Page 1 Araxpiré MaSnpanixa MAGN A 11 Enewwoerg 4 ZxoAr} HMMY Eapivé efay. 2020-AiSdoxwy A. EAAnvag 20z4 Mepiexopeva Mpéraon 4 Mpéracn 2 O Eukheidi0c ahyépieyiog uToAoyIGHOU Tou MKA 340 api8uiov Npéraon 3 (Aya Bezout ) Karaokeur api®piiv Tpwrwy peragy tous Napddeypa ‘Aupitves aoxthoels ‘AnuTES aoKr}oeIg (3) Ateukpiionikes epwrriceic Kal aTravtr}aeIG 6 Mporaon 1 Piéa,b,c,7,4,k,1m © Z, foxdouv ra axohou8a: FuyBohopss: T @ a Diaupei b ==> blka,k e Z b >a 1) bla = (-b)la t -b 2)alb& bla>a=+h 4 Bq > a=tb be 3) alb & Ble = ale t 7 a 4)alb = alabicZ a +b 2 a> db b ¢ 5) alb & ale = al(b +c) t 7, a > bre 2b te 6) alb & alc = al(Ab + pic) t 7 a > (b+ ue) ATr06. 1) Bla a=kbkeZ iPage 2 a= (Wb), ke Z = (bla 2)dib & bab = ha &a= Bk le Ze a=Ib= ki ash=15k=1=1h k=1=-lsa=bha=-b, 4 @ gq 2a=tb bre 3) alb & ble = ale = ¢ = kb =_Kl_ a= ma > ale te a 4) alb = al2b,2 eZ > b= ka > 2b = Ak a= ma = lth 5) alb & ale = al(b+c) => b= ka &e= la bre = (k+Na=ma = al(b+e), km eZ 6) db & ale = al(Ab + pe) <> ouvduacpds Twv 485.0 Apéraon 2 Eotw a,b € Z,a > b, Oo MKA(a,b) =MKA(b,7). Am65 Ava > b TOre amr Thy EuKAEidia Siaipeon a= kb +r, OS dla&d|b = 6\(a— kb) = dlr > 2650! 6! = MKA(h 1) = 6'|b&5'\r = B(kb +r) > S'la > O Eukheidi0c adyépi6yiog uToAoyIGUOU Tou MKA 340 apiBuiov H Mpéraon 2, Ate! yia kde EuKAeidia diaipeon; diaipertog = TOMaTTAaaIaTg x diaipétns + uTOAOITTO, 1oxvel or MKA(Giaipertoc, diaipémng) = MKA(Giaipéms, uTTOdorTT0). Av a > b zntty MKA(a,b) = 6. Fpdgw a=kber an +r kre tr kl b “Gey 7 A a - |, omy, “ouveans" tNG oTHANG pe Tm 10 ri b Mpoodiopigerai urrodoyiovrag ra otorxeia Tou ki, 7; TOU eival 03 Page 3 TroANotg Kat To UTéAOTO Mg EuKAeidiac Siaipeans a = kb +r Egapydgw my Npéracn 2, emavaAnrmixd kat éxw 6r1 MKA(a,b) = MKA(b,r1) = MKA(7,72) = +++ = MEAG.) = MKA(0 9,0) = Fn Me Lopof Trivakwy n Traparrévw emavaAnmTiKt SiadiaKacia onpaives ori eTravahapBavw 1 "obvdean" mg oTHANS TOU KAGE TPEXOVTO Siaiperéou ye Th oTHAN TOU pexovTOG Diaipérm MpodBiopigovras ta oroKXEIa Tou avtioroXoy mv. ("| ) auré odnyei oT akoAouBia a\ (mt ibe (a ite ke rn b 10 rm 10 10 rr mak 1 \( re Tl OS) O owvonikds Trivakag ouvdeon¢ M Elva To yivoEvo hwy TwY TVdKWY GUVSEANS we(mm )-ne(4)) Tore 0 Eukheidioc aayopi@y0¢ amrAontrotcirar tr oper MKA(a,b) = 6 = r, Orrou (G3) O mrivaxac M eivar opardg dete = []" wo ‘ ; ) = 1)" pe avtiotpogo Mt -con( eo te ) Tedd mam MKACa, 6) = 6 = (-1)"'Gnna ~ 2b), Naparfipnon: Ma ra uTéAonTa Twv SiadoyiKwy Siaipésewy 1oXGe! b= 11> 12> ~~ > rm. O aayOpIBpog arrairei b BriyaTa. Npéracn 3(Ajpua MreZou Bezout AB ) O MKA(a,b) 360 axepaiwy a, ex@pAZEral ws yPayEIKEs CUVDIAHEs Tw a,b aképaious jin wovadikous guvTeAcarés SNA MKA(a,b) = ma-+nb, TOU mn € Z. TX. MKA(4,7) = 1 = 4x 2+7% (C1), MKA(4, 18) = 4 x (4) +18 x (1) = 2, MKA(12,42) = 6 = 12m+42n, 6mrou (m,n) = (10,3) = 3,1) = 4-1) = (IL-3) = (18,-5). Ope. Avo axepaio! a, 1.w. MKA(a,b) = 1 Aeyovrar mpuéror yeragu rous (coprime)Page 4 Karackeur api@uwy Tpwrwv peragy Tous Av MKA(a,b) = 6 T6Te MKA(a,b) = ma +nb = 6, TOU m,n eZ Tétems +n2 = 1, Bs A MKA(2, 2) = 1,6pa 01 api®yoi ¢, + eivat to cuvagés mpo¢ To (a,b) Cevyos MpiTw peTagd Tous api8uiby. MEAEth BiBAio Ma@nuarikivv F Aukelou @eriknig Kateuuvong, o£h 146-160 (ro BIBAIO UTTpxe! CTO aKEAAO "xprioisa éyypaga’) Aakrhgeis BiBAio Ma8nuarikisv T Auxeiou enixrig Kareu@uvong 1) G&A. 149, A opada, dheg Tig aoxr\oeIc, B oda, aoK. 1,2,3 2) Na amrodeigere Or, aTT6 n Diadox!Kouc akepaous vas aKPIBus¢ Diaipeirar Ye TO 7. 3) Eotw p mptto¢ apiByds Kat plab Tore pla f pl. Napaserypar Na urrodoyiotei 0 MK.A(42, 12) Kat va Selxréi ov! EK@PAZETAI WE YPaLLIKOS CUVoIAGHS Twv a = 42,h = 12 pe aképaious pn HovadiKous GuvTEAEaTéG. Na TpoGBiopioTEi to ouvagis Zevyos mpwrw peTagE Tous apIOpiov Kar va Seixtei eriong or! 0 MKA Tous ex@pAZETal WE YPAIKG GuVoIGUds TOUS. ‘Avon MKA(42, 12) = MKA(12,6) = MKA(6,0) = 6. Me yopor} Trivakwv (2)-C)C) 16) = (CON loxseron ( ° 0 Zevydipr mpwTwv peTagU tous (7, 1) MpoodiopiZerar we Bix d+ 2x3) =1, 6ou 7x 142% (3) = 1 Cf ( ® ) por rere tee) e ears cnnaec Kdoric 1co-uTrhomwv apIpuov mod mPage 5 Opa a= bmodmava—b= mk, ke Z, Nk. a=mk+b, kez Mapas. i) 2 = 7 mods > 2-7 = -5 (k=-1), ii) 11 = 5 mod3 @ 11-5 = ili) 5 = 9 mod4 oS = 1x441,9 = 2% 441 iv) 28 = 4 mod6 > 28-4 = 24 28 = 4x644, Eotw GeniK6¢ aképaiog m < Z. = {1,2,,...} Toren Siaipeona = mk +r, ke Z Kae akepaiou a € Z = {0,41,42,,...} a6 TOV m divet m Suvaré uTTOAoHTTA re {0,1,...,.m=1}. Mapaderypara: m = 2, Kala = 2k +0, a= 2k+1 KOI m = 3, Ka a= 3k4+0,a=3k+1,a=3k+2 Ops Opitw nic KAdoEIg Tw 1Go-UMGAOITTWY api mod m [a], = {mk +a,k © Z} = [a modm)m Yrrapxouv m réroIE KAGOEIC [0],,,.