SEAMANSHIP 2 PRELIM REVIEWER (JeL)

LESSON 1: FORCES AND MOMENTS

What Is Forces and Moments?

The solution of many of the problems concerned with ship stability involves an understanding of the
resolution of forces and moments. For this reason, a brief examination of the basic principles will be
advisable.

Forces - A force can be defined as any push or pull exerted on a body. The S.I. unit of force is the Newton,
one Newton being the force required to produce in a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter
per second. When considering a force, the following points regarding the force must be known:

(a) The magnitude of the force.

(b) The direction in which the force is applied.

(c) The point at which the force is applied.

Resultant force - When two or more forces are acting at a point, their combined effect can be represented
by one force which will have the same effect as the component forces. Such a force is referred to as the
‘resultant force’, and the process of finding it is called the ‘resolution of the component forces’.

The resolution of forces. When resolving forces, it will be appreciated that a force acting towards a point
will have the same effect as an equal force acting away from the point, so long as both forces act in the
same direction and in the same straight line. Thus a force of 10 Newtons (N) pushing to the right on a
certain point can be substituted for a force of 10 Newtons (N) pulling to the right from the same point.

(a) Resolving two forces which act in the same straight line If both forces act in the same straight line and
in the same direction the resultant is their sum, but if the forces act in opposite directions the resultant is
the difference of the two forces and acts in the direction of the larger of the two forces.

FORCES AND MOMENTS

When 2 forces are acting on a point on a straight line and in the SAME DIRECTION, the resultant for is
equal to the SUM of the two forces.

Ex. To move an object, one man pulls on it with a force of 150 Newtons, while another man pushes in the
same direction with a force of 250 Newtons. How much is the resultant force propelling the object?

The resultant force is 400 N, the sum of the 2 forces and acts in the same direction of each of the component
forces.
When 2 forces are acting on a point on a straight line and in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION, the resultant force
is equal to the DIFFERENCE of the two forces and acts in the SAME DIRECTION AS THE GREATER FORCE.

Ex. A force ‘X’ of 30 Newtons is applied towards a point, while another force ‘Y’ of 10 Newtons is applied
on the same point but in an OPPOSITE DIRECTION. What is the resultant force?

The resultant force is 20 N, the difference of the 2 forces acts in the same direction as the greater force.

(b) Resolving two forces which do not act in the same straight line. When the two forces do not act in the
same straight line, their resultant can be found by completing a parallelogram of forces.

Ex. A force ‘X’ of 18 Newtons is applied towards a point, while another force ‘Y’ of 3 Newtons is applied on
the same point perpendicular to the direction of ‘X’. What is the resultant force?
The resultant force is then resolved by the parallelogram of forces acting in a direction nearer to the
greater force ‘X’.

(c) Resolving two forces which act in parallel directions. When two forces act in parallel directions, their
combined effect can be represented by one force whose magnitude is equal to the algebraic sum of the
two component forces, and which will act through a point about which their moments are equal. world all
communicates information through technical writing with the sole purpose of instruction and education.

Moments of Forces

The moment of a force is a measure of the turning effect of the force about a point. The turning effect will
depend upon the following:

(a)The magnitude of the force.

(b)The length of the lever upon which the force acts, the lever being the perpendicular distance between
the line of action of the force and the point about which the moment is being taken.
The magnitude of the moment - is the product of the force and the length of the lever. Thus, if the force is
measured in Newtons and the length of the lever in meters, the moment found will be expressed in
Newton-meters (Nm).

Resultant moment - When two or more forces are acting about a point their combined effect can be
represented by one imaginary moment called the ‘Resultant Moment’. The process of finding the resultant
moment is referred to as the ‘Resolution of the Component Moments’

Resolution of moments - To calculate the resultant moment about a point, find the sum of the moments
to produce rotation in a clockwise direction about the point, and the sum of the moments to produce
rotation in an anticlockwise direction. Take the lesser of these two moments from the greater and the
difference will be the magnitude of the resultant. The direction in which it acts will be that of the greater
of the two component moments.

Mass

Mass In the S.I. system of units it is most important to distinguish between the mass of a body and its
weight. Mass is the fundamental measure of the quantity of matter in a body and is expressed in terms of
the kilogram and the tonne, whilst the weight of a body is the force exerted on it by the Earth’s
gravitational force and is measured in terms of the Newton (N) and kilo-Newton (kN).

Weight and mass are connected by the formula:

Weight = Mass x Acceleration

Moments in Mass

If the force of gravity is considered constant, then the weight of bodies is proportional to their mass and
the resultant moment of two or more weights about a point can be expressed in terms of their mass
moments.

Lesson 2 - Centroid and Center of Gravity

Intended Learning Outcomes

LO 2.1: Describe and locate the center of gravity of plane figures; Square, Rectangle, Circle, Triangle

LO. 2.2: Describe and locate the center of gravity of a homogenous solid object, liquid, gas,

LO 2.3: Describe movement of the center of gravity of a body when:

a. Removing Weight

b. Adding Weight

c. Shifting Weight with in a body

d. Suspending Weight Within a body

LO 2.4: Calculate the shift of the CG (GG₁) and the new CG of a body

Guide Questions

1. What is the purpose of finding the center of gravity of a:

a. Square

b. Rectangle

c. Circle

d. Triangle

e. homogenous solid object

f. liquid

g. gas

2. What will happen top center of gravity of a body when:

a. Removing weight

b. Adding weight

c. Shifting weight within a body

d. Suspending weight within a body

What is the Center Gravity?

The center of gravity of the ship is that point, G through which all the vertically downward forces of weight
are considered to act together. If it were possible to suspend the entire vessel from its center of gravity, it
could be lifted in perfect balance, with no trim or list.

The centroid of an area is situated at its geometrical center. In each of the following figures ‘G’ represents
the centroid, and if each area was suspended from this point it would balance.

The center of gravity of a body is the point at which all the mass of the body may be assumed to be
concentrated and is the point through which the force of gravity is considered to act vertically downwards,
with a force equal to the weight of the body. It is also the point about which the body would balance.

The center of gravity of a homogeneous body is at its geometrical center. Thus, the center of gravity of a
homogeneous rectangular block is half-way along its length, half-way across its breadth and at half its
depth. Let us now consider the effect on the center of gravity of a body when the distribution of mass
within the body is changed.
Effect of removing or discharging mass.

