from NDBs, radials from VHF/UHF aids, centre lines of designated airways, air

routes, localizers and DME distances.

Deviation. The angle through which the compass needle is deflected from magnetic
north due to the influence of magnetic fields in the airplane.
Discrete Frequency. A separate radio frequency for use in direct pilot/controller
communications in ATC which reduces frequency congestion by controlling the
number of aircraft operating on the frequency at any one time.
Displaced Threshold. A threshold that is located at a point on the runway other than
the designated beginning of the runway.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME). Equipment used to measure in nautical
miles the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigation aid.
Doppler Navigation System. A self contained area navigation system that fixes the
position of an airplane and determines groundspeed by means of radar beams
directed from the aircraft to the ground that measure “Doppler Shift”.
DUATS (Direct User Access Terminal System). A computer based system provided
by a vendor to pilots and other operational personnel. It supplies aviation weather
and NOTAM information and provides flight plan filing capability.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). A radio transmitter which operates from
its own power source on 121.5 MHz, or on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz, and is
activated automatically by the g forces experienced in a crash landing.
Empennage. The tail section of an airplane (vertical stabilizer, or fm, horizontal
stabilizer or tail plane, rudder, elevators, and all trimming and control devices).
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS). Calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility factor.
Expected Further Clearance Time. The time at which it is expected that further
clearance will be issued to an aircraft.
Feathered Propeller. A propeller whose blades have been rotated so that the leading
and trailing edges are nearly parallel with the aircraft flight path to minimize drag
and engine rotation.
Final. Commonly used to mean an aircraft is on the final approach course or is
aligned with a landing area.
Final Approach. That part of an instrument approach procedure from the time an
aircraft has completed the last procedure turn or base turn, or crossed the final
approach fix or point, or intercepted the last track specified for the procedure
until it reaches the missed approach point. In this portion of the procedure,
alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.
Fix. A geographical position determined by visual reference to the surface, or by
reference to one or more radio navaids, or by celestial plotting or by another
navigational device.
Flag/Flag Alarm. A warning device incorporated in certain airborne navigation and
flight instruments to indicate that the instrument is inoperative or that signal
strength is below acceptable values.
Flaps Down Speed. The maximum speed at which the airplane may be flown with
the flaps lowered.
Flight Information Region (FIR). An airspace of defined dimensions extending
upwards from the surface of the earth within which flight information service and
alerting service is provided.
Flight Itinerary. Specified information relating to the intended flight of an aircraft,
that is filed with a responsible person.
Flight Level (FL). An altitude expressed in hundreds of feet indicated on an altimeter
set to 29.92” Hg or 1013.2 hectopascals/ millibars.