomen, if male, above the
breast, if females:
A.Pnuemograph
B.Sphymograph
C.Corrugated tubes
D.Glass tube
Lafayette Polygraph LX4000-505
LAFAYETTE DIGITAL POLYGRAPH LAPTOP MODEL
LAFAYETTE DIGITAL POLYGRAPH LAPTOP MODEL
(Hard Copy CANON Printer)
Stoelting CPS II Digital 8 Channels
 The POLYGRAPH
Then . . .

. . . And NOW !
 COMPUTER POLYGRAPH
SYSTEMS (CPS)
Procedures and techniques of polygraphy have undergone vast
improvements since the invention of first polygraph. Upgrading the
polygraph model accompanies the improvement of testing
procedures. In third world countries, conventional analog
polygraph machines are still utilized. However advanced countries
are already using computer polygraph systems.(CPS)
 CPS analyzes the physiological changes, and reports the
probability that a subject was truthful or deceptive. It combines
conventional polygraph procedures with sophisticated and powerful
computer technology.
Results are based on the traditional physiological parameters –
the cardio, respiration and galvanic skin (response) conductance.
CPS was developed by Dr. David C Raskin and Dr. John C.
Kircher of Utah University. It was validated by research supported
by the National Institute, using data collected from verified criminal
examination conducted by the U.S. Secret Services.
 The Advantages Of CPS
• Increased confessions
• Fewer Inconclusive Opinion
• Completely Objective
• Quality Control
- computer interpretation accuracy is 95-96% on confirmed truthful subjects and 83-96%on confirmed deceptive
subjects according to survey.
- CPS allows the examiner to set up a variety of test structures in advance of conducting examination.Any test
structure can be used like zone comparison, control question technique,modified General Question Test and Peak of Tension
Test.
- For each question can be asked in different sequences,repeated or omitted. All changes are recorded on the chart.
- Question sequence and complete question test are displayed on the monitor together with visual cues to insure proper
question pacing.
How Accurate is a Polygraph Test?

• The principles of Polygraph testing have

been developed over the past 100 years and
have been subjected to hundreds of
scientifically validated studies.
• When the Polygraph examiner is
competent the accuracy is as high as 95 to
100 percentile.
 What does Polygraph Record?
• A Polygraph Test records physiological
responses from an examinee while he/she
answers a series of questions. Lying person
produce involuntary changes in the body when
certain stimuli (question) is raised during the
Polygraph test. The machine is capable of
recording changes in blood pressure, pulse rate,
changes in breathing or respiration and increase
in skin conductance during the activity.
 Can Someone Beat the Test?
• People cannot beat a polygraph
test. They beat the competency of the
examiner conducting the test. A
polygraph machine is simply an
instrument that records changes in
autonomic reactivity when confronting
a given stimulus(question).
 Can a nervous subject can pass a
Polygraph test?
• Yes. The Polygraph instrument only records changes in blood
pressure, pulse rate, sweat glands and respiratory patterns. It is
expected that all people who undergo a Polygraph test will be
nervous whether they intend to answer questions truthfully or
not.
• The examiner will look for specific responses over and above
the examinee's heightened level of nervousness or anxiety.
Typically, an examinee remains nervous throughout the entire
testing process and not only to a single question. If nervousness
affects the result of a polygraph test then nobody would ever
pass the test.
 Do high blood pressure affects
truthful recordings?
• No. While blood pressure is the
principal recordings it does not cause the
characteristic pattern of a lying person.
Characteristic pattern created by either high
or low blood pressure differs from
deceptive tracings. A truthful pattern is
readily apparent even though a person has a
blood pressure problem.
 Is Polygraph examination an
invasion of privacy?

