Unit 2

UNIT-II
3G AND 4G CELLULAR NETWORKS
Migration to 3G Networks – IMT 2000 and UMTS – UMTS

Architecture – User Equipment –Radio Network Subsystem –
UTRAN – Node B – RNC functions – USIM – Protocol Stack –
CS and PS Domains – IMS Architecture – Handover – 3.5G and
3.9G a brief discussion –4G LAN and Cellular Networks – LTE –
Control Plane – NAS and RRC – User Plane –PDCP, RLC and
MAC – WiMax IEEE 802.16d/e – WiMax Internetworking with
3GPP
IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

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NE7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1.1
Migration to 3G Networks
Why 3G?
• Existing mobile networks (GSM/CDMA) were designed to
handle voice traffic and voice-oriented services.
• Then, when they were introduced into the market it turned
out that, other than voice-oriented, additional services
(SMS to set an example) gained unexpected popularity.
• The need for data transmission through mobile networks
has been growing gradually together with Internet
popularity.
• Therefore some network upgrades had to be introduced
into existing mobile networks (HSCSD, GPRS).
• However, these improvements provide only limited
capability (e.g. GPRS - up to 50kbit/s in reality). They
don't provide flexible, variable data speed, supporting
Quality of Service solutions.
2
3G Vision
Some 3G advantages :
 - Multimedia (voice, data & video) exchanging .
 -Increased data rates
 -384 Kbps while moving
 -2 Mbps when stationary at specific
 Locations
 - Universal global roaming
 Multilevel data rates which gives multi-purpose
networking .
 Many different applications .
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First Generation
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
– US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
– 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands
– TIA-553
– Still widely used in US and many parts of the world
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
– Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
– Launched 1981; now largely retired
– 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
– British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
– Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

4
Second Generation — 2G
• Digital systems
• Leverage technology to increase capacity
– Speech compression; digital signal processing
• Utilize/extend ―Intelligent Network‖ concepts
• Improve fraud prevention
• Add new services
• There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
– IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
– iDEN
– DECT and PHS
– IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
– GSM

5
Migration to 3G Networks
Data Rates
2 Mbps
1 Mbps 3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps)
100 Kbps
2.5G
(10-150Kbps)
10 Kbps
2G
(9.6Kbps)
1 Kbps
1G
(<1Kbps)
1980 1990 Years 2000 2010

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Migration To 3G

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Cellular networks: From 1G to 3G
• 1G: First generation wireless cellular: Early 1980s
– Analog transmission, primarily speech: AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Systems) and others
• 2G: Second generation wireless cellular: Late 1980s
– Digital transmission
– Primarily speech and low bit-rate data (9.6 Kbps)
– High-tier: GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), etc
– Low-tier (PCS): Low-cost, low-power, low-mobility e.g. PACS
• 2.5G: 2G evolved to medium rate (< 100kbps) data
• 3G: future Broadband multimedia
– 144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage
– 2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage
• Beyond 3G: research in 4G

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IMT 2000
What is IMT 2000?
• IMT-2000 is 3G
• 3G is a term coined by the global cellular community to indicate
the next generation of mobile service capabilities, e.g., higher
capacity and enhanced network functionalities, which allow
advanced services and applications, including multimedia.
• IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is
the ITU globally coordinated definition of 3G covering key
issues such as frequency spectrum use and technical standards .
• Multiple radio technology options have been included in the
IMT-2000 standard to allow seamless service evolution from the
various 2G mobile standards that are extensively deployed
around the world.

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IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces
Recommendation ITU-R M.1457:
Detailed Specifications of the Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000
Paired Unpaired spectrum

spectrum
IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

W-CDMA (UTRAN cdma2000 UTRAN TDD UWC-136 DECT
FDD) TD-SCDMA (EDGE)
Direct Multi Time Single Frequency
Spread Carrier Code Carrier Time
CDMA TDMA
FDMA
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IMT-2000 is much more
IMT-2000 systems are expected to provide support for :
- high transmission data rates for indoor and outdoor operations
- symmetrical and asymmetrical data transmission
- circuit-switched and packet-switched services, such as Internet
Protocol (IP) traffic and real-time video
- voice quality comparable to wire-line quality
- greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency
- several simultaneous services to end-users and terminals, for
multimedia services
- global, i.e. international, roaming between different operational
environments
- economies of scale through open global standards to meet the needs
of the mass market.

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UMTS
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
• Data rates of UMTS are:
– 144 kbps for rural
– 384 kbps for urban outdoor
– 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

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UMTS Frequency Spectrum
• UMTS Band
– 1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for 3G
transmission
– In the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz
will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was
already used.

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UMTS Architecture
A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains;

1. Core Network (CN),
2. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and
3. User Equipment (UE).
The main function of the core network is to provide switching,
routing and transit for user traffic. Core network also contains
the databases and network management functions.
The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM
network with GPRS. All equipment has to be modified for UMTS
operation and services. The UTRAN provides the air interface
access method for User Equipment. Base Station is referred as
Node-B and control equipment for Node-B's is called Radio
Network Controller (RNC). UMTS system page has an example,
how UMTS network could be build.
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1.Core Network (CN)
The main function of the core network is to provide
switching, routing and transit for user traffic. Core network
also contains the databases and network management
functions.
2. UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN):
Provides the air interface access method for user equipment
3. User Equipment (UE):
Terminals work as air interface counterpart for base
stations. The various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI,
TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV

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UMTS - Architecture

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UMTS – Architecture
• MS -Mobile Station
USIM – UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
• UTRAN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
- RNS - Radio Network Subsystem
RNC - Radio Network Controller
Node B - Base station
• Network node
UMSC - UMTS Mobile Switching Center
Registers
• GMSC- Gateway Services Switching Center

