P.

84 Exercises
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. d
5. a 6. a
B. 1. Combustion 2. False
3. sodium bicarbonate 4. dark
5. calorificvalue 6. joule
7. True 8. SPM
C. 1. The process of burningof substances in air or
Oxygen with the evolution of heat and light is
known as combustion.
8 2. Combustible substances
-
Companion Asubstance that burns in air or Oxygen to
produce heat and light is called a combustible
substance. Examples: Paper, wood,
kerosene, LPG.
Science Non-combustible substances
A substance that does not burn in
air
or oxygen is called a
non-combustible
Living substance. Examples: Stone, sand, soil.
3. It is more difficult to burn some
substances than others becausecombustible
of their
N different ignition temperatures. For example,
alog of wood has higher ignition
12 than cut pieces of wood.
temperature
 4. The conditions under which
naustible if we are:
() Presence of a combustible
combustion
csubstombussubsancettaince.on.to its
hed) (ii) Presence of supporter of
e use them
replenished. (i) Heating the combustible
Dustible ignition temperature.
5. More care is neededto store
ive heat energy
coal, though both are fuels kerosene than
allcombustible
because
tkheanrosene
has much lower ignition
iels.
Chat can be temperature
coal and hence can catch fire
easily.
ore, in principle, kerosene is called| as
inflammable Thus,
fossil fuel in
ectiveness will
6. If afuel has an ignition
temperaturesulower
than the average room temperature
the
bstance.
then
substance bursts into flames without
vater and applicationof external heat. This tyDe of
combustion is known as spontaneous
combustion. Example: White phosphorus
ME is stored under water and
sodium is stored
under kerosene to avoid spontaneous
S0 released. combustion.
substance. 7. Acombustion reaction that occurs suddenly
nition with the evolution of heat, light, sound and a
air. large amount of gas is called an explosion
cutting off Example: Firecracker.
8. Fire inelectrical equipments cannot be
est part of controlled with water as water conducts
electricity. Hence the person trying to
extinguish the fire can get an electric shock.
D. 1. (a) Combustion reaction in limited supply
than the of air causes incomplete combustion.
easily. The resulting products in the case of
incomplete combustion of methane are
carbon monoxide, water and energy.
2CH, + 30, > 200 + 4H,0 + Energy
Methane Oxygen Carbon Water monoxide
(b) Combustion reaction in sufficient supply
of air causes complete combustion. When
methane burns in sufficient supply of
Oxygen, carbon dioxide andwater are
formed and energy is given out.
nair or CH, 20, ’ CO, + 2H,0 + Energy
Methane Oxygen Carbon Water dioxide
ght is 2. Afire can be extinguished by
different methods. They are: applying
() Removing the combustible substance.
to
Istible
(0) Cooling the substance to below its ignition
temperature.
() Cutting off the supplyof air or using tre
3. extinguishers.
When wood or paper are on fire, water can be
used to put out the fire effectively. As these
substances are solids, heavier than waterand
not fuels by nature, they can be extinguished
le
by water easily.
le,
Water is not suitable to use as extinguisher
ure
on the fire caused by electricity as water
conducts electricity.
Also, oil or petrol fires cannot be put out by
 water as oil and petrol are lighter than water.
They float on water and keep burning.
4. Carbon dioxide coming out from a fire
extinguisher forms a blanket around the
fire cuttingoff the air supply as it is heavier
than oxygen. Also it is nota supporter of
combustion.
6 Calorific value of a fuel can be defined as the
amount of heat liberated when one kilogram
of the fuel is completely burnt in sufficient
supply of oxygen. Hydrogen is not used as a
fuel because of its highly explosive nature.
6. Fuels can be classified on the basis of their
physical state - solid, liquid andgas. On this
basis, fuels can be of the following types:
(0) Solid fuels: Some solid fuels are wood,
coal, cattle-dung cakes, bagasse
(sugarcane from which juice has been
extracted), etc.
(i) Liquid fuels: Some liquid fuels are
kerosene, liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG),
fuel oil,petrol, diesel, etc.
(ii) Gaseous fuels: Some gaseous fuels are
natural gas, coalgas, water gas, producer
gas, biogas, acetylene, etc.
