ATAAKTIKH, QEQPIA Kal TIPAZH MITAMITHS TOYMAXH» @EOPIFE MAOHEHE e MONTEAA AIAASKAAIAS OPVANQSH AIAASKAAIAY © ASIOAOPHEH EIAIKA @EMATA AIAAKTIKHY TON MAOHMATIKON EPOQTHEED, - AUKHEEIS - APAETHPIOTHTES. GUTENBERGK E o A A A T oO T P I T 0 H MAOHXH TON MAOHMATIKQN I. Oemgies uG8noONs tov paAnpaTIXdY Eva and ter nigua evdioxpégovea. THs Wpuzohoylag Tw jaOnworrzdy etver Ver erayejoet ote Baored egomjparc:: Me moL0 TYGTO ot évVOQemoL Habel Vouv uaBnwatizd; Me mow Tedmo oxETrOVTEL OTA HEAD HOTIAG; TIdis aver- SmiOGETL Y RETAVGHON THY HABNWcETIAdY EvvouY; ExerSr] te HaONHeTLAG Five TEQLGOTEDO WoL SuALVONTHA TAQ Guou SQaoTHELGTTE, OL yuZ0- hyou ngEL Va MQOAADYGoUV va XaTAVOHGOUY TL GULPatvEr péoa ora. neqdua Tov avBodron, THs OMTOL OXETOVTEL Grey EZOUY VE. evTLE TONE OOVY thet TOOBNOTUAl xoTdovTADY rf WE TOIO TESTO ZoTEVOOTY TC BOON jotinés évvourc. 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EmUT’ZOUUE TO QoMaYTAS LBEBSes pas sajQovs HEL OhoMANQOTUAIS TEQLYQAPIIS Sav tov TaQaySvtwy TOU em- pedGouv 1 diSacxaala zou Tm LAO jon Tov UAOnperiAdy. Or egevvyntés ZOL yeveads Goo AOYOhOBVEEL WE THY TEUdayOYLA] TOY waOnWUTAGY, dev xG- vauy tixote GAO asd To va. TEQLYEdOVY ABE Poe [LOL Rods HLKOHT GVO VLCVEE ME ROGYWTIASMTAS TOV hEyeraL SSaoxcrhict xc WEANON THY [LOL- Oqpanixay.102 KE®AAAIO TPITO “Ev povteho paOnang eEumgetet Eve safBog oxomsy ory waOnyceciay exacidevon, Hovita ax6 dot, €va. TETOL povteAo FONaIWeEver OMY TOSPAE- tpn xoraatdocoy. H aQ60eoy eive va xaBoQuITOIY exeives OL OVOIdELE uetopiytes, AaQgETVOL xaL ALEIBUrAOVIRES OUVOKEE OL oMOLes TUOd- ‘youy edxohy naw arovekeoneeruny HGANGH ote HEOnjaTHEG. Fegrypdpovtac TH CAQIPCS OPaivErL, Gray 1 NAOYON TOY LEOHLERLAIV heyBaver yeQc, eoTS cere Oy MOVEYECAL y SovETsETE YE. THY MOGPEYN RdnOLOY yeyous- wy OV EZOVY OYEON We TH WEOON xaL TH SUOXOA.LL, O Betiteg0¢ xQOOQLONIGS EVES HovTELOL pAAHONE TOV pEOHRETLADY, EéveN va TQOZEH.EOEL EQOTI|ETE OXETIAG we TH Dradrzcare UABrONs neu diSaOxGe Mos. Handyman of card: ta eownipere zabooiter xe to PaOs aEiom- orig xa eyAvQsTMAE TOV LovtEhoU HAL THUPEAAOVY OMY avaxonaaZer| Tov, ETL Gore va NQDGEYYICeL TE ELUOKTEQO MY TOCYETLETHTEE REL THY Ex maudevtuny cout, O twitos PaaiAds oxonde evs Lovrchow WaOnons Elva va. PedktiGoeL MY Emmowavia E04. O10 mEd!O THE Yxohoylag LABNONE THY UaAONUcLZdN. “Eve. wovtého to onoio aepryodgper ie TQOGOY neu axoiPere M Suadracove UGOnoms, wuroget ve AQOOPEOEL IZ. OTOY EQEVTITO} TO ALVITOO neu TE UEBO dodoyiad egyahele ya mY extéheon evs TeLOcuETOs. Ey Prion tov yeve- 2OV AQKdY TOL HovTEOV yOQeL Va GATLOhOYAAUEL O EVEL T hoyL=Al TOOODLOQIOWON TOV HETEPA ITY, TOV ZaBOQLOUS ME [EOOdOOYiAS, ZENE entong Hat vo eoMVEtort To. TehING cxorehsonerra xe ve ByGaeL Te Tek ovpategdoucta, Aev undgyel Egevver 1 onole ve my xAOdHyEleeA caw jue. Semple, and Eva VeoontEs povteho, O avytowonds mg Eoewvas Bey [x0- get va undoger yools exagyy) emxowovla oven ie e1papatumd axote- OMATOL 2EL LOIS MY MEODTUQUOYH ZEL EvTUEN TOY RELGWEtOV Oe EVEL EV- gritego eQEUVITHES ahevo je GTS YO xeu ovyxexgMnEyn MOOOATIA}. “EVEL [lo- viého pitogel va xooogéget avn} M SuvarsMpTE zat ve exAINQGoEL eUTOve Tous ord yous. Tevizd 0a propotoaye vor novpe dun ovvewopood [Mes Bewgtug WG0n- OIg etveu y OEYaVaH KOU RODUPEPEL OS MODE THY EOELVE xAAL TH yvcan TOU ampogd we Hadveacies LEBHOHS Tov walnwarady. 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Kar agyiy, Shes 01 Bewoies udAnons xOHaMLooLoWy nETapIaTES OL onoies meoryocepovten we xaBoHots moGOdEtHtEs, Sains Yl TAOGdELYHC: Chor or uaOnrés, he te avtineiueva WGAnoNs, hes ot xarcoraoetc, ‘Orey Gavouos atohoyoet my neIQUNCLAy HagTUpLE TOU EXE; OHO VEL OTH- cautorig TOE LO Y~YOLGNONE, cLaDGVETEH StL xGnOV Sev Sreatohoyettat Woy aLyOVgIE A Gti GE EVE HEYGAo Babs ta cuTEQdoara etvar aPEourc. Ta mio nohhd cvougeta xou yrooitoune ozed we ™ HaOON, ezovy EVEL ovo Ga a6 eLGqaTE nov EZoUV yiveL GTO EYELET xAL dx. THY TEEN, Todd a6 1a ovpmegdouata auré omgttoveat advo oe ragamoyocts xaL nehérec YOO UNG To Mg WaOaivory, yu MaQdderyuc, or yeéeec, ta Tove uch, Ob OXAOL HeAL OL TANXOL Auta Seng To. Coda. Sev etven Suvats va. E7m- pedtovrar a6 To YhMGOLAS AAQGyoYTE Snag OL GvOQemTOL xeAL N YROoOR, dnwe yweogtCovpe, elvar to avetepo egyahelo SiSaoxuhtas yu to ddoxeho ron pie goin. “Byag devteons evdoraods Pactleren advo omy mgaetni. Maoget ve loyuouotes xémovog Sv n aki was Be@giaas pEEnONs Botoxerar ovo StL Was diver my SvvarsryTe ver eENyHfOOUNE xno aLderyeryImE Parvopever xaL (eitd ebvon xahtireQo and 10 texte. H avtiognan Pecoxetat ovo bu 1 T90- véyyton awn} Sev gaiverar va etvar taavy va. Séoet aeWémotes zQOBIE- oie eeu cuts sive TOV évag exceyyeheriac, Evag mov aoxorEltan ye TH dderaua| mE, mEQEver and wa Bemota.. “Evag ddoxcthos, 0 oxoiog duenpeviderar and THY coUUMar(a LEeTaET TOV w LoZLoiteran Sut etver HAV ve naver y ROUD@EPOY AY YoYOoV(a. cu TOV TL OTHY AQEYNATIAGMATE xevEL, ywiQer eaxoyorjrevon now EhAELYN EURLETOGEYHS yLEL TA EmMLoTHUOVLRE TOOK oporra. zou etver mBavs va orQaPEL OTIY ahoiz} EpTELOCo. ye. veL dedoeL somunags nou ovyuenguiéves Miceis. Sanyy cocypandmyTa, dev vadezZouy vojor zat aoxEs ms wAOHONS roU Vu uxogosv va SiSaytoUY Ue AMajON EUMLOLOGEYY YlaL TO aKOTehEOUE TOUS, Aey etven SuvaTs ver SoBEt, OOE TO TAOGY TOVAGRLOTOY, jue xeBOQLETLAT Undyman o° eutots Tove Evdoraopors, Ya TOV amhototato A6yO Gut xqUG Oewpie uaOnong Sev eiven excoxcde caponnern rf Tao majong yee va O- njvevioet dhot To epyaomoLAxd evoripata. Avtt due var xQOGATADOTLE VoL eEaydyoune TY RaLdEyOYLA, OOo. ard TH DeMgia WEOMONS, [HE Ga104 KEwA AAIO TPITO. *QOOEYYLON Oa. Tray Va. LEkEDjoouLE m SuCxEla Gay gva quLvdpEVo cand xa0" ecard. Or nagarerfacic zee xeTaroamec, yee mage BeLyUC, OL RegMITopevioes xa Bivteoomomjoels me ddaxtwals agaxua{e uae OTHY AEN, jTOQOWY VoL CveAYOWY xcU VoL NEES BubOOLY ROAINES AANQOCEO- Oles OYETIAG Le TIS adAnhemdgdoeic UETHE NaONTy xe SUONGODV O° Eva Lovtave didaxnx6 halo, Em ovvézea, eiven Suvatd ve. avamtuy6oviv TaWayeoynd ovecho,, wa onoia Oa meguygdgovy mie SddoReL 0 Sdorcthoc HG a5 Didepopes ouvOrfues