Consider a rectangular plank of homogeneous wood. Its centre of gravity will be at its geometrical center:
– i.e., half-way along its length, half-way across its breadth, and at half depth. Let the mass of the plank be
W kg and let it be supported by means of a wedge placed under the centre of gravity. The plank will
balance.

The center of gravity (G) moves TOWARDS an ADDED weight. The center of gravity moves AWAY from a
discharged weight. The center of gravity (G) moves in the SAME DIRECTION and PARALLEL to the
direction of shifting.

GG’ =

w = weight loaded, discharged or shifted

d = Dist. From G when loaded or discharged

d = dist between the old & final position when shifted

∆ = old displ. + wt. loaded (Old displ – wt. discharged)

Now let a short length of the plank, of mass w kg, be cut from one end such that its centre of gravity is d
metres from the centre of gravity of the plank. The other end, now being of greater mass, will tilt
downwards. shows that by removing the short length of plank a resultant moment of w x d kg m has been
created in an anti-clockwise direction about G.

(Ex:) A plank weighs 62 kilograms. What will be the shift of its center of gravity if a weight of 38 kilograms
is placed on it at a distance of 400 cm from its original center of gravity?

Now consider the new length of plank as shown in Figure 2.3(b). The centre of gravity will have moved to
the new half-length indicated by the distance G to G1 . The new mass, (W – w) kg, now produces a tilting
moment of (W - w) x GG1 kg m about G. Since these are simply two different ways of showing the same
effect, the moments must be the same, i.e

GG₁ = w x d / W - w meter
From this it may be concluded that when mass is removed from a body, the centre of gravity of the body
will move directly away from the centre of gravity of the mass removed, and the distance it moves will be
given by the formula:

GG₁ = wxd
Final Mass

where GG1 is the shift of the centre of gravity of the body, w is the mass removed, and d is the distance
between the centre of gravity of the mass removed and the centre of gravity of the body.

Application to ships

In each of the above figures, G represents the centre of gravity of the ship with a mass of w tonnes on
board at a distance of d metres from G. G to G1 represents the shift of the ship’s centre of gravity due to
discharging the mass.

(Ex.) A vessel displacing 30,500 tons has a KG of 60 feet. A weight of 500 long tons is discharged from a
VCG of 150 feet. What is the change of KG?

Effect of adding or loading mass

Once again consider the plank of homogeneous wood shown in Figure 2.2. Now add a piece of plank of
mass w kg at a distance of d metres from G.

The heavier end of the plank will again tilt downwards. By adding a mass of w kg at a distance of d metres
from G a tilting moment of w x d kg m about G has been created.

From the above it may be concluded that when mass is added to a body, the centre of gravity of the body
will move directly towards the centre of gravity of the mass added, and the distance which it moves will be
given by the formula:
GG₁ = w x d meters
Final Mass

where GG1 is the shift of the centre of gravity of the body, w is the mass added, and d is the distance
between the centres of gravity.

(Ex.) A vessel displacing 30,500 tons has a KG of 60 feet. A weight of 500 long tons is discharged from a
VCG of 150 feet. What is the change of KG?

Application to ships

In each of the above figures, G represents the position of the centre of gravity of the ship before the mass
of w tonnes has been loaded. After the mass has been loaded, G will move directly towards the centre of
gravity of the added mass (i.e. from G to G1 )

Effect of shifting weights

If G represents the original position of the centre of gravity of a ship with a weight of ‘w’ tonnes in the
starboard side of the lower hold having its centre of gravity in position g1 . If this weight is now discharged
the ship’s centre of gravity will move from G to G1 directly away from g1 .

When the same weight is reloaded on deck with its centre of gravity at g2 the ship’s centre of gravity will
move from G1 to G2 .
(Ex:) A plank weighs 62 kilograms. What will be the shift of its center of gravity if a weight of 38 kilograms
is placed on it at a distance of 400 cm from its original center of gravity?

LESSON 3: Density and Specific Gravity

Intended Learning Outcomes

LO 3.1: Define density as weight per unit volume

LO 3.2: State the unit of density kg/m3

LO 3.3: States that the density of:

FW = 1000 kg/mᶟ; = 1.000 tons/mᶟ SW = 1025 kg/mᶟ; = 1.025 tons/mᶟ

LO 3.4: State that Relative Density or Specific Density of a liquid is the ratio of the density of a substance to
density of FW.

RD or SG = density of substance / density of FW.

Guide Questions

1. What is the density of FW/SW

2. What is the purpose of hydrometer
3. Explain what is density
4. What is the specific gravity
5. What is the different between volume and weight

Density and Specific Gravity

Introduction

This section introduces the law governing floatation and will help in the understanding of why ship floats It
well form the basic level of understanding necessary to complete this learning program.

Both density and specific gravity describe mass and may be used to compare different substances. They
are not, however, identical measures. Specific gravity is an expression of density in relation to the density
of a standard or reference (usually water). Also, density is expressed in units (weight relative to size) while
specific gravity is a pure number or dimensionless.

What Is Density?

Density is a property of matter and can be defined as the ratio of mass to a unit volume of matter. It's
typically expressed in units of grams per cubic centimeter, kilograms per cubic meter, or pounds per cubic
inch.

Density is expressed by the formula:

ρ = m/V where

ρ -is the density m -is the mass V -is the volume

Density is defined as ‘mass per unit volume’. For example, the mass density of FW = 1000 kg per cubic
metre or 1.000 tonne/m3

SW = 1025 kg per cubic metre or 1.025 tonne/m3

The specific gravity (SG) or relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the weight of the
substance to the weight of an equal volume of fresh water.

If a volume of one cubic metre is considered, then the SG or relative density of a substance is the ratio of
the density of the substance to the density of fresh water; i.e.

What Is Specific Gravity?

Specific gravity is a measure of density relative to the density of a reference substance. The reference
material could be anything, but the most common reference is pure water. If a material has a specific
gravity less than 1, it will float on water.

Density and specific gravity,

The specific gravity (SG) or relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the weight of the
substance to the weight of an equal volume of fresh water. If a volume of one cubic metre is considered,
then the SG or relative density of a

substance is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of fresh water; SG or relative = Density
of the substance
Of a substance Density of fresh water

The density of FW = 1000 kg per cu.m

SG of a substance = Density of the substance in kg cu.m

1000

Density in kg per cu.m = 1000 x SG

Converting Between Density and Specific Gravity

Specific gravity values aren't very useful except for predicting whether or not something will float on
water and for comparing whether one material is more or less dense than another. However, because
the density of pure water is so close to 1 (0.9976 grams per cubic centimeter), specific gravity and
density are nearly the same value so long as the density is given in g/cc. Density is very slightly less than
specific gravity.