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UMTS – frequency spectrum
• Up/Downlink Frequency
Uplink: 1920 - 1980MHz
Downlink: 2110 - 2170MHz
• Own sub band for satellite service:
Uplink: 1980 MHz to 2010 MHz
Downlink: 2170 MHz to 2200 MHz

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UMTS - Advantages
• Broad offer of services

• Speed, variety and user-friendliness of
a service significantly improved compared with GSM.
• Only bearer services are standardized
• Actual application is called teleservice

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UMTS - teleservices
• Teleservice created individually by a

• service provider using bearer services.
• Only 4 teleservices standardized:
• Speech
• Fax
• SMS
• Emergency call

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UMTS - Applications
• Fast Internet / Intranet

• Streaming / Download (Video, Audio)
• Videoconferences
• Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail
• Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce)
• Location Based Services
• Mobile Entertainment (Games,…)

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User Equipment
• The UMTS standard does not restrict the functionality of
the User Equipment in any way. Terminals work as an air
interface counter part for Node-B and have many different
types of identities. Most of these UMTS identity types are
taken directly from GSM specifications.
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
• Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-
TMSI)
• Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI)

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User Equipment(con…)
• Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN)
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
• International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and
Software Number (IMEISV)

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User Equipment
The user equipment is sub-divided into:
• Mobile Equipment Domain (ME): Performs radio
transmission and contains applications. It consists of:
– Mobile termination (MT): Radio transmission and related
functions.
– Terminal Equipment (TE): Contains end-to-end
applications.
• User Identity Module Domain (USIM): Contains data and
procedures which unambiguously and securely identify itself.

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User Equipment
MT
USIM
TE ME
UE

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Radio Network Subsystem
• Every Radio Network Subsystem is managed by Radio
Network Controller (RNC)
Key RNSAP Functions:
• Radio Link
• Management (between SRNC and DRNC)
• Reconfiguration (between SRNC and DRNC)
• Supervision (reports from DRNC to SRNC)
• Common Control Channel (CCCH) Signalling Transfer
• Paging
• Relocation Execution

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UTRAN
UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) is the

radio access network in UMTS.
UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems (RNS)
connected to Core Network.
RNS
RNC RNC
Node B Node B

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– A RNS consists of the Radio Network Controller (RNC)
and one or more Node Bs. Each RNS is responsible for the
resources of its set of cells.
– RNC is responsible for the handover decisions that
require signalling to the UE. It is equivalent to BSC in
GSM network.
– Node B is responsible for radio transmission/reception in
one or more cells to/from UE. It is equivalent to BTS in
GSM network.

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UTRAN architecture
RNS RNC: Radio Network Controller
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
UE1 Node B Iub Iu
RNC CN
UE2
Node B UTRAN comprises several RNSs
UE3
Node B can support FDD or TDD or
both
Iur
Node B
Iub RNC is responsible for handover
Node B decisions requiring signaling to the
RNC
UE
Node B
Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNS

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Node B

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RNC functions
• The functions of RNC are:

Radio Resource Control
Admission Control
Channel Allocation
Power Control Settings
Handover Control
Macro Diversity
Ciphering
Segmentation / Reassembly
Broadcast Signalling
Open Loop Power Control

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USIM Protocol Stack
• A Universal Subscriber Identity Module is an application
for UMTS mobile telephony running on a UICC (Universal
Integrated Circuit Card ) smart card which is inserted in a 3G
mobile phone.
• There is a common misconception to call the UICC card itself
a USIM, but the USIM is merely a logical entity on the
physical card.
• It stores user subscriber information, authentication

information and provides storage space for text messages and
phone book contacts. The phone book on a UICC has been
greatly enhanced.
• For authentication purposes, the USIM stores a long-term

preshared secret key K, which is shared with the
Authentication Center (AuC) in the network.

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• The USIM also verifies a sequence number that must be within
a range using a window mechanism to avoid replay attacks,
and is in charge of generating the session keys CK and IK to
be used in the confidentiality and integrity algorithms of the
KASUMI block cipher in UMTS.

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Circuit switched (CS) domain
• The CS domain comprises all network functionality

for provision of bearer and teleservices in a circuit
orientated manner, meaning the control protocols
(e.g. call handling) are based on circuit switched
control protocols

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Packet switched(PS) domain
• the PS domain comprises all network functionality

for provision of bearers in a packet orientated
manner, meaning the control protocols (e.g. call
handling) are based on packet switched control
protocols

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IMS
• IMS is an architecture, it is not a protocol.
• Open-systems architecture that supports a range of IP-

based services over both Private and Carrier networks,
employing both wireless and fixed access technologies.
• IMS is defined by 3GPP.

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Basic Principles
• Access Independence
• Different Network Architectures
• Terminal and user mobility
• Extensive IP-based services

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IMS Building Blocks
1. An all-IP Core Network (CN)

2. An all-IP Radio Access network (RAN)
3. Multimedia call control based on SIP
4. Quality of Service (QoS) support for IP

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IMS Architecture
Application Layer
SIP / OSA / CAMEL
AS AS
Control Layer
Management
MRF
SIP, IP
HSS
CSCF Provisioning
SG/MGCF
Charging
Connectivity & Access Layer MGW
IP/MPLS PSTN/PLMN
GERAN, UTRAN, WLAN, xDSL,...