xu mOLe etve y xcAderyuryLA} onpUota WoY dawSqoy adinemdodoewy ward m Siaguew mg Cuvearife didaxcvae TodeNs. Te wovedhe ave uxoget xardmy va. eheyBowy aergciertnd, yee ve Stamorwdel x600 ad e&yyouy non mQOPhEnoW nertourdaeie, Ete mh Gia aus THs TQODE HONS, Y AUIBEYOYLA| OY LaBHWETUAY xeroageret- Tal aad THY Wuzohoyio. nud tov (S10 TodMO nowy {ie xOOGEYYLOM Por OnE TI Wagohoyla. ve xeougery et und TH GAoGopia, Ta TeheUTeLa POSE | ROOE YY GeUT ZEQdITEL Ohosva. Eaapos OMY muLdEywYLAy| TwY Habre THEY Hee yiveTUL We MOGRABELA Vor KoraVONDEL TO sOhAiTAOKD (puULVeEVO ths biduatuars nOGENs, we maQOTHOrOKLC aL KoXAY QUES TOV (tov evTOt PaLyouevou ty otryyU} stOU GUVtERECraL (Sowder 1989), Hi rehevtata suas avn mpoatyyion, dev ampctiver det oruoyeC-my ete Toy OkopnTuAOY LovEgdiy LEOnons tow HaOnLCeTZAdy, vat moLes Bates HOKE Ha ZQnOWOMOMNBOLY yt. vo. EVOAGCOUY KaL va. EQINYEOOUN tie mo, Geemgnorts nov auiEyovtdL cans TV ZaTAyQUEH| TOU SiSuETIZON GaIvol vou; H axdvmor 0” curs vo egcimpa ebuordrat and to 1 eiver exetvo nou O FQEUVTTTIC Hempel oxOVdaio eu ySvILO KBE Pog xeAL-T Se>LEEDEVOV, TO Ox0(0 Gat aroQavoE Va. NuoLaoTEL YUE ZcOn TOY REcitOL. AUTG eiveLL buVEETS We aadopiorel ore mietour Met wes Dempras AEOnOns eat dSaoxeALUE, 1 onofe Ga xaWodnyet tic Egevves, Enowevung xaradjyouue ae @adho xCnho, Ye TOV amhovoraTo AGyo Sri Ta. (avqeva MME WAOHONS Za MAE dIOUOHLE Mog etven adniévdera xe dey elven Suvees va cerouovaxsoulie to Eve end Gourd Zoyig avs vee arofeC aE (idQOS TOV Gov. Llagceadte Be avamépov- HE ta Powixrega xaganmouotiaé and opLapéves Deugies WAGHGHs, ot oxo(es Geraqacy TH) ontavnz6tegn exidoceon omy xeuderyerytAr| tev jen- womzay| MA@HZH TQN MAQHMATIKON 105 2. O Edward Thorndike xa 9 Oemgia tov deoudy 2.1 Euvderopds O Thorndike (1874-1949) Geooeitan o oxaxavéas ms Oewotus UdOnons. Av gos ott] yugtooupe iow ve oxeGrOtpLE Ter OZOMAG pias ¥QSVIGL, TIS Viges mov Eodéyaue yo uehém ws COWpe He Me GryePocc, Oe. Ov- \mOodpe tous eontoris tac va MAivoUY comjoets TOV OL MEQLIBASLEQES ra navouowstunes xo nOOPRUaTE ta onoie efyav THY (ic Som, USvO tov Mdccay ove aQLOunftixc SedonEva.. To efdos awnfs Me Egyantas ovojiatd- ay ccxpenecua| zat e&Goxnoy» nat veorieTo Gui Ou. jas PoyowoE va. a0 unjooune evgégeie zat Gveor ony extéheon wy aQOuntAdy mpgREev Kat vu emrbqouue téheves emddaers, H rexvoay avn amotehovae my eyytnon ut dt Ac Oypépcsoteey yi mevTa mis va ExcchotwE Tis PaLoUeEs aQLOYN|- c modBers us omotes etxemte dudayOet. H tezveay ms moceetuaig xen eSdoxnong wateixe xan EEanohovde’ va nurgyer wa a&voonpetun Oéon ojy Lovopia Tyg SaxtuAg Tov wadyLET- HOV CLI NEZOL KOL OHMEoG. Yarjoxe Exo; OV axorehovae m Paover joy Tyg S8Uowaniug naL ts WAOHONE. BxedSv ORL pac axodeyspaore Gu O10. HOKKpr, MOCAETLAIS Elva ceveryEKe. YEE TH MAOH TOY RADLEY yal, o8upavE jie to ZOWS afOBNUG, vj TQOREALAF xaL n EEGoxNGH Bondowy ony entrevéy mg tehewmTag xaL omy uoddEoyELA THE TERIMITAS Kat cxgiPeLas, To on0(G. lve ZQLO;QE YL TY avascrV=y TOV UTOLOVLOTLAGY incvonfte, Edy ta nodié ever oe O€on va extehCoovy unohoytapots te LegeTTE xaL axgiPeLa Tre OL yovEls, IAG na o Séoxcthos, Ebvo LActvo- LOMNPEVOL VLA TO Gut Yrogovy agiouNtHE}. Ot BewontuEds Hau vaTOQUEES idoeig ye My oTOLEN Ms texvUA|C THE MOCHEUMIS xaL EEGoXMaNE, Boloxo- vie oTHY puzohoyiny| Oe@gla. tov ovvd_ti6p0s 1 tv Seopdy, HE KevIQLZG \ieyeduan} amg toy Thorndike To 1922 zuxhopognoe Eve wos PiBMlo, we vitho H puzokoyla ms agi0- lijtwajs ecu ovyyoagéa toy Edward Thorndike, évav wuzoisyo 0 oxotog epyagoray oro xavemoniuto mg Columbia zat oro oxo{o xagovordtoveav joUeds nouireg agyés ms avvderaic wuxodoylag uéOnons. O Thorndike Huan fous 0 m0 ywoortds oTHY Yuyxohoyle. ya Ty dueecéxaay TOV «vspoU TOL unorenEouctog», ROU efvaL oMHY OVOLA 0 AQOdyYEhOS aLTOL OU oAfLEoA ovondtovue «agzés mig evCoxvong». O Thorndike dev avaxdiuype 10 vouo (wot teherdvtas to edUMd noktithoxo Gauvspevo mS HAOHONS TV Lab NCUAGY, GAA meQayamiESuevos O10 EQYEOT{QIG TOV jE yEtEC, oXAILOUS, mifroug eeu ZotSxOVAG. O Thorndike Oeagovoe my oy€on jeTaEL eEwre- ne106 KE@AAATO TPITO ozoui egefoparos (F) zat evridgone (A) «og Ever vevornd deaud, jue ovy- deon, zeU YU cUTS 11 Oewgta. TOV ovoHELETaL covvdercay Hemoteer. H Puoway Hopgr UdOnOns, xatG tov Thorndike, efveu WEAN [Le «ouu{ eu hd wep. To selqapet nov owdéeTat m0 ovyvG Ue MU} mY EE, MEQLLapBéveL TO YWOOTS ZAOUBK He tO HN ZAMLOUS aacGdQeNE nee TH YEE. HL yGra. Ow et vat tonoempevy WOU Oto HLOVPC AEREL vo UVTISOGOEL [e TOV aTeAAyRO TQdMO, Yie Vo. GvoKEL mY AGQTE xc Vo. Byet Eo. “HEM elven toxoder|UEvo to paou O Thorndike duaxtormoe Su 1 Yara, were and monks SoxiES, OL onotes oradumd cherbvoveay, mevizawe va avottet ty mora. Meta ANG cigderés excvedapers ME Drag Siadtxcotuc, 1 yet EplavE GLO on- wtefo va merce. aows Tov naTéhAnho poghs ZaL-va avotyer mY mdgtc. Av- 15 odtfynoe tov Thorndike ory xexofOAOA Sui 7 pEBHOY eCvau oTadiecen} nau yiPaver you ovye ovyd. Zto nagand Séeyoouwa (Sypiqer 1) mugr- Ordverar 1) KAUR UGOHaNE TOV Thorndike, ovugavE He THY OsOLe Goo avdverar o aQuiss tov Soxtuuby T6900 ehattveral 0 LESvOS MoU ceTCUTEL- TAL Yue vo emiteuzet y UAANOn. mow cxantetrca, Aoituds Soxiy Lyviuece Ls H xcpeswiin wdOnong tow Thomeike © Thomdike Oeapotoe du ta ovuncodonaté tow Ba uogobaay va eHUQLOTTONY Zeal OTE UYDOGALVE GvTOL x01 LOZUELONAAE Gti diy 1 ewHociat-|| MAQHEH LON MAQHMATIKQN 107 vy ovpxequpogd Oat pxogorioe var avehvOel we m Borer. Sui0 cathedy ncece- cxevey. H onoradifrote ovpregupond rray Suvats ve Scomcorel, wore yy dxxorjn} TOV, oF Paoved TOIZela,, Onde Oa qarydrery aytéas Sut aoTe~ heirea and eoeBloqucerce (E) ¥| yeyovora: eZwtequed tov acsov xan avadgd- exe (A) Hf eveoyeudy x0v 10 drojio extehel oe coveiSQaay avTiy toy ere- omy yeyovdraw. Oray ja xarove. A ouvreketter ae amévejon evds EB xo cava A cxohov0etrat a6 je. avtanorpr, Tote Evas SeoUs. ¥} CVELQHSS uoyiter va. oxnuarriteran eras tov E wea, tov A. (Ovo ato ovgvee Eva TETOLO covyos E-A avtapeiBera, 1600 uagugstegas yiveran o deqjGs, “Err drar- nGOnAe 0 YOLOS TOY ceROTehEaHATOS, OBUPOVE HE TOY OTOL 1 EVSUVEHHON