Topic 4 Polygraphy

What is Polygraphy?

It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph

instrument. This is the new name of “Lie Detection”.

What is a Polygraph?

The term “polygraph” means “many writhing.” The name refers to the manner in
which selected physiological activities are simultaneously collected and recorded. The
polygraph is a recorder, of a psycho-physiological changes occurring within the
examinee‟s body as the polygraph examiner asks a series of the test question.

The term "polygraph" came from Greek words “Poly” which means Manyor More
and “Graphos” which means Writings or Graphs.
Basically, the polygraph instrument is a combination of medical devices that are
used by physicians in monitoring the physical conditions of their patients, as an
examinee is questioned about a certain event or incident, the examiner records and
monitors the relative changes in the examinee‟s heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory
rate, and electro dermal activities.

 It is also known as DECEPTOGRAPH; or PNEUMO-GALVO-SPHYGMO

CARDIOGRAPH; or LIE-DETECTOR

The underlying theory of the polygraph is that when people lie they also get
measurably nervous about lying. The heartbeat increases, blood pressure goes up,
breathing rhythms change, perspiration increases, etc.

A baseline for these physiological characteristics is established by asking the

subject questions whose answers the investigator knows. Deviation from the baseline for
truthfulness is taken as sign of lying.

What is a Lie Detector?

It is the popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. The instrument was so
named because it makes various ink recordings of a person‟s body function which will
be interpreted by the polygraphist to determine whether the subject has been lying or
not.

What is the other name of the Polygraph?

It is also called “Truth Verifier” since statistics show that the vast majority of the
instances the instrument verifies an innocent person‟s truthfulness.

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Topic 5 Polygraph and its uses

Other Uses of Polygarph

1. Criminal Investigation

It is a valuable tool of criminal investigation. It provides fast means of

eliminating innocent suspects, given clue about the identity of criminal suspect,
verifies statement of those who are involved and save a lot of time and effort during
the process of investigation. (Geronimo 2007).

2. Pre-employment Screening

It is the fastest and most accurate means of verifying statement of a job

applicant from derogatory remarks by a previous employer who beans personal
grudge against him.

3. Periodic Screening

It is the best way of the company to determine dishonest employees who

are responsible for company losses and

4. Promotion

There are instances wherein the company has difficulty in deciding

between two or more candidates to be promoted polygraph test helps to
determine who is the most qualified as well as employees‟ future against the
company (Geronimo 2007).

Principal Uses of Polygraph

1. it is an aid to the investigator

2. it speed up the process of investigation
3. it eliminates innocence suspect and

The investigator could focus or concentrate to the subject to determine the truth or
deception.

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Topic 6: Emotional Factors in Deception
Lesson 1: Psychological and Physiological Aspect of Deception
Lesson 2: Psychology of Lying
Lesson 3: Physiological Theory of Polygraph Test

Lesson 1 Psychological and Physiological aspects of Deception

Emotion is an acute disturbance in origin involving behavior conscious

experience and visceral functioning. It is universally accepted that the mind has a very
great influence over the bodily functions. When one grieves over the loss of a love ones
it may affect the appetite and digestive system of the body that may even produce an
actual illness of one sort or another. In addition it was discovered that even transitory
emotional states have an immediate effect on organic functioning.
The theory behind of detecting deception is based on the fact that automatic or
involuntary bodily changes accompany deception. These changes are not due to the
consciousness of guilt, but because of fear of exposure or fear of being detected.
As to the cause or origin of these physiological changes, medicine has
established that an area of the brain called hypothalamus acts as control center for
the integration of emotional expressions, sending out over the automatic nervous
system appropriate messages for regulating the activities of the vital functions of the
body in response to physical and physiological stimulation. When a warning of danger
is received at this control center, messages are dispatched via the autonomous or
sympathetic nervous system to prepare the whole organism for fight or flight (defense
mechanism). One of the results of which is an increase of blood pressure and usually a
quickening of the heart beat.
External responses are not difficult to learn. A person can control his facial
expression and postural reaction. A good liar for example can learn to tell story which
although untrue but sticks together.
The control of internal responses is another story. No human being can ever
control or suppress completely the internal activity of the body, like the rapid
palpitation of the heart, the gripping of the intestine and the rush of blood on the face.