• If you agree to be examined it cannot

be termed as an invasion of privacy,
otherwise no examination will be
administered.
Is Polygraph result Admissible in
Court?
• Graph obtained during an examination is
generally not admissible as evidence in
court nor even if allowed will not stand
alone. It is the role of the courts to
determine the guilt or innocence not a
polygraph examination result.
• Polygraph results are commonly used by
the investigator to provide possible leads,
evidence or to locate the fruits of the
crime. Statements and confessions
obtained after lie detector test are
admissible provided that the person who
will take the confession consider all the
necessary requirements
 Can Someone Under the of Age
18 Take a Polygraph Test?
• Yes. A Polygraph test can be conducted on
any person under 18 years old, provided that
he has full discretion of what is right or wrong.
Parent's consent is required prior to the test.
No examination should be conducted on
anyone under 12 years of age.
 Can Testing be Conducted in
Another Place or Location?
• Yes. The Polygraph instrument is portable
and can be carried in a specific location where
there is access to a power source. A place
with quiet, well ventilated setting and enough
space to accommodate the examiner, examinee
and the instrument is ideal to conduct
polygraph examination.
 On what cases is Polygraph
applicable?
• Criminal Investigations
• Domestic Issues
• Employee Theft/Fraud
• Unfair Dismissal
• Industrial Espionage
• Insurance Investigations
• Bribery/Kickbak Allegations
• False/Malicious Allegation
• Sexual Harassment Claims
• Pre-employment/Periodic Screening
 Basic Polygraph Operations
Attachments:
1. Attach all the assembly to the subject one
after another, following the basic procedures:
a. Pneumo 1&2- which will be attached first to
the abdomen then to the chest.
b. Blood Pressure cuff assembly- will be
attached to the subject left arm, be sure that
the markings be directly placed to the pulse.
c. Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR)-attach to
the subjects index and ring finger.
2 Polygraph Machine Setting
After attaching the polygraph assembly to the
subject. Initially instruct the subject to avoid
extra movement, to prevent machines having
a damage. After giving the instruction, set all
the sensitivity starting with:
Pneumo 1&2- set the sensitivity to 30-50
Note: you can increase or decrease the sensitivity
level depending on the height of the tracing.
GSR- set the sensitivity to 1.5 to 2.5
Cardio- before setting the cardio sensitivity, be
sure to inflate the blood pressure cuff
approximately 40-60 mmhg, for the electronic
and 60-90 mmhg for the mechanical cardio.
After then set the sensitivity level to 30-50,
depending on the height of the tracing.
Note: After setting all the sensitivity places the
entire pen to center position.
3. After then switch button and give the initial
instruction.
Ex. Okey, we are going to start our examination
avoid unnecessary movement.
4. Examination Proper:
a. After giving the initial instruction, let the chart
run for 20-25 seconds, before giving the final
instruction.
The final instruction should be: Okey we are
going to start our examination, avoid
unnecessary movement, just answer the
question Yes or No. Markings should be
made simultaneously.
Ex. I IX60s2.5
b. After the markings wait for 20-25 seconds
before asking the first question. Markings
should be made simultaneously.
Ex. I I +
SQ EQ SA
Note: Allow at least 20-25 second interval
before asking another question.
c. After asking all the questions, allow again
at least 20-25 seconds before giving the
ending instructions. Okey, our examination
is finish, avoid unnecessary movement.
Markings should be made simultaneously.
Ex. I Ixx40s2.5
Markings used at the end of the test:
A.XX /50/ 1.5 A
B. /xx/ BP reading time
C. 40/X/1.5 A
D. /xxx/ BP reading end
 Test Procedures and Diagnostic
Techniques
Examination Room
Preliminary Preparations
 In order to conduct a satisfactory polygraph
examination, it is necessary for the examiner
to obtain accurate information regarding all
available facts and circumstances that form
the suspicion or accusation directed against
the person to be examined.
 Whenever several investigators have been
working on the case, it is well to ask the one who
is best informed to supply the pertinent
information first and then allow the others to add
necessary details.
 A crime scene sketch prepared by an informed
investigator is usually better for polygraph
examination purposes than mere verbal
description or even photographs.
 In certain cases where a large volume of
written materials must be reviewed, such
materials must be forwarded to the
examiner prior to the investigator’s arrival.
 Unless an examiner is reasonably well
informed about the case, he will not be in a
position to conduct an adequate pretest
interview with subject.
Preliminary Observation
 Be obtained from the investigator as to
subject’s behavior between the notification
of the test and the arrival at the laboratory.
 Must be gained from the subject from the
time he enters the examiner’s office or
reception room until he is escorted into the
examination room.
 Initial Interview - with the Investigator
Handling the Case.

This includes such as:

a. Obtaining and evaluating case facts
b. Determine areas the subject needs to asked
about
c. The investigator should furnish the examiner
adequate facts of the case
Pretest Interview and Preparation of Test
Questions
 No test should ever be conducted without a pre
test interview.
 The pre test interview also involves the casual
asking of series of questions which are designed
to elicit verbal and non verbal responses that will
give the examiner an indication of the subject’s
truthful or deceptive.
 The examiner should not withhold any information
from the subject about the instrument, its
attachments or recordings.
 During the pre test interview, the subject is appraised
of his constitutional rights.
 The pretest interview is very essential because
through it, extraneous fear, apprehension,
nervousness, or distastes of the idea of the test is
overcome.
 During this period, attachment of the polygraph
accessories is made with a brief explanation of the
function of each.
Purposes of the Interview
 To condition the subject psychologically for the
test.
 To determine whether or not the subject is fit to
take the test.
 To afford the examiner to make an observation
and evaluation of the subject in order to be able
to determine the type of test technique best
applicable on the case.
 For the examiner to be able to establish
rapport with the subject.
 For the examiner to determine if the subject
voluntarily submit himself to the test.
 The conduct of instrumental test -
with the asking of questions previously reviewed with
the subject.

a. Transducers are attached to the body of the subject

b. Test instructions are given to the subject
c. Stimulating and conditioning the subject
d. Conduct preliminary evaluation/Initial Findings
 Post Interview/Interrogation - with
the subject

This phase includes all consideration that bear on the

examination just after the instrument is turned off.

