ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for spearheading a

nationwide movement towards cleanliness and sanitation. The success of this
assignment owes much to the invaluable insights gained from the campaign's
initiatives. I also acknowledge the dedicated efforts of individuals and
communities involved in transforming the vision of a cleaner India into a tangible
reality.

Name: Vaishno Asish Mohapatra

Regd. No: 23418022128
Class: BA.LLB(H)
Sec: B
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Vaishno Asish Mohapatra of BA.LLB(H) Section: B bearing Regd. No.
- 23418022128 has made a study on "SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN".

This project work is genuine and fair to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Professor MR. Anurag Dash

(Professor of Economics)
SOA National Institute of Law
 DECLARATION

I Vaishno Asish Mohapatra declaring that the project entitled, A study on “Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan” submitted by me is original and genuine. I have not submitted this project
anywhere before.

Date: Vaishno Asish Mohapatra

Place: Bhubaneswar BA.LLB(H)
23418022128
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgement

2. Certificate

3. Declaration

4. Introduction

5. What is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

6. Objectives

7. Challenges

8.Impact

9.Merits

10.Demerits

11.Conclusion
 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION
Introduction:

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), also known as the Clean India Mission, launched
on October 2, 2014, by the Government of India, stands as a monumental
initiative aimed at transforming the nation's sanitation landscape. Rooted in the
vision of a clean and open defecation-free India, the mission derives inspiration
from Mahatma Gandhi's profound belief that cleanliness is next to godliness. At
its core, Swachh Bharat Mission is not merely a government program; it
represents a collective aspiration to elevate the standards of public hygiene,
eradicate the practice of open defecation, and foster a societal shift towards
cleanliness. Encompassing a spectrum of objectives ranging from the
construction of toilets to solid waste management, hygiene promotion,
behavioural change, and the integration of technology, the mission is a testament
to India's commitment to holistic development. As the nation strides towards the
fulfilment of these objectives, the Swachh Bharat Mission becomes a beacon,
illuminating the path towards a healthier, more sustainable, and socially
responsible future for India.

Swachh Bharat Mission Comprehensive Exploration of

Objectives:

1. Open Defecation-Free (ODF) India: Objective: The primary and overarching

objective of the Swachh Bharat Mission is to make India open defecation-free.
Open defecation poses severe health risks, leading to the spread of waterborne
diseases and compromising the overall well-being of communities. The mission
aims to construct toilets in households, schools, and public places, ensuring that
every individual has access to a clean and safe toilet facility.
Implementation:

To achieve this objective, the government provides financial assistance to

households for constructing toilets. Additionally, incentives are offered to states,
districts, and local bodies for achieving and sustaining ODF status. Community
mobilization and awareness campaigns play a crucial role in encouraging
behavioural change, promoting the use of toilets, and eliminating the practice of
open defecation.

2. Solid Waste Management (SWM):

Objective:

The Swachh Bharat Mission recognizes the importance of effective solid waste
management as a key component of overall cleanliness. The objective is to
reduce and eventually eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, promoting
sustainable waste management practices. Implementation: The mission focuses
on establishing efficient waste management systems at the local level. This
involves the construction of waste processing units, segregation of waste at
source, and the promotion of recycling and composting. Additionally, the
mission encourages the adoption of innovative technologies and practices for
waste reduction and proper disposal.

3. Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion:

Objective:

Swachh Bharat Mission aims to promote good hygiene practices and sanitation
awareness, emphasizing the significance of cleanliness in personal and
community spaces.
Implementation: Public awareness campaigns are a crucial component of
achieving this objective. The government, in collaboration with non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and community leaders, conducts
extensive campaigns using various media platforms to educate the public about
the importance of maintaining personal hygiene, keeping surroundings clean,
and adopting hygienic practices in daily life.

4. Behavioural Change:

Objective:

Recognizing that infrastructure alone is not sufficient, the mission seeks to bring
about a behavioural change at the grassroots level. It aims to instil a sense of
responsibility and ownership for maintaining cleanliness and hygiene.
Implementation:

Behavioural change is fostered through community engagement, awareness

programs, and the involvement of local leaders. Swachhagrahis, or sanitation
ambassadors, play a pivotal role in mobilizing communities and influencing
positive behaviour towards sanitation. The government emphasizes the
importance of community-led initiatives to ensure sustainability and long-term
impact.

