v) yes, putting c =-40° C

weget

F= ~x(-40)+32
s
f :-72° +32°
F=-400 F.
The work done by a body on application of a constant force is the product of the constant force
7
• and the distance travelled by the body· in the direction of force. Expr~ this in the form ~fa
linear equation two .variables _and draw its graph by taking the constant ~~rce as 3 umts.
What is the work done when the distance travelled is 2 units. Verify it by plotting the graph
So(udon : Let work done be y and distance be x
work done =constant force x distanceI

y~3x_
Where y·units is the work done and x units is the distance travelled ••
Tubular fonn of y =3x
I 0 1 -1 2
y=31 0 3 -3 6
. . .
Now plot the points A(0, 0), B(l, 3), C(-1, -3), D(2, 6) on graph and join them.
Scale:
=
X • axis : 1cm 1unit
y =
Y • axis : 1cm 1unit

• 2,6)

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8

-4
-S
-6 .
-7
-8

y'
To verify the graph, draw a perpendicular to the x - axis at the point (2, 0) meeting the graph at the
point clearly the coordinates of Dare (2, 6). It means the work done is 6 units
~~-~Pvt.~ - -----=----~@
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8. Give the aeometrlc representations of
y =3 as an equation
I) In one variable ll) ln two variables
Solution l

y=3
i) ...... I I I I I I I I
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4I 51 .. Y
\

As an equation y =3 in one variable,

it is a number 3 on the number line
ii)
y

s
4

2 y= 3
1
x'
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 X
!
I'
•I
-11 2 3 4 5 6
11:

l -2
-3
-4
-5

y'
As an equation in two variables y =
3 can be written as O. x +y = 3, value
of y will continue to be 3 of x can be any mun
It is a line parallel to x - axis and 3
units above from the origin.

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 • • 1r1c........
011• -- l)ia
._-1
=t 21•-9
-9
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-9
x=-
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:,ct ... ,t I I I I I I I I
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-9 9
number but x will continue to be
2 .It is a line parallel to y - axis and units to the left of origin.
2
 . ..
·· J?law the ,....__of the foUowm, linear equad0111,
i) I - 2a O

• l I

,ii) 2x + 4 = 3y - 2 • ,l

)iiiBIM(
the x - axis and at
I. the graph of the equ ation represe nted by a straight line which is parallel to
D~w
a distance of 3 units below it.
three solutions of the equation.From
the
2. Draw the graph of 5x + 3y = 4. Use the graph to find
is a solution of the given equation
graph check whether x = - 1, y = 3
3. Draw the graphs of
i) y = 2x ii) y = - 2x
Draw the graphs of
iii) x + y =4,
4. iv) 2x - 3y = 6
i) 3 = 2x + y, ii) y = 3x,

Draw the graph of the equation y =

3x - 4, from this graph find
5.
i) The value of y, when x =.-: 1
ii) The value of x, when y =5
5
Fahren heit-scale, and C= (F-32)
C and F denote the temperature in Celsius and 9
6. If
C on x - axis and Fon y - axis
i) Draw the graph of this equation, taking
ii) From the graph, find the val
ue of F when C =35°
nted by x =0, y =0 and x + y =3
7. Draw a triangle whose sides are represe

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(/ udl of twO nwnbers is 1S30 and the target hbmber ~~by' 6: find ftlimbcl'I
I 'fbCS ,.
l· praw the graphs of the following linear equations on the same graph paper :

z, + 3Y = 12, x-y = 1 • .
d the coonfuiates of the vertices of the triangle formed by the two straight lines and the Y• 8XJS.
fill find the area of the triangle. • .
~ h tells bis daughter Aarushi, "Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as you were IIM:0 •
3. years from now, I shall be three times as old as you will be". Hpresent ages of AaruShi 85
nrAnbicallY•
as ~-r .
- • , ts 30
M ball gets 3 marks for each correct sum and loses 2 marks for each wrong sum. He attemp
4. s~ and obtains 40 marks. F~d the number of sums solved correctly '1
AboY travelled ~ome distan~ at a speed of_ 12km/hr and~~ at 9km/hr. H the total time taken by
5. bin1 is 2brS 20min, find the distance. . . , .
Aanishi was driving a car with uniform speed of 60 km/h. {?raw dis~~-time graph. From the
6• graph, find the distance travell~ by Aarushi in