If the polygraph test result indicates deception then the

examiner proceeds to conduct a short interrogation, the
purpose of which is to obtain confession or admission.
However, if the test charts of polygraphs indicate that a
subject is telling the truth then he will be released
cordially and the examiner will thank then/him for his
cooperation.
A stage of polygraph examination that bears from the
instrument is deactivated until the examiner’s diagnostic
opinion is reported to proper authorities
A.Pre-test
B.Initial interview
C. instrumentation
D. Post-Test
General Rules on Question Formulation
 Questions must be simple and direct.
 They must not involve legal terminology.
 They must be answerable by yes or no and
should be as short as possible.
 Their meaning must be clear and
unmistakable and phrased in a language the
subject easily understands.
 They must not be in the form of accusation.
 They must never contain an influence, which
presupposes knowledge on the part of the subject.
 All questions must refer to only one offense.
 All questions must refer to only one element of
an offense.
 They must not contain inference to one’s religion,
race or belief.
Any deviation from norm without markings on the
chart requires an explanation. This is the cardinal
rule in chart interpretation. What then is the keynote
to accurate chart interpretation?
A.Good question Formulation
B.Good chart marking
C.Good pre-test interview
D.Good chart-proving
The examiner will conduct post interrogation if he is
fully convinced on the guilt of the subject based on the
chart taken. On the other hand, when will the examiner
conduct chart probing to the subject during the test?
A.Every after taking of each Chart
B.Only after the first test was completed
C.Only if there are deviations from norm on the chart
taken
D.When there are specific responses on the chart
without chart markings
Different Types of Test Questions
• Relevant Question(Critical)
 These are the primary or key questions
asked by the examiner in order to resolve a
specific subject matter.
Classification:
 Strong Relevant/Primary Relevant Question
- is a relevant question, which has an intense and
specific relationship to the crime or problem,
being considered. This is intended to produce
strong emotional response in guilty subjects.
Example:
Did u steal Hazel’s wristwatch?
Did u steal anything from Hazel’s house?
 Weak relevant Questions
- Are questions that concern some secondary
elements of the crime and deal mostly on guilty
knowledge and partial involvement.
Example:
Did u know where the missing wristwatch of
Hazel is now?
Classification of weak relevant weak question
 Sacrifice relevant or DYAT Questions
- Designed to absorb the response generally
generated by the introduction of the first relevant
questions in the series.
- Reaction to these questions gives the examiner a
clue as to subject’s attitude of willingness or
voluntaries to submit to the test.
Example:
- Regarding the stolen wristwatch, you intend truthfully
to answer each question about that?
 Knowledge Question
- Type of question is propounded to the
subject to prove whether he possesses the
information leading to the identification of
the offender or the location of the evidence.
Example:
Do you know for sure who stole the
wristwatch of Hazel?
 Evidence Connecting Questions
- This has to do with inviting subject’s attention
on the probability of incriminating proof that
would tend to establish his guilt, by linking
him and his predicaments to the fingerprints,
footprints, tool marks, etc. collected at the
crime scene.
Example:
Were the footprints outside the house of
Hazel’s yours?
• Irrelevant Questions (Neutral Questions)
- Of no importance to the case under
investigation, but of great significance to
controlling fatigue, nervousness and
discomfort of the subject.
- Use to relieve or normalize the fear of
subject’s nervousness or his discomfort due to
constant blood pressure cuff pressing.
Example:
Did you eat today?
• Control Question- (Probable Lie)
- Based on a known lie made by the subject about
denying having done something which is verified or
known to be true.
Kinds:
 Preliminary Control Question
- Recalls the offense done from the time of childhood
up to three to five years before the occurrence of the
present offense being investigated.
Example:
Before reaching the age of 25, have you ever stolen
anything?
 Secondary Control Question
- More specific in nature.
- Based upon another species of wrongdoing,
which will enhance the subject’s opportunity for
responsiveness.
- It scopes includes up to the present period of
examination.
Example:
- Have you ever stolen anything from the locality?
• Guilt Complex Questions
- Questions which safeguard against mistaking
relevant question response of the guilt complex
reactor as deception responses, and is based on
a fictitious crime situation closely parallel and
equal in weight to the actual crime under
investigation, so that the guilty can be sure he
did not commit it.
Example:
Did you steal that gold coin collection?
• Symptomatic Questions
- Its function is to detect and evaluate the presence of
outside issues which may suppress responses to
relevant questions.
- This is often true that subject fear they might be
asked about another cases in which they are
involved, but are not the subject-matter under
investigation.
Example:
Are you completely convinced that I will no ask any
question on this test that has not already been
reviewed?
• SKY Questions
- “S”stands for suspect
- “K”means knowledge
- “Y”refers to “you” as the subject
- These three questions may detect indirect
involvement on guilty knowledge.
Example:
Do you suspect anyone in particular of stealing
Hazel’s wristwatch?
Do you know for sure who stole Hazel’s wristwatch?
Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch?
• Peak of Tension Test Questions
Peak of Tension Test can be conducted as follows:
o For known solutions:
 Regarding the stolen wristwatch of Hazel do you
know it is RADO?
 Do you know that it is a SEIKO?
 Do you know that it is a ROLEX?
 Do you know that it is OMEGA?
 Do you know that it is a CITIZEN?
 Do you know that it is a GERARD-PERAGAUX?
o If it happened that subject exhibited specific
response to Q#3, another peak of tension test may be
conducted based on how the stolen item was
disposed of:
 Do you know if it is in the custody of the thief?
 Do you know if the relatives of the thief are keeping
it?
 Do you know if it is pawned?
 Do you know if it was sold?
 Do you know if someone was keeping it other than
the thief?
o Further, if it so happened that he still exhibited
response to the 4th question, it is also better to
conduct another peak of tension test, this time about
how the entrance to the house was made.
 Was the entrance made through the kitchen window?
 Was the entrance made through the 1st floor dining
room?
 Was the entrance made through the 2nd floor