There is a noticeable difference between density and specific gravity even though both are used to
represent mass and are used to compare different substances. Density is the property of matter
represented by a ratio of mass to a unit volume of matter. Specific gravity which is also called as relative
density is a measure of density with respect to a density of pure water. There are many properties of
water such as conductivity of water and many more.

LESSON 4: Law of Floatation

Intended Learning Outcomes

LO 4.1: State that “Archimedes” Principles states that a floating object displace its own weight of fluid in
which it floats.

LO 4.2: Show that a variable immersion Hydrometer as an instrument used to determine density of
liquid

LO 4.3: State TPC as tons per centimeter immersion

LO 4.4: Describe reserve buoyancy as a volume of the enclosed spaces above the water line

LO 4.5: Explain that:

K = keel of the vessel

B = center of buoyancy when the is upright

KG = Height of the center of gravity Above the keel

LO 4.6: States draft as the linear distance from keel to water line. LO 4.7: State KB = Height of the center
of Buoyancy above the keel LO 4.8: State G = Center of gravity

LO 4.9: State BG as vertical distance from Center of buoyancy to center of gravity

Guide Questions

1. What is Archimedes principle

2. What is law of floatation
3. What is ship hydrostatic
4. What is TPC
5. What is ship draft
6. What is ship displacement
7. What is ship reserve buoyancy
8. Know where to locate K, B, KG, K

Law of Floatation

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, it suffers a loss in mass/ weight equal to the
mass/ weight of the fluid it displaces.

The mass density of fresh water is 1,000 kgs. per cubic meter. Therefore, when a body is immersed in
fresh water it will appear to suffer a loss in mass of 1,000 kgs. for every 1 cubic meter of water it
displaces.

ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE AND PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION

The Archimedes' principle and the principle of floatation get people confuse. Are these two principles
the same or different? This has been a critical question people do ask. What makes a gigantic structure
like a ship to float on the sea is another mystery. I also use to imagine how a ship of hundreds of pounds
in weight floats on water considering how heavy the loads it carries while even half weight of the load
will sink if thrown overboard.
In Olympic swimming competitions, it is possible to swim across a pool floating if you stretch your body
out flat on the water to establish equilibrium, but the same individual will sink if the arms are wrap
around the legs and curl up into a ball. The reason for this occurrence is made possible due to the fact
that floatation has to do with how much water is pushed against the immersed object. This
phenomenon can be simply explained by Archimedes’ principle.

Law of flotation is simply the application of Archimedes' principle. Archimedes made the first hypothesis
about the relativity of displacement and density of the matter immersed. It was verified before making it
a principle.

Archimedes’ principle referred to as the physical law of buoyancy was discovered by the ancient Greek
inventor and mathematician known as Archimedes. The principle states thus; the exerted upward
buoyant force on a body fully or partially immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by that the body acting in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid. This
principle explained that the volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object fully
immersed in a fluid or to that portion or fraction of the volume immersed for an object partially
submerged in a liquid since the density of the fluid is constant.

This can be illustrated mathematically using the equations below:

Weight = Mg; where M implies mass of an object and g is acceleration due to gravity, g is a constant.

Mass = density x volume Simply put,

Weight = density x volume x g Weight = density x volume x g

A FLOATING BODY

-weighs less than the fluit it displaces

A BODY SINKS WHEN IT

-weighs more than the fluid it displaces

A BODY REMAINS IN EQUILIBRIUM

-when it weighs the same as the fluid it displaces

By implication, the difference between the buoyant force and its weight is the net upward force on the
object. This net force could be positive, negative or neutral (zero), the object floats if the net force is
positive, the object sinks if negative and if zero (neural), the object is neutrally buoyant which makes the
object remains in place without either rising or sinking.

The basics of naval architecture for ship design and construction was found in Archimedes’ principle.
The weight of a floating object (static) must be equal to the weight of the volume of water that is
displaced by the object. This law of buoyancy explains both the draft at which a vessel moves on water
and the angles that it assume at equilibrium with the water. When an object heavier than the amount of
the fluid it displaces is released in water, it will sinks.

For instance, when a ship is launched, it sinks into the ocean unless the weight of the water it displaces
is just equal to its own weight. As more load is added to the ship, it sinks deeper, whereby displacing
more water, so, the magnitude of the buoyant force will continually matching the weight of the ship
plus its cargo. Literally, the size of that ship is a function of the volume of displaced water by a ship, also,
in turn, the ship’s size depends on the weight of water that is to be matched by displacement. Ships are
designed to carry a specified weight of cargo, including some needed supplies such as lubricating oil,
fuel, crew, and some other first aids and some life aiding equipment.

All these forms of weights are combined to form a deadweight. The deadweight, and all other weight
that contributes to the shipping weight are categorized as lightship weight. Displacement is referred to
the weight of displaced water which must be equaled to the weight of the ship for it to float is the sum
of deadweight and lightship weight.

Ship Stability relative to Archimedes’ Principle

To achieve great ship stability, many items contributing to the weight of the ship must be distributed
with a considerable precision. Uneven distribution of item weight contributes ship instability and bad
inclination, which makes the ship to float in an unwanted angle of heel and trim referred to as sideways
and endwise inclination respectively. Archimedes’ principle to the first moments of weights and volumes
ensured to avoid such inclinations. The two main problems of stability are attributed to Nonzero heel
angle and Nonzero trim angle.

Nonzero heel is considered more dangerous, because of the sideways inclination, it makes all activities
and routines on board very difficult, also it enhances the possibility and margin of capsizing. During
heavy weather, nonzero trim angles could enhance the possibility that the bow will slam into waves, it
may also cause the tips of propeller blades to stay above the water surface.

For a ship at rest in still water, there are two vertical forces always act upon the ship; its weight

(W) and displacement (D). The weight acts downwards through the centre of gravity (G), and the
displacement (D), acts upwards through the centre of buoyancy B. The magnitude of both the weight
and the displacement are always an equal and same line of motion in order to maintain the body at
equilibrium. For the ship to be in equilibrium, the sum of their moments must be zero. The moment will
act in the stable direction, as long as the point M is above G, point M is the point where the midplane
intersects the buoyant force where G is the centre of gravity of the ship and its contents.