5. Technology and Innovation:

Objective:

Swachh Bharat Mission leverages technology and innovation to monitor and

evaluate the progress of sanitation initiatives. The objective is to use
technological solutions for efficient implementation, data collection, and
monitoring of sanitation infrastructure.
Implementation:

The mission employs mobile applications, online platforms, and Geographic

Information System (GIS) mapping to track the construction and usage of
toilets, monitor waste management practices, and assess the overall cleanliness
of areas. This technological integration enhances transparency, accountability,
and the real-time tracking of the mission's progress.

6. Swachh Survekshan:

Objective:

Swachh Survekshan, an annual cleanliness survey, aims to assess and rank cities
and towns based on various parameters, including waste management,
sanitation infrastructure, and the extent of open defecation. The objective is to
create a competitive spirit among cities, encouraging them to improve their
cleanliness rankings.

Implementation:

The survey methodology includes on-the-ground inspections, citizen feedback,

and evaluation of key performance indicators. Swachh Survekshan has become
a crucial tool for evaluating the impact of the mission, fostering healthy
competition among cities to enhance their sanitation infrastructure and
practices.

Challenges in Achieving Objectives:

While the objectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission are ambitious and
commendable, several challenges persist in their implementation:
1. Behavioural Change Resistance:

Changing ingrained behaviours related to sanitation and hygiene practices is a

slow and challenging process. Resistance to adopting new habits, especially in
rural areas, remains a hurdle.

2. Infrastructure Gap:

Certain regions, particularly remote and underserved areas, face challenges in

accessing resources and infrastructure for sanitation. The infrastructure gap
contributes to incomplete coverage and hampers the achievement of ODF
status.

3. Maintenance of Infrastructure:

Ensuring the maintenance of toilets and sanitation infrastructure poses a

challenge. Factors such as water scarcity, lack of awareness, and financial
constraints may hinder the proper upkeep of facilities.

4. Funding Constraints:

Despite government allocations, there are limitations in the availability of funds.

Meeting the infrastructural demands of the Swachh Bharat Mission requires
sustained financial support at various levels.

5. Urbanization Pressures:

The rapid pace of urbanization brings challenges in managing waste in urban

areas. The increasing urban population poses a strain on existing sanitation
infrastructure, requiring continuous adaptation and expansion.

Impact of Achieving Objectives:

The successful realization of the Swachh Bharat Mission's objectives has had a
profound impact on various facets of Indian society:
1. Health and Well-being:

Improved sanitation has led to a direct reduction in waterborne diseases,

contributing to better public health outcomes and an overall improvement in the
well-being of the population.

2. Economic Productivity:

A cleaner and healthier population is more productive. The reduction in illness

and absenteeism directly impacts economic productivity at both the individual
and national levels.

3. Gender Equality:

The mission has positively influenced gender equality by addressing the specific
challenges faced by women. The provision of safe and private toilets enhances
the dignity and safety of women, contributing to a more inclusive and
empowering society.

4. Environmental Sustainability:

Proper waste management practices contribute to environmental sustainability.

The reduction of open dumping and burning of waste helps in preserving the
environment and mitigating pollution.

5. Social Transformation:

Swachh Bharat Mission has initiated a significant social transformation by

challenging traditional norms and fostering a sense of collective responsibility
for cleanliness. Communities actively participating in the mission experience
positive shifts in social dynamics.
6. Rural-Urban Linkages:

The mission bridges the gap between rural and urban areas by addressing
sanitation issues in both settings. This holistic approach acknowledges the
interconnectedness of various regions and their impact on the nation.

In the End of Objectives, The Swachh Bharat Mission, with its comprehensive
set of objectives, reflects a visionary approach towards addressing the
longstanding challenges of sanitation and hygiene in India. The multifaceted
nature of the mission, encompassing infrastructure development, community
engagement, technology integration, and behavioural change, underscores its
commitment to creating a cleaner and healthier nation. While challenges
persist, the impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission on public health, economic
productivity, environmental sustainability, and societal attitudes is evident. As
India progresses towards a Swachh Bharat, continuous efforts, adaptability, and
community participation remain essential. Learning from both successes and
challenges, the nation can refine.

Challenges Faced by Swachh Bharat Mission:

1. Behavioural Change Resistance:

- Challenge: Changing ingrained behaviours related to open defecation is a

slow and challenging process. Resistance to adopting new habits, especially in
rural areas, remains a significant hurdle.