E. 1. The simple fire extinguisher is the soda-acid
type fire extinguisher. In this the property of
acids to liberate carbon dioxide on reacting
with carbonates and bicarbonates of metals is
utilized. As the gas carbon dioxide is evolved
with brisk effervescence, it extinguishes the
fire when released over it.
Na,SO, + 2H,0 + 200,
2NaHCO + H,SO,
Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Water Carbon
bicarbonate acid sulphate dioxide
KNOB
BOTTLE
SULPHURIC
ACID
CONTAINER
SODIUM
BICARBONATE
SOLUTION
2. Candle flame: Light a candle and observe its
flame. You willfind that it isspindle-shaped
and has different colours in ifferent regions.
The flame has four zones dependingon the
amount of air it receives. The zones have
different colours.
() Non-luminous zone or the zone of
Complete combustion is the hottest part
of the candle flame. Because of adequate
Supply of oxygen, complete combustion
0CCurs. Therefore, no residue is left on
an object placed in this zone. The flame
appears blue. It is the outermost zone of
the flame.
() Luminous zone or the zone of incomplete
Combustion is moderately hot. The wax
vapours do not burn completely as the
supply of oxygen is inadequate. It leaves
a black soot and other residues on an
object placed here. The carbon particles
glow emittinga yellow light. It is the middle
zone of the flame.
(iii) Dark zone or the zone of no Combustion
is the least hot. It cOvers the area
surrounding the wick containing unburnt
vapours produced by the melting of wax.
Here the wax vapours do not corme in
contact with oxygen, hence do not burm. It
is the innermost zone of the flame.
(iv) The blue zone is a small region at
the base of the wick. Here the carbon
monoxide produced in the inner zones due
to incomplete combustion buns with a
blue colour.
3. Characteristics of a good fuel: A fuel is
considered good if it:
(0 has a low ignition temperature,
(i) produces a large quantity of heat, that is,
its calorificvalue is high,
(ii) hasamoderate rate of combustion,
(iv) is safe to store, handle and transport,
(v) does not cause pollution,
(vi) leaves behind little or no residue after
being burnt,
(vii) is cheap and easily available.
Coal, petroleum and natural gas nearly meet
all these conditions.
4. The main impacts due to burmingof fuels are
as follows:
(0) Burning of carbon-containing fuels
releases ash and fine particles of unburnt
carbon in the air. Living
(ü) Combustion of fuels adds carbon dioxide
to the environment. Apercentage increase
Science
in carbon dioxide in the air leads to the
greenhouse effect which can cause global
warming. Companion
(iii) Carbon monoxide produced when fuels
containingcarbon burn in insufficient
supply of air, is a very dangerous pollutant
and can cause death if breathed in.
(iv) Coal contains sulphur, which produces 8-
sulphur dioxide on burning. This gives rise 13
 harmfulfor soil,
to acid rain, which is very
crops. buildings, etc
exhausts
(v) Lead compounds are released in
of vehicles, Theyare poisonous.
HOTS Questions
trapped
1. When wood is burnt, initially the gases
in itare released. These gases burn with a
flame. Once the gases are exhausted, the
WOod only glows and does not burn with a
flame.
2. While coal has many necessary attributes that
agood fuel should have, its major drawbacks
are that itcauses air pollution and leaves
behind residue (ash). Therefore in the existing
situation, where pollution is a major worry, it
will be better not to use it in its natural form
but to convert it into coke.
3. When a matchstick is rubbed on the side of a
matchbOx, heat is given off due to friction with
the rough surface. The ignition temperature
of the materialused in matchsticks is low
enough to catch fire because of this heat.
4. The LPG gas stove gives a yellow flame due
to incomplete combustion of the gas. This
can be due to blockage of burner holes, or
improper adjustmnent of the air-gas mixture.
5. Gases produced in a flame are hot, hence
lighter. Therefore they rise up. That is why the
flame always points upwards.
6. We wrap a blanket around a person whose
clothes have caught fire to cut off the suppiy
of oxygen which eventually extinguishes the
fire. However, the blankel must be
removed
immediately after the fue is extinguished so
that the body carn cool. Otherwise it will lead
to severe burms.
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