The angle of heel tends to increase by the forces of weight and buoyancy, if M is below G, the
equilibrium will be unstable. The transverse metacentric height is the distance from G to M, taken to be
positive if M is above G. The stability of a ship under most conditions is designed to be able to overcome
any form of restriction or resistance that may be encountered during a heavy storm in the sea,
nevertheless, ships possess undesirable roll characteristics when the balance of oscillations in roll is
twice that of oscillations in heave, thus capsizing is inevitable

Summary

Law of flotation is simply the application of Archimedes' principle. The fundamentals of naval
architecture are found in Archimedes’ principle. An extension of Archimedes’ principle to the first
moments of weights and volumes is ensured to avoid nonzero trim and nonzero heel inclinations in ship
design and construction. The first weight moment of the water displaced must be equal to the collective
first moment of all weights for a ship to float.

TPC ( Tons Per Centimeter Immersion ),

Tonnes per Centimetre Immersion (TPC)

As weights are loaded on board a vessel, it will gradually sink lower in the water. The amount of weight
which will sink the vessel 1 cm deeper in the water, that is, the weight which will increase the draft by 1
cm is called the tonnes per centimetre immersion (TPC).

- is a measurement of how many tons that are required to change the ship’s draught by one
centimeter.The TPC may vary at different draughts and trim calculations.

TPC = water-plane area x Density

100

RESERVE BOUYANCY

Reserve buoyancy is a very important factor in determining a ship's seaworthiness minimum freeboards
are assigned to a ship to ensure that there is adequate reserve buoyancy at all times.
Is the volume of the intact spaces remaining above the waterline. As weight is added to the vessel, this
volume decreases. When no reserve bouyancy remains, the vessel will sink. A direct measure of reserve
bouyancy is the vessel’s freeboard.

Reserve buoyancy It has already been shown that a floating vessel must displace its own weight of
water. Therefore, it is the submerged portion of a floating vessel which provides the buoyancy. The
volume of the enclosed spaces above the waterline are not providing buoyancy but are being held in
reserve. If extra weights are loaded to increase the displacement, these spaces above the waterline are
there to provide the extra buoyancy required. Thus, reserve buoyancy may be defined as the volume of
the enclosed spaces above the waterline. It may be expressed as a volume or as a percentage of the
total volume of the vessel.

Reserve Bouyancy = Vol. of the vessel – Vol. of water displaced

Upright Cross section of a vessel afloat

Ship's stability is one of the most important and complex concept about safety of ship and safety of
navigation and it is governed by maritime law as well as maritime codes. Loss

of ship's stability is presented as a threat to safety of navigation.

Hydrometers

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids, i.e.
the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water.

Hydrometers are usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with a
heavy material to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a hydrometer cylinder and
the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of
the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the
stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly.

The variable immersion hydrometer

The variable immersion hydrometer is an instrument, based on the Law of Archimedes, which is used to
determine the density of liquids. The type of hydrometer used to find the density of the water in which a
ship floats is usually made of a non-corrosive material and consists of a weighted bulb with a narrow
rectangular stem which carries a scale for measuring densities between 1000 and 1025 kilograms per
cubic metre, i.e. 1.000 and 1.025 t/m3.

LESSON 5: EFFECTS OF DENSITY ON DRAFT AND DISPLACEMENT

Intended Learning Outcomes

LO 5.1: Recognize;

i. Box shape vessel,

ii. Ship shape (prismatic) vessel
LO 5.2: Demonstrate how to find KB and underwater volume of a box shape and ship shape
vessel

LO. 5.3: Define displacement as the amount of water displace by a vessel when floating at her
load draft
LO 5.4: Define fresh water allowance (FWA) as the number of millimeters by which mean draft
changes when the ship passes from salt to fresh or vice versa

LO 5.6: Define dock water allowance as the distance by which “S” can be submerged while the
ship is on dock water, density between fresh and salt water

LO 5.7: Identify sign and symbols used in load line marks; TF = tropical fresh, F = fresh water,
S = salt water, W = winter, WNA = winter north Atlantic

Guide Questions

1. What is the hull form at a

i) Box shape vessel
ii) Ship shaped vessel
2. What is the effect of charge of density when the displacement is constant?
3. What is FWA
4. What is DWA
5. What is the purpose of load line

Effects of Density on Draft and Displacement

The first estimate that the Naval Architect makes for a new ship is to estimate the lightweight.

Lightweight: This is the weight of the ship itself when completely empty, with boilers

topped up to working level. It is made up of steel weight, wood and outfit weight, and the machinery
weight. This lightweight is evaluated by conducting an inclining experiment normally just prior to
delivery of the new vessel. Over the years, this value will change

Deadweight: This is the weight that a ship carries. It can be made up of oil fuel, fresh water, stores,
lubricating oil, water ballast, crew and effects, cargo and passengers. This deadweight will vary,
depending on how much the ship is loaded between light ballast and fully-loaded departure conditions.

Displacement: This is the weight of the volume of water that the ship displaces

Displacement = Lightweight ÷ Deadweight

Effect of change of density when the displacement is constant

When a ship moves from water of one density to water of another density, without there being a
change in her mass, the draft will change. This will happen because the ship must displace the same
mass of water in each case. Since the density of the water has changed, the volume of water displaced
must also change. This can be seen from the formula:

Mass x Volume x Density

If the density of the water increases, then the volume of water displaced must decrease to keep the
mass of water displaced constant, and vice versa.

The effect on box-shaped vessels

New mass of water displaced = Old mass of water displaced

New volume x New density = Old volume x Old density

New volume = Old density

Old volume New density

But volume = L X B X Draft

L X B New draft = old density

L X B Old Draft New density

The effect on ship-shaped vessels

It has already been shown that when the density of the water in which a vessel floats is changed the
draft will change, but the mass of water in kg or tones displaced will be unchanged; i.e.

New displacement = Old displacement or

New volume x New density = Old volume x Old density

New Volume = Old density

Old volume New density

The Fresh Water Allowance is the number of millimeters by which the mean draft changes when a ship
passes from salt water to fresh water, or vice versa, whilst floating at the loaded draft. It is found by the
formula:
Fresh Water Allowance {FWA} Dock Water Allowance (DWA)

 Is the number of millimeters by which the

mean draft changes when a ship passes from
salt water to fresh water or vise versa. While
floating at a loaded draft. It is found by
When a ship is loading in dock water which is of a
formula:
density between these two limitis “S”may be
 FWA= Displacement submerged such a distance that she will automatically
4 x TPC rise to “S” when the open sea and salt water is
reached.
 FWA = Displacement
40 x TPI DWA = FWA x (1025 – New Density)

25

=Displacement x Density Difference

100 x TPC
When a ship moves from water of one density to water of another density, without there being a
change in her mass, the draft will change. This will happen because the ship must displace the same
mass of water in each case. Since the density of the water has changed, the volume of water displaced
must also change.

