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  • ΔΙΔΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΦΥΣΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ

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    ΕΚΠΑ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    18 views157 pages

    ΔΙΔΑΚΤΙΚΗ ΦΥΣΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ

    Uploaded by

    spinalgr1990
    ΕΚΠΑ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 157
    NANATIOTH B. KOKKOTA Pec LILI au Pa ong Colt cel | AGEL Gs) URN OE arpa A MEPOX II | LYTXPONEY MPOLEITIZEIE XTH AIAAZKAAIA TON OYZIKON HMON LCL) BEL] oe i mes SidaoKaAiacg kai ths pa8nons LL Ca] EU) Kegerato | O1 18ée¢ Tov poOnTev 1.1 Ti eivon on 8éec Twv paOntév E Oa pmopodoe va vnoompigel Kaveis OT1 aTI6 Ta Uéoa THE BEKAETICS Tou ‘70 Kot peta TapaTHpElrol GTO xApo THs SiSaoKaAias Tov OvoIKOV Emotnydy pra évtovn epeovntixt) SpaoTnpIoTHTa of TayKéa}IG KAIUG- KG, TOU TelVel Va EMNPEGOE! aTOQAOIOTIKE TO O1KOSSpNLE TAS AWGerKTi- KAig Tov OvoiKOV EmoTHaY (OE) ov eixe oTHEOE! OTIS aTIOpEIS TOV Piaget, Bruner Kat Aormdy ya TH pGOnon, Zoutpaver pe 1M vée Bedspnon tev Tecra, Kupiapxo PdRo ory pa6non miaifouy o1 1£e¢ Trou éxouv Ta Tratdré yer Ta PUOIKE aivdpEeva TipV Kay | 1a 6iSextobv O70 oxoRsiO. TLx. pw o UaONTs 6iSaxTel OTO axoAelo TI Efvat TO Gus, Exe Siapoppdoe! KérIOIG Sikt Tov Grown ye THY éwort cut). | H avayvepion Tov pdAou tov yaOnTaY oT SibcoKGhic Kot TH Ce | Shon pas elven yvoorh mpi a6 TH Sexcetia Tou ’50. O1 epyaoies tov Piaget ax6pa Kor and Tis apxés THs SeKaeTiag Tou ‘20 ennpkacav TOA ods BewpnTiKOds TNS TrAIelas Kat THE ExMaiBevENS oF oTIO{o! avémTU- fav paOntoKevrpiKés MpOGEyyioeIs aTH SibaoKaAiC THY OvoIKOY EmIoT HOV OTIS onoies avayvapRdray N afia Tov Gedv Tov pabntav. Ta Taibid péow Tav peTako tous adAMembpGcewv Kat péoo amt THY Kolveviki) eMagi) Kat TH YAdooe apxiovv va oiKOSoLbV éva Eup’ ~PAoUc Wedv ylet TO TIdS NerToupyEl O KEopIOS. O1 HEes aUTES xPNOOTIOIOWVTAL yla vo TpoBRépouv Ka! vo EpUNvEdooLY 6,71 UTTOTITTEL oTHV avTIAND TOUS. O1 andyels tev paOnTav yi Ta PaivduEva opaboroWbVTa! Kat OvYKPOTOBY EpUNVEUTIKG TIPSTUTIA TOU KATAYPAyOVTA! UViDaS as evadaxrikés 18ée¢ Tov Tatdubv F Tapavonoeic, TpoUTépxoudEc 1SéEC, auBdppnres avriAipers, SionoOyTIKés 18éec, emoripN Tov TraISidv, aver Trapaoraoets 1 ws vonTIKé povréha*. * Ta Teheuraia: xpovia éxe1 empaTioe! N xpron TeV exppdoEwY VoNTIKés avaneS paoréaEI, (mental