- 1 •-• 1
. i) 2 Hours ii) Hour
2 2
,. . ------ . . - •

.- -ltddli _ _ _.
• Find two linear equations in two variables whose graphs pass through (2, 14). How many such
1. equations are possible ? • • •

3 '
2. Solve for x: 3x- 12 + x = 2 (x- 1). What type of graph it is in two dimensions?
7
3. Rohit is driving his car ~t a uniform speed 80km per hour. Draw time-distance graph taking time
along x-axis and distance along y-axis
I

4. Give tha geomerical representation of 4(y-3) = 2y,+ 5 as an equation· . I• I

i) in one variable ii) in two vari~ble •

I

5. Write the equation 2x = y in the form ax + by + c = 0 and find values of a, b, c in the equation. How
many solutions this equation has ? •
6. ff x = -2, y = 6 is solution of equation 3ax + 2ay = 6 then fuid value of b from
+
2(a- l) 2 (3b-4) = 4
. .
•
1• Find three different
solutions for the equation 3x - 4y = -12.
8
• :'Father's ~ge is 5 years morethan 6 ~es the age of Son" - express this ~tate~ent as a lin~ar equation
mtwo vanables and plot the equation on a graph paper. .
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,11te.ra
v· on When one. of its
Jyg •
is inside and 1s outs

U .or ang le of the polyi

is can
ed by three or mor e line segments e~tert
Pol ygo n : A simple_ closed fi~ e fonn n-gon. Cd a PIii, ·tate ral polygon : A
as
If a polygon has n • sides, then 111s called I\ f:qu• pie : Rhombus. etc
gon.
Note : A polygon with 8 -sides is called octa I
7
":n au lar poln cin •
Ex am pl e: ~ -, , :~ pi e : Rectangle. e~
: A C(
gular polygon
}I'
tte d Jlleasure o fall angIe
Octagon
~ence, in a regular poly
ent joining any two non-consecutive
venice . All sides are equal
Diagonal of a polygon : A line segm sofa Polylati ~?) All interior anglles
called its diagonal. uiii) All exte nor • ang e:
. •= n(n -3)
ber of diagonal s of n side d poly gon Example : Square, regt
Not e: l) The num 2
the num ber of trian gles formed will be (n- . 1rregulnr poly_gon : An
2) If a polygon has n sides (n > 4) 2)\J/itb
common vertex. , whose all the sides are 1
sified into two types, they are Example : Parallelogni
Typ es of polygons : Polygons are clas
1) Convex polygon. 2) Concave polygon.
(1800) such a .
I. polygon is less than two right angles
Con vex pol ygo n: If each angle of a . . po 1ygqi,
call ed a convex polygon. . .

'.\um lwr of si<k s

11 r :1 n·gu lar pol~
·gon

A B n

e of a polygon is mor e than 180°, then it is called a cam

2. Con cav e poly 1on : If atleast one angl
polygon.
Introduction :
Quadrilateral : A qt
segments cross each
B Quadrilaterals are cl:
Ang les of a polygon : Convex quadrilate1
0
is called a convex qt

1-, --
1
Varsity Education Managell)ent " rs1ty Education M~
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Interior and exterior ~ngl_es of a polygon : Observe that the above figure ABCDEF is a convex
"f Iygon. When one of its sides namely AB is produced two angles namely Uand are tanned•
'; is inside and is outside of the polygon. So Uis called an interior angle and is called an
exterior angle of the polygon.
•Equilateral polygon : A polygon in which all the sides are equal is called an equilateral polygon.
EJIIIIPle : Rhombus. etc.,
~, EqulanauJar polygon : A polygon in which all angles are equal is called an equiangular polygon.
, Exa111Ple : Rectangle. etc.,
Regular polygon : A convex polygon is called a regular polygon if all its sides have equal length
;i, and measure of all angles are equal.
Hence, in a regular polygon D c E_ _D
i) All sides are equal in length.
ii) All interior angles are equal in measure. C
iii) All exterior angles are equal in measure.
Example : Square, regular hexagon etc., B A
, Irregular polygon : Any polygon that is not a regular polygon is called irregular polygon. A polygon
whose all the sides are not of same length or whose all the interior angles are not of same measure.
Example : Parallelogram, irregular hexagon etc.,