eye Seouon weTalEs evs Cevryous E-A elven anoréheaya tov evxdguotov exutesioewy mg A. O Thorndike (1922) pe 10 BiBMo tov H yuxoloyia mys agubunrizris WE- doe ver epeigudast Tic nagandvn aQyEs Tia. va devEokaiver ty WAD|ON To jaOnworixdy. Zrov nQShoyo hotsv tov PiBMou tov, Reet: «Ot oxoToF TS oroujerddoug exaaKSevong, Grav ogotovy aja, Na BgeOet Sut etvaL 1 capayart TOV akhayGy omy avOgcaevy GON, ot omOLes AvATQOUAETO- view 6 Ever a{OV ATEhELUO ZaniLoyo Ovvdéopoy Ff deow, HEH TY oxotuy 10 naudi oxeatetan yj cLaddvETa t} EvEOyEl He HEaTOLOLS TOSAOVS, OF ceyridgaoy Tov retaordceoy nou Exe ogyavidoet to axonelo wat ZaGOdN- vet vo. Oneqprel, Vo. MODAVOE! Ha Vo. evEOYTiOEL MAQOHOLNS GE RAQSUOLES nortMorGoel, [ue TIC OTOKeS Bar PELE avTIRETOTO N Lory] EW aA TO OZO- iio (6. xi) O Thorndike nioreve ou curd ov xgeudtovray o1 Séoxchor jiecey va Bow xat Va. KABOQLaOLY Ue axoIPELc TO EIdIXG OUVOK THY DE- oudy xov ardgnicay Ty aguiuntr. Méhic Oa ywStav duvard vor xAogt- orouy autot OL SeGWOs, [ETE 1] TOGZTUAT TOV avTAPOIfaY Oo pTOQOBOE VO veoyoroujGer To YOUO TOV curoTEREapCETOG, yet TO SuVGper uty To de~ ud, xéet. to onof0 Oa Rekatove TY extdoon OTH aguOpmtHA. To PYBALO rou Thomdike Wray ua roooMaDELc ver eENyT|OEL mig TO HEH ME aQL!- njtunfe Oa progovior va. yerdupouorel oe uxohoyind diatumayEvous de- words petiS0 Cevysiv E-A Exeidy ot waOntés to Suotiz0t Dev rfreey vecwot va. eEeyceyouy TOUS H1- vsvee Ts cQuOpmrUnje a6 apadetyware nat Gdoug xcevdves, 0 Thorndike cnt gamee Gt 10 EoyO Ms didacxahiag Fray va. oymHeerfoet TOERETAG TOUS Cevenpranioug Seanovc %a\ ovviOetEs, O1 onOIes Oa. EwETQEMAY OTOUS HEONTES va extehéoowy vrohoyouovc Zar ve hécouy aquynntrAd TQoPiajuata. Lav Eva modo Pr{pce, Oar uxoQoae va enUeyeL 0 ONHETIONSs TV Seowesy, Tet108 KE@AAALO TPITO var yiver Utd, To ude UOMO EnpEre va Sungedet Ge vacEVsuyres. Pa nagdderyun, 0 o)AURLaaLUOUSs Oc wnopotaE vo. OewonBEL Gu aroTEl. Ta ENG To OBYOLO MaVOTItOY, dmtEN¢: 1) YEH TOV AVEO ZORRO pot ue zor 9x 9, B) avémnte va no hUahaovdsoune Sur|gplors H OAV quovs aQutpots ie uerapood ygioV, y) MavEMTE va TOAAaMACOUMTEOUE dexadrzoric we 10, 100..., 8) mavempre vo ohh Sexudinorks We 23 9 mar, nudrzois pe vhaoneta now wevztovs GoWBpous. O Thorndike wpstetve ver avehudowy cures o1 eavdrres naQUTEOE oF Ev. hesroMEQeLHES Givoho SiavontAdy awvOnxdy 1] UVdEouwY, ZADEVES aE TOUS OMOIOVE Oe. frcAY vmoWpigios ye evioguem. Ag adooupe, Ya TaQGdELyrc, [ue OUMIGLE sgdab_ean: 12 YQL TOU Va eiuaoTe GF Don ve xOAhuhaOaoue de- To mud, yuo. va extehcoet aun} my xOdoVEcn, Sev aoxet ve yrooiter US¥O Vee RQOGHETEL povoyriqons GOLBMOLE HEL YE HETEAPEOEE ToL YELL THY dexGdov omy exduevy oni. Axevurttas, o Thorndike vxoompitet du undpyouy ToLAdyLOTOV EaTd SiadLACoLES Hf LO UES Lerovpyles, OL OMOIEE omy ovale eureguéyovtar 0° auti MY exTéicon ME ROSBEAS ZEL TE omotes to aed Oa AVENEL Vo. WEBEL yoouorée On.AdH;: i) Ne udBer ve diemget Ty O€on Evds yy Glov oT OTHkn zag neooDE- Tet (YPC Lovddenv, wyGlu dexdBay, yngla exorovradaov). ii) Net udGer va Siamyget oro [WUAS TOV To omoTEeouE xaOE Eméoous AQGABEUNS, HEZOIE Stov TQOOLEGEL TOY ENE\LEVO ULQLOUG Oo” OATS iii) No nd0et ve agoadérer Evey aQLus, row dremel om LrvH|uN TOV, UE Evav GO aQONS nov BiireL. iv) Na wer vo ayvoet wie xevi Ogon om ohn. v) Nu udder va eyvoet 10 0 ous ones, vi) Ne udOet vee mQoaH€ tet povoynfprous ue coh n|qplous UQLUpotig Voeod (my, 1447 = 21, 28+8 = 36)JI MAQHEH TON MAQHMATIKON 109 Vii) Meré mv mesodeon TOV YGLOV jag OTANE, va. UdOEL ver yOcpEL xA- ra GVO TO YmIGHLO TOV HOVGdOY aUTOU TOV azOTENLaHEATOS Ms TOGOBE- ang vet ver peraGpEOEL TO HHO toy Sexcdoy omy Exdusvy ohn, Et- Suudteod, vee WHEL va yOdEL 0 oC mEQLATEIOELS SroV TO GAQOLOHE ang ovifinng efvan 10, 20 2.2. Kafe pia an’ avréc tig hetrougyies yonouotd, Oa. meéret om ovyexera ver emogubovy we xarddnhes aowrfoets EEGoxnoNs nov Ba Scioet 0 Séoxd0¢ Ut TOV Ba REQULGUBEVOLY Tis KagURdvO Aetoveyies. Edy, dame toyugtormne 0 Thorndike, ov Scopot Snwovgyouvean pe exa- verupern EupdvLoy tov Cevysv E-A, tre 0 Qdhos tov Saoxdhou evar cunchase va MQOGwELEL THY ZOTEANAN TOOSMTA TEAHTZs, Sivovtas oTOUS ucOntée emineypeves comfaers xa noOPrajpata. O Sdouchos agEAEL vo. aHootoet Tove Seouods ms ovyxexguverns evsTHTAS xuL éxELTA vo. TOUS dueréSer ce Gea, NOTA ov EVLOASTEOL ROL ETE OL HUTZOASTEQOL, ETOL Gore 1 L4ONON TY ELxchOTEQOY Va PonBrfgeL om [LABNON TOY EXdHEVOY dvoxohorégav. Sry ovvezerct, urs TOY aTOUEVEL efvaH VEL EVLGZTEL UTOUS rove Seqpots ue xarékhnin naHnu xa eEdarnom. Ac TeQOVHE, YO TA odderyne, ™m weOnoy Ms ays Rowais temmdmnters oe —f? = (a +B) (a-B). 0 magdderypa avid, to eQeAioye (B) eivu n ExpQaon £2 xo y avel- Soceem (A) eéven y EApQaON (4 +B) (A= B). O deopSs werasv E-A eaGlora- rat USvog edty yiveL exawcimpy Tov Cetyous E-A ne xardhinha waga- detypara. av€avoperns Suoxodlas, meng 1.x, x?—y? = (x +y) (K-y), o2 = (x +0) (0), o2 = Gytayay-a), y!-0 = Gy? +a)@y?-a), wy? 02 Bt = (ay +48") (ay - af), (x-a@)?- (y+B)? = (x-a+y +B) (K-a-y-B), (xo)? (y +B) = +a)? (y BY = = [x ally +8)? + +e) (y- BIL 4) (y+ 8)? & +a) (y— BY] eA ‘To BiPAio tov Thorndike etveu yemdro pe evdind nagabeCyueeras KoH, %0L- radia. embeyneves oewés aowjoewy, o1 onofec RonDowy omy eviox~von cov deoway percied CevyGy E-A. Pro mapaderyitc, TOOKEULEVOU VoL EVLOZL= Gel ore neudid 7 Evoue. TOV XOGOOTOL, 0 Thorndike xootetver Evo. UEAnUC. eSdormong, wg Brig: H rey yogterar oe ondides: xA0e cRIgd peOntwY110 KEO@AAAIO TRITO. carotehel Zou we onde. O Sdoxethos diver ovovs jaOyré 100 corafaers o€ @UAa eQyaviac, Eve SetyjeL TOV oxo(wv divouRe aaoaHCTL>: 1.15% wv L50= ul tov 2 12% wv$2,15 = .. 12, rou 7 3. 20% wy S80=. 13. 8=..% wd 4 tov $300 =. TOV. wv $16= 15 tow $ 6 5% wy $400=.. 16 % tw. 2. rov $90 17.8 5= 0% wv... . % to $20 18. 812 = 6% wv$. . % ww $70 19. 