Number
Mapping

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HSS: Home Subscriber Server
IMS Architecture
CSCF: Call Session Control
Function:
S-CSCF: Serving CSCF
SGW
I-CSCF: Interrogating CSCF Applicatio Operator 1
Operator 2 Multimed
ns and ia IP
P-CSCF: Proxy CSCF Services HSS CSCF BGCF Networks
BGCF: Breakout Gateway IM-SSF
Control Function BGCF CS

OSA-SCS
Domain
MGCF: Media Gateway CSCF
MGCF MG - or -
Control Function W PSTN
AS - or -
SGW
AS: Application Server Legacy
SCP MRFC MRFP - or -
SCP: Service Control Point External
GGSN
MGW: Media Gateway Mobile Alternati
ve
MRFC: Multimedia Resource GERAN Access
UE
Function Controller SGSN Network
UTRAN
MRFP: Multimedia Resource

Function Processor IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/
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Vertical vs. Horizontal Architecture
Service 3
Service 2
Service 1
Service 3
Service 2
Service 1
Common functions
Routing
Network Network
Terminal logic Terminal Terminal logic Terminal
Replicated - not reusable Replication of common functions
Application logic
Common functions
Routing

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Who needs IMS?
Fixed Network Users want
• Multimedia Conferencing
• Voice over IP
• Streaming Services
Mobile Network Users want

• Push-to-X
• Location Based Services
• Mobile Gaming

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Network Providers want
• Fixed Mobile Convergence

• One service - one implementation for all access
types
• New Business Models

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Problems and open issues
• Architecture complexity.
• Guarantees of QoS.
• IETF and 3GPP standardisation co-operation.
• SIP and IMS architecture are not mature enough to guarantee
fully functioning network.
• Terminal complexity.

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There is still work to be done....
• The current work in 3GPP is still unfinished and the discussion

with IETF has just been started.
• The specification work still continue now.

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Handover
• Handover basically means changing the point of connection

while communicating.
• Old Concept
• Whenever Mobile Station is connected to 1 BaseStation and
there is a need to change to anotherBase Station, it is known as
HANDOVER.

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New Concept
• When mobile station switches from one set of radio resources
to another set, HANDOVER is said to have taken place. Radio
resources Radio resources Set I Set II HANDOVER

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HANDOFF DECISIONS
• There are numerous methods for performing handoff.

From the decision process point of view, one can find at
least three different kinds of handoff decisions.
• Network-Controlled Handoff
• Mobile-Assisted Handoff
• Mobile-Controlled Handoff

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Network-Controlled Handoff:
• In a network-controlled handoff protocol, the network makes
a handoff decision based on the measurements of the MSs at
a number of BSs.
• In general, the handoff process takes 100–200 ms.
• Network-controlled handoff is used in first-generation analog
systems such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System),
TACS(Total Access Communication System), and NMT
(Nordic Mobile Telephone).

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Mobile-Assisted Handoff
• In a mobile-assisted handoff process, the MS makes
measurements and the network makes the decision.
• In the circuit-switched GSM (global system mobile), the
BS controller (BSC) is in charge of the radio interface
management. This mainly means allocation and release of
radio channels and handoff management.
• The handoff time between handoff decision and execution
in a circuit- switched GSM is approximately 1 second.

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Mobile-Controlled Handoff
• In mobile-controlled handoff, each MS is completely in

control of the handoff process.
• This type of handoff has a short reaction time (in the order
of 0.1 second).
• MS measures the signal strengths from surrounding BSs
and interference levels on all channels.
• A handoff can be initiated if the signal strength of the
serving BS is lower than that of another BS by a certain
threshold.

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TYPES OF HANDOVER
• HARD HANDOVER
• SOFT HANDOVER
• HORIZONTAL HANDOVER
• VERTICAL HANDOVER

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HARD HANDOVER
―BREAK BEFORE MAKE‖•

• Old connection is broken before a new connection is
activated
• Primarily used in FDMA and TDMA systems (e.g. GSM)
• Different frequency ranges used in adjacent cells to
minimize the interference

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Mechanism of Hard Handover
• The base station BS1 on one cell site hands off the mobile
station(MS)’s callto another cell BS2.
• The link to the prior base station, BS1 is terminated before
the user istransferred to the new cell’s base station, BS2.
The MS is linked to no morethan one BS at any given time.

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CHARACTERISTICS
• A Hard handover is relatively cheaper and easier to
implement in comparison to other types of Handover.
• It is primarily used in FDMA (frequency division multiple
access) and TDMA (time division multiple access), where
different frequency ranges are used in adjacent channels in
order to minimize channel interference.
• It is simpler as phones hardware does not need to be
capable of receiving two or more channels in parallel.

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INTER-CELL AND INTRA-CELL HANDOVER
• The inter-cell handover switches a call in progressfrom one

cell to another cell, and the intra-cellhandover switches a
call in progress from one physicalchannel of a cell to
another physical channel of thesame cell.

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SOFT HANDOVER
―MAKE BEFORE BREAK‖

• New connection is activated before the old is broken
• Used in UMTS to improve the signal quality •
• Uplink and downlink signals may be combined for better
signal
• A mobile may in UMTS spend a large part of the
connection time in soft handover
• Better connection reliability•
• More seamless handover.

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MECHANISM OF SOFT HANDOVER

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• The call is first connected to the new base station BS2 and
then it is dropped by the previous base station BS1.
• The call will be established only when a reliable
connection to the target cell is obtained. The MS is linked
to two BS for a brief interval of time. Thus soft handover
involves connection to more than one cell.

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CHARACTERISTICS
• It offers more reliable access continuity in network

connection and less chances of a call termination during
switching of base stations in comparison to a Hard handoff.
• It is commonly used in CDMA (Code-division multiple
access) systems that enables the overlapping of the repeater
coverage zones, so that every cell phone set is always well
within range of at least one of the base stations.
• Technical implementation of a Soft handoff is more
expensive and complex in comparison to a Hard handoff.
• It is used in sensitive communication services such as
videoconferencing.

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SOFTER HANDOVER
• Softer handover is the situation where one base station

receives two user signals from two adjacent sectors it
serves.
• In the case of softer handover the base station receives 2
separated signals through multi-path propagation.
• Due to reflections on buildings or natural barriers the
signal sent from the mobile stations reaches the base
station from two different sectors.