bathroom window?
 Was the entrance made through 2nd bedroom
window?
 Was entrance made through door on upper deck of
balcony?
o Since these peak of tension questions are key
questions, it would be better that the examiner
must not give all the details of the questions to be
asked during the pre-test interview so that they
can assured of producing desired result once a
guilt reaction has been detected.
o The peak of tension test is particularly valuable if
all of the details of the crime have not been
disclosed to the subject during previous
interrogation.
Control Question- the control question is
designed to offer a threat to the well being
of the examinee who is expected to lie to
that question which ten used for comparison
with the neighboring relevant question
contained in the same test.
 How to sequence test questions
Let us suppose that in the house of a certain Hazel, a
wristwatch (amounting to P500 pesos) was stolen.
Upon noticing the loss, Hazel reported the same
immediately to the nearest police precinct. During
the conduct of investigation, several footprints were
found outside her house. She suspected a very well
known thief in their locality, who we shall call Gary.
The modus operandi applied in committing theft here
similarity with the police records and files of Gary,
whose criminal activities specialized, are burglary,
theft and robbery.
The investigator then confronted Gary with
suspicion, but he denied the implication that he
has something to do with the theft. The
investigator was forced to apply several methods
of interrogation and intense investigation in order
to get confession or admission. He denied the
commission, such that he even went to the extent
of consenting to undergo polygraph examination
in order to bolster his alibi and excuses. The
Polygraph resorted to.
Reid and Inbau Techniques
1.Have you ever been called by the name
Gary? (Irrelevant)
2.Do you drink water? (Irrelevant)
3.Were you in the vicinity of Hazel’s house
between 7:00 and 9:00 last night? (Weak
Relevant)
4.Are you now sitting down? (Irrelevant)
5. Did you steal the wristwatch of Hazel? ( Strong
Relevant)
6. Before reaching the age of 25, have you ever stolen
anything? (Primary Control)
7. Did you smoke? (Irrelevant)
8. Were the footprints outside the house of Hazel’s
yours? (Evidence Connecting)
9. Do you know for sure who stole the wristwatch of
Hazel? ( Knowledge)
10. Have you ever stolen anything from this locality?
( Secondary Control)
11. Have you ever lied any of my questions now?
(Symptomatic)
Backster’s Zone Comparison Test
1. Have you ever called by the name Gary? ( Irrelevant)
2. Regarding the stolen wristwatch and gold coin
collection, do you intend to answer truthfully each
question about that? ( Sacrifice Relevant)
3. Are you completely convinced that I will not ask any
question on this test that has not already been
reviewed? ( Symptomatic)
4. Can you remember stealing anything before you
were 25 years of age. ( Control)
5. Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch? ( Strong Relevant)
6. Other than what you told me, did you steal any
other thing from your locality? (Control)
7. Did you steal the wristwatch from Hazel’s
house? ( Strong Relevant)
8. Is there something else you are afraid I will ask
you, though I told you I would not
( Symptomatic)
9. Did you steal the gold coin collection ( Guilt
Complex)
10.Do you know where the missing wristwatch
of Hazel is now? ( Weak Relevant)
11.Do you suspect anyone in particular of
Stealing Hazel’s wristwatch? (S)
12.Do you know for sure who stole Hazel’s
wristwatch? (K)
13.Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch? (Y)
o Peak of Tension Test
o For known solutions:
 Regarding the stolen wristwatch of Hazel do you
know it is RADO?
 Do you know that it is a SEIKO?
 Do you know that it is a ROLEX?
 Do you know that it is OMEGA?
 Do you know that it is a CITIZEN?
 Do you know that it is a GERARD-PERAGAUX?
o If it happened that subject exhibited specific response to
Q#3, another peak of tension test may be conducted
based on how the stolen item was disposed of:
 Do you know if it is in the custody of the thief?
 Do you know if the relatives of the thief are keeping it?
 Do you know if it is pawned?
 Do you know if it was sold?
 Do you know if someone was keeping it other than the
thief?
o Further, if it so happened that he still exhibited response to the
4th question, it is also better to conduct another peak of tension
test, this time about how the entrance to the house was made.
 Was the entrance made through the kitchen window?
 Was the entrance made through the 1st floor dining room?
 Was the entrance made through the 2nd floor bathroom window?
 Was the entrance made through 2nd bedroom window?
 Was entrance made through door on upper deck of balcony?
o Since these peak of tension questions are key
questions, it would be better that the examiner
must not give all the details of the questions to
be asked during the pre-test interview so that
they can assured of producing desired result
once a guilt reaction has been detected.
o The peak of tension test is particularly valuable
if all of the details of the crime have not been
disclosed to the subject during previous
interrogation.
 TEST CONSTRUCTION
In this process, the examiner has endeavored to
prepare the questions for further sequencing
and numbering. It is not a matter of what
questions should be asked but rather how the
said questions should be asked and they should
be arranged according to their purpose. Key
questions preferably are not revealed to the
subject during the pre-test interview.
Therefore, they may either be placed on the
2nd,3rd, or 4th number.
Polygraph tests require repeated testing with
at least two charts containing the same sets
of questions taken from the subject. In other
circumstances, four to five tests are
recorded and analyzed in the two charts.
But each test runs to between 4 to 6 minutes
with an interval from 5 to 10 minutes’ rest
between charts.
This is true with the Reid and Inbau
Technique. There are five tests to be
conducted. The foremost test consists of the
series of questions as formulated.
Reid and Inbau Techniques
1. Have you ever been called by the name
Gary? (Irrelevant)
2. Do you drink water? (Irrelevant)
3. Were you in the vicinity of Hazel’s house
between 7:00 and 9:00 last night? (Weak
Relevant)
4. Are you now sitting down? (Irrelevant)
5. Did you steal the wristwatch of Hazel? ( Strong
Relevant)
6. Before reaching the age of 25, have you ever
stolen anything? (Primary Control)
7. Did you smoke? (Irrelevant)
8. Were the footprints outside the house of Hazel’s
yours? (Evidence Connecting)
9. Do you know for sure who stole the wristwatch
of Hazel?( Knowledge)
10.Have you ever stolen anything from this
locality?
( Secondary Control)
11. Have you ever lied any of my questions now?
(Symptomatic)
The second test is the card or number stimulation
