Nephrotic syndrome

Prepared By:
Elaf sherzad Supervised By:
Basoz Abdulkhaliq Dr. Sherzad
Dlpak Ibrahim
Khunav Mahmud
Parwana Dler
 Outline
Introduction, sign and symptoms Diagnosis

Causes Treatment&
Management

Compliications and differences between

nephrotic syndrome and niphritic syndrome
 Introduction
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder in which your
kidneys release an excessive amount of protein in
your urine(proteinuria), usually results when there is a
problem with your glomeruli (kidneys’ filters).
Damaged glomeruli allow three or more grams of
protein to leak into your urine over 24 hours. It can
occur in individuals of various ages and backgrounds,
but occur more in males compared to females.
 Sign and Symptoms
1. Proteinuria: very high levels of protein in the urine
2. Hypoalbuminemia: Low levels of albumin in the
blood
3. Swelling (edema), especially around the eyes,ankle,
feet, and hands.
4. Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine
5. Hyperlipidemia: high levels of cholesterol and other
lipids in the blood.
6. Weight gain due to fluid retention.
 Causes of nephrotic syndrome
Primary causes:
1. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis:
2. Membranous nephropathy: This kidney disorder is the result of
thickening membranes within the glomeruli.
3. Minimal change disease: This is the most common cause of nephrotic
syndrome in children.

Secondary causes:
Amyloidosis:
Diabetic nephropathy:
Systemic lupus erythematosus:
Infectious, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Genetic disorders.
Some medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
 Complications
Complications and
Infections
Blood clots
differences between
Malnutrition
Kidney failure
nephrotic and niphritic
Hypertension syndromes
Growth delay in children
Hyperlipidemia

Nephrotic syndrome Niphritic syndrome

-Proteinuria & hypoproteinemia -Hematuria

-Edema -Oliguria
-Hyperlipidemia -Hypertension
 Diagnosis
1. Urine test
To detect proteinuria & lipiduria.
2. Blood test
To assess kidney function, cholesterol & protein levels .
serum albumin
serum creatinine
Total cholesterol level

3. Ultrasonography
To evaluate structure & function of the kidneys & identify any
abnormalities.
4. Kidney biopsy
A doctor will use a special needle to remove a tiny piece of kidney
tissue. The tissue sample is then examined under a microscope to
make a diagnosis.
 Treatment and management
corticosteroids as a first-line agent
ex: prednisone
to reduce the risk of serious infections.

If the patient has resistance to the corticosteroids

Immune suppressant agent will be prescribed.
ex:cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporine, Retuximab and Mycophenolate motefil.

Others:
blood pressure medications:
-(ACE) inhibitors
ex: lisinopril ,captopril and enalapril.
 Treatment and management
- (ARB)
ex: losartan and valsartan.
Both reduce blood pressure and reduce proteinuria.

diuretics: control swelling by increasing the kidneys' fluid output.

ex: furosemide spironolactone and thiazides..

cholesterol-reducing medications.
ex: Statins (atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin) can help lower cholesterol levels,
to avoiding any risk of heart attacks or early death.

Blood thinners (anticoagulants): These are prescribed to decrease your

blood's ability to clot, if you've had a blood clot.
ex: heparin, warfarin.
Thank You