Welcome to our Presentation

Introduction to psychology

Submitted To Submitted By
1. SHOUMAN BARUA
KAINATUN NUR 2. TANVIRUL ISLAM
TEACHING ASSISTANT 3. JANNATUL BOKEYA BOKUL
PREMIER UNIVERSITY 4. HOSSAINUL ALAM
CHOWDHURY
5. CHAITY BARUA
6. EFTY FATEMA
7. DHRUBA ROY
 What is Motivation?
• Motivation is the word derived from the word ‘motive’
which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the
individuals.
• Motivation is the driving force behind any action.
• It is the process of stimulating people to action to
accomplish the goals.
 Sources of Motivation
• The number of possible motives for human behavior seems endless, but
psychologists have found it useful to organize them into four somewhat
overlapping categories.
o First, human behavior is motivated by basic physiological factors, such as
the need for food and water.
o Second, Emotional factors are a second source of motivation. panic, fear,
anger, love, and hatred can influence behavior ranging from selfless giving
to brutal murder.
o Third, Cognitive factors can motivate behavior. People behave in certain
ways—becoming arrogant or timid, for example:-which include their
perception of the world, their beliefs about what they can or cannot do.
o Fourth, motivation may stem from social factors, including the influence of
parents, teachers, friends and other socio-cultural forces.
 Theories of Motivation
• Now, Its time to know about some motivation
related theories.
Here we have
 Instinct Theory
 Drive Reduction Theory
 Arousal Theory
 Incentive Theory
 Instinct Theory
• -Instinct theory states that organisms are born with a set of biologically
based behaviors, called instincts that generally promote survival.
Although such behavior patterns do not depend heavily on learning ,
experience can modify them. For example, bees communicate the location
of food to each other, or when birds remember landmarks to guide them
in their annual migrations.
• -Ethologisits, who study animal behavior in natural habitats, now prefer
the term fixed-action patterns, more narrowly defined as unlearned
behavior patterns that occur throughout a species and triggered by
identifiable stimuli.
 Drive Reduction Theory
• Drive reduction theory emphasizes internal factors , but it is based on the
concept of homeostatis. Homeostatis is the tendency to keep physiological
systems at a steady level, or equilibrium, by constantly making
adjustments in response to change.
 According to drive reduction theory , any imblances in homeostatis create
needs, which are biological requirements for well-being. The brain
responds to needs by creating a physiological state called drive- a feeling
of arousal that prompts an organism to take action, restore the balance,
and as a result reduce the drive.
 Theorists made a distinction between two types of drives. One is primary
drives ,stem from inborn physiological needs and the other is secondary
drives, are learned through experience.
 Arousal Theory
 Humans and other animals are motivated to do things out of curiosity
even when doing so don’t appear to reduce drive. people go to the new
mall, surf the internet, and travel the world just to see what there is to
see.some of us also go out of our way to ride skydrive, drive race-cars, and
do countless other things that do not reduce any known drive. In fact,
these behaviors cause an increase in physiological arousal, a general level
of activation that is reflected in the state of several physiological systems,
including the brain, heart ,lungs, and muscles.
 Psychologists argue that ,we are motivated to behave in ways that
maintain or restore an ideal, level of arousal.
 Incentive Theory
 Incentive theory states that behavior is motivated by the pull of external
(outside) goals such as rewards.
 Instinct, drive,arousal theories of motivation all focus on a internal state
pushing you in a specific direction.However incentive theory acts when an
external stimulus puuls you towards a certain direction or pushes you
away from it. For example , you attend class not because you were
biologically programmed to become a student, but rather ,ypu want to
achive a good grade.
EMOTION
 What is Emotion?
An emotion is a feeling such as happiness,
love, fear, anger or hatred, which can be
caused by the sitution that you are in or the
people you are with.
 Characteristics of Emotion
• Psychologists see emotions as organized psychological and physiological
reactions to changes in our relationship to the world. These reactions are
partly private or subjective experiences and partly objective.
 The subjective experience of emotion has several characteristics:
1. Emotion is usually temporary. It tends to have a relatively clear beginning
and end, and a relatively short duration.
2. Emotion experiences can be positive, as in joy, or negative, as in sadness.
It can also be mixture of both.
3. Emotion experience triggers an action tendency, the motivation to
behave in certain ways. Positive emotions, such as joy and pride, often
lead to playfulness and creativity.
 Characteristics of emotion