6% wy $ 2.000 10, Tov $ 60 20.4 + % wy $ 24,50 = .. ‘Ohor 01 uaOmrés Hox Cov pati va yedqovy ug aavnfaers ovoy neve 2500 HGBE GoxnOHs, doo m0 yoryoOE LOGO, YoOL vu xEVoUV h4An Méitg xeodoouy ta 10 agra dented otupotosy xiii Shot watt, Or uceOnres, om ovvé zeta, UvtadAGooovy Te PULA Tovg no TAEMIQOUY Tic haenEver ceravtijoets eTQravTOS TOY aQLBLS Tw CMETHY anaVTGEDV. To ax00 Kak LaBID} Biv O COLBIKIS TOY GOOTY EXUVTAEAY jLECoV 2 Yue REDE haDetL vi] UctymOn, H opdéda We To weyadirego Soo doo zeoditer. Kable poss nou eet ndver Lam, Ta diopBdver zowre Tm Sidguerc tg SUHTUA|E Boas H onitt rov. To ivytoo ya THY eviogvan TON deGUY O° auTé To AUOGDELyW, sive n evtopoupr yu T vom peas ONddag Eveaver TeV UROhoiTeY. 2.2. 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Hoopaveic, edy Oeworjooune Ste y UEONON Tow LAOnnTLAGy ovviota- Wil GF [te OVARY] Seouddy, Tre y [EDOSaG tov Thorndike eévar avizy yur Tm DSGORGA Le xa TH HEONOY Tous. Edv Suae Hemgyooupe Sui 7 wAON- inj toy HEB LaTRG ovvioraraL OMY KETAVEHEM EVs EvOTOMLEVOY COVE- dov agyay, TQonInOY Zar SOUdY, TOtE y UEBOdOS ME TOCHTLAAS xc TS ioumong Sev xQOGHEoEL xen TOMA ADAYpaTa. To TEdHAnWE Ms LEBNONS van Tyg Siaoxchlag TOY WEBHETHAGY, Gag HK SovUE ZA OTH OVVERELE, viva eve. Cif ooomtafg. OL ozonot nov Ofrovue xG0E GORE, JE OV- viompon we tig aveafper nov Eoupe yua ™ PN TOV HAdNBaTUEdY wou Lov TAO SHMOUgYLaS TOVE, HAs RABOOICOLY zu Te. LEO. TOV HL YONOWO- roujaoupe ye. MY vRooMor| TOUS. Eee, ot ReQoodregor naLdaywyot ivayvaotouy ny avayan xaL ya. T. duo fy tor HaAdyoLaXGy eureioUdy. 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H mpOGOY| xeBOoiteL MY Exton He TH PEON AOSOIMIpNE Tov egeOCouctos Ze EfveEL xAIZOV TOU Ba- oxdhov 20. tor hho ovvteheowsy me didaoxahlus (evadutindy x90- YOCUNETOY, IPA, eancudevtiaije teyvohoylag z.dat.) va TY eveoyomON)- covy. 3. H geton trys Amdzrnons Kad mH pdon aun} wo ayes egeBLoyia, Usam THE AOOOOYAS xaL ME avTE Jajymg, metorgereTa oF [ic VEE pog@Py xc evaROORRETETEL oT locyrvTOd- Seow evrip. H werargomy avn yiverar pe Ty Siadtecote wg ZWD AOTOL}- ons. Aun} 1 zodizoroupevy aingopoole, mov evurobnzeverea ory BoALL- aTQ6HEUL UVF, AZTOTEAEC MeTaTAcLe TOV apZLZOU EyeOfoaTog veLL Sey EL ve GZOIBOs TaUESONIN [le HY aOYLA). Exoudaic exyréoous Sued Gaong cunis civeu y eSGoxnon, jéow THE exAVEdAYME, \Le THY oMOLe SUT OMivTOH xen CvevedvavTen re evarobncuneva om BoayeREdecoun trite 4. H pon ts Suyredrone H naganéga jeraroom) Tg Wjoopogiag etven axcyaiTy™ ‘ye my aot ZEVOH] THC OTM HEZGOTESHEHN JMU. 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[MY aowal evronitovean HY ave yvetovtat o1 xinooGogtes, TOoZeIUEVOU va. yivouy dialéouies om PoaxY- TQSBEOUN [LVI{LN Y OTO LNIZEAVLOLGS THS ‘YevVr{TELAS avTdEdOEwY, az dsOV uett Bar ESoreoevBowv ocy exréheon. O Sdaxakos pnoget ve umoponbrjoe. TY avexinon tov mingopogudy je to va. StevAokGVEL MY EVégzvEvOr] TOUS cow xdrOWNV VéEE@Y. “Evas and tous omWoYTAdTEQOUS ESAOUS TOU Sa oxdhov etvan, extong, va evOapgrver xox va. Sevxohtver tog Hadntés vo ZOHTPOROLOWY ZaDE Pood Tis draés toOVs OTHAMYIAEs ROdAOROMNONS, avl- yvevans naw cevdathnons, 6. H pcan mms Tevixevons Yny Edn crn} n AANQOPOOLa Tov OONYOULEVONS aevaxdfOnKE, epaOQNScE- lH G€ jue. vEa ne SiaGogeTA RoAOTEON UeBrONS xe EmLTUYZaveraL EOL 1) UevaPOLE WAOHONG. Exovdato odo om Pdon carn} UXOQOLY Vo. xaCGouy or odnyles ROL TA MaQUdelywara cov Ba. ddaeL 0 Sdoxahos Yue THY EGAQUO- yi] TY avaxdnBevtow ororyetwv oe duépogaus ToKLELs H pdon ts Extéheons 5 Yue TO Ste LAOH Chae mOcypLam. yOQU ear TLomOROUjONAE 1) ovjregupogd TOV LaOnT, anotehet 1 extéheon pac eveoyevac. H extére- on, mrad}, unee Siakoeang pervegsiver 6 o uaPyM|s EuadHe ver xeiver dteige- vo mow Sev Eee avny THY TEGEN. H vdonoiyon ms extéheonc ogy Voverar axd tH yernfrout avudodceoy xa eEuregreverar wéow wv wreheotiy. ons S.-H pdon mys Exavaroopoddmmons Il exrgheon jas ovyeexquueyns evéoyetas we emuugia, Gavegdver Su o HTLBUUNTES OTS YOS VhoMOUN|AREE Kee EOMEVINS Chae YG UAH. H Sue iotoon au] ced To NAOT] ONLaLver exad|Bevay ME NaONONS xou eveoyet xu og EvCoyYON, SnMLovEyGvtas uc MOI ROBEoEIg ja Tago WEAHON. Pevied Oa progovoape vee move StL, OGWPOVG. W EVTS TO HOYTEO Na Injong, 0 Odhog TOV daoxdhoV eive ver diESeyEL evEOYELES GTO eF@TEOIAS oI BGALOV Tov WABYTH, OL onoIes aOBETOUV OTO VE EMAQEGTOUY Tis EK wounés Stadixaates 1 paces THE HAPHONS xe TH LAE TOV ABTA, SrceDs sigf. RaQSTOVVON, SEYEQON THs MOTOIAE, Odes wa VEREIg ye THY 20BL- vonomqon HAL avGxaon tov aAQOPOOUBY xAaT.us KE@AAAIO TPITO 3.3 Hagia tg ekéouneng nat tov avtopariopod Lra mato me magandvo yervais avnig Sounjs, 1] wien zalLer onovdato dh OMY ZOdtwomOIHoy xew evamTObrfeEvGH TOV TAnQOpoELAY. Mdvo LE uy emetegyaota ms ahypomogtas aad TH Poayeaoseoun wij xcer mY nwdinoromarf THE Efvar Suva} n eveolhjzevor mg OT] LoxpoROdPEoUN Lr, Extong, udvov Stay avaxinBowy ot sijoopoogies UN6 Ty WuxQOMQS- Beop] oT BocguTEdBEoRN jrvIN), [UrOQOtY vee ZONGYLOTOLNDOLY oTHY xO- peta THs axes. H PoagengdBeoim porjun Eyer xeoLgOUEM HavSTITE enekegyacias nhngoqopuiy ae juc Soouévy oxy}. Edy y Boayuned0_oun EVEN ehven Tajgns, 1 vée minOPoota mou EozETU ete aT TIE cLOOM- Quaxe’s evyomypes etre ad TH wooonOsBEOUN JOIN, yiveTeL cmOdern, ch hei oF Bhoos Tye noes ov aveTUL. Kan 65a Poiorercn y weyahn aia ms exaveyins. Méoco ms excvdhmins elvan Suvars vo. Sieemonpet y waa majgopooic. péae omy PooxuMQSBeGUN Evry YUE TEQIGGSTEQO YO6vo. eravdiayny Suns, dev peTOgel va. av=foet Tm Booval yoormdeta ms oc qumoshecung jiiuns. “Eves todzog ya ve emexraiBet n ywortsuyta tHE ocyumodsheaqns uwijins ecvan y evearrvén TOV avtonoTaLod Gt eoeOt- one, Ker cnred proget ver yiver yia tov e&iig hyo: Otay jac diadwzaate wroget ve exrehearel auiipata, yooks dndedi| va ygetaoret rattegn xo0- oOx}, Tre Shwovgyetrar AEQLGGSrEgOS ZOOS oT POCYUTOSBEGUN [VF UN vie. exc&egycates or omoies axcurouy peyaksreon TOOOORH. AUT oNRacveL Gt ediv o padNNS UdBeL va Exteel UTSMaTE ZaroLES SadLZCOTES YF cAhyO- oOnoug (Gwe ay, Tis Parade tarmomtes oMY GryeBQe Hf TOV aieySoLBLO ays Staigeons omy aoLyTUAN), OL UROAOYLOTINES TOV ZAYENITES GLYOVQE. Act cto. YuporegaapaTixG Ga unopoboaye ve ROGUE Guo QGhog ME eEKoxnaNE OL TOCATIATIS Ha, UEOw CUT@Y, TO EMTOLETALO®, ECyaL ZOOIs cAUpIPOALE onnavtads yu. m hetoupyia ms paPnong Tov paBnuoey. Lag’ Sho. ev ud dev Ou xpérer va Eeyveipe xen tis