Lesson 2 Psychology of Lying

Lying is a form of communication that involves two parties: the deceiver and the
deceived. The deceiver intends to communicate false impressions or information. The
deceived, however, must participate in the lie at least on some level. This is either by
virtue of learned apathy, ignorance, bias, or overconfidence (barring mental infirmity,
of course).

Human beings are gullible for a number of reasons, including a general tendency to
believe others are telling the truth, and to be cognitively overwhelmed, and then

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irrationally convinced, by emotional arguments and displays, consequently, allegations
of crime laden with heavy emotion are more likely to believed (irrespective of the facts
and evidence) given the prevalence of truth bias and the affect Heuristic, especially in
the presence other factors that tend to increase overall gullibility.

Lies generally manifest as one of the following constructs dishonesty: Complete

Deception: Half-Truths; Exaggerations; and Pertinent Omissions. Lies are told for one of
two reasons: either the deceptive persons believes they have more to gain from lying
than from telling the truth; or the deceptive person is incapable of discerning what the
truth is, either temporarily or owing to some permanent mental defect. Lies may be
divided into two distinct motivational categories: prosocial lies that are constructed to
benefits others, and antisocial lies that are selfish.

There is no technique or piece of technology that is capable of reliably determining

whether someone is telling a lie. The scientific research demonstrate that most people
do not detect lies with much greater accuracy than they would than chance and the
so-called “experts” in deception detection fair only slightly better. Pseudoscientific
techniques of deception persist because they are subjective interpretations mean that
analysts can shape the character of results in favor of prevailing political or to favor
any preferred narrative.

Lesson 3 Physiological Theory of Polygraph Test

The conscious mental effort of mentally normal person when intent to tell a lie, to
deceive arouses the emotion of fear, primarily for fear of being detected lying which is
in turn causes involuntary physiological changes within the body of the subject which
are in effect capable of being transmitted and recorded on the different components
of the machine and accurately diagnosed and interpreted with reasonable certainty
evaluated by the competent examiner.

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Topic 7: The Autonomic Nervous System
Lesson 1: Autonomic Nervous System
Lesson 2: Different Kinds of Lie
Lesson 3: General observations of the conduct and behavior on lying subject
Lesson 4: Various symptoms of deception as observable on lying subject

Lesson 1 Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a
division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and
thus influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system is a
control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as
the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual
arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through
the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs. Autonomic functions include control of
respiration, cardiac regulation (the cardiac control center), vasomotor activity
(the vasomotor center), and certain reflex actions such
as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Those are then subdivided into other
areas and are also linked to autonomic subsystems and the peripheral nervous system.
The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic
functions, receiving autonomic regulatory input from the limbic system.
The autonomic nervous system has three branches: the sympathetic nervous system,
the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Some textbooks
do not include the enteric nervous system as part of this system.[8] The sympathetic
nervous system is often considered the "fight or flight" system, while the
parasympathetic nervous system is often considered the "rest and digest" or "feed and
breed" system. In many cases, both of these systems have "opposite" actions where one
system activates a physiological response and the other inhibits it. An older
simplification of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as "excitatory"
and "inhibitory" was overturned due to the many exceptions found. A more modern
characterization is that the sympathetic nervous system is a "quick response mobilizing
system" and the parasympathetic is a "more slowly activated dampening system", but
even this has exceptions, such as in sexual arousal and orgasm, wherein both play a
role.
Neurology- branch of medical science that deals with the study of the normal
functioning of the nervous system.

Neurons- basic information processing units of the nervous system. Cells of the nervous
system.

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Impulse- electrical message

Pituitary Gland- one on the major hormone-secreting/storage glands of the body.

Homeostasis- state of the equilibrium between the internal and external environments
of the body.

RAS (Reticular Activating System)/Reticular Formation

- Controls the human body‟s wakefulness/alertness or sleep.