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HORIZONTAL HANDOVER
Horizontal handover is when a mobile terminal changes its
point of connection within the same type of network
• E.g. from a cell to another in GSM
• E.g. from an access point to another in WiFi•
Reasons for handover
• Worse signal quality or loss of signal
• Traffic load balancing
• Cost

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VERTICAL HANDOVER
• Vertical handover or vertical handoff refers to a network

node changing the type of connectivity it uses to access a
supporting infrastructure, usually to support node
mobility
• Vertical handovers refer to the automatic fall over from
one technology to another in order to maintain
communication.

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CAPABILITIES OF VERTICAL HANDOVER AS
COMPARED TO HORIZONTAL HANDOVER
• Usage of different access technologies
• Usage of multiple network interfaces
• Usage of multiple IP addresses
• Usage of multiple (changeable) QoS parameters
• Usage of multiple network connections (multi-homing
features)

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HANDOFF FAILURES
• Because frequencies cannot be reused in adjacent cells,

when a user moves from one cell to another, a new
frequency must be allocated for the call.
• If a user moves into a cell when all available channels are
in use, the user’s call must be terminated.
• Problem of signal interference where adjacent cells
overpower each other resulting in receiver desensitization
is also there.

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3.5G
(HSDPA)High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Why HSDPA?
• Increasing bit rates in downlink.
• Reducing delay ‖TTI‖.
• Efficient users scheduling.
• Simultaneaous single carrier support for UMTS and R5

HSDPA

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Why HSDPA?
 Comparison Between 3G & 3.5G.
Data Rate ( 2Mbps -----> 10 Mbps)
Modulation ( QPSK -----> QPSK&16QAM)
TTI( 10ms ----> 2ms )

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How HSDPA  HSDPA Features
• Decreasing delay due to transmission errors
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
H-ARQ Schemes
• Chase combining
• Incremental Redundancy

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Chase Combining
Data Block
Combine Accept
Data Block
Retransmissions
Block
• Coding is applied to transmission packets

• Soft combining of original and retransmitted signals is
done at receiver before decoding
• Advantage:
self decodable, time diversity, path diversity
• Disadvantage:
wastage of bandwidth
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Incremental Redundancy
IR
Error Database
Data Block
Error
Combine Detection
Information from Accept

IR database No Error Data Block
Deliver To
Upper
Layers
• Advantage:
Reducing the effective data throughput/bandwidth of a user and
using this for another user
• Disadvantage:
non-self decodable
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• Decreasing HO failure
Fast cell site selection

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Fast cell site selection (FCS)
• 20 to 30% of UE on soft handover
• Tracking of active set of Node B„s connected to a UE
• Selection of the Node-B with the best current transmission
characteristics
• High data rates can be achieved

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Additional Physical Channels
• High Speed Physical Downlink
Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
– HS-Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-DSCH)
– HS-Shared Control Channel (HS-
SCCH)
• High Speed Dedicated Physical
Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)

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• Decreasing HO failure
Fast cell site selection
• Improving resources management
Stand alone downlink shared channel
• Adapting to environment local features
Adaptive Modulation and Coding

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AMC
• Modulation Schemes:
– QPSK
– 16QAM
• Code Rates used:
– 1/4, 1/2, 5/8 and ¾

80
HSDPA EVOLUTION

81
HSDPA Terminals
• New terminals are required to take advantage of HSDPA:
– PC-cards will be the first on the market
– In the 1st phase terminals will offer:
• Download 3,6 Mbps end user throughput
• Upload 384 kbps
– Hand-held terminals will follow
– In a 2nd phase, peak data rates are increased to:
• Download 14 Mbps
• Upload 384 kbps

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Conclusion
• The most changing from 3G to the 3.5G is the modulation.
• More efficient implementation of interactive and background

Quality of Service (QoS) classes
• Peak data rates exceeding 2 Mbps and theoretically 10 Mbps

& more with MIMO

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3.9G(LTE)
• LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
• The goal of LTE (3.9G) is to provide a high-data-rate, low-
latency and packet-optimized radio access technology
supporting flexible bandwidth deployments.
• In parallel, new network architecture is designed with the
goal to support packet-switched traffic with seamless
mobility, quality of service and minimal latency.
• Next Generation mobile broadband technology
• Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Based on UMTS 3G technology
• Optimized for All-IP traffic

84
Advantages of LTE

85
Comparison of LTE Speed

86
Major LTE Radio Technologies
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) for downlink
• Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) for uplink
• Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced
throughput
• Reduced power consumption
• Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power
used by handsets)

87
LTE Architecture

88
Control-plane protocol Stack

89
• RLC and MAC sublayers (terminated in eNB on the
network side) perform the same functions as for the user
plane
• The various functions performed by RRC (terminated in
eNB on the network side) are
- Broadcast
- Paging
- RRC connection management
- Mobility functions
- UE measurement reporting and control.
• PDCP sublayer performs
- Integrity Protection
- Ciphering.

90
• NAS (terminated in aGW on the network side) performs
- SAE bearer management
- Authentication
- Idle mode mobility handling
- Paging origination
- Security control for the signaling between aGW and UE,
and for the user plane.

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4G LAN
•4G technologies are sometimes referred to by the

acronym ―MAGIC‖ which stands for Mobile multimedia,
Anytime/any-where, Global mobility support, Integrated
wireless and Customized personal service.
•Use your wireless device anywhere for listening to music,
shopping (m-commerce) , downloading (file transfer),
watching video (live streaming)
•Multiple applications (talk and use Internet services at
the same time)

92
4G Technology Challenges
– Supporting heterogeneous multitude of systems
• Includes multiple networks:
• Cellular telecommunication systems
• Digital video broadband
• Digital audio broadband
– Wireless LAB, Bluethood-based networks
– Open communication network: infrastructure
independent which can access to any services and
applications (now and in the future!)
– Complete compatibility between wireless and wired
networks through gateways

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4G Technology Challenges(con..)
– Supporting statistical multiplexing of heterogeneous

data over-the-air
– Latency, noisy environment, unpredictable
discontinuities and loss, etc.
– High-speed wireless transmission over the air
• High performance physical layer
– 20Mbps (2G: 28Kbps, 3G: 2Mbps)
• Scarce bandwidth availability
• Efficient frequency spectrum utilization
• Efficient hand off
• Dynamic bandwidth allocation
• Advanced digital transmission technology
(modulation, low power devices, etc.)
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Current Technology
• TDMA :Time Division Multiple Access, is a technique for
dividing the time domain up into sub channels for use by
multiple devices.
• CDMA :Code Division Multiple Access, allows every device
in a cell to transmit over the entire bandwidth at all times.