[1],....,[m— 1],,. loxUouv BUo WiSrNTEC yia TIC KAdoEIG TwV IGo-UTFOAOITWWY APIO Npda6eon: [a], + [6], = [(a+5) mod m], NodraAaciaop6c: [a], + [b],, = [(ab) mod m], AvriBern KAdon: [-b],, = [mB], MnOevixf| kAaan: [m],, = [m mod m], Napaderyya m=2 [0], = {2k,k © Z) = APTIOI (A) [1], = (2k-+1,k € Z} = MEPITTOI (N) MpéoGcon: 4+4=4,4+=0,0+0=4 NoAAatrAaciaopoc: 44 = 4, AT = 4,1 = 1 Aunéves aoxrigeig 1) Av 72 = 253? n avéAuon Tou 72 oF Suvdyerg MpwTwWv Tapayévrwy va mTpoatiopiotei ro TAMB0¢ To SiaipeTiBv TOU 72 Kai va SWE! o yeviKGg TUTTOS TG axohousiac Trou Tous TEpIypigel. T6IES EpuTFGEIG yia Tov PUKE N = pj'p' Grou p, TIpWWTOI, 4 € No, Avon TQ = 23? dy = 2'3!, Fe {0,1,2,3}, f € {0,1,2}. MAHG0s To diaiperiov rou 72 =4x3= 12 2) Mpodiopigere Tov yevikd TUTTO tg akOAOUBIaG d = {d,,/ = 0,1,2 KOI = 0.1.2} Tw diaiperwv Tou 36. tion) 36 = 293, dy = 2'5/, 1 {0,1,2},/ € {0,1,2}. MAGog to Siaiperdv = 9, Kat d= {1,2,3,4,6,8,9, 12, 18}. 3) Ava,B, 7 TEPITTO! akEpalol, va SeixTel O11 n EEIOWON ax? + Bx axépaies AUCEIG. x? + 32""'y 4 2019 = 0. eon) loxver 0, Bev éxelPage 6 apriogxmeprTréc=Gpriog -(2k)(2m + 1) = Akm + 2k = 2(2km + k aptiog? =Gptiog : (2k)? = 4k? = 2(2k?) = 2m ‘TrepiTtéc? =Tepitt6¢ : (2k+ 1)? = 4k? + 142k = 202k +k) + rreprrtécxmrepitréc=mepitré¢: (2k +1) (2m +1) = dk +2k-+2m-+1 = 22km+k+m) +1 = 2 -Av.x Gptiog-+ ax? +Gpri0¢ Br >dpriog ax? + Bx+ 7 -GpTIoG+Apriog+TEpITrOG=TEpITTOG + 0 TEpITTOG. ATOT. ~ Avx TrepiTTog> ax? +Gpri0g Bx ~apti0g ax? + Bx+y +Gpniog-dpriogmepirrc=mepirté¢ > O EpiTréc. AtoT‘o. H Adon x dev rope! va eivat obTe dptioc oUTE TrEpITTSs apIBLds GAAa Sev Elva aKépatoc, =2s41 ‘Akures aoxrioelg 4) Na urroAoyiorel 0 5 = MKA(42, 12) Kal val SeixTEl OT! EKPAZETAI WE YPALLIKOS CUVOIGOLOs TW a = 42,h = 12 WE aKEpalouS LN HOvadIKOUG GuvTEAoTéc. Na Tipoadiopiatei to cuvagec Zedyos (a',') MpwWTWV LETAEL TOUS apIBUWOV Kal va Se1xTel emtiong oT1 0 MKA Tous ex@pderal Ws YPALWIKds GuVdIAGLdS TOUS. Na TrPOdiopioTel o TOmoG Tw dpTiwy [0], F/Kal TepITBY [1], Akepaiwy AUCEWY x,y, Kal avTioTOIXa x’,y’, av uTdpxouv, Twv EEloWoEWV ax + by = 5 Kal a'x' +5'y’ = 1. To [Sto epwtnua yia TUTrOUS doewv [0],,[1], [2] 2) Mpoadiopiote tov yevike TUTTO tng akoAOUBiag Tw BiaipEriov TOU 6 Kal 28. NBO oI apIByoi 6 Kal 28 eival TEAEIOI. loxUel n 1\OTNta GUTH TwWY 6 Kal 28 aV O1 UTFOAOYIGHOI yivouv modi, m = 2,3,4,...: Opiopdc: TEAEI01 apIBLOI KaAOUVraI o1 aKEPAIO! Trou IGOUVTaI HE TO GBpoIGyA TwY Biaperwv Tous EKTOc Tou EGUTOU TOUS. 3) N6o n pETpIGN Baptiv Ye So UeZoUpEs HEYEBOUS pr,p2, OTTOU p12 Eivat APIOLOK TOU eival mpwTo! HETAEY TOU, evar EgikTh, Na Swouy oXETIKG apIBLNTIKG Trapadelyyara. Ateukpimonikés epwrfiaeic Kal aTravifjaeig Epwrraeig 41) Smyv eowrnon 1, orrou Aere ¢nrare Tous Turous Avoewy, mus Mere! va KIMNBOULE, vouicw Se KaTaAaBaivw ro CnrouLevo, Kal GE Ti LopgN TO ¢nrael. 2) Emv epwman 2, 11 evwvoerre orav Aeré “ol UTTOAOYiOUO! yivouv modin.. 3) Emv epwmon 3, Aere “orrou pt, pt war egikrn”, rola 1Siornra empeme va ExoUV yiari vouigw kel @a Agyare KaTTOIA IOIOTNTA Tw p. Amaviioeis 41) Zmy eowrnon 1, orrou Aere gyrate Tous Turous Avoewy, Mus Mere! va KIVNBOULE, vouicw Se KaTaAaBaivw ro A, (len AoBEviws 611 01 GuvTEAEoTES 3,8,11 civat ‘kd’ SNA eiva A FN “Exoupe 4 duvarég Treprmivaeig yia Ta Gnroupeva x,y. ‘Opora kar yia mod 3, éxoupe yia KaBEval ato TOUS GyvwoTOUS x.y. MrTopEi va civat [0.11.2] 0 kaevag Tous. Epynvera: © x avijkel OTN KAaON [0], atv Siaipowpevos je 3 axgriver UTBAOITTO O 0x aver o7m KAaaN [1], av Siaipowevos Ue 3 axgriver UTOAOITTO 4 0x avkel o7m KAaaN [2], av Siaipobpevos je 3 agriver UTBAOITTO 2. Aev €Xoupe ovopara Edw pe mod 3, yia Tig TpEIG MEprTrwoeIG [0],[1],[2], TING ExoUHE be mod 2, [O]> A, [1]>M. E10 pd@qua eixaye Tet cay aoteio va tig ovoyacoULE TUC, BNA. [0]->T, [1}>U,[2}>C. Ze kdGe TepitTwon OAa Ta epwrhyara aTravrovTa! EpapHEZovrag my apIeunTKA Tw KAdoewy TX. Tw {A,T}, Kal {T,U,C}. And. ye mod 2 600 Kdvel ArA=?, Att ALT=? KrA, Ouoia pe mod 3 Téco Kdvel [1}1]-?, (21, M1ZH2, (21.2 [-t]s{2]=? xrh 2) Emv epwmon 2, 11 evvoerre orav Aere “or urroAoyioyor yivouv modin. “mod m...." Ol Mpageis va yivouV HE Ta UTTOAONTTA Tw apIBLWV Kal 6x! YE TOU ApIBYoUs Tous iBious. Omrou TX To UTTOAOITTG yid Tov aPIBLOI x “mod 3...." pTOpE! va ivan 10 0,1,2. To TeAIKd amoréAcopa Twv Tpdgewv (MpDBEsEIC, TOAAGTTAACIAO}O!), Ga TEE! va avaydEi oe "mod 3....". And 2411213, 2+11=1 mod 2, 2+11=13, 2411-2 mod 3 2+11=13, 2+11=3 mod 5. 