representations) Ka VoTIKé HovTEAG (mental models), onpixaiaa TeV onofey biveral ong Mapaypagous 1.4 Kal 1.6. Dorda0, of YuxoAJyor Sev cuLWpavodv @§ TPOS TO TI aKpiGds avTMpoOONEsE n KEBE pla aNd TI¢ S60 aUTés EwolES, 19 20 Or evadAakrikés 16ée¢ Tov paBNTOV éxouv YeviKOTHTA Kar BiaxpoViKA 1oxd, TaPS)o Tov HEPIKEs aNd avTés SiapopoTOIobvTaL YE THY avaTITU- En Tov paOnni h Ty emidpaon ts SiSaoKadias. O1 Sées avTés civat emapKeis yia Tous LaBNTés yi TY EpENveia TwV —aIvopéveY Kat OV- YKPOTOOV JIG GUTOOLVETTH ws evar BADLS yvooriKA Sop ye TEpIopIoLévy 10x6. NloAAés Popes evmmpedtovrai eAGxioTa and Thy NapaboaraKA A THY TeIpapanixi bi6aoKahia (WEARS K.G., 1993). O1 18ée¢ Tov naISidv** Bev kivar ans Hapavoraeis TOV ogethovTat G€ Kaki) TARPOPSONON, GAAS SnuIOUPYOUVTA! aNd TOUS LNxaviGHObs TOU auTa bia8étovv Kal HE ToVs oTIO{oUs avTrAaLBdvovTa! 6,11 cUUBaiver yOpw TOUS. AME Kalo TpSTIOS TroU o1 paBNTés TapaTnPObV KAI KaTO- diyouv Ge ovLMEpaouaTa ennpedtErar and Ta SragopETKG EPUNvEUTIKG oxfpata nov éxouv Snproupyfaet O1 mapatnpioels Tx. yivovrat anodeKrés fy anoppintovrat av efvat Ge appovia fh OX! HE TIS TPODBoKies TOUS. AKOLG Ka! O1 EPwTHGEIS TOU Kavouv ka Kar’ erréxTaon © TPSTIOS TOU EPENVEOVY Tet aTTOTehéoHOTE oTa onoia KaTaAjyouy paiverat va ennpedGovrar and Ta vortiKé oxt}- pata mov d1a9érouv (Driver, 1983). O1 18ée5 Tous gaivovTat oToUS i6iovg TOUS HaOnTEs EVAOYO~avEls TIAPOAO TIOU O1 EviHAIKES GUxval Se OULKP@VOEY. H xPHon TNS yAdoaas dev eivar akpibis. Natdidt Sia@opeTiKis Mikiag GANG Kal KOUATOPAS Eivet duvaTe va éxouv Tapdpores 16ées. Or éec be xpnoIoTOIObvTEI oTaOE- pc OF OxEON LE VTS TOV 1 EMMOTHPOVES OVvOLCCoUV TapPOpoIES TEpI- TTdoEG. H POH GUTH TOY Ta THaI6IG DeaPOvY ag eyNON Siagépe! enions an Thy emtoTHLOviKA émrown, Mepikés on Tig 18ée5 TOL xpnaPoNOIWdv Ta Mabie ya TO PUaIKS KGOLO giver T6d0 ES pciapéves Trou bev aAAaCouv pe TH SiSaoKGAiG. “Erol, TIAPOAD TIOU LEPIKE Taide MOpObV va EMAPLdGOLY TIC ETHOTHLOVIKES 16ée5 Ge TPOBAHLATE TaV eEeTdcEwV, aTOTUYXAVOUY Va TIC E~PApLOGOUV £KTOS TOV OXOhEioU YIa Va EPUNVEbGOVY LLEpIKE PaIVepeva. ‘Ona 8a @avel ota endpever Ke@adaia © TedTIOS YE TOV oTTOIo Ta niaidié avaTrTbaaouy Tig TPOGUTHKES TOUS Bempies H eTOIKOSOLNGEIS TOU Baokovtai ory Gueon eumeipia AN TO @vOIKG KOO}O KAI TIS GTUTES * O1 1Bées Tov naibibv ong OuaIKEs Emonhpes éxouv KaTaypages ya Ever TOR sv yéoua evvordy, Stas TO Gas, n oven, N Evépyeia, n BepydtnTa Kot n Oep