 The objective aspect of emotion include learned and innate

responses. These are two types:
1. Expressive displays- such as smile or a frown- communicate feelings to
other.
2. Physiological responses- such as changes in heart rate – are biological
adjustments needed to perform the action tendencies generated by
emotion experiences.
 How many emotions are there?
• There are more than 500 hundred emotional terms in the dictionary.
However, there are a more limited number of basic emotions , such as joy,
acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation.
Secondary emotion, such as love, involves blends of more basic emotions
such as joy and acceptance
 Theories of Emotion
1. James peripheral Theory (james -Lange
Theory)
2. Cannons central Theory (cannon-Bard
Theory)
 James’s peripheral Theory
 According to James, Our physical responses underline our
emotions.
 We feel sorry because we cry, afraid because we tremble.
 In other words, the brain interprets a situation and
automatically directs a particular set of peripheral
physiological changes- a racing heart, sinking stomach,
perspiration.
 Each particular emotion is created by a particular pattern of
physiological responses.
 Cannon’s central Theory
 According to cannon, emotion experience starts in the central nervous
system- specifically, in the thalamus.
 When the thalamus receives sensory information about emotional events
and situations from different sense organs, emotion becomes conscious.
 Cannon said that the experience of emotion appears directly in the brain,
with or without feedback from peripheral responses.
 For example , when we see a snake , the brain receives sensory
information about it, perceives it as a snake, and directly create s the
experience of fear while at the same time sending message s to the heart
to do what take to run away.
 Comparison between James and cannon’s
Theory
• JAMES- LANGE THEORY • Cannon-Bard Theory:
Every emotion corresponds to a • Emotion arise from a cognitive
distinctive pattern of arousal. appraisal of the stimulus.

• STIMULUS PHYSIOLOGICAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
AROUSAL TREMBLING TREMBLING INCREASED HEART RATE
INCREASED HEART RATE
EMOTION • Stimulus

EMOTION
HEALTH, STRESS & COPING
 What is Health psychology?
• A field in which psychologists conduct and
apply research aimed at promoting human
health and preventing illness.
 What is stress?
 The internal processes that occur as people try to adjust to events and
situations, especially those that they perceive to be beyond their coping
capacity.
 More generally, stress is viewed as an ongoing , interactive process that
takes place as people adjust to and cope with their environment.
 What is stressors?
 Stressors are events and situation to which
people must adjust.
 They come in many forms: a big exam, an
automobile accidents, waiting in a long line.
 Stressors can be mild and temporary or severe
and long-lasting.
 Types of Stressors
Stressors may be physical or psychological.

 Psychological stressors: The most adverse

psychological stressors are events and
situations that are perceived as unpleasant
and threatening.
 Psychological stressors
• Psychological stressors include life changes and strains
catastrophic events, chronic problems and daily hassles.
 Catastrophic events are sudden, unexpected, potentially life-threatening
experiences such as natural disaster, accidents.
 Life changes and strains include divorce, illness, difficulties at work.
 Chronic problems- those that continue over a long period of time- living in
a high crime neighborhood, having a serious illness.
 Daily hassles are irritations, pressures annoynces.
 Measuring Stressors
 Stressors can be measured by tests such as
the Social Readjustment Rating Scales (SRRS)
and the Life Experiences Survey (LES), As well
as surveys of daily hassles.
 Stress Responses
The psychological and behavioral responses
that occur in the face of a stressor.
 Psychological responses: Psychological stress responses can be
emotional, cognitive , and behavioral.
 Emotional changes: If stressors continue for a long time or occur in a
tight sequence, emotional stress reaction may persist.
 Cognitive stress reactions include thinking, disruptions in the ability
to think clearly.
 Behavioral stress responses include irritability, aggression, and even
suicide attempts.
 Stress Mediators
• The fact that different individuals react to the
same stressors in different ways can be
explained in part by stress mediators.
Coping Resources and Coping methods

 People usually suffer fewer ill fewer ill effects

from a stressor if they have adequate coping
resources and effective coping methods.
 Coping resources include , for example the
money and time to deal with stressful events.
 The impact of stressors can also be reduced by
the use of effective coping methods.
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