3) Emv epwman 3, Aete “orrou pt, pt evar egikrn”, rrova iSiornra epeme va EXOUV ylari voyigw exes Ba Aeyare Karroia iGiornra TwWV p. 01 pr.po €ival api®yo! mpusTOI LeTagU TOUS. AUTO elval To TPSBANL.a Tou “pTWXOd UTTaKdAn’ omTws to ehaye. H SiatdTwWor Kat n AUON TOU ¢l6og aUTtov TwV TPOBANHaTWV BaoiZera oro Arya tou Bezout, MKA(a,b)-axtby, Kal aTig TrapaAayés Tou érav a,b eivai Mpwro1 peTagU Tous.Page 1 Araxpiré MaSnpomixé Enuenwoeig 2 Zxohr} HMMY Eapivé ef6y. 2020 Alddoxwy A. EAAnvac Mepiexopeva Opiopoi oxésewy Eidn oxécew Avarrapdoracn oxégewy ye TivaKes Napaveiypara ‘Auptves AoKrgeig ‘AnuTES Aakthoels Ops. Eotw 4,8 obvona. Mia oxéon R amr 10 A oT0 B, opigerai we R (aa) ¢ R R Bev iva avaKAaariKt oXéon 3a < A+ (a,a) ¢ R R oupperpinr oxéon v(a,b) € R > (b,a) © R Raobpperpn oxton v(a,b) < R+ (ba) €R Ravtioupperpikh oxéon V(a,b) < R KAI (b,a) © R+a=b Iooduvayio1 opicyol: Va, vb ((a # b) + ((a,b) ¢ RA (ba) ¢ R) ~3a,~3b((a + b) Kat ((a,b) € R KaI(b,a) © R) va,b © A, QV (a,b) € R Kat (b,a) < RT6Te a = b Epunveia tou opiopou: a,b © A 1oXUouv Ta aKddouBa: Av 10.a,b eival T.u. (a,b) © R Kal (b,a) & R, 0 OpIGUds Sev A€El KAT! yi Ta a,b. Av 10.a,b eival T.w. (a,b) ¢ R KOU (b,a) € R, 0 OpIGHOS Sev AEE! KT! yi Ta a,b Av 10.a,b eiva T.W. (a,b) € R Kau (b,a) & R, 0 OPIS Bev A€E! KAI yl Ta a,b, Av ta.a,b elvai T.w. (a,b) € R Kal (b,a) € R, 0 OpIGpOs Aéel KAT! yia Ta a,b, Ota = b R peraBanikh oxéon a,b,c € A TérOIG WoTE (a,b) € R KAI (b,c) © R> (a,c) RK Ro avriotpogn oxéon : RI = {(b,a) : (a,b) © RY R oupmAnpwyanikh oxéon: R = {(a,b) : (a,b) ¢ RY IBionTES: K+ UR = oupperpikr oxéon, RUR=AxA Avarrapdaraan oxéoew pe TrivaKes Avarrapdoracn oxéon R&A x A pe TeTpaywHIK6 TrivaKa Mx Ue oTOIXE;a 0,1 Mp = (M,) Tivaxas [A] x |A| He OTOIXeIa lA] : TANBIKOS apIBUds (TTAN}BO¢ GTOIXEIWv))Page 2 0 av(a.a) eR Tumikoi Mivaxes yid 5 €idn oxéoewy (+ : onpaives ondrjrroTe) Mee { Lavage lees One® lee x +101 0100 +lee xO¥® +O0e% Il*10 0000 eee +e 0% sel o1*0 1101 eee +e 0 er) 100% 1100 Avakhaonikf| in AvakAaomiKh| Sev eval AvaKA. ZuUBerpiKF, © AguUETpN Me=| 0 0 » | MeraBavixn, 00 * Napadeiypara Avarrapdoraon oxéong mg oxéon¢ RX(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,3), ,3)} HE TO Tivaka Me. kal He ypago rid Me=| 001 001 2) A: obvoho avOptiTry, R-"wnAdrepn fh ion amd", CUNBONIKG R= TY. H Mapia eva ynAdtepn A ion arré Th Nikn, Mapia>Nikn H Nikn civar wnAstepn F fon a6 tr Mapia, Nikn>Mapia => Nikn=Mapia ‘Apa n axéon > elval avrioupperpiKn, 3) A: Z, R:"Biaipeiv’, oUpBoAIKa R:| TX. alb Kai bla => a = +b Apa n oxton | Sev iver avricuuperpict ‘Aunéves Aokroeig 1) Bow xe A = {1,2},y € B= {1,2,3}, opigerat n oxéon xy < x—y =Apriog, Znreirain RSA xB, Ka RA10 Page 3 ‘Avon R= {0,1),(1,3),2,2)}. Rt = 2) Eotw x ¢ A = {2,3,4),y © B= {2,6,8}, opigerai n oxéon “diaipeiv" xy © aly. Znreirai RA xB, kai +. Meprypayre pe A€gerg 1 oxéon R* ‘Avon R = {(2.2), (2,6), (2.8), 3,6), (4,8)}, Rt = {(2.2), (6.2), (8.2), (6,3), (8.4)}. Ta (x.y) € Bx A = yR'x Onpaivel TO y sival TOAAGTTAGGIO TOU x 3) Eotw m,n < Z Kai opigerai n oxéon mEn <> 3\(m~—n). N6on R eivai A.M. tony A: N5O mRm Opus m—m = 0, 3/0 2 0 =3 x0, > 3\(m—m) E : AV mR TOre 3|(m —n) GNA. mn = 3k,k € Z. TOE n—m = ~3k = 3|(n—m) = nm. M = AVmRn kai nkp TOr€ 3\(m — 1), 3|(n— p). Tote m—n = 37, np = 3s, r,s AKEPAIOL Npootérwvtag (m —n) + (np) = 3r+ 38 mp = 3(r-+s) = 3\(m—p) = mRp. 4) Eotw x,y © R Kal opiferai n oxéon xRy 2 x 1,1->2,1>3,2>3,3->3 plot Me Trapépotes evrohéc Ba yivouv Kat o1 GrTouevor ypagor 3) Na deixtel 611M,» = Mz, pow Tou Tapadelyparos Q,1),,2),(1,3),2,3),G,3)} 4) Eotw A = {1,2,3}, Crouvral o1 TivaKEs Me, M+ yi TIG OXECEIG, a) R= {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3)} b) R= (1,2), (2,1), (2,2),3,3)} ©) R= {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),2,2),2,3)8,3)} d) R= {(1,3),G,D} R 4) Na Trpocdiopiotoby TArpUs O1 IIdTNTEG TAG oxéONS (0,0), (1.1), (2.2), (4,4), (6,6), (0, 1), (1,2), (2,4).(4,6)} MoU opizerat oto GbVOAO (0, 1,2,4, 6} 5) Mpoodiopiore 1 oxéon R vid KaBEva amré Tous TrapaKdrw TivaKes Trou éxouV ypagei on Béon {1.2.3}, ee ol o10 re 0 0 0 oll 6) Aiveraio mv. Me =| 1 1 0 |,Kat Znrowvrat o1 TrivaKes Twv oXéGEWY lo. 7) O1 aKddouBes mpordceic 1oxdouv: - To Terpaywvo KAGE aKépaiou n civai THs HopETIS n® = 34 fh n? = 3q-+1, Yldg € Z = To TETpaywvo KBE aképaIOU n TrOU Sev Siaipeirar ye To 3 eivan INS HOOF yiageZ - To Terpaywvo KaGe TepITroU aképaiou n Eival TAG HOpgrIG n? = 8q + I,yid g € Z12 Avaxpité Ma@nparixd Enuerwoeig 3 Exohf HMMY Eapivé e€4y, 2020 Arddoxwy A. EAAnvag Mepiexoueva Exéon joduvapiag Exéon wepirig didragns Khdoeic icoduvapiag Zuvona pepixrig didraéN¢ ~ Aduaides - Avriahuaidec Aaypdppiara Hasse Sewpnua Dilworth Erraywyikr} He8030¢ ‘Aupéves aoxfiaeis ‘AduTES aoKgeIg Apxti Tou Nepiorepwova Ado eidikob TéTOU oxéoEIG Eivat a) n“oXéon 1COdUvapia" Kat "ny OxéON LEPIKA didtagns" Ope. Zxéon odbvapiag R 9 = 19mod5 9 KTA) Yrrohoyiore 1peig GAAEs TeprTTuaEIG oXéGEWN |GOdEVALIAG R Ia TO 1510 ObV. A Ope. Eotw R & Ax A oxéon loobbvapiiag, n KAGon 1ooSuvayiag [x] €vbc oTOIXEIOU x € A Eival To GUVOAO GhwY TOU GTOIXEiWwy Trou axETiZovra pe TO x Gnd. [x] = © A: Rx}, Nporaan Eotw R < Ax 4 oxéan goduvapiac, Tore 01 KAdoEIC ICOSUVApiAG [x], Tw ororxelwy x € A aTToTEAOwY pila SiaysEpnon TOU GuVOdoU 4, SNA. [XIN I={ } fh [x] = [yJ, kat U, [x,] = 4 Ottou [x,] OA€G 