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4G Hardware
• Ultra Wide Band Networks : Ultra Wideband technology, or

UWB, is an advanced transmission technology that can be
used in the implementation of a 4G network.
• Smart Antennas : Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed
to help find, tune, and turn up signal information

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General 4G Services and 4G Applications
• Localized/Personalized Information
• Organizational services
• Communications services and applications
• Entertainment services
• Mobile commerce (M-Commerce ) User

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Features of 4G Wireless Systems
• Support interactive multimedia

• User friendliness
• High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit
• Higher band widths
• Terminal Heterogeneity
• Network Heterogeneity

98
User and Industry Expectations
Wireless users can be categorized into generalized segments :

• The Age segment
• The Internet Usage segment
• The Mobile Professional segment

99
Comparison between 3g and 4g

100
Conclusion
• 4G will be a Convergence Platform providing clear

advantages in terms of Coverage, Bandwidth, Power
Consumption, variety of Services, ranging from Pop-Up
advertisements to Location-Based services and IP Data
casting ones.

101
Cellular Networks
Principles of Cellular Networks
• Underlying technology for mobile phones, personal
communication systems, wireless networking etc.
• Developed for mobile radio telephone
– Replace high power transmitter/receiver systems
• Typical support for 25 channels over 80km
– Use lower power, shorter range, more transmitters

102
Cellular Network Organization
• Multiple low power transmitters
– 100w or less
• Area divided into cells
– Each with own antenna
– Each with own range of frequencies
– Served by base station
• Transmitter, receiver, control unit
– Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid
crosstalk

103
Shape of Cells
• Square
• Hexagon

104
Cellular Geometries

105
Frequency Reuse
• Power of base transceiver controlled
– Allow communications within cell on given frequency
– Limit escaping power to adjacent cells
– Allow re-use of frequencies in nearby cells
– Use same frequency for multiple conversations
– 10 – 50 frequencies per cell
• E.g.
– N cells all using same number of frequencies
– K total number of frequencies used in systems
– Each cell has K/N frequencies
– Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) K=395, N=7
giving 57 frequencies per cell on average
106
Frequency Reuse Patterns

107
Increasing Capacity (1)
• Add new channels
– Not all channels used to start with
• Frequency borrowing
– Taken from adjacent cells by congested cells
– Or assign frequencies dynamically
• Cell splitting
– Non-uniform distribution of topography and traffic
– Smaller cells in high use areas
• Original cells 6.5 – 13 km
• 1.5 km limit in general
• More frequent handoff
• More base stations

108
Cell Splitting

109
Increasing Capacity (2)
• Cell Sectoring
– Cell divided into wedge shaped sectors
– 3 – 6 sectors per cell
– Each with own channel set
• Subsets of cell’s channels
– Directional antennas
• Microcells
– Move antennas from tops of hills and large buildings to
tops of small buildings and sides of large buildings
• Even lamp posts
– Form microcells
– Reduced power
– Good for city streets, along roads and inside large
buildings
110
Frequency Reuse Example

111
Operation of Cellular Systems
• Base station (BS) at center of each cell
– Antenna, controller, transceivers
• Controller handles call process
– Number of mobile units may in use at a time
• BS connected to mobile telecommunications switching office
(MTSO)
– One MTSO serves multiple BS
– MTSO to BS link by wire or wireless
• MTSO:
– Connects calls between mobile units and from mobile to
fixed telecommunications network
– Assigns voice channel
– Performs handoffs
– Monitors calls (billing)
• Fully automated IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/
112
Overview of Cellular System

113
Channels
• Control channels
– Setting up and maintaining calls
– Establish relationship between mobile unit and nearest
BS
• Traffic channels
– Carry voice and data

114
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• What is LTE?
• LTE is the next generation of Mobile broadband
technology
• Data rates of 100 Mbps
• It is the next level after UMTS 3G technology
• Works with IP

115
Advantages
• Provides low latency

• Higher network throughput
• Increased data transfer speed
• More cost effectiveness
• Improvements over 3G network

116
LTE v/s Other technologies

117
LTE Technologies
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for downlink

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access)
for uplink
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

118
119
LTE Network Elements
-Evolved Node B (eNB)
 Supports air interface
 Provides radio resource management functions
-Serving Gateway (SGW)
 Provides Mobility
 Responsible for Routing and Forwarding
-Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW)
 Provides connectivity to Internet
 Provides QoS and mobility between 3G and non-3G
networks
-Mobility Management Entity (MME)
 Manages mobility and provides security
 Operates in control plane and provides authentication
120
LTE Future and Uses
 Mass deployment to begin around 2012

 Devices which are covered under LTE are – Mobile
phones, laptops, cameras, camcorders
 Assured interoperability with older wireless technologies
such as GSM, WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA, TD-SCDMA

121
LTE Advanced
• Mobile Communication Standard
As a major enhancement of the 3GPP LTE
Standard
• Peak data rates of 1 Gbps to meet IMT
Advanced standards for 4G
• Ability to leverage advanced topology
heterogenous networks such as Picocells and
Femtocells
• Improves capacity and coverage and provides
large bandwidth upto 100 MHz of spectrum
122
Control Plane
• Protocols for controlling the radio access bearers and the

connection between the UE and the network
• Has three layers: physical layer, data-link layer and
network layer.
• Data link layer comprises of MAC and RLC. Network
layer comprises of RRC ,MM,GMM and CM.
• RLC,MAC and PHY are also present in USER PLANE.