uovTExés TOUS MhevOks, OL omoIEC pmOQOSY ve: Cdy;AIOOY Ge GtElOC ZL \nxEVEA| HEORON oL ver eEovdeTe- Quioovy Erov 7] eta] Tos TQOIPOEG. H EEMcaNOM ZCI mOGRTAT, «OG TE qeaés UGO HONS, tTOQEL Va. EALTZOLY NSYO GTO BAO ov Ho EEvAAQETOBY mQOKpAVES oVYREQUREVES aavekyxeG, Ba maQOLOLELOVTEL Ue EUZEQIOTES LOO zor Ga ynoponBowy [ke AELOTIAS TEdzO TOUS FvOtTEQOUE oXoROtS THS didaoncklas TY Lad npatLAeH MA@HEH TQN MA@HMATIKQN 119 4, O Robert Gagné xat or teoaoyies pdOnons Sree naBrperrved, doing eFGhLov nar oe GAeg emonfpies, To GLOMUS meEQLE- YOWEVO TOV HAOijuaTOG axohovdel EexGBaga wa KaTEvBLVON U6 vO cENDS oto oGvOETO, Yuet TAQASELYLG, ORS MESODEOH xaL GPALQEOn LOVOYN\PLLY aQvuGy ce extvon xOoPANUGTOY xOU OdyoUV Ge ROdEeIg HETAEY nOM- PLOY AQUGY. OL rataoRrEvactés TOV LABLOTLAGY zOOVOCULCTAY xO ot ovyyoarpets tov Si8axtudy PIpLiay zQooTABOW ve OLAOSOUrGOLY ™ diSacxchia, avantéooovras To nEQLEYSpEVo EOC AAS [te TOELa TOU Ee~ nwvé and ta anhoriotega Hau xacadafyer ota SvaxokSteoa. ‘Ons e(Sape, {OL TaQG PEPaLG, OL OEMples nov ometovY MY TexVUA| Ms eEGoxnons reel mooneumis Sev rray oe Bon va eENyioouy yiotl xaroLoL Seopot Oa Engene vor nQOHOOGY NOL vo. evLo~VOOBY UE ZaTaMan eEdoxnon Evert xémouny Gahov xe, Yevnd, yiort pic ooLouéyy Siéta&y tg SidacxaMas do éxgene va Semoetrat nodtEon and xdno1a Gin, To amotéheope: tree yor amonovbetrar pice StacOrrAy xa EpTELOVAl QOGEYYLGN, Gaov aKpood TOY ZABOQLONS Tov SoaoMPLON|TaY, OL OMoLes ExQERE va TOONYNBOtY xé- KOLOV GAhov om SAKA. UAE UAONWETLAIS evONTTAS. AeV UMHOZE Bea ofa yet vet eEnyrjaet tHY Yoxohoyun Svoxohia. mov ragovatlatay ta dia@o- Oc YaQUXMQLOTHAG TOV mQOBANRAIOV. “Exar, Sev umfoxe xed erro, yi O10 hSyo N USN HAL y exTEhEon TOY ERokOY ROOBANUGTOY mOGTO, patna vee RdvoUY evxoGtegn TH Hanon Tov SvOKChOTEOW. Mic ororadifrote ovvdeouum) Bewota, n orota Bacttetan om ovvSeqy deo B-A, yi va yivet alo amoteheoueetual xoL vo. oxoRTIOEL LEyaRtTE- on kia omy xaBodHynon me Si8aoxeh(ag, xoémeL va efvan of Ogon va. cEqyroet yLact 1 UeByON THY mo ahay PonAdeL or LEBANON THY mo SB cmohov xataoTacewV. Mia Q007abeLe ya vo avadvBet aut 1 obVSEon Lov amheby we Tg mio SvOXOhES pobNoLaxés ueTeaTdOELs, [Le 6GO To SuVE- 1SV aVOTdTEQO TEGO, Eye Ue To ». MAPA Ag unoléooupe Gui o Pacrnds ovdyos etre 0 UxShovOOs: Na AvOer pce e&I- owoy p Babuot tis moopiis ax’ +Bx+y = 0, éxov a, By civ xoayucarimot couluot, a4 0 xat to ToLGYYEO aN’ + Bxty avaiserat ovo obvoko tev oNréV Ge yerSuevo mugaydvtan. H avéiwon coutod tov Oguotas odnyel oT magandta eoaoyic LaOy- ons (Ezra 3):H MA@HZH TON MAQHMATIKQN 121 1, Atioe wut e&fawcn f’ Batpod ms poems «x?+Bxty = 0, drov a #0, a, B, YER xan ox?+Bx+y avalaierar oe yLvdpevo magaysvtev. 2a 2p 2y 28 Todape 10 19u5- Adtoe je eCo0- Ovurjaow on Padape to abvo- unto ax?+ Bxty a mecrow fad dey afi = Ore, ho hioewy ex os yew evo mee not a=0 f BHO yoriGovrd 10 oncysvea srogryouuprad coi @uaryeeed | 3a 38 3y 38 Tagayoveonot- Meraoynnettios Synjoov su Quynjaow du co ja £va oxoL0- que e8fawon we 0a =O neu «citer elven ioo- diinore tqUsvU- PeeBqi0¥ ae 100- oO =0, «eR S6vayo we Thy Ho Ge yrs jevo Ddriveques cuthés évwoon, pdiiny merge Hoopes, Zono- yévtov ponowdvras my aryoobetva} a seodAuathaotc- ower Susrycee “ays tosemtes, Zpjua3 Ov tegcoyies aurés SraPdZovtan a5 ta xdvo OC Ta ne. Kae Evas UNG TOUS MOOGACUAOTEYOUS GTSLOUS, VAOGTYOVS AATT., METEL VOL Ko«tet- umbel dito. ard 1 Lady OOK ILEVOD va EMTEYZDEL Oo TEASE, POURS (TE mLEMLASS OTGYOS. “Etot 1] aveeuan OE wertos EXEL ws GxONS va. Segev- vijoet xen va evtomiosy THY avoryxoia. ES4oTON HETASs Tov yoouxdy Se- “wonftwy, ot onotec ovyLoTouy we RORaAOZN UAONOLcLA| RaTGoTAON.122 KE@AAAIO TPITO AABITMA 2 dro magdderyua Uw Oe. avarvooupe ta yrootwd amotyyerra. rg ja nouns evorrrac: Extivon xokvennpoais elonans (Toupéons 19850) vem mePLYORPETEA jue MY TMLQULidaL TOU ZyphwETos 4. Hl Eatvon xohvow wate eSfowEMS 2a 2p Haguyovronoinay roku iuoe Entivem efuaiercwy a a0 8 Baduod AysigQuog duadoeons Zigiuee Horner Zp 4 Hxogugl me mugautdac efven 0 Paornds was orSyog neu ears Hat figt- cxoYTa 01 TOOGTULTOSUEVES ywoiaEIc-oTApLYNeTCE. O ards Bev efvea oe OGon va uxoEN|aEL THY KavSUTTE. 2a LOOKS MQONYOUWEVONS VE EZE1 CROAT oct MY avGenTa 3c 7 3B. Pevind, Sev elven oe BEG va POGaEL aTHY ZOQU- om (1) mg rwoorwajc avgauidac, edy meQOUALaLer ZaTOIO REV OTE CLTOKA- roo aomakycrre. [iiapasiaria3 | Dro mepdderyper cuts mavovoupe jue eGAQHOYA] GANS to OXOALLG PuBMCO mE A’ Aéoung (EAB, Avddvoy, 1990, évovrau ot ovvagnijoets f, xa fy le Fix) = ovr nai fylx) = V7 - 4? xan Enrerrau va c&craatel av ogikerat y avvderyon fof Avr6, socaen2d, onpuaiver vee BocHer 10 xedio oplaHod MIE OvvBEAMs FoF. Avahtovtug ta yoo omptypcera mE Cytosuevne yrootuaic tAEoM-1 MA@HEH TON MAQHMATIKON 123 Lug, HTOQOULE Va SyLLOVOYNOOUHE MY Maguxdro LeQagyla TOU Zyfwaros 5 (Touucons 19854). 1 TLO. me auvdomans fof, 2a 2B 2y Oguouds aivOgone do Enihvon wtyevonerguetis, Enthuon ovoripatog | auveprioeow avtowans cevtoigewy Bu 38 Entavcn voryovouetauris BSouetwor te tov roKywvoue- {owas ovis winxho da AB ldudrytec TOLYWVOETOUEY Toryovonerorads tertdmytes owagriceor Liga 5124 KE®AAAIO TPITO TAPAAEIDMA 4 Xro rapdderyuer aut Hu mdgovpe T] ywooway evouyte «exivoy doontys e€fowons je ty UE0050 tw toodurauidr, EOL 6mWE RaQovOLaLETEL TO Ble Bivo ms B’ Avzetov (OEAB, AyeBoa B’ Avzefou, 1990, 0. 22) xe Bo. ext- ZElofOoURE Va ZGvOURE tLe MAQSHOLE aveRvON, Teo Tyne 6 patverea y Wwaow mugauida autos tov O€uavos (Tondons 1985«). 