hoKpagia, © meKrprouds, n oapariBiexi) Sop ms Gang KA Kowvowikés GAAnemiBpéoers nope! va xpnomorroinfei orn 6iSaoKadice 01 6ée5 Tov TaIbIdv eivar BuvATS var napapEvoUY éxi HSvO LeTd Th SiScoKaNia, GANG Kal jieT& THY evMAKi@or TOUS (Viennot, 1979) Moddof epevvnrés (Gilbert, Osborne & Fensham, 1982) uoatnpiowy 671 01 evadAaKriKés 18ée5 ToV NaIGIOY, IG OTIOies aTOKGAOSY Kat EMoTT- bn Tov HaBnTaV, bey aMoTehoby Ta oUvABIOLEVE ASON xeapis rafTEon Onpiaoia, AXAG vonTIKEs KaTaOKEvES TIS OTTOIes Ta TaIBie xpno|LONOIObV Ya va Epynvedoouy Ta ~aivoyieva. Me auTi thy évvoid, o1 tées Tov Tra6idv GTOTEMOBV aUTOBéVa}IE OxALATA OV suas 5iagépoLV até To EMOTNLOVIKO TPSTUTIO GTO STI EpUNvEouV BawopETIK Te PaIVpEVE. An Tig Epeuves Tiov EyIvaV GF Bid@opES xdpES OxETIKE LE TIG 16EEG Tov Taibidv MpOKOTTOLY Ta EEG GUUTEpdouaTa: 1. To roiié piv cxéper pornijoouy oro xoAsio Exouy crTréyerC yier pre TronaXia Oepériv Tov OvanKéy Emommpov. 2. Or avrrArpers tous iver Suvars var enmpeaorodv om6 TH SiScoKaic he tpérroug Trou be yapifoupe H var Tapapcivouy avermpéaorec am aut. 3. O1 Bow ByTIKE 15éec Tous coKOUV roxupH| emppor OTN PeTeryevéoTepN anon. 4. Or avriAfperc Tov maibidv civon ouxvér BiapopenKés an6 To emoTH HOVIK TIpstuTto, drag BUTS MapoUOIKGeTaI OTA OXOAIKE eyxcipiBic.. Qor690 oF avriAjyer auTéC eiven xpiaipES Kou AoyiKES eTreIb1} aTTO- Tehoby To oKEAETS THS epynveiag TeV OxerKV paIvopEévav. 1.2. Mag Snpoupyodvten o1 18ée¢ Tov paOyTaov Nas Gpaye avantéovovrat o1 16Ees 1h 01 TaPAvoHGEIs Tav neAbIOV; Moor napdyovtes eivar Tepicaétepo euvoiKoi; O1 16ée¢ avanricoovrar omy TpooNAQEIA TeV TaIbIév ve Bacovv vONHG orev K6oH0 Léoa OTOV oTTO!O Gouv Le avagopd oTIs EUTEIpies TOUS, Tis TPEXOVOES YOEIS TOUS Kat T YAdOOU TOU xpnoIOTOIOAY. Ta redid, dtras o1 eMHoTHHOVvES, xPHOILOTIOIOY TIS ojoIdTHTES Ke TI¢ diagopés yia va opyavdoouv Ta paivopeva Ken Ta yeyovsTa Kat KATE 1m biéeKe1a THs MapaTpnNs TaV yeyovsraV Kal TOV a;voLEVaY Ya XVOUV VIG OTOIXE!a Kat Vie OXEoEIS LETaED GUTOV Tov GTOKEiov, doTe va orkobopioouy Gopés oxtoeav. O eykéahos bev eivar évag TaOn- TIKOS KaTVaACTAS TANPOMOPIdV, AAAG EOIKOBOLE! EvEpY TIS biKES 21 22. Tov epnveies Tov TANPOgoPIY Kor Byéler CULMEPeoLaTA aTTd aUTES (Driver & Oldham, 1986). ‘Ontas ot emothpoves, éTor Kai To TaLIe OvyKEVTpOVoUV OTOIXEia Kat xTIovV PovTéAa yla vor EpUNVEbGOLY Ta yeyovéra Kat va Kevouy TPOBEpErs. MoMdés 1S€e5 Tov TaNdIOV @aiveTal va avaTTOoOVTA! Kaas GUTé npocraQobv va EpnvEedoouY TO QUOIKO Tous TEPIBGAAOY. 