01 StaqopeiKes KAACEIC, Mapod.1. (cuvéxeia) [5] = {5,10}, [6] = {6, 16,21},[7] = {7.12.17}, [18] = (18,8, 13} Kt. Atayépnon [5] U [6] U [7] U [8] U [9] = 4 Ope. Zxéon Lepinl Sidragns KS A x4: RavakAaoni«s, avi-cupperpiKs}, weTaBariKs (A.aviiE,M). Eva abvodo yia érrolo éXe1 opiotel la oXEon pEpIKtic SiadTEng KaAEirai epikd diaTerayyeve cuvoho (partial ordered set : poset) Ope. Aduoida (chain): ‘Eotw éva pepikd Siareraypevo auvoho (partial ordered set poset) (4,<). Aduoida Aéyerat kde UTTOgUVOAO TOU A TOU aTTOTEAEITal arr oTOIXeia TOU KGGe Ceuydp! am aura TX. a,b yTopodV avFjKoUV OTN OXéON BNA. (a,b) € RH (b,a) € R, Kal 4pa prropowv va diaraxTouv oNA. a + {a,b,c} {a,b,c}16 —_——— COREE coxsjorig 1) Eotw To auvodo 4 = {0,1,2,3,4} kal n Siapépion Tou {0,3,4}{1}{2). ‘Eorw n, oxéan R opiZopevn oro. A xA Erol WOTE xy = aV UTpXE! UTOGUVOAO B 1 Siapépion¢ ero! wore Ta.x,y va aveIKOUV GTO B. YrroAoyioTe th oXEon RK Kal aTravrjoTe elvan aAnés (A: avakhaoTiKA, Z:oUNYETpIKA, M: HeTaBariKA}) Avon R = {(0,0), (0,3), (0.4), (1,1). (2,2).,0), (3,3). 3,4), (4,0), (4,3), (4,4)} dpa R: Erraywyikr} ue80d0¢17 erraywyika (GoKnon) Jewpia TvaKw Kavoviksy S1doma0n deta = det(SDS“) = detD = deta~” = deta)” = (-1)” 0¢: emraywyiké (dioxnon) TOG : Bewpfa TvdKW det" = der( Fa Aupévn aoxijon 1) NO erraywyika 611 KAGE apIBYOs TING akoAoUBiag Fibonacci ye dpTio Selkry \obTaI18 be To dOpo1spa Skwv Twv MponyOULEVW TPos aUTév apiOpiov pe TepITTO DeiKTN, Fy tFy te + Fa = Fm,n 2 1 yin = 1 1oxte Fy = Fe = 1 fg uTé8EoNC: yid.n = k 1 EoTW Or1 IoxvEI: + Frgetyea = Fag OMA. Fy + Fs ++ + Foes = Fag (*) Briua: yd n = k : vB0 1oXUe! n Tpog aTBBeiEN TrpOTA! ++ Foes + Foe = Fog-ty Fy 4+ Poca + Pret = Face YPa = Po Meaérn: MeAerrjote Tig AULEvES aoxroels eraywyrs oth “ZuAAoyr AUEVWV GOKrCEWV' CEA. 15-20. Mederfjore eraywyf} amré Ta avnprny [Mrrouvrouping : Keg. 1 Eicaywyr} [KoAouvigéxng: 1.9, 1.9.1] gan (Liu: 1.1 - 1.4, 4.1 -4.5]19 H Apxt Tou Mepioteptova Mpdracn (mmnNixo-uTrdhortro) ‘Eotw 500 GUvoAa D.R HE TANBIKOUS apIeYoUS [D> [k|. Eotw n ouvdprnon Ff: D> R. loxvel 6m |D| = [Rig +r ylar KaTTOIO TINANKO g, Ka UTOAOHTTO r, Kal OT! UTpXOUV q APIBLO! d;,....d,€D_ TéTO1o1 WoTE va IoXUeI 6T1 fd) = ++ = fld,). Emons 1oxer r24- i avr +0 lid avr=0 Am6d, YrrevO6pion; Eotw n.d ¢ Z., Tore n = qd +r, OTOU 01 YOVadiKOl apIBLO! g Kat r, Efvan To TINAKKo Kat to UTéAorTTO avrioToIxa kat 1oodvran pe g =| % | xat r= n—d| rotwon 21 PE Tle Leet se Te eeP ae larite o r=0. Epapyoys omny Apxi| 10u Nepiorepiova Jf: DR narrek6vion Trou oréAver KAGE Tepiorépl Ce ia QwAKd. Adyw TOU ori Umpxouv Tepisasrepa TOUAIG aTTS PWS || > [R|, 8a UTTaPXOUV KérTOIG TroU Ga: éxouv Thv idia @wAId. Moca? TouhaxioTov [2 ‘], 8A. q +1 av To TAR BOs Tv TrEploTepIby dev Siaipelrar aKpIBid¢ aTT6 To TAABOS Tw WAIDY Fg av Siaipefrat aKpiBirc20 TpéBanua 4 Mia pixpf 16An éxe1 500 KaToiKous. Mpérrer TouAdxiorov 2 KaToIKO! va éxouv yevéOAta TV ida pépa; Tari; D-R D = {500 KéroiKo1} R = {865 nuépes tou xpdvou} f:D>R KaTOIKOS + NHEpa Pe] = 0981-11361 =2 Mp6BAqua 2 Ze Eva GbvoAO ETTd aKEpaiwy MpErTE! var UTApXOUV TOUAGXICTOV duo Trou éxouy To [510 UTéAoITTO av SaipeBowv Ee To £E) D-R D = {o0voho era aKepaiwy} R = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} (Guard uTTOdorTTa ths Siaipeang pe Ei) f:D>R aKépaiog + uTéAorro Pe |= PE 1-112 Av emiAéfoupe n-1 akepaioug amd to auvoko A={1,2,3,...,2n}, OTPOU N BETIKOG aKépAIOG, mipémrel ToUAdXIaTOV évas amr auTOUS vat Eival TrepITTOS, D-R D = {2,4,6,8,...,2n} U {x} (10 GUVOAO TW N apriwy TOU TIEpIEXOVTAI GTO A, U0 GKEpalOG x ) R= {aya dy} (TO GUVOAO Tw N41 akEpaiwy TroU EMAgyovTa!) f:D>R Aptiog fx -+ aKEpaiog Tig ]-PatT="21 ‘Adutes aoxrioeig (Aképaia yépn, MKA, mod,oxéceic) 1) Eotw x mpayyarix6s, arrogaveeire yia thv opBérnra Tw mpordoew = Le Pfr ty 1 = [1+ [oka fo = Fy Le} = Le + Lt 2 2) Tia mpaypaniKkoug x 1oxder | YZ! | = [3/4 | 3) Pid meprtrous axéparoug 1 1ox0e!, || = 4) YroAoyiote avaAuriKd 611 MKA(4131,2431 5) Na uohoyicrobv o1 Trévte TIpWwTOI 6po1 Tw aKohoUBIV an = 15 hon =LEI+0F ben = Lad 6) Yrrohoyrjate ty Tiph mod3 Twv TapaKdTw KWOIKDV apIBLWwY THAEPDVOU, Kal LE Gaon aut my Tu KaTaTaXTE TOUS GE YN a’EouGA SidragN, YTapXOUV TrOAEIG TOU EXOUV TOV [510 KWOIKO mod3 (I0O-UTFOAOITIO! WE TPOS 3). Aypivio 26410 Aiyiva 22970 Aiyio 26910 AkeavdpourtoAn 25510 Auaardida 26220 Augioca 22650 AvdBuaaos 22910 ‘AvBpos 22820 ApdxwBa 22670 Apyos 27510 ApyooroA 26710 ‘Apra 26810 Atahdvin 22330, A@riva - Meipaidg - Trepixwpa 210 7) Aiadérw Sv0 KUTEAAG Lérpnons (EZoUpEC) TrOU HETPOUV 12 KaL 42 yPayLGpIa UANG To KaBéva. ZqTW pia Siadikacia Zoyions 6 ypaLapiwy Caxapn¢ We xerION TwV dL0 auriiv KUTEAAWY HETpRONC. Opis GqTW TG Ba LTTOPOUGA va Cuyiow 12 ypaypApIa rh KAGE GAAO TOAAATIAGGIO Tw 6 yap api, Ue Lovo auTd Ta BUo KUTEAAG GTN DiGBeor} hou. 