Synthesis of adsorbent from animal waste

and its applications in industrial effluent

treatment
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2240, 130004 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0011017
Published Online: 22 May 2020

Senthilkumar Kandasamy, Nithishkumar Baskaran, Rajesh Kanna Jeyaprakash, Vignesh Nagarajan,

Naveen Kumar Manickam, and Kavitha Subbiah

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2240, 130004 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0011017 2240, 130004

© 2020 Author(s).
 Synthesis of Adsorbent from Animal Waste and its
Applications in Industrial Effluent Treatment

Senthilkumar Kandasamy1,a, Nithishkumar Baskaran1, Rajesh Kanna

Jeyaprakash1, Vignesh Nagarajan1, Naveen kumar Manickam1, Kavitha Subbiah2

1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode -638060, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore,-641114, Tamil Nadu,
India

a)
Corresponding author: senthilkumar.chem@kongu.ac.in

Abstract. Disposal of untreated waste in the environment leads to the creation of harmful diseases, greenhouse gases and
climate change. So the demand arises to eliminate or avoid these kinds of risks to both the society as well as
environment. Because of this there are enormous solutions and ideas that are playing a crucial role in this risk avoiding
activity. In this study, adsorbent has been synthesized by hydrothermally treating the horse manure. The effect of this
synthesized adsorbent produced from horse manure was studied for the removal of toxins like methylene blue, ethyl
orange, azo dyes and crystal violet dyes which is presented in the textile effluent. These dyes can create severe illness to
both the people as well as aquatic species while it is mixed with natural water bodies.

Keywords: Textile effluent treatment, Horse manure, Textile effluent

INTRODUCTION
World is mostly concerned about three main problems that are climate change, environmental pollution and
energy availability. Today there are many researches that are available to take these problems under its control as
much as they can. But there is always one alternate solution for any problem that arises among the society. Over
90% of water bodies in our world are polluted due to the industrial effluent discharges [1-3]. Contribution of this
study may clear about the concept that provides the solution to prevent water pollution mainly due to the textile
industrial discharge and this may be an alternate source for energy production [4-6] even not for a whole world but
for a small purpose in an industry.
At the time of production and colouring of cloths in textile industry there would be the usage of chemicals and
colouring reagents involved after the cloth production some chemicals and colouring reagents will be remaining
which might be treated by respective treatment processes before discharge it into the environment [7-10]. There are
some methods and technologies that are available to treat this discharge like bentonite clay and nano composite,
these methods are expensive even few of the reliable methods like reverse osmosis, Membrane technologies and
advanced filters are lower cost compared to above mentioned technologies [11-13]. Day by day the new ideas and
innovations all over the world with some newly preferred methods established by some people for the textile
effluent treatment. This study mainly deals with the reduction or the removal of toxics of textile effluent discharge
[14-15] using eco-friendly adsorbent synthesized from horse manure.

3rd National Conference on Current and Emerging Process Technologies – CONCEPT 2020
AIP Conf. Proc. 2240, 130004-1–130004-4; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0011017
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1999-5/$30.00

130004-1
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The dried horse manure collected from horse breeding places was crushed and introduced to size reduction in
800μm screen. The sample was synthesized hydrothermally in an autoclave for about 2 hours at 15 psi pressure and
121°C. After this it would be allowed to dry. By using the synthesized adsorbent experiments were performed by
changing adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, time for adsorption. The operating parameter values were optimized
and used for the further study. The adsorption process was analysed by using calorimeter by correlating its initial
(before adding adsorbent) and final (after adding adsorbent) optical density of the dye solution.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Horse manure physical surface topography was analysed by scanning electron microscope at the magnification
of 1500x (Fig 1). Fig (a-d) shows the surface of collected dried horse manure and the surface roughness and pore
characteristics.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

FIGURE 1. SEM image of a 1500x (a-d) collected dried horse manure.

Influence of adsorption dosage on adsorption of methylene blue

The Table 1 represents, for constant 0.02 ppm of methylene blue dye, 10g of synthesized adsorbent dosage gave
the significant result in adsorption capacity nearly 81% and also small amount (2g or 4g) of adsorbent dosage for
0.02 ppm dye can’t trigger the highest adsorption efficiency compare than 10g dosage of adsorbent in 0.02 ppm dye.
TABLE 1. Effect of adsorption dosage on adsorption of methylene blue by adsorbent (Dye concentration=0.02 ppm, contact
time =120 min)

Adsorbent dosage (g) Initial optical density Final optical density % removal
2 0.47 0.41 12.7
4 0.47 0.36 23.4
5 0.47 0.25 46.8
6 0.47 0.2 57.4
8 0.47 0.14 70.2
10 0.47 0.09 80.8

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 Effect of dye concentration on adsorption of methylene blue
The result of influence of dye concentration on adsorption of methylene blue is shown in Table 2. In this, for same adsorbent
dosage the increase in dye concentration results in reduction of % removal of methylene blue.
TABLE 2. Effect of dye concentration on adsorption of methylene blue (adsorption dosage 10 g, contact time = 120 min)

Dye concentration (ppm) Initial optical density Final optical density % removal
0.02 0.47 0.09 80.8
0.04 0.52 0.12 76.9
0.05 0.54 0.16 70.3
0.06 0.57 0.19 66.6
0.08 0.6 0.23 61.6
0.1 0.68 0.38 44.1

Effect of contact time on adsorption of methylene blue

From Table 3, it is observed that for 2 hours of adsorption time horse manure has removed nearly 80.8% of
methylene blue dye. The graphical representation of the above predicted values was expressed in Fig. 1. This
graphical representation clearly explains that when the contact time increases the methylene blue dye removal
efficiency when the horse manure as an adsorbent
TABLE 3. Effect of contact time on adsorption of methylene blue (Adsorbent dosage = 10g, Dye concentration=0.02 ppm )

Contact time (min) Initial optical density Final optical density % removal
10 0.47 0.42 10.6
20 0.47 0.4 14
30 0.47 0.35 25.5
60 0.47 0.22 53.1
90 0.47 0.13 72.3
120 0.47 0.09 80.8

CONCLUSION
Hydrothermally treated horse manure adsorbent has been synthesized. The effect of various parameters such as
contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage has been studied for the removal of toxic chemicals in the textile
effluent. In this study the result shows that the higher percentage of removal of methylene blue dye by horse manure
is up to 80.8%.The experiment also showed that, the adsorbent made using horse manure as capable one in removing
methylene blue from textile effluent.

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