1 Enthvon agonrns eSexoane raven ovoryuceros Xonjorortomyon row Cus Meta coro WAOEON HELI Cet Joyimot avvdsouion etl TEQLOQLGPOF TOV oxiseeov = Snyuouyyet | 3a 3p Eniaveny cevieacng Occopyueete oodiiveny caveat gow tow a fla pos caryefovaiv expodaeov fev ap Tousvone Tageyovrozoiqon Sa AbyeBoin’s modes Lpjea 6|| MAQHEH TON MAQHMATIKQN: 125 4.2 Hakia tov epagyudy wdnons yo ry dudaoxadCa H avaivoy evdg patnpatizot O¢petos ate ywmatd tou oTHOCyHOTE m0- owpéoet ontipes vanQEates oT Sidaxcvaj TOAEN. H avdkvon, ya xagd- deryna, tov ywootHASY oTQLyUdTO Tov BE UaATOS TOL AAQUREVO RAQUdELY- juts 4, cat6 toy (10 To Sdoxodo, tov dtver tm Suvarsuytee var ovverdyto- monfaet tous aivOtivous va. atordyery Sdaoxahla ya THY enttev’ tov Bo- 1x00 o16AOV, EGSOOY RaQovOLATEL YOKOTA KEV 01 rou oTghypata. Kat edy ovypel, Saws etven xodd mBAVS, va nagovoraoret oe SteupogewAs onpielo vo HeVs HUTS yo. NAGE LEAN, Tre y aoTUAlar pE- oc omy T4EH uROpEL Va. eivaL eveRWoLaW|. H texvoa| avn{ tou Gagné, SQOOHEOEL WA TeLoTUAl CONVELA TOV PaLVOREVOU TOV xapETHOECTEL TOKE ovyyd. ovo AONE TOV NAONLETAdY. EV, dydady, 0 Sdoxathos diver tov nohOvEQS TOU eHUTS HEL EMAQNGEEL, MOUVEIS, TIg MO amOTEhEoMetnés orgamyinés mooaréhaans Gm poGnatwaj évvois, o LaAyTIs TEMA bev juOatver x0 ta aotekcoucere Tyg SLdacxadiag efver asoyontEvtind. To ~awvSevo avtd amorehet Egos tov yevaadregou aoPhxucrtos ME napaudiajang Kat aXd TY EmoTmMOVUN] TUdaywyUAl EoELVG, GAG xaL (AG TH OvyHEXZQILEVY OZOANAT SUxTUA| ROGATUN), TOV do BuctAdy Aheu- oui Tyg Sexwaje: Tg Srayvootarg - DegaRe tg xcu toy mpOMsTEUAY diaoréceoy ts SexTWAIs oULAEQUPOQES. AdW~POQS ad tO A6GO ROLE urchowvrd ov dudgoges OTOCEMYIAES HIVIFOELC, CLEP O26 10 7500 Ex deBtog etvan 0 SdoxehOs TOV WAOnLaTLAGY onic TEZVIAES THE HETaSOONE THE yeGons, HEQLAOL HAONTES Sev AQSHELTEL Vo. UABOLY NOTE. Kat HUTS Yon, 1g ieploadreges popes, 0 Déoxohos uéou ous avtioEs exaryyehuanixes Ovv- ¢ OU avuetomter, aduvaret va Sregevrijoet xa va anoxahsper ts dvoxontes xa Ta yroouRd ZeVE Tuy UAONTEY TOV weAt VEL BEL TSAOUE VEL vee xedasiper (Smith 1976). “Eve. ompavexd egcmypcr to oxofo aevObverau and tovg nadeywyors, onpetend we Tig weQagyies UaOnoYE KUL MY exMgevTA Dewgla Aavo oTHY omoter BeatGovee, etvar ecv cues ovvendyovrar du. n UdOyon scgEmeL C- VE va QO ZWOGEL TQOGEXTIAG [LOH jUOGY PHUGroV. FvagToupE Sw te ‘roe BraGEQoLy aNLAVTIRE LETHE TOUS Ws AQOS TOV 194NO He TOY OnOLo judatvouy (atuk WGOnong) xaL we OOS THY TaLIMATE We THY Oot LABEL vouy. Lugva con} y tehevraie efagrerar a6 to edy ta Crone, cnved yoELG- Covten ¥ Ot ouyexqutévy SiSacKahta mdven Ge ne wee Eeyoguony deE.s- nyra ms yWaotmig Legueyias. Mia, hoindy, eFarounernem nooaEyyLoH ony Sidaoxadla tov paOnwatxsy xogeL vee LGBer vaSYM mE 6x USvO to HOTOL CNG Te ORT Unf126 KE®AAAIO TPITO exined0 udOnong tov TaIdwo¥, GAAG aL THY ExTAOT THE BoNANTUA|s dida- oxoklag mov curs yoeudtetan yor xaHe Bruce tHE LEQAEXIas. TOES POEs oupBaiver xésvoLe érouct Vet amSotiv» xdmoLEC MOOATAIIOEIE, GTO MheCo1o ndyre. lus yyootuae leoaoylas Zou paiverca va waBdavouy avyBETES Ov uneouporés, ymots eS eEGoxnon orig vontimés SewWtes o1 omoles HeaQovvtat Ws AOGRCATOUUEVES ja TE TVUREELpOOKS aVTEC. AvtEs OL neQuITdeig eUpavicovten xvging Grey 1 rapaxtynon KaL To ziyITQO TOU KEMdLOG yet WEOHOH etvea wey, H Stav 10 Yroowxs aytzetuevo agov- oudteran we téroww TOdno mOV vo. tovitercn y aEler tow yiee xMatOLES GihES eqaguoyés. D’ aurés ug negintdoers xar’ evdelay nourzvay e&dounon xd- VW OLOV TERING CYTIREEVLAG YWWOTLAS OTK YO, Kat TérOTE GAO, etvou Suveetd va d@oEeL eVTUMMOLAXG UTOTERCONAITE ws TOOE TO cETOTEAEOWA TE AON ong. To yeyovds autd Sev moénet va mookevel xardénhnEn, edy oneqpret no- veig Gu. undgyouv td TOMAOL NUEcyovTES, TEQAV ME Geos ddaoxA- Mag, ot oxotor empedtCouv nay xogete waBiONS Tov 2aBE noLdLOt OTK La Onnarind, oupregianBavonEvoy zai toy SeEtorifrov ov oxoies WaBaivo- VTC Of Ghhes yywotinés TEQLOYES, O Dienes (1963) KSeiEe Gti O1 pubyTEs OL onO(OL EuaBav are Eva MO TOKETAOKO, Ot LAONWETIAY Groyn, MaLYyVIdL, EUABEY AeETSALY WoL cTRO- oregn exdoyt| Tov TaLyWSLOU mio yErfyooE AAG OL WaAbyTES OL omoLoL Eua- ay agdra to aahovotego MaLyVidL LOL Ets 1 mo GVOEW. ANhadi, o yOSVOS NOV EALT|INXE GvvOkZE ye. T UWABNOY ZL Tov Sto moLyvIdiCiV G6 TOUS [LABNTES, TLEV |UAQGTEOOS YU cEVTOLS OL OAOLoL axohoONGay THY TOUT NQOGEYYLON, 46 TO OvVGETStELO OTO ehovOTEDO. H hoywayl e&fyn- an ceurod ov Gawvonévou elvan StL TO UAONNATIZ6 ThaicLo, To ono{o aoTE- Ret TH Bion ye xaoLEs ABN atads Evvoss, ecy xatavonel ovorccouxd, Tre Sevxohtiver m WaONOn tov axhototegwv ovotatzGy mE Evvolas. Entong unoger va ouppet, xcare Tm Sidoxerce mys mOOOAABELAS yea MY KATE AMO TOV TeALLOL OTEXOU, TO TULL Var cevacAAiMTEL LCL VE. TOUTE EEG ruc mooacATOUWEves SeEmtEs. Ken Ghhec Eoevves ory Sarxtva| TV Wa Onuatixey gxouv deer Gu xGmove. Grower iver o€ Hor ve. wAOvy T1g TQO- amarrotueves SeSisantes ulus yraowafc leodoxlas oto Thatat0 yucg mo civOerns SeEsrytAg, YaoIs va aaMBEl e1duaj Siacxahia nave o8 ZABE juct vmodeE SmnTa (Resnick xc, Ford 1984, p. 56). Avtij 1 Swaxtotwon bec {vel [eT] OEIVE THE THY OhUTAONSTTE TOV GaLvOLEYOU THE UGBHONE xAL TH wey@aa ONLGOL. TOV cTOLMEy SaGOEGY aL THE WloovyZQAOLUs TOU de orSuov. Teheusvoytag, Oe Agyape du ot eQaoyies UGAoNg [OQ vO. NO-H MA@QHH TQN MAOHMATIKQ! 127 fowv yonomsrana oyaheta. otouc Sacxchovs tov podyporxey, mQoape- oovtde Tous TH SuvaTST]TO. va oxedidoouv ucA Vor OQyaNGOOUY m DidaxETL- ral MQOGETYLO TOV Ba axchovBijaovv “AVE Pod HEL Poy Iedvras TOUS veL ovverdytoronjoovy ug dvowodies ME NAOHONS TOV paENLaTAdY, GE Ov- ydemon névte pe Tic ucutegsmtEs xc THY LoGVyZOC(G. TOU naGe atd- jov. Edy avartux8ovy nQOTELTUAE LOL TOOTAQLOOTOUY OTIS routegstntEs Low NAVE UTSWOL, TATE pTOQEL Vo. YOnCHOMONOOGY og aNddELEN TOV YEYO- vor0g dui ShOL OF QuowEd vyLEs HaONTES, ovpmEgrayBavouevoY Kcu TOY huySteQo Hoy, [LTOQOT VE. KELEVOHGOWY Te mo OVGLSH LEON THY OKO- huey waBqnanrady, wok be ReQLGOSTELO VO. KeATEHATGOY tig UeTOLOYLOTL- néc Seisuytes. 4.3 Karnyogies uénons xard Gagné ‘Ong avaspégape Kou magandve, dev amouretrar to (i etSog paenons yur hes tig xoTAOTEELS ROL Sha To avTIXE(HEVE. LEBHONS. O Gagné oxo- ovbet anordg awry to edpo oxéyne: “Oh n uGOoy dev evn (ic. Lqpaguétovta avnj m Puowa} Oéoy, TOGrEWe [ee LEQAOZ(a HE Our Sta- (pogettaorig tious UGBNaNE, Tous OOLOYE OCRHYOE VO O0YAVOCEL AQ- yoreger o¢ Siw aurveds monnaés (Gagné 1970). H tegagy(a. aun} wou stct- oovardgeton oto THe 7, MerapPaver xamyoolies nov agytCovv cd Umhés HOU ZeeTOAYOUV OE MLO GBVOETES, ETOL Gore xAOE pL Ga? cures VOL vSaotdireu acd mY AQONYOUHEYH, 1 OTOL PotoxeTaA and xcéter ME OTHY LE- anoxia. Hagaxdte, reguyocipoupe meguayrtund tic owned aurés eammyootes ja®nons.128 KE@AAAIO TPITO. Kampyooit 8: Extivon xooBhsjuertos A Kampyooite 7: Menon zavevoy A Kampyooi 6: Mayon evvousv R Kompyoote 5: Ma@non molaahsv Siexptaeey A Keemyogta 4: Médnon hextimay ovvergucy K Keenyopia. 