1 15ée Tov Tata Stapopypdvovtat LE Thy ETI6paon Ta avTAN- Yeov TOV LEYOAOV, TV LEO@V EMkoIVeVias, THY GAANAETiSpaon LE Ga Trediét, od Th Si6aoKeAAic, Ta OXONIKG EyxEIpIbIG K.-T. Enuavnikd pro OTN SapOpewon EvadAaxtiKoy edv TraiCer AOO- 6a Tou xpnoIsoToKEiTal AT16 TOUS LEYGAGUS. ExppGoEIS, TX. STIS Kheioe THY TOpTa yiet Var uN gsyet KTH A Va pN Me! TO KELO, ObNyObV OTHY Gmoyn Ort UTIgPxOVY 60 SiagopETIKE GUOIKE LEyEON, n CEoTN Ke TO Kov0. Oras suas yopovpe, avtd Tou undpxel elvat n evépyera, 4 omoia jmopel va peTagepBE! and Eva ocpa oF GARO, Adyw Sia~opas GeppoKpaalas. AvaAoyes avTAAWEIs SnploUpyobvVTa! OTA TIAIdIG GTI Ta joo patiKh}s emIKOIVavias, 6TAV AVAGEPOVTAI OF EMOTHHOVIKE 1} TEXVO- RoyKé Ouerra. FLX. ouxvé akobyerar n éKPEGON; N KATAVeAwON TOU NAEKTOIKOS peduaTOS.... Lra maibiG Snpioupyettat n eopadyevn evrot@- on 611 TO NAEKTPIKG PEGLO Elvan Kem TOV KaTAVaAdvETAL. ‘Otav o uaOnTIs akovoe! H Sia6Goe pia EMIOTHHOVIKA TPSTaON, ya Va THY KaTaVvoroe! TIpéTE! ver xpnoOTIOMoE THY KaONLEPIVA EpLNveia Tov xPNoIPLOTOIOUPEVe AéEeav. Eiven Spas TOAG THBaV6 n EpyNvela Trou 0 pants diver orig AéEeIg ver NV eivat (61a YE GUTH TIOV eixe GTO AAS TOU 0 BaoKAAOS © CVYYPApEAS TOV OXONKON EyxeIpibiou (Gilbert, Osborne & Fensham, 1982). fia To Géya avrd yiverar extevéoTepN ava~yopd oTo Tpito KepEAaIo auTOU Tov Gi6Xiov. H AEEN Thx. OMPATIBIO OTHY EMOTALN ONLaive! GTOHO, L6pPIO 1 16v. Erqv Ka@nuepivi} yooo onyaivel pikpd KopET OTEPEOS THOU Eivet OpaTS ye youve pari. Napavoroeig Snpoupyovvrat Kat KorTé TM SiGpKerer TS SiSaoKeRias, Joyo éAAewns KAAS EMIKOIVaVIaS LETagY BacKéA@Y Kar paBnTaV. OTav 0 SéoKahos emmkowavel pie THY TAEN GUTS TOU TIETUXaIvE! oUVABIAS Eiver ya Tepdiaouv atous piabyTés oF AEEEIG KAI O1 xEIPOVOHIES TIO xPNoHO- ote! Kat OxI TO VONHG AUTO KaBEGUTS. ‘OTIS YaHouV 01 Osborne Kai Freyberg (1985), 0 SdaKahos éxel KémIOIES 15éEG TIS OTIO/es TPOOTIAEl Va peTabdoe orous padntés yeTapdtovTas TEs of AéEEIs, OxApaTG, b1a- yeuuuaTa A coyBora. O padnTHs pTOpel va Ta TIpODEEEr GAG UTE, AAG TIpérel va BpEr Kal EVO VONPG Ya va TOUS aTrOSAdEt. Yrdpxet HeyaAn mBavéTnTa To vénuG TOV Ba SHE! o pAONTAs va [NV elven TO ‘610 pe exeivo ou ABEre Va aTIOBACE o 64oKaAos. H mOavéTNTa avTi yiverar péiora peyaAoTEpN av n YAdooa TOU xpnoIoTOLiTar Sev TOU elvat o1Keic, ‘oo agopt ora oxoKé eyxeIp i614, 0 TPdMOs TOV O1 paBNTES KO- Tavooby 6,11 Sia6dGouv of avTa ennpedterai and Ta EpinvevTIKé TOUS oxiwara. KaTaoKevdtouy