The LOAD LINE

Ship’s load line marks.

The centre of the disc is at a distance below the deck line equal to the ship’s statutory freeboard. Then
540 mm forward of the disc is a vertical line 25 mm thick, with horizontal lines measuring 230 x 25 mm
on each side of it. The upper edge of the one marked ‘S’ is in line with the horizontal line through the
disc and indicates the draft to which the ship may be loaded when floating in salt water in a Summer
Zone. Above this line and pointing aft is another line marked ‘F’, the upper edge of which indicates the
draft to which the ship may be loaded when floating in fresh water in a Summer Zone. If loaded to this
draft in fresh water the ship will automatically rise to ‘S’ when she passes into salt water. The
perpendicular distance in millimeters between the upper edges of these two lines is therefore the ship’s
Fresh Water Allowance.

When the ship is loading in dock water which is of a density between these two limits ‘S’ may be
submerged such a distance that she will automatically rise to ‘S’ when the open sea and salt water is
reached. The distance by which ‘S’ can be submerged, called the Dock Water Allowance
LESSON 6: DISPLACEMENT

Intended Learning Outcomes

LO 6.1: State that, for a ship to float, it must displace a mass of water equal to its own weight

LO 6.2: Explain how, when the mass of a ship changes, the mass of water displaced changes by an equal
amount.

LO 6.3: State that the displacement of a vessel is its weight and its measured in tonnes.

LO 6.4: State that displacement is represented by the symbol Δ

LO 6.5: Explain the relationship between the displacement and mean draft of a ship by using the graph
or scale.

LO 6.6: Given a displacement /draught curve, finds;

 Displacement for given mean draft

 Mean draft for given displacements
 The change in mean draft when given weight are loaded or discharge
 The weight of the cargo to be loaded or discharges to produces a required change of draft.

LO. 6.7: Define: .

“light displacement” is the weight of the vessel without any store, fuel, FW, ballast and cargo
onboard

LO 6.8:Difine “load displacement” is the weight of the vessel including any stores, fuel, FW, ballast and
cargo onboard that she can carry up to her appropriate load mark.

LO 6.9: Difine “deadweight” is the maximum weight a vessel can carry up to her appropriate Load
marks; it is the different between load and light displacement.

LO 6.10: Uses a deadweight scale to find the deadweight and displacement of a ship at various draft in
seawater.

LO 6.11: Defines: “tons per centimeter immersion (TPC) as the weight to be loaded or discharge to
change the mean draft by (1) centimeter.

LO 6.12: Explain why TPC varies with different draft.

LO 6.13: Uses a deadweight scale to obtain TPC at given draft.

LO 6.14: Uses TPC obtained from deadweight to find:

 The change of mean draft when given weight are loaded and discharged
 The weight of the cargo to be loaded or discharge to produce a required chance of draft.

LO 6.15: Define “block coefficient” (CB)

LO 6.16: Calculate ‘Cb’ from given displacement and dimension

Guide Questions

1. What is Archimedes law of floatation

2. What is hydrostatic table/curve

3. What is deadweight scale

4. What is the purpose of TPC

5. What is “block coefficient”

Displacement

introduction

The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight based on the amount of water its hull
displaces at varying loads. It is measured indirectly using Archimedes' principle by first calculating the
volume of water displaced by the ship then converting that value into weight displaced.

Archimedes' principle states: An object immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force that is equal in
magnitude to the force of gravity on the displaced fluid.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

A steel ship can float by displacing an amount of

water that is equal to its Total Weight*.

*Eg. Weight of Ship Plus Weight of its Cargo

For example, a ship that is launched sinks into the ocean until the weight of the water it displaces is just
equal to its own weight. As the ship is loaded, it sinks deeper, displacing more water, and so the
magnitude of the buoyant force continuously matches the weight of the ship and its cargo.

When the ship moves from water of one density to water of another density, without there being a

change in her mass, the draft will change. This will happen because the ship must displace the same
mass of water in each case. Since the density on the water has changed, the volume of water displaced
must also change. If the density of the water increases, then the volume of water displaced must
decrease to keep the mass of water displaced constant and vice versa.

Ship Hydrostatics:

Some characteristic parameters calculated for a floating ship, which can either directly be used to
comment on the nature of stability of the ship or be used to evaluate other stability parameters, are
called ship hydrostatics. For a designer to be able to develop a hull form, or a ship’s captain to
understand the stability parameters, it is important for both to be able to understand the meaning and
practical significance of each hydrostatic parameter of a surface ship. We will first list the hydrostatics of
a surface ship, and then move on to define them.

 Vertical, Longitudinal and Transverse Center of Gravity

 Vertical, Longitudinal and Transverse Center of Buoyancy
 Mass Displacement (Δ)
 Volume Displacement (∇)
 Longitudinal and Transverse Centre of Floatation
 Metacentre
 Metacentric Height
 Metacentric Radius
 Moment to Change Trim 1 cm (MCT)
 Tonnes per cm Immersion (TPC)
Deadweight scale

The deadweight (Dwt) scale provides a method for estimating the additional draft or for determining
the extra load that could be taken onboard when a vessel is being loaded in water of density less than
that of salt water. The main use of the Dwt scale is to observe Dwt against draft.

A drawing used for estimating the additional draught or for determining the extra load that could be
taken on board when a vessel is being loaded in water of density less than that of salt water.
Load displacement =the weight, in long tons, of a cargo vessel loaded so that the summer load line
touches the surface of the water.

Loaded displacement is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, dunnage
and such other items necessary for use on a voyage. These bring the ship down to its "load draft",
colloquially known as the "waterline".

Light Displacement = the weight of a ship with all its permanent equipment, excluding the weight of
cargo persons, ballast, dunnage, and fuel, but usually including the weight of permanent ballast and
water used to operate steam machinery.

Deadweight (DWT) The deadweight is the difference between the displacement and the mass of empty
vessel (lightweight) at any given draught. It is a measure of ability to carry various items: cargo, stores,
ballast water, provisions and crew, etc.