Three Basis Functions of the Nervous System

a. Sensory
b. Integrative
c. Motor

ORGANIZATION

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

1. Brain 1. Afferent
2. Spinal Cord 2. Efferent

Somatic Autonomic NS
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Spinal Cord

- Pathway from impulses from the periphery of the body to the brain and vice
versa.

The Brain
- One of the largest organs of the body weighing about 1300g. ( 3lb ) made up of
about 1000 billion neurons, mushroom shape.
Four Principal parts of the Brain
1. Brainstem
Medulla Oblongata
- Breathing center
- Partially contains the cardiac center
- Vasomotor/vasoconstrictor center
- Vomiting, coughing, swallowing reflex center
- Contains majority of the RAS
PONS
- “bridge”
Midbrain/Mesencephalon

2. Diencephalon
Thalamus

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 - Relay station for most nerve impulses except for smell
- Interpretation center from pain, temperature and pressure
- Also contains RAS
Hypothalamus
- Controls & integrates the ANS
- Principal intermediary between the nervous and endocrine system
- Controls body temperature
- Contains the feeding and satiety centers
- Contains the thirst center
3. cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
- Interprets most emotions
- Contains the language area
- Contains the speech center
- Principally concern with association- memory , reasoning, will, judgment,
intelligence
4. Cerebellum
- Contains the motor area.

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

- Consists of various nerve processes that connect the brain and the spinal cord
with receptors, muscles and glands.
Subdivisions:
1. Afferent- consists of the nerve cells that convey information from receptors in the
periphery of the body to the CNS.
2. Efferent- consists of nerve cells that convey information from the CNS to muscles
and glands.
a. Somatic Nervous System
- Consists of efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal
muscles tissue. It produces movement only in the skeletal muscle tissue. It is under
conscious control and therefore and therefore voluntary.
b. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Consists of efferent neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle
tissues such as the heart and glands. Since it produces responses in involuntary
muscles and glands, it usually considered to be involuntary.
1. Sympathetic Nervous System- concerned with processes involving the
expenditure of energy when one is in a condition of stress(i.e. increased HR, BP,
dilatation of the pupil, bronchial dilatation, rapid and deep breathing release of
epinephrine, coldness and clumsiness of the hands and fingers, dryness of the
mouth etc.). Concerned with the “fight of flight” response
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System- Primarily concerned with activities that
conserve and restore body energy.

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Lesson 2 Different Kinds of Lie

Type of Lies

1. Direct Denial – This is a direct denial of the act in question that creates an emotional
sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers to the conflict between what is true and
the attempted deception that creates an internal battle in the mind.
Example: “I did not do it. The vague response permits the person to evade inner conflict
while seeming to answer the question. The reply given to a query must be evaluated
in terms of what was asked to know if the answer is proper.

2. Lie of Omission – This is a type of lie that people usually use because it is simple to tell.
Individuals who will make use of this type of lie will tell the truth while omitting details
that could create possible troubles.

3. Lie of Fabrication – This is the most difficult type of the lie that a subject could use in
an interview.

4. Lie of Minimization – This type of lie the individual will accept that something has
occurred but downplays the implication. Lie of minimization could be used if a
subject wanted to stay close to the truth, however, he covers the truth for his or her
own benefits.
Example: Mr. X is complaining because Mr. B boxed him and as a result the nose of Mr.
X is broken. If Mr. B uses the llie of minimization, he will state that he only slapped Mr.
X.

5. Lie of Exaggeration – This is a lie often used to exaggerate things for the hope of
obtaining some advantage. This is also often found on resume, where an applicant
exaggerates his or her experiences, knowledge, skills, salary and length or service.
The exaggerated claims can be verified by looking for inconsistences of the subject
story.

OTHER TYPE OF LIES

1. BENIGN OR WHITE LIE. The kind of lie that is used to maintain the harmony of
friendship, relationship in the home and or office.

2. RED LIE. The kind of lie of a person that has something to do with communist
propaganda that is against the government of the country.

3. MALICIOUS LIE. The kind of lie that has the purpose of misleading the justice in favor of
himself or towards other persons. It is sometimes called chronic lie for it is done
occasionally accompanied by plots and plans.

4.Pathological lie. A lie made by a person who can‟t distinguish right or wrong.
5. Black lie. A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies intriguing to cause
dishonor or discredit ones‟ good image.

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Types of Liars

1. PANIC LIAR. Is one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of confession for he
believes that confession will just make the matter worst.

2. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR. Is someone who has lied for spare years. He is the kind of
person which is called a practical liar and lies when it has higher “pay off” than telling
the truth.

3. TOURNAMENT LIAR. This is the type of liar where the person lies because it is the only
weapon remaining to defend his side.

4. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR. The type of liar that is considered the most difficult one for the
person has no conscience and shows no regret for dishonest and no manifestation of
guilt.

5. ETHOLOGICAL LIAR. Is one who was taught not to be a squealer. This kind of liar is
usually coming from the underworld gang in order for the member not to reveal any
secret of their organization.

6. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR. Refers to a person who cannot really distinguish right from
wrong. Sometimes, other professional authors of book refers to an insane person or to a
person whose mind is sick.

7. BLACK LIAR. Is a person who always pretends. It also refers to those persons who keep
on adding remarks to themselves.

Other Types of Lies

- Bald faced lie
- Lying by omission
- Lie to children
- Noble lie
- Emergency lie
- Perjury
- Bluffing
- Misleading
- Dissembling
- Exaggeration
- Promotions lie
- Belief system

1. BALD-FACED LIE
 A bald-faced (or barefaced) lie is a lie that is told when it is obvious to
all concerned that is it a lie.
 Example: a child who has chocolate all over his face and denies that
he has eaten the last piece of chocolate cake, is a bald-face liar.
2. LYING BY OMISSION

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  One lies by omission by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving
another person with a misconception. Lying by omission includes
failures to correct pre-existing misconceptions.
3. LIE-TO-CHILDREN
 A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude that may use euphemism that
is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children. A common
example is “ The stork brought you”.
4. NOBLE LIE
 A noble lie is one that would normally cause discord it if were
uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the liar and perhaps assist in
an orderly society and thus potentially gives some benefit to others
also.
 It is often told to maintain law, order and safety.
 A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power.
5. EMERGENCY LIE
 An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told
because, for example, harm to a third party would come of it.
 Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the
whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because said husband might
reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury to his husband.
6. PERJURY
 It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on an material
matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various
sworn statements in writing.
 Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for
the credibility of the court, witness testimony must be relied on an
being truthful.
7. BLUFFING
 Pretending to have capability or intention one doesn‟t. Bluffing is an
act of deception that is not usually seen as immoral because it takes
place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is
consented to in advance by the players.
8. MISLEADING
 A misleading statement is one where there isn‟t an outright lie, but still
has the purpose of making someone believe in an untruth.
9. DISSEMBLING
 A polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being
merely misleading.
 It is merely considered to be a euphemism for lying.
10. EXAGGERATION
 An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspect of a
statement is true, but the degree to which it is true is not correct.

11. JOCOSE LIE

 Are lies that are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all
present parties.
 Sarcasm can be an example.

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 Storytelling traditions that are present in some places, where the humor
comes form the storyteller‟s insistence that he or she is telling that
absolute truth despite all evidence to the contrary.
12. PROMOTION LIES
 Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible, such as
“we are always happy to give a refund.”

13. BELIEF SYSTEMS

 It is alleged that some belief systems may find lying to be justified.
 Example: Religious lies

Signs of Lying

1. Verbal Clues – Verbal clues to deception include the words that are spoken, speed
of delivery of the words, choice of words, tone of voice and the tense of the language.

a. Methods of Responding to the Question - The way the respondent answer the
question is clue of deception. In general truthful people tend to be direct; untruthful
people tend to be cautious about their answer.

b. Length of time before giving Response – in general, truthful persons answer questions
immediately after the question is asked; untruthful persons take their time in giving a
response. An awkward silence or a delaying tatctic, such as “who are” or “why would I
do that?” may be used by the respondent.

c. Repetition of Question – The act of repeating the question is another means for the
deceiver to gain time to frame his or her answer. The question may be repeated word
for word, or the respondent may frame the answer with a request to repeat the
question.
Example: “Are you asking me if I was bribed ?”. A truth subject does not have to think
his or her answer.

d. Fragmented or Incomplete Sentences – An truthful person often speaks in disjointed

or curtailed sentences. Usually he started the answer, then thought better of it,
statement such as “ I …. I …. Can‟t think…. It seems to me … can be a clue of lying.
Many liars will speak half-truths as well, and add qualifiers, such as”…. To the best of my
memory ……” or “…. If I recall correctly.”

e. Being Overly Polite – Anger is a common response to an unjust accusation, as well as

answering the statement with abrupt “no”. Untruthful subjects are more likely to be
polite to the accuser, using pleasing terms such as “sir” or “ma‟am” “boss” or “chief”.
The suspect who has been accused an is lying will often say, “Sir, to tell you the truth, I
didn‟t do it”.

f. Oaths – Lying persons will frequently utter oaths, such as “I swear to God I didn‟t do it”
or “ I swear on my Father‟s grave .” Most truthful people do not need to swear or affirm;

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they are ardent in their denials. Some people who use words like “frankly” or “to tell the
truth” often are neither being frank nor are they telling the truth.

g. Clarity of Response – Honest people tend be very clear in their answer, while
untruthful persons tend to speak softly and broaden their answer. Such responses are to
avoid the stress caused by an untruthful response the liar is hedging. In that way, if
caught in a lie, the earlier “soft” response may aid in diffusing the lie.

h. Use of Words – As a general rule, truthful subjects have no trouble denying the
allegation in precise terms, while untruthful one will have problems with the use of
words. Untruthful suspects also tend to deny specific instances.
Example: “I did not take the P5,000.00 in kickbacks.” That may be a truthful answer;
perphaps the amount was P10,000.00.

i. Assertiveness – Truthful persons are confident about their innocence, and deceitful
ones are not confident unless they are practiced liars, truthful people will respond
directly without waivers and qualifications.

j. Inconsistencies – Contradicting testimonies made by the witness are one of the best
indicators of dishonesty. Liars get caught up in their own web of deceit. In the interview
or interrogation, if Juan Dela Cruz says that the met Pedro Penduco for drinks, and then
was mistaken, or he was lying.

k. Slip of the Tongue – Liars, as Freud discovered, quite often slip up and divulge
themselves through a “slip of the tongue”. An example would be a witness who referred
to Mr. Santos when he really intended to say Mr. San Juan. Could Mr. Santos, then be
the truth and Mr. San Juan is the lie?

l. Tirades – People who are deceptive sometimes reveal more than a word or two, as in
the slip of the tongue. The information doesn‟t slip out, it pours out. Ekman a
psychologist believes that “Leaking out may be caused by the internal stress produced
by a lie. Tirades may be in direct proportion to the stress generate in the llie, and arise at
a time of anger or other strong emotion.

m. Pauses – Ekman says gap in speech patterns may be one reliable clue to deception.
The examiner should assess pauses in speech that are too long, too frequent, or which
occur at inappropriate places.

n. Speed of Speech – Persons who are tense or upset frequently increase the swiftness
of their speech, words tend to run together and the conversation can be fragmented.
A pattern of increased speed of speech during the relevant part of the questioning
could show deception.

2. Non-Verbal Clues

Non-verbal clue encompass patterns in the body movements, gestures, facial

expressions, body posture, positioning and movements used to explain chosen words.

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a. Emblems – Emblems are often performed deliberately, these are expression made
with the body, whose meaning are clearly understood. Here are examples of emblem:
Shaking or nodding of the head, shrugging the shoulders, the universal “thumbs up
sign”, as well as the circled finger and thumb to indicate “okay”. Other examples would
include a broad wink to show the remarks are to be taken in joke, as well as a shrug of
the shoulders.

b. Manipulators – These are usual behaviors to touching one‟s self. Manipulators

encompass grooming the hair, wringing the hands picking imaginary fur from a coat.
Manipulators may go on for several minutes or may last for a short time. Props, like
cigarettes, pencils and so on can be used in the manipulation. Social scientists have
documented that body movements, fidgeting and other behavior arise with stress. The
manipulators increase as the stress rises. However, other evidence implies that people
also increase their use of manipulators when they are totally relaxed and when they are
out of boredom.

c. Breathing – Many persons, under prolonged periods of stress, hyperventilate.

Although breathing is an involuntary movement, breathing is very much affected by
stress. This stress may have nothing to do with the lie. But an increase in breathing rate or
volume may be a sign of deception.

d. Sweating – This is another uncontrollable body function. Perspiration occurs with heat
as well as with emotion. The rate of perspiration is not the same for all emotions, such as
fear and anger. Too much sweating could very well indicate an involuntary reflex with
deception.

e. Frequent Swallowing – A dry mouth frequently accompanies deep emotion. Often

the subject is not aware of increased efforts at swallowing. During the time of the
critical question, increased swallowing might indicate deception.

f. Facial Muscles – Other muscles are not easy to control but people can control certain
facial muscles with spirit. Example, to force a smile is easy, but even beginners will
notice something is wrong about. The reliable facial muscles that cannot be controlled
are the muscles above the eyes but the muscle involving the mouth are controllable.
The muscles above the eyes control certain eye movements, along with movement of
the eyebrows. These muscles are difficult to train for even experienced actors and
actresses, and can be used in detecting deception.

g. Eyes – The eyes most likely express as much emotion as any other part of the
anatomy. Blinking, pupil dilation, and tears are some of the sign indicative of emotion in
the eye. Rapid blinking can signal emotional stress in the eyes. On the other hand, the
none existence of blinking may indicate the subject has rejected the interrogator or
interviewer.

Pupil dilation is an involuntary response and beyond the control of the subject.
The most frequent reason for a change in pupils is because of the light source. The pupil
will respond to felt emotion. Trained actors know how to cry, they think of something in

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their life that was typically sad, and they focus on that emotion. Trying to cry at proper
times and equally trying to hold back tears could be a sign of deception.

h. Face – People believe that lies will commonly show up in the face and eyes. The face
can have two messages: what the liar is trying to show as well as what he or she is trying
to hide. Reddening or blushing of the face is supposed to be a sign of embarrassment
and cannot be controlled. Such indicators may indicate strong emotion and is not
reliable sign of deception
AUGUSTINE’S TAXONOMY OF LIES

• Lies in religious teaching.

• Lies that harm others and help no one.
• Lies that harm others and help someone.
• Lies told for the pleasure of lying
• Lies told “please others in smooth discourse”.
• Lies that harm no one and that help someone.
• Lies that harm no one and that save someone‟s life.
• Lies that harm no one and that save someone‟s purity.

LYING IN THE BIBLE

• The Hebrew midwives lied to the king of Egypt rather than carry out his order to
kill all male Hebrew babies; the midwives did this because they “feared God” .
(Exodus 1:15-20)
• Rehab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the Hebrew spies (Joshua 2:4-5)
and was not killed with those were disobedient because of her faith (Hebrews
11:13)
• Delilah repeatedly accused Samson of lying to her (Jg. 16:10-13) as she
interrogated him about the source of his strength.
• Abaraham instructs his wife, Sarai, to lie to the Egyptians and say that she is his
sister (Gen 12:10), which leads to the Lord punishing the Egyptians (Gen 12:17-19)

CONSEQUENCES OF LYING

• Discovered – discovery of lie tends to discredit other statements by the same

speaker and can lead to social and legal sanctions against the speaker.
• Remain Undiscovered – undiscovered lie is a latent danger to the liar who us
probably aware that it may be discovered.

REPRESENTATIONS OF LYING

• Carlo Collodi‟s PINOCCHIO is a wooden puppet often led into trouble by his
propensity to lie. His nose grows with every lie. A long nose has thus become a
caricature of liars.
• In the film LIAR LIAR, the lawyer Fletcher Reed (Jim Carrey) cannot lie for 24 hours
due to a wish of his son which magically came true.

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 • In 1985 MAX HEADROOM, the title character comments that one can always tell
when a politician lies because „their lips move”. The joke has been widely
repeated and rephrased.
• In the film BIG FAT LIAR, the story which producer Marty Wolf, a notorious and
proud liar himself. Each lie he tells causes him to grow in size.

The Top Seven Signs that someone is lying to you

1. No eye contact. Generally, if someone is lying they will not look you in the eye, at
least during a certain part of the conversation. Normally, people make eye contact
for at least half of a conversation, so anything less than this could be suspicious.

One caveat (caution): there are some people who will take great pains to make eye
contact with you even if they're lying, simply to make you think they're not.

2. Change in voice. A change in the pitch of a person's tone, or a lot of stammering

(umm, ah), or throat clearing could indicate a lie.

3. Unusual body language. If a person taps their foot a lot, fidgets with their hands,
raises their shoulders, turns away from you or brings their hand to their face (to touch
their chin or nose, etc.) -- in other words, if they act nervous or uncomfortable -- it
could mean they're telling a lie. Also watch out for blushing (or becoming pale) and
increased blinking.

4. Something sounds fishy. Making statements that contradict each other, are
inconsistent or don't sound quite right are usually part of a lie.

5. Overly defensive. Sometimes when a person is lying they will become extremely
defensive, refusing to answer any questions and even accusing you of lying. This
may mean they have something to hide.

6. Changes subject easily. If someone is lying and you change the subject, chances are
high that they'll go right along with it. A person telling the truth, however, will likely
ask why you changed the subject and want to go back to it.

7. Humor or sarcasm. A guilty person will often try to change the subject using humor or
sarcasm.

Lesson 3 General observations of the conduct and behavior on lying subject

GENERAL CONDUCT AND BEHAVIOR

Everyone has least a partial understanding of the psychology of lying and lie
detection. Since lying is such a common place occurrence, most of us are personally
acquainted with the inner sensations that so often accompany the telling of a lie.

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 In endeavouring to conceal the truth, we have on occasion felt a thudding
increase of the heartbeat, the rush of blood to the face, an uncontrollable impulse to
swallow, or other phenomena resulting from fear over the possibility that the lie will be
detected. We have also experienced as sigh of relief-ordinarily manifested by heavier
breathing after the lie has been told with apparent success. And we have encountered
many occasions when we have been able to detect the lies of other persons by various
indications such as blushing, twitching of the lips, squinting of the eyes. A failure to look
the inquirer straight in the eye, a peculiar monotone of the voice, a forced laugh, a
counter inquiry of “who, me” an unnecessary request for a repetition of the question,
movements of the hands and feet exhibiting a state of uneasiness, increased activity of
the Adam‟s apple, and may other reactions of a similar nature.
It is a fact, of course, that some persons are better liars than others. There are
more successful either because they are not very much disturbed over the telling of a
lie, or because they are able to control the emotional disturbances produced by lying
and thus avoid a display of the outward indications exhibited by persons fortified with
these essential of successful lying. Nevertheless, even among the best of liars (insofar as
outwardly observable symptoms are concerned), there are considerable number who
experiences certain non-observable internal sensations of uneasiness or fear of
detection, and this is particularly true as regards matters of a serious nature as in the
case of a criminal offense. Certainly there was a basis for the idea, and moreover there
obviously was a practical need particularly in the field of criminal investigation for a
method which would render it possible to determine truth or deception more often and
more accurately than when considering outwardly observable indications alone.

Lesson 4 Various symptoms of deception as observable on lying subject

SYMPTOMS OF GUILT RESPONSE WHICH ARE INDICATIVE OF DECEPTION

The following symptoms of guilt response of deception:

A. Kinds of Internal Response

1. Quickening palpitation of the heart
2. Dryness of the mouth
3. Lump in the throat
4. Sinking feeling in the fit of stomach
5. Griping of intestine

B. Kinds of External Response

1. facial expression
a. Blushing, paling and profuse sweating on theforehead.
b. Twitching at the corner of the lips.
c. Excessive winking and movement of the vein at the temple.
d. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeballs and elevation of
the upper eyelid.

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2. Postural Reaction
a. Inability of the subject‟s eyes to look straight to the examiner
b. Excessive movement of the Adam‟s apple.
c. Peculiar monotone of the voice.
d. Fidgeting with the fingers, tapping or drumming on the chair or
table.
e. Hands and feet exhibiting a state of uneasiness.

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