test. This control test is employed by the
examined for the purpose of determining the
subject’s physiological norm (whether he is
cooperative or not) when not under tension as
compared to the results of those that which the
Peak of Tension tests have caused. Tests such as
this will include the selection and denial of the
cards and their number contents respectively
under the instruction of the examiner.
He was asked to select a number between 1 and 10,
writes it in a piece of paper and put it in his
pocket. The examiner then instructed him that he
would be asked about each number while
attached to the polygraph and told to answer each
question “No”even asked about the number he
had selected and kept. The chosen number turned
out to be no. “3” and note in his graph results the
rise of blood pressure in the lower tracing
including the shallowness of breathing in the
upper tracing following the figure no. “3”.
The purpose of this test is not only of controlling
the subject, but also of knowing his reactions
to the purported lie he had to make by
answering “ No” to the right number as
recorded in the instrument. This is the most
sensible test to be done since the examiner
would be assured of the subject’s active
responses and cooperation to the test
procedure.
If the second test proves to be unsatisfactory,
the third test will serve as repetition of the
first as formulated.
However, if the same results were obtained,
the fourth test is necessarily resorted to. It
consists or mixing or inter-changing the
arrangement of the first and the third tests.
4. Are you now sitting down?
5. Have you ever been called by the name Gary?
5. Did you steal the wristwatch of Hazel?
6. Before reaching the age of 25, have you ever stolen
anything?
7. Do you drink water?
3. Were you in the vicinity of Hazels' house between 7:00
and 9:00 PM?
9. Do you know for sure who stole the wristwatch of Hazel?
10. Have you ever stolen the wristwatch of Hazel?
11. Do you smoke?
12. Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch?
11. Have you ever lied answering any of my questions now?
The aim of this mixed up question test is to check
the possibility of spot response, a response which
occur in the first test but never in the third or
fourth tests. The examiner has the free hand to
compare the responses noted in the relevant and
control questions among the preceding tests. It
has advantageous effects of detecting whether the
reaction recorded on the portion of the test is due
to discomfiture caused by the constant pressure
of the blood pressure cuff.
However, if in the third test, the reaction in
the knowledge questions or the evidence
connecting questions is greater than the
strong relevant questions, these questions
are placed in lieu of the strong relevant
questions in the mixed questions test.
If the mixed question test prove to have failed in
indicating subject’s truthfulness or deception, the
fifth test is given. This is the first test in the Reid and
Inbau Technique. It is a “Yes” to all questions, even
if the questions asked absolutely require the
“No”answers. This also places subject’s mind in
attention to whatever questions that need the “NO”
answers. And on such a test, lying subjects will often
attempt to distort the tracings on relevant questions
in an effort to make their “Yes" answers look like
lies. Further, the questions to be asked in this final
test should be those in the first and third tests.
In the Backster’s Zone Comparison Test, the subject is
reviewed regarding all the questions to be asked. The
Construction of this test is as simple as the Reid and
Inbau Technique.
Similar to the Reid and Inbau Techniques, the second
test is administered by means of card simulation test.
The third test is also a repetition of the first, while
the fourth is administered and so constructed that the
“SKY” questions will be included. In case the
Backster’s Zone Comparison Test indicate
deception, a probing Peak of Tension test is
recommendatory very useful.
In a polygraph test, what test technique does the
examiner used if he utilized padding questions?
A.Peak of tension Test
B.Stimulation test
C.General question test
D.Zone comparison test
There are several test techniques commonly used in
polygraph examination, the use of which will depend
on the nature of the case under investigation or at the
discretion of the examiner. What test technique is
being used when the so-called S-K-Y questions were
asked during the test?
A.Backster zone comparison Test
B.General question test
C.Silent answer test
D. Stimulation test
Which of the following is an example of
control question?
A.Did you steal anything in your Life?
B.Did you know who steal the money?
C.Are you married?
D.Did you steal the money?
This question was utilized to assist in returning tracing
to or towards the proper baseline in preference to
mechanical adjustment.
A.Relevant question
B.Irrelevant Question
C. Control question
D. General question
 Tripod foundation of polygraph
examination
 Mechanical
 Psychological
 Physiological
 Concepts of polygraph
examination
• Used to test an individual for the purpose of
detecting deception or verify the truth of statement.
• Records identifiable physiological reactions of the
subjects, such as high blood pressure, pulse rate,
respiration and skin resistance.
• The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording
symptoms of deception is based on the theory that a
conscious mental effort on the part of a normal
person to deceive, causes involuntary physiological
changes which are in effect a body’s reaction to an
imminent danger to his well being.
 Objectives of polygraph
1.
examination
Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts
of the case/offense.
2. Ascertain if a person is telling the truth.
3. Locate the fruits or tools of the crime or
whereabouts of wanted persons.
4. Identify other persons involved.
5. Obtain valuable information from reluctant
witnesses.
6. Eliminate the innocent suspects.
 Principal uses of polygraph
• Aid in investigation
• Speeds up processing of investigation
• Eliminates innocent suspects
• Pre-employment screening
• Honesty test
 Limitations of polygraph
 It is an invaluable investigative aid; but
never a substitute for investigation.
 It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific
diagnostic instrument.
 It does not determine facts; it records only
responses of the subject.
 It is only as accurate as the examiner is
competent.
 Accuracy and Reliability of the
polygraph
 The US Justice Department funded experiments
conducted by three doctors of Psychology from
1975-1996 at the University of Utah showed the
polygraph to be 90% accurate. Only 10% of the
results were declared inconclusive.
 In more recent research, the confirmed average
validity was shown to be 96% accurate.
Polygraphists produce very high rates of agreement
(96-1005) based on numerical scoring on charts.
 THE POLYGRAPH TRACING