Dead Weight Tonnage

Deadweight tonnage is the weight (in tons) of all the cargo, fuel, dry provisions, supplies, etc. carried on
board the ship. In other words, it is the “displacement tonnage” if the vessel minus the “lightweight
tonnage”. Deadweight tonnage is a good indication for ship owners and clients of how much revenue
the vessel is capable of generating.

tonnes per Centimetre Immersion (TPC)

As weights are loaded on board a vessel, it will gradually sink lower in the water. The amount of weight
which will sink the vessel 1 cm deeper in the water, that is, the weight which will increase the draft by 1
cm is called the tonnes per centimetre immersion (TPC).

Where:

TPC : tonnes per cm

WPA : water plane area m2

ρ : water density 1.025 t/m3

The TPC is the mass which must be loaded or discharged to change the ship’s mean draft by 1cm. When
the ship is floating in salt water it is found by using the formula:

TPC = WPA
97.56

WPA = the area of the water-plane in sq. meters.

The area of the water-plane of a box-shaped vessel is the same for all drafts if the trim be constant, and
so the TPC will also be the same for all drafts. In the case of a ship the area of the water-plane is not
constant for all drafts, and therefore the TPC will reduce at lower drafts, The TPCs are calculated for a
range of drafts extending beyond the light and loaded drafts, and these are then tabulated or plotted on
a graph. From the table or graph the TPC at intermediate drafts may be found.

The block coefficient of a ship is the ratio of the underwater volume of ship to the volume of a
rectangular block having the same overall length, breadth and depth. ... As all these factors would
change with the change in draft, Cb would also change with change of ship's draft
The coefficient of fineness of the water-plane area is the ratio of the area of the water-plane to the
area of a rectangle having the same length and maximum breadth. Find the area of the water-plane of a
ship 36 metres long, 6 metres beam, which has a coefficient of fineness of 0.8.
 Seamanship 2 Solving

Lesson 1 - Forces and Moments

Forces and Moments Example Problems

1. To move an object, one man pulls on it with a force of 150 newtons, while another man
pushes in the same direction with a force of 250 newtons. How much is the resultant force
propelling the object?
150 N 250 N

Resultant Force is 400 N, the sum of the 2 forces and acts in the same direction of each of
the component forces.

2. A force x of 30 newtons is applied towards a point, while another force y of 10 newtons

is applied on the same point but in an opposite direction. What is the resultant force?
X= 30 N Y= 10 N

The resultant force is 20 N, the difference of the forces and acts in the same direction as
the greater force.

Lesson 2 - Centroid and Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity Example Problems

Formula:
𝑊𝑥𝐷
GG’ =
∆

where,
w = weight loaded, discharged or shifted
d = distance from G when loaded or discharged
d= distance between old and final position when shifted
∆= old displacement plus weight loaded / Old displacement – weight discharged

1. A plank weighs 62 kilograms. What will be the shift of its center of gravity if a weight of
38 kilograms is placed on it at a distance of 400 cm from its original center of gravity?

Formula:
𝑊𝑥𝐷
GG’ =
∆
38 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 400𝑐𝑚
GG’ =
62𝑘𝑔+38𝑘𝑔
 38 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 400𝑐𝑚
GG’ =
100𝑘𝑔
GG’ = 152 cms

2. A plank weighs 80 kilograms. What will be the shift of its center of gravity if a weight of
48 kilograms is placed on it at a distance of 5500 cm from its original center of gravity?
Formula:
𝑊𝑥𝐷
GG’ =
∆
48 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 550𝑐𝑚
GG’ =
80𝑘𝑔+48𝑘𝑔
48 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 550𝑐𝑚
GG’ =
128𝑘𝑔
GG’ = 206.25 cm

Application to Ships
Formula:
𝑤𝑥𝑑
GG’ =
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠

1. A vessel displacing 30,500 tons has a KG of 60 ft. A weight of 500 long tons is discharged
from a VCG of 150 feet. What is the change of KG?
𝑤𝑥𝑑
GG’ =
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑥 (150𝑓𝑡−60𝑓𝑡)
GG’ =
30,500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠−500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑥 90 𝑓𝑡
GG’ =
30,000 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
GG’ = 1.5 ft downward

Formula:
𝑤𝑥𝑑
GG’ =
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠

1. A vessel displacing 40,000 tons has a KG of 65 ft. A weight of 550 long tons is discharged
from a VCG of 180 feet. What is the change of KG?
𝑤𝑥𝑑
GG’ =
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
550 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑥 (180𝑓𝑡−65𝑓𝑡)
GG’ =
30,500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠−500 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
550 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑥 115 𝑓𝑡
GG’ =
39,450 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
GG’ = 1.6 ft downward
Lesson 3 - Density and Specific Gravity

Density Example Problems

Formula:
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Relative Density of a Substance =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

1. Density of Water = 1000 kg/m³

Density of Silver = 10,500 kg/m³
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Relative Density of a Silver =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
10,500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³
Relative Density of a Silver =
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³
Relative Density of Silver = 10.5
Thus, silver is denser than water. To be specific, silver is 10.5 times denser than water.

Note:
If the relative density is greater than 1, it will sink. If it is lesser than 1, it will float.
Other Formulas:
WPA
WPA = area of the water – plane in square meters

Tons Per Centimeter

𝑊𝑃𝐴
TPC = 𝑥𝑝
100

where, WPA = water plane area m², p = water density 1.025 t/m³

Reserve Buoyancy
Reserve Buoyancy = Volume of the vessel – Volume of water displaced

Displacement
Displacement = Lightweight ÷ Deadweight

Fresh Water Allowance

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
FWA =
40 𝑥 𝑇𝑃𝐶
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
FWA =
40 𝑥 𝑇𝑃𝐼

Dock Water Allowance

𝐹𝑊𝐴 𝑥 (1025−𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦)
DWA =
25
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
DWA =
100 𝑥 𝑇𝑃𝐶
Practice Activity Solution
1 A capstan bar is 3 meters long. Two men are pushing on the bar, each with a force of 400
Newton. If one man is placed half-way along the bar and the other at the extreme end of
the bar, find the resultant moment about the center of the capstan.