3: Mé®qon chvoidsjocoy A Keejyoote 2; Menon cgeBiondiy - cvibociorwn A Kempyoota 1: Mé@qon emptor Lypfua 7: leoagya tay xarmyoousv udOnonsH MA@HEH TON MA@HMATIKON 129 1. H waOnon onuctov H uddnon cerry evtrotorget om HaOON [ow ms *haowas eEGETHONS TOU Pavlov. Ta mo yvmord eLQauaTa Mave) OTH UEAON ONMaTEY eivOL Te TeL- pdqicrcar to Pavlov (1849 - 1936), tov omo(ov 0 axthog Kuabe vor exxgiver ode. of avtiSQaan TOU ofucetog Evds HQOV. H uaOHoy Guna Pacer omy cot me e&domons. Eva avekdomito egé0.ouc. (AB) ngoxonet uc por sof nau ervtSuicern aevetBocion cats UéQous Tov ogyanioLOs, my avegdgnTm ceyttSgaoy (AA). “Eve. eEcompévo egeBioytet (EE), to oxofo etveu, ovdére- 0, He THY Evwvout 6 A206 U6vO TOU dev AQOZAAEL quoLA| avridgaon, EGY ouvducoret xctdAanke we to AE mgoxahet my AA. Sm negittaon tov xeigdpatos Tov Pavlov, 0 tadz0¢ [ke TOV OMO(O ZOHOOTOUFONXE ta TAA néve, Yio ve. odiyyHOOUY oTHY exdPoon tg AA, iftcey o ec: BE ————» AE ———®- AA (x, tixos) (xy, t909") (cighevom) Edy 1 cigd aval exavaidnepbet nodhés GooE wnoget vee noowaREoet MY Bua. evidoaon, dnhad t6re 10 EE a6 jivo tov RE: ———— EA (mx. tixos) (cigdwon) ‘Ooo avéiiveran 0 agiOuds eEagnigeoy 10 BE ané 10 AE, too peye- baiteon Lays amouré. 10 FE xa t600 mio wxuey| EA mpoxaih.et. 2. H nanan eoetioudy - avtidgdaewr (E-A) 1 pa8non cum] avtiovouret oroy 1edno ANON ov ngotetver o Thorndike nat Baatterar om ovvdeon Levees eoeOionatos war avetdgaoys. H owoTy uyrdoaon nogreL va enoysera pe xdo10 eiSos cevtaporpris. H ovzyi} cncavddanpn tov Cevyous E-A odtyet om pa8yon ues xcecdoTcays. 3. H wdOyon akvatddoewv Tia vee udBer xavels ve ROMYERG, amcuTEtren pret OMSzANON CLOG aS OV- viovianévec avndodaetc, H xivqon tay xeQudy nar TOY moBiiy xaUy hel- rougyta me avazvoris AQETEL va. GuvdeBovY HeTAEL TOUS xx VEL aTOTERE- cou wwe edvotda, Zave, n Gyucon evlaquan mE TeUAH|g avelSQaons xt y exceyGhmlm ohSudnong ms advodac Ge Yor QVEN, etvar meobmOBE- 9, Ma. Toundiong, 20yz¢00y Ada ov Manuctnay130 KE@AAAIO TPITO Gets Ye. T UEBHON to chuoLdGoewy. H evlayvon oto mUQUmvn mEQd- detyyor efvou y emvevyxia OMY mpCORGIELE toOV ZayEL udmOLOE yu var KOM- urijoee 4. H udPnon hexcixdiv ovverojuiv To etd0 Von [ee Tet OvSoTa voUs Hf yevLAStEOG, GF GoUOTMES OUVEIQHLAEs ahuaTdES. Tlagadetynara téro1ou efSoug nanos elvan 4 ovopctatu yeometoudy AVES TE HEAHONS evOPeOETOL oT OUVELORWA OBVdEOH carte HAE OUMHLELO, o OUpPoLoNSs oTABEEGY, dre TOU 7, LEU 1] CETOLAGVEVAN| KE ztunis ahgopooias, dmus x7. «y TetQayoOvUAt oie. tov 3 Wore moOGEY- youd pe 1,73». 5. H ucdnon xoldardyjs diczovons O tinog cutis avapégetar oT SuvatSmta TOV UUBHT ve Stapogomoret vig avadpdvets Tou ote. Siapogetixd coeOtowcra, H dicxowy yiverat [te Bean xamyootes or onotes EexugTouv ax6 néxove vous yupuRMQLOTAG. Na napdderyuce, avepeooune TY Mavsmyte tov nana} ve Suemoiver S16- OO UAANNEKRIAG OvPOda, bung >, <,S, ¥, <> nda. Moémer ver onperor- Get Su y StéxoLon avaaniocer my SuvarGuyte tov WAOyM} amhds va Eexoot- Cet te egeOiouota zou ta yeQanmoLOmAd ToVE eH Gye va Te OvORCEL, H onpaoia. trys eavsmtas SiaxoLONS OTH MEDTOH TOY EvVoUY EéveeL ONcEVEL- 2). Meguzot paintés ovdérore uaBaivouy Ta ovousdy yogaxmorotimd mas xAdone avtixeyevor mow caxcoritowy ula Evvout (my, TeOCAINS- YOUUWO, TOANELIO x.Jut.) HEL exouEvang Svoxohetovta va Eexaaotaouv amy Evo #f va aveyvogicouy zQmrGrunc caQGdEryMcETE THE évVOUEE CU nic. AvtS oupfaivel, yur mapdderyjc, xoks ovgva ow yeweroce,, Gmov ov UadytEs cdvvaroty va avoyvogtoouy mhcyaTt Teva H aY\eLTE TOU Eyowy oroapet nord Evev aovv4lato RQOGAVETORONG (PAETE Keqeihcuo 5). 6. H udOnon evvoriw To vidos aves me NANOS avaqeoeren OTH Steoyoote xed MHY OROLe OYH- nertoveat, dayooCovren rf xatavoorvea Ewvours, H weOnon hues EvvoLdS cncute my ooveditoromon zat xaTaveNoOn tov RagtAdY yaouAT|QETIAaY nov THY axagrovv. Teviad, o1 ouvOrfxes ya m UABHON EvvoUTY TEOL LEK Bevouv: a) my exdumon Ts mcvdmyTas duaxoLons Ke THY heeTRY ov vetuesv neu B) mY aQovotaon dtaqogETedy TaQEdetypctoy Zou [ups QaderynGroy jag Ewouag, ve omoIa ve nagovOLdtouv xhjexoripery Su-H MA@HEH TON MAQHMATIKQN 131 oxodia, Pia nagaderypa,, 01 agdyot 2, 3, 43, 151 Oa. uxogotoay va bo9o8v ing magadetynerra tg Ervoies «xpdiros eQLOuds», EVE OL aQLBHOs 8, 12, 93, 2535 anc p-tacqudetyyara (heme nar Kepeidao 6). Evdersy yuu my wecey- hain} noxavdnon pics Evvouss Sev etvar ote 1 podotUAl SucerésraH MS, Gh 1 ceveHGQLON a6 TO PABT] MoMTSTUROY TaQGdELyNEtOY Ff GevAT- xd nEQUBEryperov ZAL 1 EGaQHOYH TE OE Ghhes earaOTaoEIS. 2. HedOnon xavovow Avapgoeten 2g ting om HEA|ON OLIN Keu OXEOEOY OV diéROVY ZGTOLES narraordaeis, OL navdves xt O COZES (VSNOL), 7] HALE TOY HOONHURAAY, eEagravton ccd tH paHon tov evvoudy. Ac dovipe eva TaQdderyyic. wey ing av6va: O Tinos YU THY E8igEon TOV EUPadoU evds TOLydvov Oc uTO- ootioe vor ceoroptyntoverdet a6 10 paByrH Yoois va TOONYNBEl Haves eC doug UdOnor: cake o ninog avTds xAH” eats, efver WYO te. CvUPOHEH dtocninwan TOV xavve, cELOYBLIE SENG 0 YaAQAHEMOLORES «eptyeavor etver 10 dvopier Tg Ewvoute Totyovo. H moccypeetuna| xeercevenon evds nevSve and Eva. paBHTH, Gaivercn ad THY MAVSENTE TOW ver ZOHOULOMOUGEL ROL VEL eqagudéaet tov xaviva. oe Ghes xoraotdaets, Tuc va Zoo MOROUfoTeL 6H Toy ZAVEYE TOU EUBAdON evde TOLYGVOD vag HoAN|g tou Tyuvaotou, Be. coger va. Eyer uaHEL TE EvVOLES TOV TELYGvOv, TOV EUPAdos, TS LOTT ing Bong xau tow syous. Ou. xoémer enions va ywootter mg va mObhaTRL- ovate x00, tehind, Or roEREL VO ZONOYLomoLEt Shes aUTES TIG EvvOLES je [UCL cuynexgipémy Suéraky naw Eve. ovyzexqusevo Toda. Emousvens, | waONON ySe ZayOvE eive Y LAVOTIT VEL GTAVTEILE GE LO KAGON ANS worraOTE- cig pe Eva GVORO evegyeLy, dnov o1 xancordGeLg xa OL evéoyEtes OfET- Loved pe juct advoiSe evvousy. O xewdvag autds x08" eavrdc etvau wee (dvoiSe. evvoudy. Ero aagadevywa tov rorysvou o padynig Ba noeret, Gray Eoyeton