- Mitigation: Ongoing and targeted awareness campaigns, community

engagement, and the involvement of local influencers are essential to
overcoming resistance and fostering behavioural change.
2. Infrastructure Gap:

- Challenge: Certain regions, particularly remote and underserved areas, face

challenges in accessing resources and infrastructure for sanitation. The
infrastructure gap contributes to incomplete coverage and hampers the
achievement of ODF status.

- Mitigation: Addressing the infrastructure gap requires targeted investment,

prioritization of underserved regions, and innovative solutions to ensure
comprehensive coverage and accessibility.

3. Maintenance of Infrastructure:

- Challenge: Ensuring the maintenance of toilets and sanitation infrastructure

poses a challenge. Factors such as water scarcity, lack of awareness, and
financial constraints may hinder the proper upkeep of facilities.

- Mitigation: Sustainable maintenance models, community involvement in

upkeep, and addressing water scarcity through water conservation initiatives are
crucial for ensuring the longevity of sanitation infrastructure.

4. Funding Constraints:

- Challenge: Despite government allocations, there are limitations in the

availability of funds. Meeting the infrastructural demands of the Swachh Bharat
Mission requires sustained financial support at various levels.

- Mitigation: Identifying alternative funding sources, engaging with the

private sector, and optimizing the allocation of resources are essential strategies
to address funding constraints and ensure the continuity of the mission.
5. Urbanization Pressures:

- Challenge: The rapid pace of urbanization brings challenges in managing

waste in urban areas. The increasing urban population poses a strain on existing
sanitation infrastructure, requiring continuous adaptation and expansion.

- Mitigation: Integrated urban planning, the development of smart cities with

robust sanitation infrastructure, and public-private partnerships can help
alleviate the pressures associated with urbanization.

6. Incomplete Waste Management:

- Challenge: Despite efforts, there are areas where proper solid waste
management systems are not fully established. Open dumping and burning of
waste persist in some regions, posing environmental and health risks.

- Mitigation: Strengthening waste management infrastructure, promoting

recycling, and composting, and raising awareness about the environmental
impact of improper waste disposal are crucial to addressing this challenge.

7. Limited Impact on Open Defecation:

- Challenge: While there has been progress, achieving complete eradication

of open defecation remains a challenge. In certain regions, cultural and
infrastructural barriers contribute to the persistence of open defecation practices.

- Mitigation: Tailoring interventions to address cultural sensitivities,

enhancing community engagement, and implementing targeted awareness
campaigns can contribute to overcoming barriers and achieving the mission's
objectives.
The Swachh Bharat Mission, with its ambitious objectives and comprehensive
implementation strategies, has made significant strides in transforming the
sanitation landscape of India. However, the challenges faced by the mission
underscore the complexity of addressing deeply rooted issues related to
behaviour, infrastructure, funding, and urbanization. Mitigating these challenges
requires a multifaceted approach, involving sustained community engagement,
targeted investments, technological innovations, and strategic partnerships.

As India progresses towards a Swachh Bharat, it is imperative to learn from

both successes and challenges, adapting strategies to the evolving needs of
diverse communities. The mission's impact extends beyond the construction of
toilets; it lies in fostering a cultural shift towards cleanliness, hygiene, and
sustainable practices. With continued dedication, collaboration, and adaptive
strategies, the Swachh Bharat Mission can serve as a global model for
addressing sanitation challenges and building healthier, more resilient
communities.

Merits of Swachh Bharat Mission:

1. Improved Public Health:

- Merit: One of the primary merits of the Swachh Bharat Mission is the
improvement in public health. The mission has led to a significant reduction in
waterborne diseases and other health issues associated with poor sanitation
practices. Access to clean toilets and proper waste management has contributed
to a healthier population.
2. Enhanced Quality of Life:

- Merit: The mission has positively impacted the quality of life for millions of
people, especially in rural areas. The provision of toilets and sanitation
infrastructure has not only improved health outcomes but also enhanced overall
well-being by ensuring privacy and dignity, particularly for women.

3. Environmental Sustainability:

- Merit: Swachh Bharat Mission has contributed to environmental

sustainability by promoting proper solid waste management practices. The
reduction of open dumping and burning of waste helps in preserving the
environment, preventing pollution, and fostering a more sustainable ecosystem.

4. Behavioural Change:

- Merit: The mission has successfully initiated a behavioural change regarding

sanitation practices. Through extensive awareness campaigns and community
engagement, there has been a gradual shift in attitudes, with more people
adopting hygienic practices and utilizing sanitation facilities.