123
124
NAS(Network Attached Storage)

125
• In the past, floppy drives with capacities in mere KB’s
were widely used to share data files. Over time the need for
larger and larger capacity has emerged due to growing
need for data to be shared across organizations.
Removable storage media, such as flash drives, are capable
of storing gigabytes (GB) of data have now complimented
the traditional removable media drives.
• Businesses not only need the capacity to handle huge data
storage requirements, the need to share their data has
made Network Attached Storage (NAS) an attractive
option. NAS systems use external storage for server/hosts,
adding flexibility to network storage. NAS works at the file
level, rather than the block level. This enables widespread
access to the data over the network, based upon the file
system client loaded.

126
127
What is NAS
• NAS is shared storage on a network infrastructure using a
unique addressing schema. A NAS server is a storage
device that consists of a high performance file server and
attached to a LAN. It is a single-purpose machine serving
as a dedicated, high-performance, high-speed
communication gateway to file data.
• Note: A NAS device is sometimes called an appliance or
filer.
• The NAS head (as illustrated) could be remote from its
storage (gateway) or contained within the same cabinet as
its storage—so that the storage is dedicated to NAS
applications (integrated).

128
129
• Unlike a general-purpose server, such as a Unix or NT
server, a NAS server is a device optimized for file serving
functions such as storing, retrieving, and serving files. A
single function NAS device provides:
– Real-time OS dedicated to file serving
– Open standard protocols
– Built-in native clustering for high availability

130
131
• The following are some benefits of NAS:
– Supports global information access
• Enables greater file sharing, even over a long
distance
• Supports many-to-one or one-to-many
configurations
• Can share data across platforms
– Improves efficiency through specialized OS, optimized
for file serving
• Eliminates bottlenecks encountered when accessing
files from central file server
• Relieves

132
– Flexibility - works with many types of clients on both
UNIX and Microsoft Windows platforms using
Industry standard protocols.
– Centralizes storage – minimizes duplication on client
workstations, reducing management complexity and
improving data protection.
– Simplifies management - leverages existing security
infrastructure through standard network protocols.
Single point of management for multiple systems for
multiple data sets. Identifies data by file name and byte
offsets, transfers file data or file meta-data.
– Scalable - Due to its high performance, low latency
design, enables NAS to scale well and depending upon
utilization profiles, address many differing types of
business applications.
133
– High availability
• Replication and recovery options
• Can safely centralize large amounts of user data
behind a single NAS device with redundant
networking equipment to provide maximum
connectivity options.
• Clustering technology for failover in the event of
filer failure
– Handles security, user authentication, and file locking in

134
135
• A NAS device is made up of the following components:
– Network Interface via one or more Network Interface
Cards (NICs)
• Examples: Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mb/s), Fast
Ethernet (10Mb/s), ATM, and FDDI.
– Network File Systems (NFS) and Common Internet File
Systems (CIFS) protocols
– Proprietary, optimized Windows, UNIX, or LINUX
based OS. Examples:
• DART - Data Access in Real Time (EMC)
• Data ONTAP (Network Appliance)
– Industry standard storage protocols to connect to and
manage physical disk storage resources.
• Examples: Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, or Fibre
Channel IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/
136
137
• Most NAS devices support multi-protocol file services to
handle file I/O requests to the remote file system. The more
common protocols for file sharing are:
– Network File Systems (NFS) - developed by Sun and
closely aligned with UNIX-based operating systems
– Common Internet File Systems (CIFS) – developed by
Microsoft and closely aligned with Windows-based
operating systems

138
139
140
141
• While CIFS and NFS are file system protocols, it is
important to understand how the network transport
protocols of IP, TCP, and FTP fit into the picture.
– OSI model (developed by the ISO standards body) -
defines the specific layers that are responsible for
communication tasks.
– Internet Protocol Suite – defines a group of open-system
(non-proprietary) protocols that communicate across
interconnected networks (LAN/WAN). This suite
includes both low layer protocols (e.g., IP and TCP) as
well as common applications such as electronic mail,
terminal emulation, and file transfer (FTP).

142
• IP is a network-layer protocol that contains
addressing information and some control
information, enabling packets to be routed.
• In NAS, the back-end connects to its storage most
often using Fibre Channel interconnectivity and the
front-end/client connectivity most often via the
TCP/IP protocol. If any client wants to access a file
from NAS system, it requests the file directly. The
NAS system then converts this request in block level
access and retrieves data from storage and presents
data to client as a complete file.

143
144
• NFS and CIFS protocols handle file I/O requests to the remote
file system, which is managed by the NAS device.
– I/O requests are packaged by the requestor into TCP/IP and
forwarded through the network stack, transported across the
network, and received by the NAS.
– The NAS converts the protocol request into an appropriate
physical storage request (block I/O), and then performs the
operation against the physical storage pool.
– The data returned from the physical storage pool is then
processed by the NAS and repackaged into an appropriate
file protocol response.
– This response is packaged into TCP/IP again and forwarded
through the network to the client.
• This example shows an operation being directed to the remote
NAS device and how the different protocols and software layers
play a part in moving the request and response between the
client and NAS. IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/
145
Due to the structure of the specialized operating system on
NAS devices, multiple protocol stacks can be simultaneously
supported, thereby allowing disparate systems access to the
storage simultaneously.

146
147
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
• Used for setting up, reconfigure and reestablish radio
bearers.
• • Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) control.
• • Initial cell selection and cell re-selection.
• • Paging.
• • Broadcast of information:
• – related to the non-access stratum (Core Network).
• – related to the access stratum.
• • Establishment, maintenance and release
• – of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN.
• – of Radio Bearers.
148
• Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources
for the RRC connection.
• Control of requested QoS.
• UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting.
• RRC message integrity protection.
• Arbitration of radio resources on uplink DCH.
• Slow Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) (TDD mode).
• Timing advance (TDD mode).
• RRC connection mobility functions (RNC relocation).
• Outer loop power control.
• Control of ciphering.