Pneumograph Galvanograph Cardiograph

Suppression – approaches but does not quite equal the
typical respiratory blocks in A and B.
STAIRCASE SUPPRESSION
RISE FROM THE BASELINE
 GALVO TRACING DECEPTION
RESPONSES

DECREASES WITH CORNEAL DEHYDRATION

INCREASE WITH CORNEAL HYDRATION

HYDRATED CORNEUM DEHYDRATED CORNEUM
RELATED TO CHANGE IN HEIGHT OF COLUMN OF
SWEAT IN CORNEAL PORTION OF DUCT
 ONGOING RESPONSE
RESPONSE
SINGLE RESPONSE MULTIPLE RESPONSE
 PLUNGING PEN AT STIMULUS

PLUNGING ELECTRODERMAL TRACING

GALVANOGRAPH DECEPTION
RESPONSES:
 Double Saddle Response
 Rise from the Baseline
 Vertical Rise Point
 Long Duration
 Plunging of the tracing
CARDIO TRACING NON-DECEPTION
RESPONSES

Consistently Irregular Relatively Small

(described as Ectopic) (Obese subject)
 Very Slow Pulse Exceptionally Slow Pulse
(described as Vagatonic)

Fluctuating Level of the Blood Pressure Occurrence of Two Dicrotic Notches

(reflective of nervousness)
 CARDIO TRACING DECEPTION RESPONSES

Rise from the Baseline Decrease in Pulse Amplitude

Less Dramatic Form (obese subject)

Dropped to Baseline

Roller Coaster Shape

Slow Pulse
 EFFECTS OF IMPROPER CUFF PRESSURE

To Much Cuff Pressure Deflation Cuff Pressure

To High Cuff Pressure Blood Pressure – pulse tracing of

very obese

Presence of burge amplitude – to be Cuff Pressure is to Low reduce by

lowering the cuff pressure
CHART MARKING
Through the proper use of test graph marking, the
examiner will be able to evaluate the polygraph chart
easily and could arrive at any conclusion right after the
test. The tracings have no meaning unless you see what
occurred at its point throughout the chart. Standardize
chart can be evaluated easily by the examiner using the
prescribed chart marking symbols and sign below:

1. Beginning - X 7. Coughing - C
2. Stimulus - “ 8. Talking Instr - TI
3. Yes - + 9. Mech Adjmnt - Arrow
4. No - - 10. Clearing of throat - CT
5. Subj. fail to ans - No sign 11. Outside Noise - OSN
6. Subj talk - T
12. Sigh - S 17. Yawn - Y
13. Sniff - SN 18. Subj Laugh - L
14. Sneeze - SZ 19. Breathing Inst - BI
15. Burp - B 20. Repeat Question - R
16. Deep breathing - DB 21. Paper Jam - PJ
22. Ending - XX

To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of the chart,

marking are made with the above symbols and signs to
enable the examiner to determine the following:
1.Exact time the test has commenced;
2.Initial and final blood pressure; galvanograph and
respiratory tracing;
3. Particular point where each question ask, started and
ended, corresponding identification, type. and time of
answer given to the subject;
4. Any instruction given or repetition of question made;
5. Duration in amplitude of reaction pattern;
6. Mechanical adjustment or re-adjustment made;
7. Any movement, cough, talking by the subject or
outside instruction or noise that occurred.
8. Time interval repeated question.
9. Extreme factor affecting test chart and pen jump.
10. Chart number, name of subject, time and date.
A mark which indicates sniff, snort or snuff by
the subject.
A.SN
B.sz
C.s
D. Sm
Its your turn

1. “Did you kill Mando last night?” is an example of what

question?
A. Irrelevant Question B. Control Question
C. Relevant Question D. None of these
2. This component records the changes of breathing of the
subject
A. Cardiosphygmograph B. Pnuemograph
C. Kymograph D. Galvanograph
3. This is the longest and the third pen of the instrument.
A. Pneumograph B. Galvanometer
C. Cardiosphygmograph D. Kymograph
4. Is Malou Wang, the rape victim, your girlfriend? This is
a/an
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive
Questions
5. Cold damp perspiration is a manifestation of shock,
fear and anxiety. Perspiration means?
A. Breathing B. Pulse beat
C. Sweating D. Heart rate
6. It refers to the consistency across
examiners/scorers.
A. Validity B. Reliability
C. Competency D. Infallability
7. These are questions that don't have any bearing to the
case.
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive
Questions
8. These are questions pertaining to the issue under
investigation.
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive
Questions
9. It is the measure of the extent to which an observed
situation reflects the "true" situation.
A. Validity B. Reliability
C. Competency D. Infallability
10. Is the knife found at the crime scene yours? What kind
of question is this?
A. Relevant B. Irrelevant
C. Control D. Conclusive
11. In “polygraph examination”, the term “examination”
means a detection of
A. forgery B. emotion
C. the mind D. deception
12. A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are read to
the subject who is instructed to answer as quickly as
possible.
A. Word association test B. Psychological stress
evaluator
C. Card test D. Hypnosis
13. It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger,
which appears to go beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. fear B. stimuli
C. response D. reaction
14. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the
relevant question.
A. positive response B. specific response
C. normal response D. reaction
15. Ordeal is a term of varying meaning closely related in
the Medieval Latin “Dei Indicum” meaning –
A. Devine intervention B. Miraculous decision
C. God’s hand D. God’s favor
16. If polygraph tracing of a subject indicates that he is
truthful, the examiners finding should be-
A. conclusive B. Inconclusive
C. negative D. Positive
17. Which of the following polygraph channels records the
blood pressure changes and pulses rate of the examinee?
A. Cardiograph channel B. Pneumograph channel
C. Galvanograph channel D. Kymograph channel
18. A well phrased question designed to cause a response
from a subject is technically called –
A. accusatory statement B. specific stimulus
C. symptomatic D. irrelevant question
19. This stage is the initial interview with the investigator
handling the case or the person requesting it.
A. Initial Interview B. Preliminary
Preparations
C. Preliminary Interview D. Initial Preparations
20. These are questions unrelated to the matter under
investigation but are of similar nature.
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive Questions
21. “Were you in the place of the Mr. A on the night of April
2, 2022?” is an example of what question?
A. Relevant question B. Irrelevant question
C. Weak relevant question D. Strong relevant
question
22. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the
relevant question.
A. Reaction B. Normal response

C. Positive response D. Specific response

23. Which of the following causes physiological changes in
the body of the subject?
A. Peak of tension test B. the fear of
retaliation
C. Irrelevant question D. Relevant question
24. What is the symbol used to indicate start of the
polygraph test marked in the chart?
A. X B. Y
25. What part of the polygraph instrument that drives the
chart paper at six inches per minute during the test?
A. Kymograph assembly B. Electronic motor
drive
C. Chart drive mini-motor D. Reactograph drive
motor
26. What refers to the deviation from the normal tracing of
the subject caused by a relevant question?
A. Specific Response B. Normal Response
C. Diastole D. Systole
27. What component of the polygraph records the blood
pressure and the pulse rate of a subject?
A. Pneumograph B. Galvanograph
C. Kymograph D. Cardiosphygmograph
28. What component of the polygraph machine records the
changes in the breathing of the subject?
A. Pneumograph B. Cardiograph
C. Galvanograph D. Kymograph
29. What component of the polygraph records the blood
pressure and the pulse rate of a subject?
A. Pneumograph B. Galvanograph
C. Kymograph D. Cardiosphygmograph
30. Those pertaining to basic data and information
regarding the background of the subject not related to the
case.
A. Sacrifice question B. Crucial question
C. Relevant question D. Irrelevant question
31. The use of “truth serums” such as sodium penthothal
or phenobarbi in the questioning of suspects is called:
A. Narcoanalysis B. Sugar and vinegar
C. The detector test D. Word association method
32. This is a question designed to design and evaluate the
presence of outside issued which may suppose responses to
relevant questions.
A. Symptomatic B. Knowledge question
C. Primary control D. Evidence – connecting
33. This refers to the actual questioning phase of the
polygraph examination.
A. Pre test B. Preliminary Interview
C. Test Execution D. Post test
34. These are questions, which have no bearing to the case
under investigation
A. Control Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Primary Questions D. Relevant Questions
35. A component of the polygraph instrument which
records the blood pressure and the pulse rate of the
subject.
A. Cardiosphygmograph B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph D. Kymograph
36. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the
relevant question.
A. positive response B. specific response
C. normal response D. reaction
37. Prior to the examination the subject should have at
least ___ hours of sleep.
A. 5 hours B. 10 hours
C. 180 minutes D. 3 hours
38. Refers to a person who is capable of detecting deception
or verifying the truth statements.
A. Polygrapher B. Polygraph examiner
C. Polygraph expert D. Examiner
39. A component of the polygraph instrument which
records the breathing of the subject.
A. Cardiosphygmograph B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph D. Kymograph
40. In polygraph examination, what is the standardized
chart marking to begin or start the questioning?
A. B B. S
C. X D. C
41. It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger,
which appears to go beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. Fear B. Stimuli
C. Response D. Reaction
42. In polygraph test, after the subject affirms that he is
involved in a crime the examiner should report it to the?
A. Investigator B. Object relative
C. Prosecutor D. Judge
43. Is an emotional response to specific danger that
appears to be beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. Fear B. Deception
C. Control Question D. Lie

44. If polygraph tracing of a subject indicates that he is

truthful, the examiners finding should be:
A. Conclusive B. Inconclusive
C. Negative D. Positive
45. Is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the receptors.

A. Stimulus B. Reaction
C. Response D. Emotion
46. Is the type of question designed to established normal response from the subject?
A. Relevant B. Irrelevant
C. Control D. Knowledge
47. In “Polygraph examination”, the term “examination” means a detection of:
A. forgery B. emotion
C. the mind D. deception
48. In a polygraph test, what test technique does the examiner used if he utilized padding
questions?
A. Peak of tension test B. Stimulation test
C. General question test D. Zone comparison test
49. Before the actual test conducted, the subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic
beverages for at least _______ hours?
A. 6 hours B. 12 hours
C. 5 hours D. 20 hours
50. Is a question designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the
identity of the offender or as to the location of evidence, or other secondary elements or facts of
the case under investigation?
A. Strong relevant C. Knowledge question
B. Evidence connecting D. Weak relevant
1. “Did you kill Mando last night?” is an example of what
question?
A. Irrelevant Question B. Control Question
C. Relevant Question D. None of these
2. This component records the changes of breathing of the
subject
A. Cardiosphygmograph B. Pnuemograph
C. Kymograph D. Galvanograph
3. This is the longest and the third pen of the instrument.
A. Pneumograph B. Galvanometer
C. Cardiosphygmograph D. Kymograph
4. Is Malou Wang, the rape victim, your girlfriend? This is
a/an
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive
Questions
5. Cold damp perspiration is a manifestation of shock,
fear and anxiety. Perspiration means?
A. Breathing B. Pulse beat
C. Sweating D. Heart rate
6. It refers to the consistency across
examiners/scorers.
A. Validity B. Reliability
C. Competency D. Infallability
7. These are questions that don't have any bearing to the
case.
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive
Questions
8. These are questions pertaining to the issue under
investigation.
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive
Questions
9. It is the measure of the extent to which an observed
situation reflects the "true" situation.
A. Validity B. Reliability
C. Competency D. Infallability
10. Is the knife found at the crime scene yours? What kind
of question is this?
A. Relevant B. Irrelevant
C. Control D. Conclusive
11. In “polygraph examination”, the term “examination”
means a detection of
A. forgery B. emotion
C. the mind D. deception
12. A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are read to
the subject who is instructed to answer as quickly as
possible.
A. Word association test B. Psychological stress
evaluator
C. Card test D. Hypnosis
13. It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger,
which appears to go beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. fear B. stimuli
C. response D. reaction
14. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the
relevant question.
A. positive response B. specific response
C. normal response D. reaction
15. Ordeal is a term of varying meaning closely related in
the Medieval Latin “Dei Indicum” meaning –
A. Devine intervention B. Miraculous decision
C. God’s hand D. God’s favor
16. If polygraph tracing of a subject indicates that he is
truthful, the examiners finding should be-
A. conclusive B. Inconclusive
C. negative D. Positive
17. Which of the following polygraph channels records the
blood pressure changes and pulses rate of the examinee?
A. Cardiograph channel B. Pneumograph channel
C. Galvanograph channel D. Kymograph channel
18. A well phrased question designed to cause a response
from a subject is technically called –
A. accusatory statement B. specific stimulus
C. symptomatic D. irrelevant question
19. This stage is the initial interview with the investigator
handling the case or the person requesting it.
A. Initial Interview B. Preliminary
Preparations
C. Preliminary Interview D. Initial Preparations
20. These are questions unrelated to the matter under
investigation but are of similar nature.
A. Relevant Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Control Questions D. Conclusive Questions
21. “Were you in the place of the Mr. A on the night of April
2, 2022?” is an example of what question?
A. Relevant question B. Irrelevant question
C. Weak relevant question D. Strong relevant
question
22. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the
relevant question.
A. Reaction B. Normal response