8) Aiverai n oxéon R = {x—y © R: xy © C}. NOo civar axéan Icoduvapiag Kar éri o1 Tpelg KAGOEIC IoSuvapiag [0], (1), V—1], opiZovrat we [0] = R, [1] = 1+R =R = [0] WoT] = FT +R = R43. shal Kau [A dypo yaaa. ga A.23 Aiaxpiré Ma@nparixa MA@208 Enendoeg 5 Exohf| HMMY Eapivé ef4y, 2020 Alddoxwv A. EAAnvag Mepiexoueva Eicaywyr om Ocwpia Tpagwy-Opiopoi Kopugés, AKuéc, ATTAds ypdipas, Kareu8uvépevor ypdqor. Mivakag yerrévwy Ba®p6¢ KouBou, Basyd¢ ypaqou, IooB4@uI01 ypapor, MApEIS ypago!, Aipepei¢ ypsor Ioopopgiopoi (aTAwv) ypaquiv Zuvexrikoi, Mn GuveKTIKo! ypdgor. ZuveKrikés GuvioTwaEs yptpou ‘Aupves aoxeyaeis (1) “Adutes aoxraeis (4) ‘Aqua xeipaypibv (handshake lemma) MeraBdcels utow evdidueowy Kopugwy - Auvdpers Tou TivaKa yerrovwy ‘Auptves aoxr\aeis (5) “Adures aoxriaeis (7) Apéyo1, Movorrénia, KiKAo1, ypdqos Euler, ypdipoc Hamilton “Adures aoxrias (3) Qewpia Fpagwy-Opiopoi ‘Eotw ypagos G = (VF) Ue dbvoAO KOpU@LWY V = {r,...,¥n} KAI CUVOAO aKaV {(1,¥2),.-.} HE AVTITOIXOUG TANBIKOUG apIBLOUS [J] = n KAI |E, Opicyss Evag ypaqoc Aéyerai aTrAds av dev Exe! Bdyxous oTIG KOpUgEC TOU Kal BEV EXeI TIOAAGTTAES KEG HeTagY KopUgUOV. Opicyds Eotw Aq aTrhdc ypdgos. O TrivaKas yerTovwY Ag © Miya) iva évarg GULPETPIKOS TrivaKag LE GToIXeia 7 0 Bev UTaPXE! aKUA avéUECA CTO KOBO i Kal OTOV KOLBO j aa 1 UTFpXEI Ak AVEYECA GTO KOYBO i Kal GTOV KOLBO j Mapddeypa 1G = (Y= {1,2,3,4), yEelTovwy Ac © Mars = {12,23,13,24}),|V] = 4, || 4. O miivaxag ‘Eotw ToAAaTTAds ypdqos G = (VE) He BUVOAO KOPUGLY I’KaI GUVOAO aKLOV E, He avtictoixous TANeIKOUG apIBLOUs [7 Ka || Oployds O Trivakag yETOvwW Ag © Minar) eival évag UPPETpIKOG TrivaKaS (Ao), = c),,), HE OTOIXEIA24 UTPGpXoUV x aKYES avayJEca GTO KEYBO i KAI GTOV KUBO j Dev UTMGPXE! AKU avUECA GTO KELBO i KAI GTOV KOUBO j (Ao), { («= 2 yia my mepitmwon Bpoyxou) Mapéderypa 2 G = (7 = {1,2,3},£ = {12, 12,23, 13, 13,13), |] = 3, |E| = 6.0 TrivaKag YeITovwv Ao © Ma Ag= wre 23 ol 10 Opicy6s BaB}d¢ K6yBoU ¥ civat To dBpoicpa TwV TrPOOTHTTrOUGWY GE aUTdV aKLDV. © Ba®yds KOUBoU Ue BdyXo opieral va eival 2, EUPB. dest») Opicyss O BaBYEs ypagoU Evés yPagOU G Eival To dBpoloya TwV BaBLDY THY KOLBwv Tou. ZUWB. deg(G) = 0", degcr,). ‘Eotw 1a n-Sidorara Siaviguara ovAANG e = (11... YP Ee R™, ao OT ER™, ec = O01. OF ER™, en, = (00... 1)? ER™, loxbere = De: TX. =3 1 1 i} e=| 1 |Hertertes, mouer=| 0 |,er=| 1 |,es= 1 0 0 1 Emriong 1oxve1 An Az dvs \( 0 ody =eldces=(010)] Aa A Az 0 1 YeviKd (Ac), = e7Ace, Np6raon, ‘Eotw amos ypapos G = (V,E) Me |] = n KOUBous. loxvouv Ta E€F¢ deg(v:) dest) =" a ae _ | deger2) lea(v.) = D(a), = eFAce, deg(G) = e7Age, KAI Age = deatvn) Opicy6s Eva ypapos Aéyerat k 190-BaGyI0¢ (k regular) av o1 BaBLO! Cw TwV KOLBwv Tou ivan foot pe k Neéracn,25 ‘Eotw k 100-BaGyI0¢ ypaqos G = (V,F) He || = n KOUBous, loxdouv Ta effig deg(v,) =k, deg(G) = nk, kat Ace = ke. Apa évag k 190-B48uI0¢ ypéepos éxe1 Tivaka yeITévwy TrOU SéXeraI TO Biavdopa e we 1iodi4vuoyA HE 1O1OTIUF K Arrod. (TrepiAnrTiKd) deg(ri) k 1 doe =} #280) JPR Plgh t lige deg(vn) k 1 Emon deg(v,) = 7,4), deg(G) = Dr, deatv.) = D7 e7Aoe = (Die? dae = eTAce = Dik = nk = eTce = k, Kal Opicpss Maripns ypagos (Complete graph K;,) : Eoww n BerIK6g aKépaios. Evag TINIPNS YPQOG HE n, CULB. K,, Eivar Evag aTASS YPEGOS HEM KOPUGEC 11 ,112,...,4s, HE mrivaka yerrovwy (Av)y = IYI KAGE way, f= {12.0 eT} Opicyiss Aipepric ypapos: EoTw m,n BeriKoi aKépator (Bipartite graph Ky,,). Eas TIAMONS SINEPHS YPAGOS HE (m2), CUB. Kmn, Eival Evas aTTASS YPG@OS YE KOPUGES My Mas Mny RQ VI ¥2,---Voy HE Tivaka yerrveoy 1 ya KBE w,¥), Fe {1,2,....m}py © {1,2,....m} Akad = 4 0 Yi KOBE wu), ie 41,2... mp 0 Via KdBE Vi... i € {1,2,....0} Napaderypa 326 MAipets ypdgor Aluepeic ypagor Ky: l I ks ( ; ) ka ; 1 1 toil 11 Tol 11 Ky 1 1 lot 1 tio 1. tol rid raid Ky 1 Ue ace oe 1 eae cae 11d 11d tol 1rd. toil 1 1 Opioyss Eotw ypagos G(V,£), Kal Eotw Siayépion Tou cuvohou KopUwY V =V.UV2U-U Pm He V; Eva PeTag0 Tous. Av o1 uTMapxoUaES aKLEs Eivar y6vo HETAEL Twv KOpUgwY KAGE GUVOAOU I’, Kai 6X! HETEL KOPUGY ATT SiagopETIKa UTPoGWvoha V7, TTE 0 yYPaOS AZYETAI WN GUVEKTIKOS, LE m GUVEKTIKEG GUVIOTIEEC. O Trivakag yerovwv Efvar LTAOK Siayuoviog BNA. Aq = Ai @A2® - @Ant @Am MEA,27 Tous avticrorxoug Tivakes yerrovwy Twv GuvoAwy F 7} Ka éorw {4,5}, Vs = {6,7}, EXE Napdserypa 4 Eotw yptigos ue Kopugéc ¥ = {1,2,3,4, Vi UV2U V3 pla Siapépion tou V,6rrou V; = {1,2,3}, V2 tpeic cuveKnixéc cuvioTwoES. O TivaKas yelTovwv eiva At Ag =A, @A2 B Aa = Ar orrou A3 Euvexnikés ouviorwoes ypspou G Ioopopgioyoi (aTrhwy) ypdguy ‘Eotw d00 ypagor G = (V = {a,b,c,d},E G! = (V! = (x,y,z,},E), Me TivaKes, yerrovwv o110 lo1l . KOI Ag = 1100 100 cone 0 0 ' gival 1odpopgol, ULB. G = G', av UTTaPXE! Lia aL@IyOvoorPavtTn avmiotoixion peTagy Twv CUVOAWY Tw KOUBWV TOUS P: V+ V. FLX. 0. aKdhou80c mrivaka yerd@eons opiZe! pia réro1a arreiK6vion LeTagU KOLBwv V = {a,be,d} > V’ = {x,y,2,0} ‘Eotw mivakag wera@_ong P = ye PPT = P™P =I, Kal Ca) a e x 1000 b a ’ © oo01 ¢ d z o100 d b w oes28 Tore 01 Tivaxes yerTovw Tw B80 1adpoppWY YPapWY GUVSEOVTAI WE EEC: AG + PAaP" = Ag r oo010\fo 0010 e110 1000 1 1000 bowl 0001 1 1 OO00 |) 2) 1100 0100 1 o JLoi00 0100 Ag > PIAgP = Ae 0010\f0110\fo010 ori 1000 lol 1000 1000 0001 1100 |} ooo01 | | 1001 0100 o100J\o100 lo1o0 Eq'ogov umdpxer Tivakag peraBaons Tou perarpéTe! To TrivaKa yerTOvww TOU evs Ypdpou oro TrivaKa yeITévwv TOU GAAOU YPagoU 01 SLO Pago! Eival BLO! (opiapdc). Auyéves aoxfigeis 1) Eotw ypdgot G = G' pe KopBous 7 = {a,b,e.d) > M = {x,),2,0}, Kat o1it ie omiao avnoroixion KoHBw b+ xa+yd>ze%w Avdg=| 9) |. vo fo) of XEdIaTTE! 0 16poPHOS ypagoS G ‘Avon a o100 a b x b 1000 b a y Pv =P = = = c oo1 © d z d 010 d © w o1it 1010 Aa = o110 o101 PAGP? = Ag r rn) oid 010 o101 1000 1o1o0 100 -| Four [iy oo01 O10 0001 1010 “ et) o101 oo10 100129 ‘Anures aoxrigetc (4) 1) Mécec axes uTrépxouv oF éva 6-106BaGpO ypd@o LE 10 KOuBOUG 2) Pid molec a6 Tig mapaKérw TreprTTTiaEIG UTaPXOUV ypagoI HE TI¢ avtiaToIXES Tipéc BaBpuv Kopugwv Kal TAMBOUG aKLWDV; i) deg(v,) = deg(vs) = deg(vs) = 3, deg( 5,deg(vs) = 0,deg(vs) = 2 li) deg(v1) = deg(vs) = 3, deg(v2) = 6, deg(vs) = 2,deg(vs) = 2,deg(vs) = 2 ili) E] = 12,deg(v2) = 5,deg¢ .deg(s) = 4,degts leg(ve) iv) |B] = 13,deg(v2) = 5,deg(vs) = 5,deg(vs) = 3,deg(vs) = 2,deg(vs) = 5 3) Ekkividvrag arré éva ypago Ky va KaraoKeuaaTel He KaTGAANAN TpoCa@aipean, aKpiav éva véos ypdgos G HE TpEIg auvEKTIKES GUMIOTWOES T.W.. Ao = Ao, ® Aa; @ Aon Kal deg(G) = deg(Ks) = deg(Gi) + deg(Gz) + deg(Gs). YTapXOUV AUGEIG Tou TPOBANYATOS OTFOU O1 G23 Elva ATFAGI H| TOAAATAG! YpdgoI, fh CUVdUAGLSS TrepITTTWGEWV; 4) Eoww R & B x Bn oxéon oto ow. B = {1,2,3,4,5} 1. aVa,b © B TOTe akb aw a+b =GprI0g. NBO 0 ypdqOs Gr TE K eivar Sipepric, va OwBel o TrivaKas Ao,, deg(vi),f = 1,...5, deg(Ge). ‘Af\uua xeipayidv (handshake lemma) Tid Eva aA ypGqo GV.) pe [V7] =n, 10xUEI OT1 DD... dewlv,) = 2B}. Euvérera: To Bpoicpa Twv Baby Owy TwV KoLBWV vos yPagoU Eival dpTIOS APIBLSS, AxpiBEoTepa To d8po1cpa Twv BaeuwV IGoUTa! LE TO SiITAdGIO TOU APIBLOU Twv aKpwY. Epunveia pe rapadeyyar torw G(V,E) MeV] = 6,ue o10010 o1roold oo00000 101010 oo1dl19d 100000 do = o1roldd = ooo0100 5 o1o0000 =Av+An, ool10dll ooooll ool0o00 11LolLo0odo oo00000 110100 oool1od0 oo00000 ooo0100 be ™ Sidorra0n Tou Tivaka yenOvww Of Ag = Av +z, HE Av (upper) Tavw-tprywviKd, Kal Ay (lower)kaTw)-TplywviK6. Tore deg(G) = 14 = eTAce = (Av + Arye = eTAve +e7Axe =7+7 = 2x7 deg(G) = Dj) deavs) aytas+a dos +ayy Haus +a + dai tas tan tan tay tas tas= 14 = E| = 2« Seas cESNE 22 ha icles ee Bains eu eos axa nA.30 Amr6deign Af\paTos AdyeBpixs} ese = DO aytecte= wee) ain -_ Yaw YS wy feunlvetianaey——retunigethan. op DY edgetin+ SY edgeti.i) se(Uaniyetlan mh e(lavetlndis =2 SY edgeti,i) = 6 settangetlnhof DX ees. dom Arai@nrixf}: K6BE aKph aTarTe! arT6 2 KOpBoUS - KAGE xeipalyia arrarte! arr 2 mpdowrra. Zuverteia: To é8po1gya Twv BadyWv Okwy Tw KoLBW Eves YpapoU civan GpTIOg apieuds. AKpiBEoTepa To d@poIya Twv BaBHuLV |GOUTaI Le To SITAGGIO TOU apioyou Tw ok pv. Afiuua To TrAABos To TEPITTOBAB WY KOPUPLY Evés yPARPOU Elva! dprIoG APIBLEs, Arr6deign Af\aTog Ac ovopdooune “éprio" (aprioBaGp10,even degree) Tov KOYBo v, av des(v,) =Apriog APIOLS¢ Kal "TEpITTO" (TrEpITTOB4OUIO,odd degree) Tov KOUBO av deg(v,) =TepITTO¢ apis, rote noxéon Y,..,, dex.) = 2)E, onpatver DY deg.) + Y aegis) = 2FI, é eh 1m 9 nhfBos Sprou BaByOd néyBEL_mY0MhfBox MepNTO PsVOd KBox mA... DX esr) SY degen) a cin am To 806 MEpTTOU BoBpON KOYBe __n-mn To MAB dpreU BaBHOD KNB pn0g aneos, MeraBdceig utow evdrdueowy Kopugiy - Auvapers Tou Trivaka yerrovwy O mivaxag yerrévwv Ac TAnpogopel yid To av 7 Siadpouri/axpi} 176 Kyo v, oT KOUBO v, UTEPXEI LE TO Va. ExEI TO OTOIXEIO TOU Ay = 131 Ay Ain Ao = Dh Dp Asee = An Arm Av 6uws A, = 0, 8a urropotiGE va UTTapXE! Siadpopr amd KUBO v, GTO KOUBO v, péow evdc Tpitou KOUBou, UTFAPXOUV n ~ 2 TérOIO! SIABETIpOU KOLIBOI. Tore Ba GuLBAIve! 6T1 o TV. Aq Eival TETOIOS Wore (4), = 11h (47), > 1. Zuykexpipéva, (42), =D" Ady = #1CBPOPWDY ATT KOUBO ¥, GTO KOHBO v, UE 2 BRYATA, Kau yeviKoTepa =D, Dh Adal, = MaSpopwby arr KopBo v, oro KOYBO v, pe 3 BrpaTa Grou #51adpoptnv: To TANBOg Tw diaBpopwv O1 Biadpopés auréc prropouv va Siépxovrai WOAAEs popes amd Tov i510 EvS1aseoo KOUBO, A evdiG ETN aK Ew va KaTAAAEOU CTOV TEAIKG KOUBO TNS DlaBpoptic. (BA. ‘Aupevn ax. 4) Aupéves aoxfjaeig 1) Eotw ypagor G = G' pe KopBous 1” = {a,,e,d) > = {x,),2,0}, Ka olit avriotoixion KOUBwv b + x,a + y,d > 6 > w. AVAg = 5 ' ; . va o1o01 OXEDiacte: 0 1a6yoppOS ypapOS Gi Aton a 0100 a b x pep) > [a] 1200 » |_| a |_] » c 0001 c d z d 0010 d ¢ w 1 OLOGW 7Onon 10 1000} | 1011 10 ooo1 | | 1010 o1 oo10 100132 2) Av 10 dropa éxavav xeipayia peragu Tous Té9E¢ xEIpayies ouvéBnoaV. ‘Aton BA. KaGE ak arrarrel amd 2 KoUBoUS = KAGE XeIpayia aTaiTel aT 2 GroyaL H apxikt epdtnan icoduvapel ye Thy Epustnon; WéaEG aKLEG UTTaPXOUV TOV yPEGpO Kio. KAGE dropo Kavel XeIpaipia Le 9 4AAa droya, dpa éxXe1 BaBHS 9, dpa To GVOkO Tw Babyy Tw KOUBLv(aTopWN) IGoUTAI HE 9 x 10 = 90. EmEidh DO, .,, des(vs) = 2k, Tore 90 = 2\E), dpa |E| = 45 xeipawiec. 