5. Economic Productivity:

- Merit: A cleaner and healthier population is a more productive workforce.

The reduction in illness and absenteeism due to improved sanitation positively
impacts economic productivity at both the individual and national levels.
6. Gender Equality:

- Merit: Swachh Bharat Mission recognizes and addresses the specific

challenges faced by women. The construction of toilets ensures privacy and
safety, promoting gender equality and contributing to a more inclusive and
empowering environment.

7. Infrastructure Development:

- Merit: The mission has spurred significant infrastructure development in

terms of toilet construction, waste management facilities, and related
infrastructure. This has not only improved sanitation but has also generated
employment opportunities and stimulated local economies.

Demerits of Swachh Bharat Mission:

1. Incomplete Coverage:

- Demerit: Despite significant progress, there are still areas with incomplete
coverage and inadequate sanitation facilities. Remote and underserved regions
face challenges in accessing resources and infrastructure, hindering the
mission's universal success.

2. Maintenance Challenges:

- Demerit: The maintenance of toilets and sanitation infrastructure remains a

challenge. Ensuring regular cleaning, water supply, and proper usage of
facilities require ongoing efforts and resources, which may be lacking in some
areas.
3. Behavioural Resistance:

- Demerit: Changing ingrained behavioural patterns related to open defecation

is a slow and challenging process. Some communities may resist adopting new
practices, necessitating sustained efforts in awareness and education.

4. Funding Constraints:

- Demerit: The mission faces funding constraints, and despite government

allocations, the demand for resources to meet infrastructural needs is
substantial. Insufficient funds can impede the timely and effective
implementation of sanitation projects.

5. Urbanization Challenges:

- Demerit: The rapid pace of urbanization poses challenges in managing waste

in urban areas. Balancing the sanitation needs of a growing urban population
while maintaining cleanliness remains a complex task, especially in densely
populated urban centres.

6. Incomplete Waste Management:

- Demerit: Despite efforts, there are areas where proper solid waste
management systems are not fully established. Open dumping and burning of
waste persist in some regions, posing environmental and health risks.
7. Limited Impact on Open Defecation:

- Demerit: While there has been progress, achieving complete eradication of

open defecation remains a challenge. In certain regions, cultural and
infrastructural barriers contribute to the persistence of open defecation practices.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Swachh Bharat Mission emerges as a transformative

endeavour that reflects the government's commitment to creating a cleaner,
healthier, and more sustainable India. The multifaceted implementation
strategies employed by the mission, ranging from the construction of toilets and
community mobilization to public awareness campaigns and technology
integration, underscore its comprehensive approach to tackling the intricate
challenges associated with sanitation. While the mission has achieved
commendable success, it has not been without its share of hurdles.

The challenges faced by the Swachh Bharat Mission, including behavioural

change resistance, infrastructure gaps, maintenance issues, funding constraints,
urbanization pressures, incomplete waste management, and lingering open
defecation practices, highlight the complexity of addressing deep-rooted issues.
However, these challenges should be viewed as opportunities for innovation,
adaptation, and sustained commitment rather than insurmountable roadblocks.

The mission's impact extends beyond the numerical achievements of toilet

construction and open defecation-free statuses. It has initiated a cultural
transformation, fostering a collective responsibility for cleanliness and hygiene.
The recognition of the importance of sanitation in improving public health,
promoting gender equality, and contributing to economic productivity
underscores the far-reaching implications of the Swachh Bharat Mission.

As India continues its journey towards a Swachh Bharat, it is crucial to

prioritize targeted interventions, community engagement, and adaptive
strategies that address the unique challenges faced by different regions. The
mission's success lies not only in achieving specific targets but also in creating a
sustained and ingrained culture of cleanliness and sanitation.

Moving forward, collaborative efforts involving government bodies,

communities, NGOs, and the private sector will be essential. Learning from
both successes and challenges, the Swachh Bharat Mission can serve as a model
for other nations grappling with similar sanitation issues. By leveraging lessons
learned, fostering continued innovation, and maintaining an unwavering
commitment to the mission's objectives, India has the potential to achieve
enduring success in its pursuit of a Swachh Bharat. The mission's legacy will
not only be measured in the number of toilets constructed but in the positive
impact on the health, dignity, and quality of life of millions of Indians.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission
2. https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm