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General awareness has always been taken at the lighter side by many of the candidates not
realizing that how major it can be in Railway & SSC Exams. General awareness is not
something you can expect to master in a day. But from an exam point of view, if you spend
time consistently, you can perform well in it in relatively less time as compared
to Quantitative Aptitude and Reasoning section.
So, keeping the upcoming Railway & SSC Exams in mind, below is a link to the Chemistry
Digest and we assure you that not even a single question from chemistry section will be
asked from outside this Chemistry Digest.
The Chemistry Digest includes all the Chemistry topics you should be aware of for all the
competitive exams.
Sandeep Baliyan
Community Manager (Gradestack Team)
Chemistry, a branch of physical science, is the study of the composition, properties and behavior of
matter.
point of water is less than 100C and more
MATTER time is required to cook a food.
In general it exists in 3 states i.e.,
(i) Solid Melting Point
(ii) liquid It is a temperature at which a substance
(iii) gas. converts from its solid state to liquid
state.
Now-a-days there is a discussion on two Meling point of ice is 0C; It decrease in the
more states of matter i.e., Plasma (Ionised presence of impurity
gases containing super energetic and super
excited particles and Bose-Einstein Atom, Molecule and Element
condensates or BEC (a gas at super low Atom is the smallest particle of a matter
temperatures with extremely low density). that takes part in chemical reactions, but
cannot exist in free state.
Boiling Point Atom is made 43 of electrons, protons
The temperature at which liquid converts in and neutrons.
to vapours is called its boiling point. Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus
Boiling point of water is 100C. (at the centre of atom) whereas electrons
The boiling point increases in the revolve around the nucleus.
presence of impurities. That's why boiling Atoms combine to form molecules, the
point of sea water is more than the smallest part of matter which can exist in
boiling point of pure water (as the former free state.
contains impurity).
It usually decreases at high altitudes,
that's why at high altitudes, the boiling
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Fuels
The substance, which produce heat and light on combustion are called fuels.
A strong foul smelling substance, called ethyl mercaptan is added to LPG to detect its leakage as
LPG is an odourless gas.
Safety Matches
In safety matches, the stick consists of mixture
of antimony trisulphide and potassium chlorate
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Acids
These are the substance, which have sour taste and turn blue litmus red.
These are good conductor of electricity in aqueous solution.
Pickels are always kept in glass jar because acid present in them reacts with metal to produce
hydrogen gas.
Bases
These are the substances, which have bitter taste and turn red litmus, blue.
They give different colours in acid and base solutions.
Salts
These are the product of neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base.
pH is the measure of acidity/basicity.
Reinforced Concrete Cement (RCC) which molecule per twenty million water
is concrete with steel bars and wires is used molecules is heavy water.
for constructing roofs, bridges and pillars
Glass
Glassan amorphous solid or super- Hard Water
cooled liquidcontains maintz silica (SiO2). The water in which soluble bicarbonates oil
calcium and magnesium are present, is
Different substances are added to obtain called temporary hard water and in which
glass of different colours soluble sulphates and chlorides of
magnesium and calcium are present is
Colour Substance Added called permanent hard water.
The temporary hardness of water is
Red Copper oxide (CuO) removed by boiling or by adding calcium
Green Chromium oxide (Cr203) hydroxide, Ca(OH)2the Clark's process
Blue Cobalt oxide (Co0) The permanent hardness of water is
re move d b y a ddi n g sodium carbonate
Brawn Iron oxide (Fe203) (Na 2 CO3), or calgon (sodium
hexametaphosphate, Na2[Na4(P03)
Heavy water Hardening of Oil (Hydrogenation)
Heavy water is water that contains heavy Oil, an unsaturated fat when heated with
hydrogen or deuterium. Deuterium differs nickel catalyst and hydrogen gets converted
from the hydrogen usually found in water, into a solid mass, called ghee, a saturated
protium, in that each atom of deuterium fat. This process is called hardening of oil
contains a proton and a neutron. Heavy and is carried out through hydrogenation in
water may be deuterium oxide, D2O or it the presence of nickel as a catalyst.
may be deuterium protium oxide, DHO.
Note: Heavy water occurs naturally,
although it is much less common than
regular water. Approximately one water
Ores - Those minerals from which the metals are extracted commercially and economically and with
minimum effort are called Ores of Metals.
10. The inert gas abundantly found in widely 13. Which of the following is the best conductor
distributed is_____? of electricity?
A. Xe A. Ordinary water
B. Kr B. Sea water
C. He C. Boiled water
D. Ar D. Distilled water
Ans: D Ans: B
Argon (Ar) is the most prevalent of the noble Sea water is a "good" conductor. It has a
gases in Earth's crust with the element resistance and resistance increases by distance.
composing 0.00015% of this crust. So if you dip a very high voltage electric wire in
the ocean, the area around it (even 100 meters
11. Vinegar is used as a condiment, and in the or more based on how high it is) gets electric.
pickling of vegetables and other foods. What
is the constituent of vinegar? 14. Which one among the following substances
A. Butanoic acid evolved heat when dissolved in water?
B. Methanoic acid A. Glucose
C. Ethanoic acid B. Fructose
D. Hexanoic acid C. Quick lime
Ans: C D. Salt peter
When ethanol reacts with oxygen it forms a Ans: C
weak acid called ethanoic acid. In an open bottle Quicklime is a widely used chemical compound.
of beer or wine, the reaction happens naturally It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at
in the presence of bacteria, and it is the ethanoic room temperature. When limestone is heated, at
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table. The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), A. Copper sulphate
argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon B. Silver bromide
(Rn). C. Magnesium sulphate
D. None
38. Study of old age is called_________? Ans: B
A. Gerantalogy Silver bromide (AgBr) is a soft pale-yellow,
B. Pedology water-insoluble salt well for its unusual
C. Ornithology sensitivity to light. This property has allowed
D. Anthropology silver halides to become the basis of modern
Ans: A photographic materials. AgBr is widely used in
Gerontology is the study of the aging process photographic films and is believed by some to
itself. Geriatrics is sometimes called medical have been used for making the Shroud of Turin.
gerontology.
43. Plaster of pans chemically known as______.
39. The chemical name for common salt______. A. Sodium Aluminate
A. Sodium chloride B. Calcium sulphate
B. Sodium hydroxide C. Spdium bicarbonate
C. Sodium chlorate D. Sodium acetate
D. Potasium chloride Ans: B
Ans: A Calcium sulphate is a calcium salt that is used
Sodium chloride is also known common salt is for a variety of purposes. It exists in various
an ionic compound with the chemical formula forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris
NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated
chloride ions. gypsum.
40. Liquid metal is______? 44. When iron rusts, its weight________?
A. Mercury A. decreases
B. Sodium B. increases
C. Antimony C. Constant
D. None D. None
Ans: A Ans: B
Liquid metal consists of gallium-containing Iron rust when they come into contact with
alloys with very low melting points which are water and oxygen. They rust faster in salty
liquid at room temperature. The standard water or acid rain.
metal formerly is mercury.
45. Which is not a type of elements?
41. Match sticks are made of____? A. Metals
A. Red phosphorus B. Non Metals
B. blue phosphorus C. Metalloids
C. led nitrate D. Gases
D. None Ans: C
Ans: A Element is a chemical substance consisting of
Red phosphorus is used in matches. atoms having the same number of protons in
Ferrophosphorus, a combination of their atomic nuclei.
phosphorus with iron, is used as an ingredient There are 118 elements that have been
in high-strength low-alloy steel. identified. The elements classified as
metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium,
42. Chemical that is used in photography______? arsenic, antimony, tellurium and polonium.
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D. glycol
46. Which acid is present in lemon? Ans: A
A. marlic acid Dynamite is an explosive material based on
B. citric acid nitroglycerin, using diatomaceous earth or
C. lactic acid another adsorbent substance such as powdered
D. tartaric acid shells or clay
Ans: B
Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the 49. Nail polish remover contains?
formula C6H8O7.The juice of the lemon is about A. benzene
5% to 6% citric acid, which gives a sour taste. B. acetic acid
C. acetone
47. What among following is used to produce D. petroleum ether
artificial rain? Ans: C
A. copper oxide The most common solvents are acetone. It is
B. carbon monoxide powerful and effective but can be harsh on skin
C. silver iodide and nails. Acetonitrile has been used as a nail
D. silver nitrate polish remover.
Ans: C 50. Human bone does not contain________.
Artificial rain is produced by spraying clouds A. calcium
with substances like Silver Iodide (costly) or B. carbon
cheaper ones like solid carbon dioxide (dry C. oxygen
ice) or even finely powdered Sodium Chloride. D. phosphorous
Ans: C
48. Which is used in preparation of dynamite? Human Bones are primarily formed from salts
A. glycerol of calcium, carbon and phosphate, the major
B. ethyl alcohol salt being hydroxyapatite.
C. methyl alcohol
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