ECV 4325 Fluid Mechanics II

Content:
Practical application of Bernoulli’s equation: Momentum equation and
its application. Orifices and mouthpieces, Time to empty tanks.
Viscous flow; Turbulent flow, Moody’s resistance diagram, introduction
to boundary layer theory, flow through pipes empirical equations for
frictional head losses, and loss of energy in pipes, Power transmission
through pipes and nozzles pipe networks, Water hammer and surge
tanks.
Laboratory: Determination of flow coefficients, Experiments to determine
discharge

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Venturi meter:
It is a device for measuring the discharge of a liquid flowing in a pipe. As shown in figure, it consists
of three parts: convergent cone or inlet, throat, and divergent cone or outlet.

• The inlet is a short pipe that converges from the pipe diameter d1 to a smaller diameter d2. This
convergent pipe converts pressure head into velocity head.
• The throat is a small circular pipe with constant diameter d2.
• The outlet is a longer pipe that diverges from the throat diameter d2 to the pipe diameter d1. This
divergent pipe converts velocity head into pressure head.
For ideal fluid, applying Bernoulli’s equation between sections (1) and (2) representing the inlet and
throat respectively, as shown in the figure:

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Z1 + (P1 / ) + (𝑣12 /2g) = Z2 + (P2 / ) + (𝑣22 /2g) [Z1 + (P1 / )] - [Z2 + (P2 / )] = (𝑣22 – 𝑣12 ) /2g
Let, [Z1 + (P1 / )] - [Z2 + (P2 / )] = H
Where H is the change in piezometric head.

Then, H = (𝑣22 – 𝑣12 ) / 2g

A manometer can be used to measure the change in piezometric head H.
At the centre line of the pipe, P(1) = P(2)

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This is the equation of venturi meter for measuring the discharge of ideal fluid flowing in a pipe.

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Coefficient of Velocity

Coefficient of Contraction

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Coefficient of Discharge
The coefficient of discharge of an orifice is determined by measuring the volume of liquid which has
actually come out of the orifice in a known interval of time. The actual discharge Q is equal to the
measured volume of the liquid divided by time. The coefficient of discharge Cd is obtained from the
relation:

𝑸
𝑪𝒅 =
𝒂 √𝟐𝒈𝑯

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where Q is the actual measured discharge.

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EXAMPLE - 1

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EXAMPLE - 2

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Example:
A circular orifice, 3.5 cm diameter, is made in the vertical wall of a tank. The jet falls vertically through 0.5
m while moving horizontally through a distance of 1.5 m.
Calculate the coefficient of velocity if the head causing flow is 1.2 metres. If the discharge is 2.80 × 10−3
cumecs, calculate Cc and Cd.
Solution:

𝒙𝟐 𝟏.𝟓𝟐
Since 𝑪𝒗 = √ =√ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕
𝟒𝒚𝑯 𝟒 × 𝟎.𝟓 ×𝟏,𝟐𝟎

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 WORKED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1:
Pitot static tube is mounted on an aircraft travelling at a speed 300 kmph against a wind velocity of 20
kmph. If the specific weight of air is 12 N/m3 determine the pressure difference the instrument will
register.

EXAMPLE 2:

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A venturi-meter is used to measure liquid flow rate of 7500 litres per minute. The difference in pressure across the
venturi-meter is equivalent to 8 m of the flowing liquid. The pipe diameter is 19 cm. Calculate the throat diameter of
the venturi-meter. Assume the coefficient of discharge for the venturi-meter as 0.96.

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Example 3:
A venturi meter of 15 cm inlet diameter and 10 cm throat is laid horizontally in a pipe to measure the flow
of oil of 0.9 specific gravity. The reading of a mercury manometer is 20 cm. Calculate the discharge in
lit/min?

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Example 4:
An orifice meter has an orifice of 10 cm diameter and a coefficient of discharge of 0.65. It is fixed in a pipe
of 25 cm diameter with flowing oil of 0.8 specific gravity. The pressure difference between pipe and orifice
is measured by a mercury manometer that gives a reading of 80 cm. Determine the discharge?

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Example 5:
Water of head 9 m is flowing through an orifice of 60 mm diameter. The coefficients of discharge and
velocity are 0.6 and 0.9 respectively.
i. Calculate the actual discharge through the orifice?
ii. Determine the actual velocity at vena contraction?

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