SnAabi epynveles, ovoxeriovras aut Tov AON yopiouv us avTd ov Sia6dgouv Kar yi’ Guts eivar SuvaTS va Sivovv epynveies Stapopenikés and ekeives ong oTtoie¢ anoBéne! o cvyypayéas Tou eyxeIpidiou. Avahurikér 01 apayovres Trov ennpedtovv A) biayoppdvouv Tig 1BéeS Tay avépdnov paivovtal oto oxrya Tov aKohoubel (Kapavixas, 1996) Extjper 1. Mapayovres nov ennpedfouv 1h btapoppavouv rig iSée tov avoparion. 24 1.3. Kowa xopakmpionké Tov i6edv Tov poOnTav ‘Epevves, 6rt0¢ Tov Driver, Guesne & Tiberghien (1985) kai Tov Osborne & Freyberg (1985), éxouv Beier ri o1 15éeG TaV paOnTaV EXoVV KoIvé XapaKrnpioriKé, avekGpTTa and Tov TénO KerayayiS, TH UAH K-TA,, Tov pTIOPObV va Ta€ivouNnDobv ag EEA: a) Ta pn opaté Sev uT&pxouv ‘Otay ot paOnrés ExouV va AdGOUY Eva MPdEANHA Baoifovv Tous ovhAoyloLods TOUS GTA XapakTHPIOTIKE TOD giver EGA TIEpaTHPHOILC. Lx. 6Tav n Gaxaion SicAuGel To VEPs Bewpeirat 6u1 bev UTIdpxe!. To Pas undpxer yia Tous paOnTés STav Elvai TONG évTovo GoTE va SnwoupyEi aioOnté anorehgouata. To veps 6tav yiveTar aTuSs Maver vo UTIEPXET yiari Sev elven opaTd, H peré6aon and Tov K6ouo TeV aicBdE@V TOV KboLO THs GavTa- ofas elven S1a5ikaoa 660KOAN, @OTSOO avTHV eMBrdkoUpE LE TH 6I5c0Ka- Nia Tov OvoKév Emathpdv. fa va eBovve o1 aONTEs Ta pOpIG, Te GrO- HO, Ta NEKTPOVIE Ka YeVIK’S Te GaPATISIG, UMOGTOPIKE Kal pn, TIPéTEL Va xpnoILoTON\GoUY «Ta LayIKe PONE TOV EMIoTHSVaY», "TIS SiSrITpEs TS Pavraoias Tous. AUT TOUS UTOXpEdvE! GTHY KaTAOKEUA VoNTIKeY hovrédov ya Tig ovTéTATES ekeives TIOV de yivovTat OATES TEX. TO Nhe- KTpIKO PEOLG, TH GepUSTATa Kal TH BePHOKPAGIE, TO gag KT) 6) Mepiopropévn eotiaon Ta naibié eoricouv ovviGas my Tpodoxi Tous oF opIOLEVa p6vo XapUKTNPIOTIKe TOU aUTE Elval Ta TAEOV KUBiapxG, Ta TAEOV EuQavi Ae oKégTovrat Ta MpOBMPaTA aNd THY Grown THs GAANAEMIBpaGNs avapeoa ota otpaTa Kar To TepIBGAAOV. ‘OTaV Thx. TPOOTIADOEY ver efnyfoouy yiari n MoproKaAd6a aveBaiver érav pougdpe pe TO Kaha UGK, TIOTEGOLV STI GUTS OGEMETOI GTO ST PoUMsLE SuvATE Ka OxI OTH Stagops ts mleong péoa Kar w and To KadapEK. y) Eoriaon me mposoxiig o¢ adAayéc Kar 6x1 Ge TaBEpéc KaTaOTEOEIC Ee Eve KivovpEve GG avayvapiouv thy Srapén bovauNs. Oco- pody SnAadi} 611 n Kivnan, Tov avtinpoowrede! aAayh, OMEfheTal oF xGrio1a Sovayn. Qotd00 ce évar Gépa Tov 1oopponEt SboKoAa 6Exo- vrai 611 6pouv buvépers. 