149
RRC logical architecture

150
• Dedicated Control Functional Entity (DCFE): Handles
functions and signalling specific to UE. One DCFE entity
for each UE
• Paging and Notification control Functional Entity (PNFE):
paging of idle mode UE. At least one PNFE in the RNC for
each cell..
• Broadcasting Control Functional Entity (BCFE): handles
the broadcasting of system information. There is at least
one BCFE for each cell in the RNC.

151
RRC states and state transitions including GSM

152
RRC service states
• Idle Mode:
– After UE is switched on it will camp in the a suitable cell.
After camping:
– User is able to send and receive system and cell
broadcasting information.
– In the idle mode until it transmits a request to establish
RRC connection.
• Cell_DCH
– Entered from Idle Mode or by establishing a DCH from the
Cell_FACH state.
– DPCH and physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is
allocated to UE.
– UE is in this mode until explicit signalling for Cell_FACH.
153
• Cell_FACH
– No dedicated channel allocated. Data transmitted through
RACH and FACH.
– UE listens BCH.
– Cell reselection is performed (RNC is informed).
• Cell_PCH
– UE known at a cell level but can be reached via PCH.
– Usel listens BCH, some terminals also BMC.
– In case of Cell reselection automatically moved to Cell_FACH
state.

154
• URA_PCH
– UE executes the cell update procedure only if the UTRAN
Registration Area is changed.
– DCCH can not be used in this state, all the activities
initiated by the network through the
PCCH or RACH.

155
User-plane Protocol Stack

156
RLC and MAC sublayers (terminated in eNB on the network
side) perform the following functions
- Scheduling
- ARQ
- HARQ
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) sublayer
(terminated in aGW on the network side) performs for the
user plane the following functions
- Header Compression
- Integrity Protection
- Ciphering.

157
PDCP
• PDCP is Packet Data Convergence Protocol.
• It is one of the layers of the Radio Traffic Stack in UMTS
and performs IP header compression and decompression,
transfer of user data and maintenance of sequence
numbers for Radio Bearers which are configured for
lossless serving radio network subsystem (SRNS)
relocation.
• The compression technique can be based on either RFC
2507 or RFC 3095.
• RFC 1144 can also be used for some background
information, and although the techniques in the RFC are
not used in modern TCP/IP implementations, it still shows
what the compression/decompression technique looks like.
158
• If PDCP is configured for No Compression it will send the
IP Packets without compression; otherwise it will compress
the packets according to its configuration by upper layer
and attach a PDCP header and send the packet.
• It uses the service provided by a lower layer called Radio
Link Control (RLC) that uses the Radio Link Protocol.
• PDCP header consists of two fields: PID and PDU TYPE.
• PDU Type field indicates whether the PDU is Data PDU or
Sequence Number PDU.
• PID field value indicates header compression protocol type
used and packet type or CID.

159
(RLC)Radio Link Control
•The main functions of the layer are segmentation and
reassembly of RLC top layer of packages in order to
adapt them to the size that can be effectively transmitted
over the radio interface.
•For radio bearers which are in need of transmission
errors, the RLC is relayed to discover how to recover
from packet losses.
•In addition, the RLC Reordering performed to
compensate for out-of-order Receipt due to hybrid
automatic repeat request (HARQ) Layer below. There is
only one entity per RLC radio spokesman.

160
MAC (Medium Access Control) layer
• This layer performs the multiplexing of data for a variety of
radio carriers.
• Therefore, it is not only one of the MAC for the UE.
• Determining the amount of data that can be transmitted
from each radio bearer layer, the size of the packet, RLC
and instructing on the MAC layer to achieve negotiated
Quality of Service (QoS) for each radio bearer.
• Uplink, this process involves communication of the amount
of data to transfer the eNodeB
• On the sending side, each layer receives a data service unit
(SDU) from the higher layers, layer provides services and
outputs the Protocol data unit (PDU) to the lower layer. A
layer of RLC receives packets from PDCP layers. These
packages are called PDUs with the PDCP point of view, and
represent the PDCP RLC SDUs perspective, RLC. A layer of
RLC creates packages that are scheduled for the layer below,
i.e., the MAC layer.
161
IEEE/802.16/WiMAX technologies
• Attractive emerging metropolitan technology for rural and
• metropolitan area broadband wireless access (BWA)
• highly efficient and suitable to support a large range of
applications
• for residential and enterprise environments
• officially named as the WirelessMAN™)
• IEEE 802.16x - basic standards
• WiMAX
• "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access” -
alternative name
• given by industry group WiMAX Forum
• WiMAX Forum mission : promote and certify compatibility
and
• interoperability of broadband wireless products
162
WiMax IEEE 802.16d/e
Background of IEEE 802.16
• 1998: IEEE 802 SG on ―Broadband Wireless Access‖
(BWA) (Prof. Roger B. Mark, Chair, IEEE 802.16 WG, Jan.
2001)
– 1999: 1st IEEE 802.16 Project
– Scope: PHY and MAC layer of the air interface of
interoperable fixed point-to-multipoint broadband wireless
access systems. The specification enables transport of data,
video, and voice services. It applies to systems operating in
the vicinity of 30 GHz but is broadly applicable to systems
operating between 10 and 66 GHz.

163
IEEE 802.16 -Goals
• Provide wireless high-speed Internet access to home and
business
• subscribers, on metropolitan distances
• BS can handle thousands of subscriber stations (SS)
• Access control prevents collisions
• Supports for : Data, Legacy voice systems, VoIP, TCP/IP,
Appl.
• with different QoS, and different level of guarantees
• Wireless Solution for ―Last Mile‖ (or ―First Mile‖)
problem

164
802.16 Entities
BS- Base Station

• PHY and MAC are the main layers
• Central role in point-to multipoint (PMP) modes
• Coordination role in resource management
• Connection/gateway point to other networks ( backhaul, core
• IP, Internet)
• Usually out-door installation
SS – Subscriber Station
• Single user SS – fixed station
• Mobile Station - MS
• MSS - Multiple Subscriber Station (playing role of an AP for
• LAN/WLAN)
• may be installed in-door or out-door
RS - Relay station
• Used in Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR

165
Basic 802.16 topologies and basic components
Operation mode/topologies
• Point to multipoint (PMP)/star topology
• Mesh mode/mesh topology
• (New) Mobile Multihop Relay/tree topology
Medium Access Control (MAC)
• allocates uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) bandwidth to SSes as per their
• individual needs
• real time (rt)
• non-real-time (nrt) classes of services
Duplex modes
• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
• Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes
• Frequency spectrum:
• 2-11 GHz, 10-66 GHz
• Line of Sight (LOS) and Non LOS
166
Main Standards
802.16 relevant standards

• 802.16 (Dec. 2001)
• Basic 802.16 standard
• Based on Data over Cable Service I/F Specs (DOCSIS)
• 10-66 GHz licensed spectrum, single carrier (SC) physical
(PHY)
• Line-of-sight (LOS),
• Theoretical rates up to 134Mbit/s, real < 70Mbit/s, typical <
12MBit/s
• Fixed technology, point-to-multipoint (PMP) topology
• Coverage – theoretically- 30-mile radius from BS ( real
deployments~20Km)
• Now withdrawn

167
802.16a (2003)
• 2-11 Ghz - licensed/unlicensed bandwidths
• Channel size ranges: 1.75 – 20 MHz
• PMP and Mesh topologies
• LOS and non-line-of-sigth (NLOS)- applicable to urban areas
• Rates <70MBps, distances up to 30 miles
• Extension:
• Single Carrier (SC)
• 256 point transform Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
• 2048 points transform OFDMA (OFD Multiple Access)

168
802.16b (5-6 Ghz)
• Now withdrawn
• 802.16c (2002) - detailed system profiles for 10-66 GHz
802.16 standard
• Now withdrawn
802.16d (2004) basic current fixed mode- standard
• Aligned with ETSI HIPERMAN std.
• includes the a/b/c amendments
• Topologies: PMP and mesh,70 Mbps

169
• 802.16e (Mobile Wireless MAN), 2005
• Lower data rates of 15 Mbps, full nomadic and mobile use
including
• handover
• enhancements to 802.16-2004
• • better support for QoS
• • Scalable OFDMA
• called “Mobile WiMAX”
• 2.3, 2.5 GHz bands
• Supports devices as : mobile smart phones, PDAs, Notebooks,
Laptops

170
802.16f
• Management information base
802.16g
• Management plane procedures and services
802.16h
• Improved coexistence mechanisms for license-exempt
operation
802.16j
• Multi-hop relay specification
802.16k
• 802.16 bridging

171
802.16m
• Amendment for advanced air interface looking to the future
• It is anticipated that it will provide data rates of 100 Mbps for
mobile applications and 1 Gbps for fixed applications
• cellular, macro and micro cell coverage, with currently no
restrictions on the RF bandwidth although it is expected to be
20 MHz or more

172
173
WiMAX
• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to
provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates,
• In 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations.
• The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum,
which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and
interoperability of the standard.

174
WiMAX 802.16d and e
• IEEE802.16-2004 include P2P and mesh access networks

• 2-11GHz NLOS 10-66 GHz LOS
• During 2005 IEEE 802.16e includes mobility.
• IEEE802.16 is supported by the industry group WiMAX
• IEEE802.11 is supported by the industry group WiFi

175
• 802.16.1 (10-66 GHz, line-of-sight, up to 134Mbit/s)
• 802.16.2 (minimizing interference between coexisting
WMANs)
• 802.16a (2-11 Ghz, Mesh, non-line-of-sight)
• 802.16b (5-6 Ghz)
• 802.16c (detailed system profiles)
• 802.16e (Mobile Wireless MAN)

176
WiMax Internetworking with 3GPP
• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) unites [Six]

telecommunications standard development organizations
known as “Organizational Partners” and provides their
members with a stable environment to produce the highly
successful Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP
technologies.
• The Four Technical Specification Groups (TSG) in 3GPP are
Radio Access Networks (RAN), Service & Systems Aspects
(SA), Core Network & Terminals (CT) and GSM EDGE Radio
Access Networks (GERAN).

177
• 3GPP technologies from these groups are constantly evolving
through Generations of commercial cellular / mobile systems
Since the completion of the first LTE and the Evolved Packet
Core specifications, 3GPP has become the focal point for
mobile systems beyond 3G.

178

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UNIT-II

3G AND 4G CELLULAR NETWORKS

Migration to 3G Networks – IMT 2000 and UMTS – UMTS

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

1980 1990 Years 2000 2010

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

Paired Unpaired spectrum

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains;

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• Broad offer of services

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• Teleservice created individually by a

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• Fast Internet / Intranet

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) is the

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• The functions of RNC are:

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• It stores user subscriber information, authentication

• For authentication purposes, the USIM stores a long-term

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• The CS domain comprises all network functionality

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• the PS domain comprises all network functionality

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

• IMS is an architecture, it is not a protocol.

• Open-systems architecture that supports a range of IP-

• IMS is defined by 3GPP.

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

1. An all-IP Core Network (CN)

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

GERAN, UTRAN, WLAN, xDSL,...

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

BGCF: Breakout Gateway IM-SSF

Control Function BGCF CS

MRFP: Multimedia Resource

Replicated - not reusable Replication of common functions

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/

Mobile Network Users want

IFETCE/M.E (CSE) /RAJESH.R/I YEAR/I SEM/