3) Eivai Suvarév Ka®évac ané éva GUvoho 5 avOpuTTwV val Eival giAos WE aKPIBWIG 2 @hAouc, 51a EpTAN yia aKpIBWWE 3 giAouc, Aton 2 gidouc: NAI: toTro8ertvtac Ta 5 Gropa atig KOpUgES TTX TrEVTaYUoVOU AUVETAI TO TPOBANLA 3 gidouc; OXI: auté 6a ofpatve 3 x HEI 4) Noo yia Tov TrapaKdrw ypégo UTpxoU 6 diadpopéc 3 BnydTww (tur}KoUS 3) avépeca oTo KOpBo 1 Kat Tov K6pBO 2. ‘Avon Yironoyifw tov mv. 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Na dwBE! o avriarorxXog Trivakac yeirovwv, https: www. geeksforgeeks. org/eulerian-path-and-circuit! 5) Eatw ypdwos G = (V,£) Ue GUVOAO KoUBuv V = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}. O1 KOYBOI # Kat j uvdtovari pe akyr aw |i je {0,1} mod3. Exel 0 ypdgoc Hovorrém Euler, KKAWHO Euler kat yiarl, Av oxi Tore Tpoteivere pia ehdxiotn TpoTroTPOInan (TX. agaipecn EAGXIOTOU APIBUOU aKyLaV) WoTE TO ypaqoS va aTTOKTHGE! TO AvTioTOIXO povorrdti/kkAwyia Euler. http://math. stackexchange. com/questions/772596/does-g-have-an-euler-circuit?rq=1 6) i) Xapaxmpiore axpiBisc to eid0¢ auTOU To ypawou 8 KOUBww. Mrropei va éxer KoKAwpa Euler? 000-0 Ill 000-0 ii) Mrropei Eva TrAfipn¢ ypsepos 100 KoyBw va éxer KUKAWYO Euler?35 http://math. stackexchange.com/questions/6069311/which-of-the-following-graphs-has-an 7) Eotw ypdgos G = (V’,£) Ue obvoAo KouBwv 1’ = {2,3,4,5, 6,7}. O1 KOUBO! i Kal / uvdEovTat He aK AW i «7 =dpTiog. "Exel © ypAmpOS KUKAWLa Euler Kat yiart http://math. stackexchange.com/questions/65476 1/check-if-a-graph-is-eulerian?rq-1 Apéyio1, Movorréria, KiKAOI, yptigos Euler, yptigog Hamilton H apxfl tng Sewpiag ypaqwy 1735 - Ta vo GepeAwOn Sewpnpyara Kat To Afppa Twv xeipatpinv Ope. Ze Eva ypdgo G, pa TeTepacpEvn akoAoUBia evaAAGE KOPUGLDY KAI aKLIDY TOU G Trou apyivel kat TeAeI@VEI GE KOPUGP] Ka TOU KAGE AKL TrOU THEpIEXETaI OTHY aKOAOUBia TPOOTTITTTE! ‘omny Kopugr Trou Tponyeirar kai oe auTiiv Trou émrerat, Aéyerai Bpopog (walk) ato G. Ope. Av ot évav Spopo voc ypacpou KARE aK TOU SpopioU cypavicerar HOVO io opa, 0 Spspiog Aéyerat povorramn (trail) Ope. Evag dpopio¢ orov orroio KaBe KopUGP} Kal KABE AKA TOU ELpavigovTar aK pris pia pop, Aéyerar ‘ATTAd povorrén (path), Exfpa 1 (Zmv cigodo Tou Aivk www. wolframalpha. com ypi(u: a->b ard a->e bod b->c coddee ) iypora 1 (BA. x. 1)36 H axohousia c(c,d}d{d,b)b{b,a}a{a,d)d{d,byb eivan Bpopos, H akodouGia d{d,b}b{b,a}a{a,d}d{d,e}e eivat povorran, H aKohouBia a{a,b}b{b,che{c,d}d{d.e}e eivai amrh6 povorrén. Ope. Evas Spspos pe apyti Kat TEAS TV id1a KOpUGP}, AEyETaI KAEIOTOS BPSHOS, GAAS AEyeTaL avorKTés. Ope. Evas dpdyioc trou eivat KAeiord povorrdni Aéyerai KUKAOS (cycle). Evag Spopoc Trou eival aTTAS KAEIoTS hovorrdn Avera aTTA6g KUKAaS (simple cycle) Mapasefypara 2 (BA. Ex. 1) 0 dpdu0c ee, b}b{b,d} Elvan avorxrds Spopos, O Spopog cfc,b}b{b,d}d{d,a}a{a,byb{b,c} Eival KAITOS BPOLOS O dpopog c{c,b}b{b,d}dX{d,c}c Eival KOKA Ope. Evas KUkAos Tou TEpvd aKpIBiAG juIa Popa aTTS KAGE AKI EvEs ypa~oU G (xwpig arrapaimnra va Tepvd aKpIBUS pia pond Ka1 aITS KdGE KOpUGH) OvOLZETOL KUKAog Euler. Evac ypdqpos trou Xe! KUKAO Euler ovoydcerai ypaqpos Euler. Arrodeikwera oni Evas ypdqos Exe1 KUKAO Euler av Odes 01 KOpUGES EXOUV dpTIO BABLO. Ope. Evas KUKAOG TOU Tre Va AKPIBUIG LA POPS aTTd KBE KOPUGH Evdg yPsgoU G (xwpl¢ arrapaitnra va Trepvd Kal ard OAES Tig aKUEC) OVOUGZETAI KUKAOS Hamilton. ‘Eva ypéipog trou éxel KUKAo Hamilton ovoyderat ypéepos Hamilton. 1}—{3] a 3 t =x.2a 2.28 Exfhua 2 (mv cigodo tou AvK www. wolframalpha. com ypagu plot 1->22>3 3-24 4>1 123 204 155 205 456 356 plot 1->22>3 324 4>1 153204 ) Ope. O apieyds Twv aKyWv evds ypd@ou Trou Eu@paviovral Ge Evav BpdpO TOU ypdcpou, Aéyeral prKog "p" Tou Spopov.37 Napadeiypara 3 (BA. Ex. 1.2) %X.2a ypdgog Euler. £x.28 ypdog Hamilton BA. Ex. 1 MiKos SpOpOU c{c,d}d{d,b}b{b,a}a{a,dyd{d,b}b, je = 5 Miikog Hovorratiow d{d,b}b{b,a}a{a,dpdd.e}e, w= 4 MiKog ammo povorratiol a{a,b}b{b,c}e{e,d}d{d,e}e, w= 4 ‘Adures aoxreig (3) 1) Tia tov ypago Tou oxruaTos va TPODBIopIoTOUY o1 BaBLO! Tw KopUgLaV, O BaGyds Tou ypdqpou, 0 Tivakag Twv yEITévwwy, 5téopa ovoTTaria Euler H/kai Hamilton kal Ta. pK TOUS av UTTaPXoUY, 2)i) Na Tpocdiopiatei o TvaKas yerrovww, Kat il) BaBLSS TOU ypsqoU TrOU Tpoadiopigerai a6 my evronn, GraphPlot{{1 > 2, 1 > 4,2->4,3->4,3->2,3->5, 5 > 1}, VertexLabeling -> True] Om cig050 TOU AVK www. wolframalpha.com, Kal va aTravinéei av auTés 0 Ypsp9¢ Eiva 1CoBGBLIOG (regular). Av 6x ii) var yiver KaTaAANAN UeTaTpOTH TOU WOTE va Vive! ICOBAB}IOG Ka iv) va exepaorei aurr Tou n BiSTNTa 1oBaBpias ye TH LOPE] TPOBAFLATOG BIOTIN, 3) Me Xprion Tou www.wolframalpha.com Vd OTFEIKOVIOTOUY o1 SiadpopEs, povorrdnia KTA, Tw Napodeiyyarwy 1,2,3 Taparavw, ue xprion me evroarig GraphPlot{{i > j, ..} VertexLabeling -> True]. BiBhioypagia =. Zayos, A. Mayouprés{c, A. ZouAiou, "Ocuediwon Emorjuns Yrrokoyiorv", BiBM08rKN KGAAITTOG, ww.kallipos.gr38 Avaxpité Ma@nparixd Enerwoeig 4 Exohf HMMY Eapvé ef4y, 2020 Arddoxwy A. EAAnvag Mepiexoueva me Bray mp opeves Gano H Apxt Tou Mepiotepiwva: Egappoyés me Apxf tou Mepicrepwva ApiGuntixéc ouvaprriceic: Zuv. dvw akepaiou yépouc, Luv. kétw aKepaiou yEpoUS, Euv. kAagparikoW UEpous Baonkés apxés amrapi@pmans: ApxA a@poicpatos - MohAaTThaciaoTiKs apXA Aiwvupikds ouvteheorc Taurérnra Tou Tpiytivou NaoKan Zuvduaori«sy; Mera@taelc, Alarageig, EuvoUAspOK, pe Kai Xwpic eravaArWEIS Am76 To Wovdypappio cuvTEAcoTh (xtpIc EmravGAnyn) OToV SiTTh6ypayyo uvtEAEoTH (ue enavaanyn) a ST eIYHOTO - AULEVN] GOKNOT) ‘Adutes doKnoeig Erraywyr} Ja Derxrel erraywyikd O11 via KBE BETIKO AKEpAIO n > 4 1OXUEI OT! > 2” ia P(n) nl A2", N24 P(4) sab = 2x3x4 = 24> 2*= 16, PC): KL > 28 & OT 1oXUEI P(k+1) : (k+ 1)! > XY Ga Bei w O11 XUEL (k+ 1! = M+ 1) > 20g 1) > 24 1) = 2x2 = 24 2)NOon? <2", n EN n> Avon P(n) sn? <2" P(n = 5) 1oxel | 5? < 28 @ 25 < 32 P(n = k) emraywyik6 Bra: goTw NOo Pn = k + 1) 10xvEr: (kt 1? <4 2k+ Le (k+ 1)? < 24 42k + Let (k+l)? < 2k +28 (key? <2 \oxvel +1 < 2 toxver yd k > 539 24224234244. 42h = 22 Tidn = k+1 24224294244. 42h 4 2H = (24274294244, 42k 42h! = 21-2] 4.241 H Apxt Tou Mepiateptova Mpéraan (TmAiko-uTréhontro) ‘Eotw 500 GUvoAaD.R He TANBIKOUS apIeYOUS DI > [Ri Eotw n cuvapmon f: D> R. loxdei 6m |D| = IRlg +r via KérTOIO TINAiKO g, Kat umtéiortto r, Kal 671 UTEPXOUV 4 APIBYOI di,...,dy € D TETOIO! Wore va 1oxvE! 6m Adi) = --- = fide). loxuer pay q+l avre0 Rel 4g) avr=0 Amr6d, Yirevyon; ‘Eotw nd © Z., rére fr = qr}, 6TOu 01 wovadikol aKépaior Kal 7, Eival TO TIANKo Kal To uTPékomTTo avrioroixa woxte [71 = Lg] = 4. [8,21 = 9, [8,2] =8 nga t dig =lqJ=qapag=| 4% | kai r=n-ad|% | AAG 5 Npaypon [2] = f 42 r=0. Ve [ata stale lo a+ Poe eat iig ov Egapyoyt| omy Apxs} rou Nepiotepiova ‘Uvoho D=Trepiorépia EUvOAO R= QuAléG f: DR namerdvion tou otéAve! Kae TepioTép! GE pia pWAIG. Adyw Tou on UTapxouv TepIGasrEpa TOUAIG aTTS PwAlés || > [R|, 8a UTTaPXOUV KérTOIG TOU Ba Exouv TV [dia pwAld, M600? Touraxiotov [ 2], BA. g +1 av To TIANBos THY40 Trepiorepuby dev diaipeirar aKpIBwWs amr6 To TArBOs Tw GWAKDY Fg av DiaipEiTaL axpiBinc, TpéBAnua 4 Mia pixpf 16An éxe1 500 KaToiKous. Mpérre1 TouAdxiorov 2 KaToIKO! va éxouv yevéOAta TV ida pEpa; Mari; D-R D = {500 KéroiKo1} R = {865 nuépes tou xpdvou} f:D>+R KaTOIKOG = NHEpa [eR ]= [81-1361 =2 Mp6BAqua 2 Ze Eva GbvoAo eTTd aKEpaiwy MpérTE! var UTdpXoUV TOUAGXIGTOV duo Trou éxouy To {510 UTSAoITTO av SaipeBowv LE TO £6) D-R D = {abvoho end akepaiwv) R = {0,1,2,3,4,5} (Guvard uTPddora tng Biaipeans pe €&)) f: DR aképaiog + uTédormo Pe] fE 1-1 ter=241 Tp6BAnya 3 Av emAé€oupe n+-1 akepaious amd to cuvoko A=(1,2,3,...,2n}, STOU N BerIKES AKEpAIOG, Tipémel TouAdx\oTov évac amr6 auTOUS var Eivar TrepITTOG, D-R D = {2,4,6,8,...,2n} U {x} (10 GUVOAO Tw n apTiwy Trou TrEPIEXoVTAI GTO A, Uo aKépalos x ) R = {a1,42,45,...,dm} (TO GUVORO TW N+1 AKEpAiWy Trou EMIAEYOVTA!) f:D>R GpTIoG fh x > aKEPAIOG fe ]-Tad=1 Api®unrixés cuvaprigelc Zuvapmon dvw axepaiou wépous, Zuvéprnon KaTw akepaiou pépous, Euvapmnon KAagyariKow ueEpoUG Opo. Lx] = maxim ¢ Zim < x} [x] = minfn © Zin > x} xh =x-La] TX. [3.65] = 3.73.65] = 4 Tpagikés mapaordceig y Karu axépaiog ap®y. Av axépaiog ap8p Kragpanikés app. Floor Fun Ceiling Fun Frac Fun x Lx] = floor(x) xo fx] = ceils) x {x} = x=Lx] = facta) x-lemsxsncxe+l x-1<[bxy] U...UEY .E4, TOTE 0 TANGIKSS apIBHES TIS Bo] +--+ + [Eel Napaderypa Aivovrat o1 api6yoi © = {1,2,3,...,22}. Kata Tdd0ug SuvaTovs TpSTPOUS [uTTOpE! va. emiAeyei Evag api®yiog ard to © Trou Eival TOAAGTIAGGIOG elral TOU 3 éfrai TOU 8, TIPOKEILEVOU va KaTAOKEUGOTE! Eva GUVOAO E TOU TOUG TIEDIEXE! WE TOIXEIG, Aton Exnparigw ta ouvoka pe ororxeia “ou civat ToAAaTAAGaIa Tou 3" E, = (3,6,9,12,15, 18,21} [le [Ea] = 7, Kau évar SeUtEpo GuvoAO [le oTOIXeia “Trou eival TroAAaTrAdaia Tou 8" E> = {8, 16} 1 [E>| = 2. Tére |B] = |E1| + |E2| = 7+2 = 9. loxver Ei UE2|={ } Apxt) Fivopévou 1n diaruTwoN "pe diapépion” ‘Eorw k @uaiK6s apIOLSs Kal J TO GUVOAO OAw Tw Sia@opETIKLY k-4BWV (12.--¥4), OTOU My © Ey... Xk © Ex Kal Ta £, eivar Oda TreTeepaopeva Eéva GUvOAG. 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