5) Ipappicés arriak6¢ ovdRoyiopéc Lovééouv névrote éva amoréheopa pe évar aitio. Agxovrat 1.x. 10s OTaV pa SUvayN (aitIo) Spa oe odpe (avrikeipevo) Mapayer Ever aTroTE- Aeopa. Qotéo0 6 pMopoby va avmAngOobv THY aRANhenIpaon Tov Cap6ToYV. To a€iapa Aomdv thg Spdong Kai avTibpaons yiveral KOTO VonTO HOvo AeKtiKet, pod Sev epmTintel GTO TapETIéVve. YPRYLIKE Oxfuct Fevikd, of avtiorpentés LeTabod's KaTaVvoobvTar SuoKOASTEPG Adyeo aKpIBES Tg i105 artias. 2) Mn Siaxwpiopss Tav evvorby Ta maidi6 Sev eivar of Béon va Biaxapiouv SaoiKés éwoies, fia var Teprypepouv Ever NeKTPIKS KEKA@YA xpHaPOTOIObY Thy Ewoud «ne KTOIOHOS» ws évvoId—OpMIPEAa KETw cmd THY OTTOfe KPLBOVTE! oI é VOIES NAEKTPIKG PEdLIG, NAEKTPIKG POPTIO, Iox6s, NeKTpIKi) evépycia. Kerrés avahoyo TpSTO KéTw aNd THY EvwoIG «B4p0¢» UTOVOOBY Ka TIS Evol née, moxvérnre. O} 16ées TOY Tad NapoVOLovrai TepIoOdTEpO TeEpIEKTIKES KAI oeaIpIKES OTS EkEivEs TOV EMIOTHSVaY, YeYOVds TOU oNLaive! GTI Ta TaIdIé peTanNBoov and tH pia Evol oTHY GAN, xopIG Ver TO GUVEL- 6nTorolobv. or) Egapmon armt6 to maio1o Me Tov 6p0 «MMAaigior evvoowye Sdous ekEivoug TOUS TaPéyoVTES Trou emBpobv orn p4Onan (én To endpevo KegaAaiO). Or 1ée5 Tov paONTdV eapTOVTa! and Ta IbicitepA XapaKTHBIOTIKE TNS KaTEOTAONS He THY oTIO‘a TiDETaI TO MPSBANLC UEBNONS. Mic TpATN uetaBAnT Tou MAaioiou eival To KATE TI6GO n TIELEVN KaTGaTAN éxEi 4 Oxt Ta xapaKMpIOTIKE evds OXOMKOD TPOBILATOS, ETHY TepiTT@on TOU ot paBNTEs Bev avayvapifouy S71 yia THY ENTAVON TOU T|POBARLATOS TpENE! Va EAPLOGTODY oF TiTIO! Tov EiBAioV, o1KOSOLOGY Th SiK TOUS avarrapdoraan ya Tm ovyKeKpILevn KaTéoTaAN Kat eMoTpEpOUV Lave orig 18ée5 Trou eixav Tipv an To paOnpa. Mia Sesrepn pETABAyTA Tou MRaiaiou Eivai o Tonos TOU MPAs ETON TPOBAKATOS. YnooTNPIeTaL v 26 Tx. 671 uTMépxet avTIoTOXTa avdLeEda GTHY TUTIOhOYa Tay TPOBANp- Tov THs MNXGviKis Kal OTA HOVTEA OKEépNS TOV EVvEPYOTIO!OBY OF iG @ntés KATE Thy ETT”AVON aUTaV Tov MPOBANLETOV (Viennot, 1979). Mic TpiTh peTABANT) Tov MRatoiou eivat TO KaTé do n KaTcOTEON f TO TPSEANLA Eivar o1Keio GTOUS ABNTES. ‘OO AydTEpO oIKefo elvat TO TIP6BANHA TIOV TPOGEYyIovv, T6G0 TEPIGG6TEPO aVaTPEXOUY OTOV ava- oyiK vAROYIGLS (Kar~nvixiyra, 1995). } Eyaoxevrpier kor avOpwrroKevrpiy érroyy “Epevves £Be€av Sn Ta Traibié og Thy Nukicr Tov EKA EToV ExOvY EVOKEVTPIKA avTAANYN ya Tov KGopo. ANG THY NAiKi@ GUTH KOH LETé mipoKeipévou va efnygouv Ta paivepeva eyKarTaAEimOUY TOV EYOKEVTOI- G16 Katt vioBETOSV pO eUPSTEON aVOpeTIOKEVTpIKI cTOIpN, 6rIOU OF EPUNVElES avatnrobvrar omy avOpaémvn eymeipia Tx. av pwThaovpe To neubi nroia Eivar n 6iapopa peTAgs MaywpEvoV vEpO6 KAI VEPOD OPLOKPAGIAs TiepiBGAAovros, 1) aTévrNON Eival 6tI TO Tay@LEVO veps Sev TiiveTa e0KohG, N aTévTON SNAGHH efvar avOperroxpaTiKt 1) Lra avtikeipevar erroBi8ovtor xapaKapionKé avOpdmuv H Gav MoAé naib arodiéovv ota avTikeipeva BEANON, cuoOhpaTa h oKoT6. Evas \6yos Tov ouvTEde! o' GUTS iver To yeyovds STI N [E- TACO XNoILOTIOIEITa! T6d0 TV KABNLEPIVA YAdGOR, Goo Kat OTN BiSaoKanla Tov OvoiKdy Emotnpav. AUT 6nyloupyel ouxvé Tapa- voroeis. Mx. 0 KaanynTis TOV Ovaikdv AécI STI Eva aPyATIKS GopTIO avatntel éva Berk ia va evede! pati Tov. Aut n avadrnan TOU okond éxer thy évaon, SnAdvel STi Kat Ta épuxa ExoVY BEANON Kat KavOUV TipdypaTa mpooxebiacLeva: 8) Lro avrieipeva: aroBiSera1 opiopévo TroG6 pag PUOIKIS OVTOTHTA Mode Tabi aTo6{Sovv oe éva avtikeiuevo Eva OPIpLévo TOGd las gvorKiig ovrémTas Tx. Bévapn. AV porfooupe Ta Mabie TIES Bovepers aoKobvrai endve o' éva odpa Tov pi€ape Tov Gépa Kat xivefrai pos Ta Mave, aura Ga ava~yépouv LSvo TH S6vapn Trov Sédoaye oro oGpa Stay Eexivnoe. ‘AMO Tapaberyya: umroxeipevikés epynveieg > un pova6ixéunta 100 vorpatos (non unicity of meaning) onpawépeve ---4 > hewn enapiv ovpBoRaw vic va ekppactel n oxéypn. anpatvov ‘Onts MpoKénte! and To biiypaywa, NepIoodrepes and na eppn- veies ms évvo1as umoposv va 6peBosv oro onpiavoyevo emtineéo, ‘Orav 70 UTIOKEILEVO LETaKIveiTaI aS To OnaIvopevo enimebo IOS To onnat- YOv, Mapovardterai to MpSBAnua TMs SmapENs Tov KaTEAMOV GUL6d- dev Wa THY avariapdoraon Ts Evvoias. (Tor obpBoha pmopei va eva AékeIs, waBnyaTIKE obyBoRa 1 oOPBoAd and TH vor) Ot avarrapaortioess eiven ovBeTEs, H ye dipn Tous éxet oxéon pe TIS Ewoles Kat GAAN Le Tc Pavtdouata tou uTToKeipévou, O uabntis evepyorore! nis 860 aurés dipers of KéOE Vea KaTéorcon Ady@ Tou obvOeTou xapaKTApa TeV avanapacTdceaV n ypanth fh 1 MEOPOPIKA Napaywyt anoSibovTa omy GMnAernKeAuyn Tov e€iig TEOOGPAY UTOKEWEVeY KGBE ATOUOU (KaTénviKi\Ta, 1995) 1. To emiotnpovikd uTtoKeijievo Tov undipxe! o¢ dha Ta aTOLG Tov iBiov enimébov avérrrugns Kat éxer var KevE LE TIG évvoirs. 2. To poxodoyiK6 vmoxeiievo mov napanéymel orig Tov Tpoowm- Kés Glopéves ders, rou éxovv BEon Ta gavTdopara, Ta cpxéru- Ta, TO Pavraciakd. 3. To KoIvoviK6 unoKEiLevo LéoW Tov onofoU To éropo evoupKavel TpdtIOUg oKEpNS AveMIapaoTéae:s OU Mpogpxovror amd Thy KoIVevic: Ken die108000v To crrOpNKd aoUVEiéNTO. 4. 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O1 pot pxovces avTiANWpels Bev aMIOTEAObV OTE ONpEla eKxkivnons yi TH GOpnon THs yaons obTE To aTIOTEAEOUE TNS, GAAE Eiven Ta tee To péoa avTiis THs Spaompistntas. AvaTthGBovTet avvEexds KaHOS n Ke voopia yveon Tpémet va evraxGei OTIS TEGUMGEXOVGES bones TOD biGOE- Tel 0 paONTEVdpevos. fia va Teprypduper o Piaget avTi TH yeTABOAF xeN- ooToinos Tov 6po :eBoBOAO}IKONS KAVOVES Etre TOUS TEpABiaCaY Ge Tous (Feyerabend, 1975). Ero mAaiow Tov diagopdv nou UNGpxovV oTIg BéoEIS TOV avapép- Enkav Wiaitepo xapaKripa anoKToby o1 BéoeIG TOU Bachelard, KarTé Tov onfoio n AAAaYH THE EMoTNLOVIKiS yvOoNS éxer peTAes Mov Ta effg xapaxtnpiotiKé: a’) H brabikaola adAayis THs EmoTNLOViKis yvoans Bev éxer KaBAOV OVvoowpEevTiKS xapaKTApA, AAG N TopEia TIPOs T™ véa Yoon opiobeteirar amd vEIps Gouvexeidy. 6) KaBopiomiKés Tapayovras elvar n TATA BaoKr Gouvéxeia ToL yiverar Kata TH peTaBaon and THY KaOnLEpIVe) BioLaTIK} EymENple OTHY KaTGOKEU THY TIPATOV EMIoTnHOVIKAY Evvordv. An nig GéoeIs Tov avayépOnKaV, OnHaVTIKS Eiva va TovicoupE 1™H obykMon OTIG BEaeIS STN GAYA TOV EmIoTLOVIKOV aNdwpeov bev cival aTMoTEAEOLA ovaoGpEVaNs KOI StI OTHY EEA‘ IHS eMOTHNS KaTaYPAPOVTA! GouvExElEs. Tlapddn MY TOKACHOPHIG TOY GNdYEDV TeV PAoGdpaV daoV a~ops omy €punvela Tov ahAayov oTAY eA THg EMoTHUNS Kat TOV BU- XOAOYOY Yor THY EYVOIOOYIKH GAYE Kai TH GOMOD, GF MOAN amd Tet }OGTITG KEILEVa TOUS Qaiveral pla OTTTIKA Yovi H Eva oUUNgpaoLa nou oxerifera: deca pe Thy exrralSevon. XapaxnpioniKé rrapabeiyya- Ta avagépovrar ané rov Bertrand (1994), 2.3. Th elvan 0 Kovetpouxnibiopéc; H andvimon oTny epdtnon «Ti ivan o KovoTpoUKTIBIOUSS» Bev civat 20KONO va SiaTuMaBEl, dTIas EMfons uTOpet va CLOIOBNTNBE: caKOper Ke 9 Suvarornra va Teel pcr TETOIa epadTnon (BAdxos, 1998). H mpoBAn- LOTIKA YG TO Gv enipéneTa va TEBE! n epdtnOn, oxETiera ye T™H SAOGOIKH THS KATEYYH} KOI GKGLA TEPIDGdTEpO HE THY TIOMUTAOKO- INTE TOV ProGOGiKdY BéoEV Kat TAY HETAEL Tous biaoUVEéoEDY Ket avniGéorav Tou Sev emitpéner Th HovoofavTn andvTnon, Ket TOU cxupdvel TH oKOTHBSTATA TNS iS1ag THs EpaTnns. H SvoKodia vei ceravenBet 1 MapaTIave epdtHoN oweiAETa GTO STi o1 Bia@opés peTAES avTdv ov uTfooTnPMovv Tov KovaTPOUKTIBIOUS Kat EKEIvioV TOL TOV apvod- vial A] TOV Kplvouv apvATiKé, TapovaIdouy pEYGAN ToKINia, dTI0s 38 eniong Tapovaidgouv peyGAn Takia ot BiepopeTiKés awpeTnpies KAI Ta Maioia pe Ta orToia Mpodeyyitovv To Oéya. 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