\11111ht·r of sidt·s Smn of th,· Farh intnior Sum ol' th,· I· ;1d1 ,·,h'rior
of :1 rq.~11lar poln!oll inkrior anglt•, a11gh- ,·,tt-rior an!_!lt·, all!.!h-

(n- 2)180° 360°

n (n - 2)1800 3600
n n

QUA DRI I.ATE RAI .S

Introduction :
Quadrilateral : A quadrilateral is a closed figure formed by four line segments such that no two line
segments cross each other except at their end points.
Quadrilaterals are classified into two types.
i)
Convex quadrilateral : A quadrilateral in which the measure of each interior angle is less than 1800
is called a convex quadrilateral.
C

nG
A B
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Malhemdca Part• II IX Clau. c- *
U) Concave quadrilateral : Aquadrilateral in which the measure o~ one of the in~or angles is more • 1
than 1800 is known as a concave quadrilateral. ••
C I'

A
Note:1) The sum of the interior angles in a quadrilateral is 360°.(i.e., 4 right angles).
Example : In a quadrilateral ABCD, l,d + +lf +lQ =360°
2) Each diagonal divides the quadrilateral into two triangles.
!umple sThe diagonal AC divides the quadrilateral ABCD into D.ABC and LMDC .
3) In general, convex quadrilateral is treated as quadrilateral.
4) In aconvex quadrilateral, both diagonals lie in the interior where as in the case of concave
quadrilateral one diagonal lies in the interior and the other lies in the exterior.
Perimeter : Perimeter of a quadrilateral is the sum of the lengths of all sides of the quadrilateral.
Eumpl, sThe perimeter of the following quadrilateral =AB +BC +CD +DA = 5 +4 + 3 +2 = 14
uni~. C

A------B
5
Type, al Quadrflateral :
Trapezium : ATrapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
--
Note : The parallel sides ( AB , CD) are called the bases of the trapezium. And the other two sides
--
are called its non-parallel sides(legs). (BC, AD).
D·--~--Y

-----B
Median of a trapezium :Aline segment formed by joining the midpoints of non parallel sides of a
trapezium is called the median of the trapezium.
Note: 1) The length of the median of a trapezium is equal to half of the sum of the parallel sides .
- - 1- -
Example : If ABCD is a trapezium ( AB II CD) ,then the median EF = (AB +CD)
2

2) The median of a trapezium is parallel to the bases of the trapezium.

-.........-----~--~-
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, • ' • of I trapezium: The perpendicula
r distance from vertex to the opposite base.
~ es : •
' J\)3CD is a trapezium such that AB II CD, then
0 [A+~==l8G°and ~+~=180°.
er pro~rtionally.
il) 'lbe diagonals of a trapezium divides each oth
If the diag ona ls ( AC and BD ) of a trapezium ABCD (AB II CD) intersect at O
Example :
then !!Q=fQ (o r) ~= ~
OB OA OC OD

ateral then it form a trapezium.

iii)If the diagonals are pro~rtional in a quadril portionally.
Any line parallel to the parallel sides of the trapezium divides the non-parallel sides pro
iv)
), if EF II AB, then AE = FC BF .
Example : In a trapezium ABCD (AB II CD ED

---~~--B
lengths of parallel
a of the trapeziu m: Are a of the trapezium = (a+ b) x h , where a, b are the
Are 2
llel sides.
sides and h is the distance between the para is known as
non parallel sides are equal to each other
Isosceles trapezium : Atrapezium in which the
an isosceles trapezium. -- CD , AD = BC
In the isosceles trapezium ABCD, AB II
1) ~+~=180° and ~+~_=180°.
L3= L4) .
2) Baseanglesareequal(Ll=L2and
(AC= BD).
3) The lengths of diagonals are equal

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~te I Aquadrilateral having two pairs of equal adjacent sides but unequal opposite sides i~ caJJed a
kite. ABCD is a kite with AB = BC and AD =CD.

Properties :
1) The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular to each other i.e. BD l AC .
2) OA = OC.
3) lA =If.
4) Diagonal BD bisects [l! and !Q.
5) Diagonal BD divides the kite into two congruent triangles.
is called a
Parallelogram : A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
parallelogram.

Properties :
1) In a parallelogram ABCD two pairs of opposite sides are equal i.e., AB=
CD; BC =AD.

2) Opposite angles are equal. i.e., lA = lf; fl!= tQ.

3) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other (AO= OC, BO= OD).
4) In a parallelogram each diagonal divides it into two congruent triangles.
5) In a parallelogram the sum of any two adjacent angles is equal to 180°. i.e., They are
supplementary.(l_1 +ill= 180°; lA +tQ =180°; lf +tQ =180°; ill +If= 180°).
gram.
6) In a quadrilateral ifone pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal then it forms aparallelo
teral is a
7) The quadrilateral formed by joining successively the midpoints of sides of a quadrila
parallelogram.
ogram is a
8) The quadrilateral fonned by joining successively the midpoints of sides of a parallel
parallelogram.
squares of
9) The sum of the squares of four sides of the parallelogram is equal to the sum of the
the diagonals.
i.e., In a parallelogram ABCD: AB + BC + CD + DA = AC + BD .
2 2 2 2 2 2

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 e ofthe
right angle is called a rectangle (or) Uon
lelogram o
~ in ~hich one an gle is a
,... .Mln£1e: Apa ra lle lo18 gle, then all an gles are right angles. Such a paral
a nght an
~ ;f a parallelogram
re cr an gl e. ~~----C
, ia

B
~: perties of parallelogram.
Arectangle satisfies all the pro
nals of a rectangle are equal.
a) The lengths of the diago
l.
b) Opposite sides are equa
l.
c) Opposite angles are equa
gled triangles.
d) Each diagonal divide
s it into two congruent right an
gle bisec~ each other.
e) The diagonals of a rectan .
Th e bisect ors of ang les of a parallelogram form arectangle
Note : 1) -- -, .. ., C
D .r -r -- --
d d
H

A
m and EFGH is a rectangle)
(Here ABCD is a parallelogra 2 + 00 2
gle then OA + OC = OB
2 2
is an interior po int of rec tan
,0
2) In a rectangle ABCD of the sides.
square of a diago nal is equ al to the sum of the squares
3) In a rectangle, the
2 AD2 + DC2.
i.e., In a rectangle ABCD, AC
=
a rhombus.
lelogram in wh ich two adj acent sides are equal is called
Rhombus: A paral
D

B
Properties: sceles triangles.
nal of a rhomb us divides it into two congruent iso
a) Each diago
jacent angles is 1800.
and the sum of any two ad
b) Opposite angles are equal
other perpendicularly.
c) The diagonals bisect each
bisects an d lQ .
diagonal Ac bisects lA and l.f ; the diagonal BD
d) To e

men
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 .. -

Square : Arectangle in which adjacent sides are equal is called a square. (OR) Arhombus in Which
one of its angles ls a right angle is called a square.

Properties:
a) All sides are equal.
b) Each angle is equal to 90°
c) The diagonals are equal and are mutually perpendicular bisectors.
d) Each diagonal divides the square into two congruent right angled isosceles trian,les.
e) The quadrilateral formed by joining successively th~ midpoints of sides of a square is asquare.
Note: .
1) If the diagonals of aparallelogram are equal and right bisectors of each other then it is a square
2) In a rhombus ABCD the diagonal AC bisects ld and lf , the diagonal BD bisects and
lQ.
3) The diagonals of a rhombus divide it into four congruent right angled isosceles triangles.
4) The quadrilateral formed by joining successively the midpoints of sides ofrectangle is arhombus.
5) The quadrilateral formed by joining successively the midpoints of stdes of rhombus is arectangle
Theorem 1 : The sum of all four angles of a quadrilateral is 360° C
Ginn I A quadrilateral ABCD in which AC is a diagonal
IL'tPs LA+LB+LC+LD=360°
B
Proofs Consider M/JC
D
L2 +LB+ L4 = 180° (1) [Angle sum property]
Consider MCD
Ll + L3 + LD = 180° (2) [Angle sum property]
Adding (1) and (2) we get
L2+ LB+ L4+ Ll + L3+ LD = 180°+180°
Ll + L2+ L3+ L4 + L3 +LB+ LD = 180° +180°
LA+LC+LB+LD=360°
[·: L1+L2=LA&L3+L4=LC]
LA+LB+LC+LD=360°
Hence proved . . . . ·,
_
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 1beoreinA2parallelogram
: Adiagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two CODgruent trlangla
ABCD
c;t,en: . .
1'o prove : Adiagonal AC of ParallelogramABcn divides it Into two congruent AABC and ACDA
1.e., MBC : l!.C~A
dfllctlOll I Join AC
C f • Since ABCD is a parallelogram, AB II DC and AD II BC
D
: , AD II BC and transversal AC intersects them at Aand Crespectively ,,
C
,
,,
•
I I
L.DAC =LBCA [Altemateinterioranglcs] ,,
,,
,I I

AB II DC and transversal AC intersects them at Aand Crespectively ~-'-~s

I I

LBAC =LDCA [Altematelnteriorangles]

In MBC and 6 CDA,
LBCA=LDAC
[From _1]
AC=AC
[Comon side]
LBAC=LDCA [From2]
MBC:6CDA [by ASA]
Theorem 3 : In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal
Glven : Aparallelogram ABCD
D
t prove· AB --DC and AD= BC CD
C
o ••
Construction : Draw AC ' the diagonal of parallelogram AB .,.,.-'3
,,,
Proof: In MBC and llCDA (
B
AC=CA (Common side)
(Alternate angles)
=
LI L2 (Alternate angles)
L3 =L4 (ASA rule)
=
Therefore MJJC llCDA BC (CPCT)
AB DC and AD= al
Hence = . f opposite angles are equ • D
4 • In a parallelogram each pmr o C
Theorem ,
Given : Aparallelogram ABCD
- LD . ,----,,,71
To prove: LA= L_C,LB-
Conltracdon sJoin A and C1
Proof: In MBC and MDC
AC=CA (common)
Ll=L2 (Alternate angles) ,
L3=L4 (Alternate angles)
Thus MBC flCDA = (ASA rule)
Hence LB=LD
anprov
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Theorem S : If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then It Is a parallelogram
Given : A quadrilateral ABCD in which AB =DC, AD =BC D•--- .
,C
To prove : Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram , , ''
,
Construction: Join A and C ,,'
""
Proof : In MBC and aCDA A..._,_'_....,
AB=DC (given)
AD=BC (given)
AC=CA (common side)
Thus MBC aCDA= (SSS rule)
LBAC=LDCA (CPCT)
But these are alternate angles
AB II CD and AB= DC
Hence quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram
Theorem 6 : Hin aquadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles are equal, then it is aparallelogram
Given : A quadrilateral ABCD in which LA = LC and LB= LD _______,c
To prove : Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram
Construction : Join A and C
Proof : In quadrilateral ABCD
A B
LA+ LB+ LC+ LD = 360°
But LA=LC and LB=LD (given)
=> LA+LB+LA+LB=360°
=> 2[ LA+ LB]= 360°
=> LA+LB=l80°
But LA and LB are interior angles on the same side of transversal AB which cuts lines AD and BC
AD II BC ____c
Similarly we can prove AB II DC
Hence ABCD is a parallelogram
Theorem 7 : The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
A B
Given : A parallelogram ABCD in which diagonals·
AC and BO intersect each other at 0
To prove : OA = OC and OB = OD
Proof :In MOB, ~COD, LAOB = LCOD (vertically opposite angles)
AB=CD (opposite sides of parallelogram)
Ll=L2 (Alternate angles)
Thus MOB= ~COD
Hence OA = OC and OB = OD (CPCT)
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