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INTRODUCTION
CONVENTIONAL & NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCE
Conventional energy sources are naturally present and have been in use for
many years these are also known as non-renewable energy sources, which
are present in a limited quantity and take over hundreds of years to form.
Ex: Coal, petroleum, firewood, fossil fuels , straw etc.
The Non-Conventional energy sources are the sources of energy which are
used as the alternative of conventional energy sources. These are also known
as renewable energy sources. Which are available abundance in nature and
being regularly generated in short time.
Ex: Solar, wind, tidal, biomass energy etc.
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POWER GENERATION
Hydro power plants convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity.
The block diagram of a hydro power station is as shown below.
Hydroelectric power stations are becoming very popular because the reserves of
fuels (i.e., coal and oil) are depleting day by day. They have the added
importance for flood control, storage of water for irrigation and water for
drinking purposes.
Nuclear fission inside the Nuclear reactor generates heat. The coolant in the
circuit gets heated by observing the heat and enters into a steam generator. In
this feed water is heated and converted to steam. The steam from the steam
generator enters into the turbine and rotates the turbine. This turbine is coupled
with the armature of an alternator which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. After that the steam will moved to the condenser and
converted to water which is pumped back to steam generator. The cycle is
repeated continuously for generation of power.
In wind power generation the wind energy is used to generate electricity. The
wind energy is converted into mechanical energy by an aero turbine. The block
diagram is as shown below.
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In a Solar power plant the electricity is generated using photo voltaic system
consists of PV array. The block diagram is as shown below
Ohm‟s Law
German physicist Georg Ohm derived relationship between voltage, current and
resistance in an electrical circuit called ohm‟s law.
It states that “The potential difference applied across the circuit, is directly
proportional current flowing through the circuit provided the temperature
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VαI
V=RI
R - Constant of proportionality called Resistance of a conductor in ohm‟s (Ω).
ΣI=0
Example: Consider a junction in an electrical network as shown in the fig.The
currents I1 and I3 are taken as positive as they are entering the junction. While
I2 and I4 are negative as leaving the junction.
I2
I4
I1
I3
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I1 – I2 + I3- I 4 = 0
I,e I1 + I3 = I2 +I 4
“The total current flowing towards a junction is equal to the total current
leaving the junction.”
Note: Sign convention: The currents entering the junction taken as positive and
the currents leaving the junction are taken as negative.
Σ Emf + Σ IR drops = 0
Example: Consider an electrical network as shown in fig
I R1 R2
+ - + -
V2
V1
Electrical Power
The rate at which electrical work is done in a circuit is called Electrical Power.
Electrical power is denoted by P and measured in Watt (W).
P=V I
P = (IR) I = I2 R [V = IR]
P=V( )= [I=V/R]
P=VI = I2 R = watts
Energy
Energy is defined as the amount of electrical work is done in a circuit in a
specified time.
E=VI t = I2 R t = joules
In series circuit the current flowing through all the resistances is same.
Let „I‟ be the current flowing through all the resistors.
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Let V1, V2, and V3 be the voltages drops across the resistances R1 ,R2 and
R3 respectively
The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of the voltage drops across the resistances.
I,e V = V1 + V2 + V3
According to Ohm‟s law
RT = R1 + R2 +R3
Thus the Total or Equivalent Resistance in a series Circuit is equal to the Sum
of the resistances connected in series.
Inference
In Series circuit the same current is flowing through all resistances.
The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of the individual voltage drops across
the each resistance.
and V= V1 + V2+-------------+VN
In parallel circuit the voltage applied across each resistance is equal to the
supply voltage.
Let „I‟ be the current drawn from the supply.
Let I1, I2, and I3 be the Current through the resistances R1 ,R2 and R3
respectively.
I,e I= I1 + I2 + I3
According to Ohm‟s law
I1 = I2 = I3 =
I= I1 + I2 + I3
= + +
1 2 3
= V[ + + ]
1 2 3
= + +
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1 2
Inference
In Parallel circuit the voltage across each resistance is equal to supply
voltage.