Given:
F1 = 400 Newton
R1 = 3 Meter
F2 = 400 Newton
R2 = 3meters/2 = 1.5 meters

Solution:
Resultant Moment=(F1xR1) + (F2x R2)
Resultant Moment = (400N x 3m) + (400N x 1.5m)
Resultant Moment = 1200Nm + 600Nm
Resultant Moment = 1800 Nm Clockwise
2. A uniform plank is 6 metres long and is supported at a point under its midlength. A 10
kg mass is placed on the plank at a distance of 0.5 metres from one end and a 20 kg mass
is placed on the plank 2 metres from the other end. Find the resultant moment about the
center of the plank.

Solution:
Clockwise Moment =20 kg x 1 meter
Clockwise Moment =20 kg/ m

Anti-Clockwise Moment =10 kg x 2.5 meters

Anti-Clockwise Moment =25 kg / m resultant moment

Resultant Moment =20kg - 25kg

Resultant Moment= -5 kg (anti-clockwise)
RESULTANT MOMENT = 5kg/m anti-clockwise
Quizzes

Lesson 1 & 2 - Quiz 1

1. What is the force exerted on the body by the earth’s gravitational force and is measured in the
terms of Newton (N) and kilo-Newton (kN). Weight
2. What is that point at which all the vertically downward forces of weight are considered to act; or
it as the center of the mass of the vessel. Center of Gravity
3. What is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of fresh water.
Specific Gravity
4. What is an imaginary moment representing the combined effect of two or more forecasting about
a point. Resultant Moment
5. What is the force representing the combined effect if two or more forces acting at a point.
Resultant Force
6. What is the fundamental measure of the quantity of matter in a body and is expressed in terms
of the kilogram and the force. Mass
7. What is traditionally defined as an push or pull on a body. Force
8. What is the weight of the ship without cargo, crew, fuel, water, stores? Lightship
9. What is formed by the two equal force on a body in opposite direction and along parallel lines.
Couple
10. What is the term used to describe a ship that is inclined due to external forces i.e. by wind or sea.
Heel

Lesson 4 - Quiz 3

1. What is the point of intersection of the vertical through the center of buoyancy of a ship in the
position of equilibrium with the vertical through the new center of buoyancy when the ship is
slightly heeled? TRANSVERSE METACENTRE
2. What is a state of equilibrium of a body that remains in its new position and does not return to
its previous position? NEUTRAL
3. It is change in displacement tonnage required to change the mean draught of the ship by 1 cm.
RESERVE BUOYANCY
4. Who states that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid it appears to suffer a loss
in a mass equal to the mass of the fluid it displace? ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
5. It is the mass which must be loaded or discharged to change ship’s mean draft in salt water by 1
cm. TPC
6. It is the point where the lines intersect ( at an angle *) of the upward force of buoyancy.
METACENTRE
7. What is a state of equilibrium when ship is heeled, even very slightly would develop a lever which
is acting to further heel the ship would have developed a capsizing lever? NEGATIVE
8. What refers to stability at small angles of inclination up to15 degrees? INITIAL STABILITY
9. What is a state of equilibrium of a body such that when the body is slightly displaced it tends to
return to its original position? STABLE
10. What consist of Displacement, Deadweight, Tonnes per centimetre, Height of COB above Keel,
Distance of Midship, Height of Transverse Metacenter above Keel and etc. Used for ship stability
calculation? HYDROTABLES
Lesson 5 – Quiz 4

1. What is the width of the deck line mark? 25mm

2. The deepest water line to which a merchant ship is legally allowed to load for voyage within a
specified geographical zone in winter periods. Winter Load Line
3. The horizontal line 300 mm by 25 mm wide which is position amidship on port and starboard side.
Deck Line
4. It is the number of millimeters by which the mean draft changes when a ship passes from
saltwater to freshwater, or vice versa, whilst floating at the loaded draft? Fresh Water
Allowance
5. The maximum water line legally allowed for voyages in fresh water with in a tropical zone during
summer. Fresh Water Load Line

Lesson 6 – Quiz 5

1. What is the maximum length from the forward most point of the ship’s hull to the aft-most point.
Length Of Overall
2. What characteristic parameters calculated for a floating ship, which can either directly can be
used to comment on the nature of stability of the ship or be used to evaluate other stability
parameters? Ship Hydrostatic
3. What is a weight of a ship with all its permanent equipment, excluding the weight of cargo
persons, ballast, dunnage, and fuel, but usually including the weight of permanent ballast and
water used to operate steam machinery. Light Displacement
4. What is a series of graphs drawn to a vertical scale of draught and a base of length, which gives
values such as centre of buoyancy, displacement, moment causing unit trim, and centre of
flotation? Hydrostatic Curve
5. What is the longitudinal position od the CG with respect to an reference point on the ship?
Longitudinal Center Of Gravity
6. What is the maximum weight a vessel can carry up to her appropriate load marks? Deadweight
7. What will to the ship draft when ship moves from water of one density to water of another
density, without there being a change in her mass? Will Change
8. What is the vertical of the ship between its center of buoyancy and metacenter. Metacentric
Radius
9. What is the weight (in tons) of all cargo, fuel, dry provision, supplies, etc. carried on board of the
ship. Deadweight Tonnage
10.What is the total cubic carrying capacity of the ship’s hull less certain deduction such as
passenger spaces, machinery spaces and etc? Net Tonnage

Other Section Quizzes

Quiz 1 w/correction

1. A force of 15 Newtons is applied towards a point whilst a force of 10 Newtons is applied at the
same point but in the opposite direction. Find the resultant force. 5N
2. It is the point at which all the mass of a body may be assumed to be concentrated and is the
point through which the force of gravity is considered to act vertically downwards, with a force
equal to the weight of the body. It is also the point about which the body would balance. The
Center of Gravity of a Body.
3. This principle states that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid it appears to
suffer a loss in mass equal to the fluid it displaces. Archimedes’ Principle
4. In a rectangular plank of homogenous wood, its center of gravity will be at its ___.
Geometrical Center
 5. In “Moment of a Force”, the turning effects will depend on which of the following? I. Magnitude
of the Force IV. Length of the lever upon which the force acts.
6. Find the density of a fuel oil whose relative density is 0.92. 920 kg per cu. m
7. Find the relative density of salt water whose density is 1025 kg per cu. m. 1.025
8. The shift of the centre of gravity of the bod is given by the formula: GG1 = w x d/W metres
9. Which of the following is the S.I. unit of force? Newton
10. Whilst moving an object one man pulls on it with a force of 200 Newtons, and another pushes in
the same direction with a force of 300 Newtons. Find the resultant force propelling the object.
500 N