C. Positive response D. Specific response

23. Which of the following causes physiological changes in
the body of the subject?
A. Peak of tension test B. the fear of
retaliation
C. Irrelevant question D. Relevant question
24. What is the symbol used to indicate start of the
polygraph test marked in the chart?
A. X B. Y
25. What part of the polygraph instrument that drives the
chart paper at six inches per minute during the test?
A. Kymograph assembly B. Electronic motor
drive
C. Chart drive mini-motor D. Reactograph drive
motor
26. What refers to the deviation from the normal tracing of
the subject caused by a relevant question?
A. Specific Response B. Normal Response
C. Diastole D. Systole
27. What component of the polygraph records the blood
pressure and the pulse rate of a subject?
A. Pneumograph B. Galvanograph
C. Kymograph D. Cardiosphygmograph
28. What component of the polygraph machine records the
changes in the breathing of the subject?
A. Pneumograph B. Cardiograph
C. Galvanograph D. Kymograph
29. What component of the polygraph records the blood
pressure and the pulse rate of a subject?
A. Pneumograph B. Galvanograph
C. Kymograph D. Cardiosphygmograph
30. Those pertaining to basic data and information
regarding the background of the subject not related to the
case.
A. Sacrifice question B. Crucial question
C. Relevant question D. Irrelevant question
31. The use of “truth serums” such as sodium penthothal
or phenobarbi in the questioning of suspects is called:
A. Narcoanalysis B. Sugar and vinegar
C. The detector test D. Word association method
32. This is a question designed to design and evaluate the
presence of outside issued which may suppose responses to
relevant questions.
A. Symptomatic B. Knowledge question
C. Primary control D. Evidence – connecting
33. This refers to the actual questioning phase of the
polygraph examination.
A. Pre test B. Preliminary Interview
C. Test Execution D. Post test
34. These are questions, which have no bearing to the case
under investigation
A. Control Questions B. Irrelevant Questions
C. Primary Questions D. Relevant Questions
35. A component of the polygraph instrument which
records the blood pressure and the pulse rate of the
subject.
A. Cardiosphygmograph B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph D. Kymograph
36. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the
relevant question.
A. positive response B. specific response
C. normal response D. reaction
37. Prior to the examination the subject should have at
least ___ hours of sleep.
A. 5 hours B. 10 hours
C. 180 minutes D. 3 hours
38. Refers to a person who is capable of detecting deception
or verifying the truth statements.
A. Polygrapher B. Polygraph examiner
C. Polygraph expert D. Examiner
39. A component of the polygraph instrument which
records the breathing of the subject.
A. Cardiosphygmograph B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph D. Kymograph
40. In polygraph examination, what is the standardized
chart marking to begin or start the questioning?
A. B B. S
C. X D. C
41. It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger,
which appears to go beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. Fear B. Stimuli
C. Response D. Reaction
42. In polygraph test, after the subject affirms that he is
involved in a crime the examiner should report it to the?
A. Investigator B. Object relative
C. Prosecutor D. Judge
43. Is an emotional response to specific danger that
appears to be beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. Fear B. Deception
C. Control Question D. Lie

44. If polygraph tracing of a subject indicates that he is

truthful, the examiners finding should be:
A. Conclusive B. Inconclusive
C. Negative D. Positive
45. Is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the receptors.

A. Stimulus B. Reaction
C. Response D. Emotion
46. Is the type of question designed to established normal response from the subject?
A. Relevant B. Irrelevant
C. Control D. Knowledge
47. In “Polygraph examination”, the term “examination” means a detection of:
A. forgery B. emotion
C. the mind D. deception
48. In a polygraph test, what test technique does the examiner used if he utilized padding
questions?
A. Peak of tension test B. Stimulation test
C. General question test D. Zone comparison test
49. Before the actual test conducted, the subject must refrain from consuming alcoholic
beverages for at least _______ hours?
A. 6 hours B. 12 hours
C. 5 hours D. 20 hours
50. Is a question designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the
identity of the offender or as to the location of evidence, or other secondary elements or facts of
the case under investigation?
A. Strong relevant C. Knowledge question
B. Evidence connecting D. Weak relevant
GOOD DAY & MABUHAY

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION AND
PARTICIPATION

GODBLESS YOU ALL!!