The total current „I‟ is the sum of the currents drawn by the each
resistance.
= + + -----------+
1 2 𝑵
and I= I1 + I2+-------------+IN
Note: When 2 Resistances are connected in parallel then the Total resistance is
= +
𝑹1+𝑹2
𝑹 =
𝑹1𝑹2
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I,e I= I1 + I2 ----------------------------1
We know that in parallel circuit the voltage across each resistance is equal to
supply voltage.
I,e V= V1= V2
Therefore I1 R1 =I2 R2
2 R2
I1 =
Substitute I1 in equation 1 we get
I= I1 + I2
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2 R2
I= + I2
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R2
I = I2 [ + 1]
R
R2 +R1
I = I2 [ R
]
R
Therefore I2 =
R
R
Similarly I1 =
R
List of Formulas
1. By ohm‟s Law V=I R , I= , and R=
2. In series Circuit RT= R1+ R2+R3+---------------RN
3. In Parallel circuit = + +
Current in a branch =
I,e I1 = and I2 =
Problems on DC circuits
Vv
I20Ω =? I30 Ω =?
V=? V15Ω =? P=?
p15Ω =? p20Ω =? P30 Ω =?
Current through the 15Ω resistor I15Ω =I =3A the total current of the
circuit
I20Ω =
I20Ω = 1.8A
I30Ω =
I30Ω = 1.2A
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= 1 = ]
= 12+15 =27 Ω
Therefore
V= I RT= 3 X 27
V= 81 V
iii) Voltage across 15Ω is V15Ω = current flowing through the resistance X
value of resistance
= 3X15
V15Ω = 45 V
R2= 6Ω
30V
I
-
V volts
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i) I12Ω = = I12Ω = 1.25A
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I6Ω = = I6Ω = 2.5A
= 2.52x 6 = 37.5watts
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P= 112.5+18.75+37.5
P= 168.75 Watts
= 2.5 X6
V6Ω = 15 V = V12Ω
iv) Supply or Total Voltage
V = 30 +15
V =45 V
3. For the circuit shown below find the current through all the resistances
and the power consumed by the circuit
4Ω 2Ω
8Ω
8Ω
6Ω
30V
8V
Wkt I =
RT =4 Ω
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Current in a branch =
I4Ω = =1.2 A
I6Ω = =0.8 A
I2Ω = =1.6 A
I8Ω = =0.4 A
ii) The power Consumed by the circuit P= VI
= 8 x2 = 16watts
P = 16 watts
5. The two 12V batteries with internal resistance of 0.2Ω and 0.25Ω
respectively are joined parallel and resistance of 1Ω is placed across the
terminals. Find the current supplied by the battery and power consumed
by 1Ω resistor.
0.25Ω 0.2Ω
12V 12V
1Ω
Solution:
Applying KVL to LOOP 1 I I
-
- 0.2Ω
-0.25I1 +0.2I2 -12 + 12 =0 0.25Ω + 1Ω
+ +
-0.25I1 +0.2I2 = 0 ---------------- 1 I
I2
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-
-1(I1 +I2 ) +12 – 0.2 I2 =0 12V
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V
-I1 - I2 – 0.2 I2 = -1
- I1 – 1.2 I2 = -12-------------------2
S v g Eq d
-0.25I1 +0.2I2 = 0
-I1 – 1.2 I2 = -12
Solution: 20
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-2I2-3I2 -4I1+10=0
-4I1-5I2 = -10-------1
-14I1+19I2 = 0----------2
+2I2-6(I1-I2) =VAB
VAB = -0.2V
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14. Find the values of currents in all the branches of the network shown in
figure
Solution:
-0.1(I-50) -0.2(I-80) =0
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Solution:
-3I1 -2I1+2 =0
-5I1=-2
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-3I2 -5I2+4 =0
-8I2=-4
3I1+4-3I2 =Vxy
Vxy = 3.7V
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