Quiz 4 w/correction

1. What is the Displacement of the vessel at any stage of loading, without having completely loaded
it maximum cargo? Displacement With Cargo
2. What is the total cubic carrying capacity of the ship’s hull ascertain deduction such as passenger
spaces, machinery spaces and etc? Net Tonnage
3. What is the weight (in tons) of all cargo, fuel, dry provision, supplies, etc. carried on board of the
ship? Deadweight Tonnage
4. What is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water, stores, dunnage and such
other items necessary for use on a voyage? Loaded Displacement
5. What characteristic parameters calculated for a floating ship, which can either directly can be
used to comment on the nature of stability of the ship or be used to evaluate other stability
parameters? Ship Hydrostatics
6. What method provides for estimating the additional draft or for determining the extra load that
could be taken onboard when a vessel is being loaded in water of density less than that of salt
water? Deadweight Scale
7. What is measured indirectly using Archimedes’ principle by first calculating the volume of water
displaced by the ship then converting that value into weight displaced? Displacement
8. What is the maximum weight a vessel can carry up to her appropriate load marks? Deadweight
9. What displacement of the weight, in long tons of a cargo vessel loaded so that the summer load
line touches the surface of the water? Load
10. What is a weight of a ship with all its permanent equipment, excluding the weight of cargo
persons, ballast, dunnage, and fuel, but usually including the weight of permanent ballast and
water used to operate steam machinery. Light Displacement

Prelim Reviewer

1. What is the force representing the combined effect of two or more forces acting at a point?
Resultant Force
2. What is the term used to describe a ship that is inclined due to external forces i.e. by wind or sea?
Heel
3. What is the force exerted on the body by the earth’s gravitational force and is measured in the
terms of Newton (N) and kilo-Newton (kN)? Weight
4. What is the vertical distance from the center of gravity (G) to the transverse metacenter (M)?
Metacentric Height
5. What is the vertical height of G above the keel for transverse stability calculations it is assumed
that G will be on the centerline when used? Kg
6. Which statement means the maximum moment that could be applied to the vessel without
causing it to capsize? Maximum Righting Moment
7. What is the reason, the centroid of an object with translational symmetry is undefined?
Translation Has No Fixed Point
8. A vessel displacing 30,500 tons has a kg of 60 ft. A weight of 500 long tons is discharged from a
VCG of 150 feet. What is the change of Kg? 1.5 Ft Downward
9. A plank weighs 62 kgs. What will be the shift of its center of gravity if a weight of 38kg is place
on it at a distance of 400 cm from its original center of gravity? 152cms
10. What will happen to a substance with a relative density greater than 1? Will Sink
11. What is the average specific gravity of water in all oceans?
1.025
12. What is the instrument used to determine the density of liquid?
Hydrometer
13. What is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a given difference material?
Relative Density
14. It is the change in displacement tonnage required to change the mean draught of the ship by
1cm?
Reserve Buoyancy
15. What is a state of equilibrium of a body such that when the body is slightly displaced it tends to
return to its original position?
Stable
16. What is a state of equilibrium of a body that remains in its new position and does not return to
its previous position?
Neutral
17. What is a state of equilibrium when ship is heeled, even very slightly would develop a lever which
is acting to further heel the ship or we can say that the ship would have developed a Capsizing
lever?
Negative
18. What is refers to stability at small angles of inclination up to 15 degrees?
Initial Stability
19. What is the point of intersection of the vertical through the center of buoyancy of a ship in the
position of equilibrium with the vertical through the new center of buoyancy when the ship is
slightly heeled?
Transverse Metacentre
20. What Consist of Displacement, Deadweight, Tonnes per Centimeter, Height of COB above Keel,
Distance of COB from after Perpendicular Or from Midship, Heght of Transverse Metacentre
above Keel and etc. used for ship stability calculation?
Hydrostatic Table
21. The deepest water line to which a merchant ship is legally allowed to load for a voyage within a
specified geographical zone in winter periods.
Winter Load Line
22. What is the width of the deck line mark?
25 Mm
23. What is the length of the summer load line mark?
230
24. The distance measured at the ships side amidships vertically downward, from the upper edge of
the deck line to the water line?
Freeboard
25. What is the line defining the maximum legal draft to which the vessel may be submerged?
Load Line
26. It is the number of millimeters by which the mean draft changes when a ship passes from salt
water to fresh water, or vice versa, whilst floating at the loaded draft?
Fresh Water Allowance
27. What is the weight of a ship with all its permanent equipment, excluding the weight of cargo
persons, ballast, dunnage, and fuel, but usually including the weight of permanent ballast and
water used to operate steam machinery?
Light Displacement
28. What displacement of the weight, in long tons, of a cargo vessel loaded so that the summerload
line touches the surface of the water?
Load
29. What is measured indirectly using Archimedes' principle by first calculating the volume of water
displaced by the ship then converting that value into weight displaced?
Displacement
30. What method provides for estimating the additional draft or for determining the extra load that
could be taken onboard when a vessel is being loaded in water of density less than that of salt
water?
Deadweight Scale
31. What characteristic parameters calculated for a floating ship, which can either directly be used to
comment on the nature of stability of the ship or be used to evaluate other stability parameters?
Ship Hydrostatics
32. What is the weight of the ship including cargo, passengers, fuel, water,stores, dunnage and such
other items necessary for use on a voyage?
Loaded Displacement
33. What is the weight (in tons) of all cargo, fuel, dry provision, supplies, etc. carried on board of the
ship?
Deadweight Tonnage
34. What is the displacement of the vessel at any stage of loading, without having completely loaded
its maximum cargo?
Displacement With Cargo
35. What is the moment required to change the total trim of the vessel by one centimeter?
Mct
36. What is the vertical distance of the ship between its center of buoyancy and metacenter?
Metacentric Radius
37. What is the ability of a vessel to resist and recover from heeling over?
Transverse Stability
38. What is a series of graphs drawn to a vertical scale of draught and a base of length, which gives
values such as the centre of buoyancy, displacement, moment causing unit trim, and centre of
flotation?
Hydrostatic Curve
39. What is the maximum length from the forward most point of the ship’s hull to the aft-most point?
Length Of Overall
40. What is the ratio of vessel’s underwater volume (Displacement) to the volume of a box that this
could fit in?
Block Coefficient
41. What is the volume of the enclosed spaces above the waterline?
Reserve Buoyancy
42. What is the longitudinal position of the CG with respect to any reference point on the ship?
Longitudinal Centre Of Gravity