avmperonog je la ROAR TOOBANUGTOY ZOU GPOQOBY Ef- Jadév roLyovimod ywotou, va etvar oe AEoeL va. TaAEWouEl ADE TQOPAWA- Lon rordoTaaN GwOTe, ve AeVEL TOUS CTaAQKLiMTTOVE LETHOYNLETIOHOL HCU va vnodoyiter to eupaddy wou Zogiov. Bivea AdB0g ve ToTEGOURE ui y avaxdjon CATS TH wv¥|UN HEL n] GOCOTI- aj SueeTémian C276 TO HABIT EVES ZaVEvE, EEaopanier my emcTUA| EGAQ- hovrf tov xeevdver oe TOBknpueraés nereuoTdoers, ARO y Storie xa (ho 7 FOROMWoRoINGH TOY KENSVE. Th OvVvBrfxEc Swag Oa mpEEL var eC Hpawatowy acd 10 dozen, yuo vo KéBeL 1GQU. Ge HeyeUdGregn ExTaoH Ke ioc 1 expeOnan xEroLOD xaveva; AvampegspLevor O10 xPOHYOKHEVO AC jadeuyua: a) Or éwoues ov azagritouv TY akvoida tov KavOye. Oot 0132 _ KE®AAAILO TPITO TEL Vee epireda0owy xpciTO. YoINLOTE. fb) O ddoxchos noEEL ver StaTUMbcEL xaWEOG TO OAS ME [EEONE TOV ZaVEve: (Gt SyP.cdy} BL YoNoULOMONNEL WG. TOY UROLOYLOUS ENPaddy TeLyeOvrciY ywotwv). ¥) TleéreL ve SoGoKy Gad To Sdoucho ovyzeromeves OdNY CEs RAL VEL MAQOVOLEOTASY xEmOUeL TO oaderyneta, Te ono%e. Oe PonOraouy Tove nabyTKs Va eveRAEoovY a6 mH wu tous OvoUddels EvvoLes HUL Vee GUARGBOUY T] Sow} af THY ZEVTQVAA (EU TOV KAVOVEL €) Or paByTEs AVEMEL VE EGAOSOOLY tOY Havdva. Ge EVE. ahsiDos Sapooe my xetuartiaeev. 8. H udPnon exthvans xoopiajuceros (problem solving) Elvan y avezegn nog vortaaic Sekimyras wen caxcuerel oGWeoy nevGvery ZaL Gio vontixiiy SeEionjtoy ya TV exthuon TOMTSTUROY zQOPALCeT- nov rerraordoewy. “Otay hee MOUrEtUTES, evVOOUPE MEOPANNUTLAES Hee caovdoeis ug onofes bev €zet Eavaouvavnjoet nore ROW o waoyfa{c xaL dev diate Evav CAYGOLBYO A wee ovyxexoULEMN TeXVUA] YL VEL IC ELAGoEL. Auts to eidos TE UABNONS, SyUdH, avupgoerer om SuveTTE TOY REC vo oxéaretal 0 padnnis yo va Boloxer Aloets oe XQOMGWMTES MEQLOTaTEIC TOU Tis CUVaEE yLE TQUIM] POG. Agot o UEBNTIg Sev ely ce Hoy VEL tee Ewounjoes aécins to mEOPinwa G€ juce xeon xQOPANUCHCOY evs Ld nEMOV, YU Te OTOL yeooiter m TOEAEL vO. RaVEL, AQAiCeL jHeL eQevYTIR docomprsmra 1 onvIe. ouveyiCerea we ZOIg StoV To TOSPANpie MuBet Af tOL- daqotoy exavadoundet. H egeuvytal Gvnj Socomorsmyte tov pceOnTH] ae- ULE Baver xaravsyon Tov xQOBIajuEctOs, SLeM’@ON UAOBEGeON neu ELC ousy, cheyyo autaiv, tooMOMOMOn, exahrOevoy zx. Heoiwssreg Spe ye vy dWaoxahia extuons noopiajpucerog, Oe avexpepouue oro Kepedcwo 4.H MAQHSH TQN MAQHMATIKON 133 5. Havantvévaxr Sewgia tov Piaget Eng agyés tov audva atorevery Su te nen die ons proven EOLTOV meng wt oreydhou, Day ovvérera canis ms aveGanyng, oF ddoxahor avaperdiatay ret NCUBLE pe TOV (B10 TSAO aOxETUNS Havxtas. AcapogonoLovacey axes TM Sidaovahia ueraks padyradv puxodregns nar weycedireons Muxlos, Divo yrag oroug moustous huySteon EgYAGIa. HL yéBodos SiacxaMas neorhd- Gave: aapovotuoy, rou j1cOrfpeetos jem USBOd0 ms Srcthetnc, eves or won rec GHOVYELY MOOTEHTAG 21 HQCETOGORY OHWELGOELS KA, OTH OUVEYELA, ESO crayon pe TH hon cowajocany, Anvyds OtEpEVoL Sdarahot tov HANaTLAEY oupmegpéoovran Ett CXS HAL GHAREOM. Tlag Gung oxémtovrat ot paGytés mets OEE Nuala; TL xovBa- how uat( tous oTHY TEN a6 Tic euTELQies TOU; [dds eFehfooera n HOON- cecvag rows oxE Yn GE OZOH WE TY NPuxia TOUS; Tis xeu oF nove Narele.eL- yeu duvets ver xeereAvorjaouy tic Sudcpoges uexOnuceruneés Evvores; H mo CE- hoy tows mY, a’ Gerov Ba wrogovice vor ervthafoer Haves Rok tes za}- popogtes ‘no THY cencivmon GUTSY TOY ONMEVTLAGY egormudro, efvnt TO Soyo tov Efetov yevertov exompoksyou Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980), Ta reigdqeeré TOV wat OL EQyaOKe: Tov Stadsyov TOV asToTEhovW THY LO AbIG- pevory aaxsderkn ya mY ZaATGQgevan TOV WHOOY, aspupwVE He TOV O7OL0 TO. rendie etveu, GAS SuvoNTLAY|e GxoYME, [UA |UXQOYOAGLE TOV EvNAKOY (Flavell 1963, Petajove 1970). 5.1 Hyvootua) avérrv§y tov waidioy xard tyy éacoyyn tow Piaget “Eve aatd( 4 yodvo gorder: att ta ovwepa egnotdves» ¥ «Tati to youoids etveu zocowo;» “Eve naid¢ 12 xosvoy oxégreten Su ediy du.co.a- Groby ot akevods evs TeTQaYGvOU, To axoréhege Ba Elva va SuTRaoLA- oret zat 10 eupaddy Tov. Tes oxéeretar xafeva aa” ound; Ty yroourd. endive: nQoMahowy cum T CbyZvON Gt MALS. Tov 12 yOdveov; H Baowa} apa} tov Piaget eivar dru to HAEIL ME YwootUAs avarrTVENS HAL TS EQIN- yelag wv eupavitduevony Siavontuxdy eunodiay oT GxEpN TOU xaLdLOv, gaiverca va Rocorerat om pSon TE GNertgaons wETAeL Tov arGyou etl TOV REQIBERROVESS TOU. O Piaget evruawardamne and ug havOuonéves emceynjasig twv ac- Susy, eves ta eérate oe Eva. teat evprias 101 Binet, oto weigawamAs OZ0- heto tov Hagiatos, Atamiorwae dt. ot havOccopéves acanjoers evds 1115108 Edwvey noht meoLGadrEvEc nhnQoPogtes, Gov APOE Tic VorTUAES AVETH- Tee, 46 Tis OQHES acarMaeIs. Mageenfgnoe extons Sue te: meuduee tees Ot134 KE®AAAIO TPITO. Ones Muniag Exaven to (Bue opM@pore new Sw to e(80g ta EGov TOU yLvoTaL and meadid Ts (rag uals rece oLOTLAG SLEPOOETAS aNd 10 e(d0¢ Tov ogaiuditOy tov mELdUBY jas GkAne Nuniog’ Te rade juxors dtalus Beagowy, ya egdderyue, Gui ever VOULOUG. Ber emuTRerioet Oto vEOs ylort eivar 11296, eves Eva peycho wadéor Ou PovkiEer. Tar meigdporta tov Piaget SdeEuy du tet neudie oxe proven [Eow zdKOUWY hoyAdY moOTIREV, Tov supovicovtar oe jc qyieTéPAnry oEtod diadogi{s (weagylas) xu GUVL- ory ta nEQinyl 4 Buowad oTdSIA VOrTHA\s aveiMTUE NS 5.2 Ta orédia ing vontunis avdéaervéys AY xa 7 vortuny cvdacrun elven ouveniic, [eQlEd vortUEd yeepoamQuoTLAG xan vortiads weavSentes tetvouy va enpayCovten GE ouyZEZquIEvEs had deg eens. O Piaget damtoroae du eve 1 Mxla oT omtote EupartCo- Vea ztimo1es wavouytes XogEd va moWeiRhEL Cd Maude Ge meUdL neu cond HOWOVEG OF KOWONIG, 1] GELQG [LE THY OMoIE enGaviZovTEL SEV RETAKE Tor Zot, exopEvors, xéBE GdoH VonTHA'S aveaTVENS Elva oUVExera ME OOTYOULENNE, TageAdro Bee MaQOVOLEOOLPE [Ue UYFONKeL Ter OTGdIG VOT. tml avantugns natd Piaget. 1. AloOnooxintixd orddto (0-2 yosvea) Ero orddwo avr to raid agyCouv va yaoCovy tov x6ap0 ZoHoiporoUd- aaosy owdifnore), Exetdi] 10 yrug ug aiothjoeis tovs (auévouy, Phéaovv, maid( omy Mhunic. aun| dev SiaMETeL EES Yi te evTUZE( EVEL, OL ayEoEIS Tou W avTé. evar LSvO aoByaLoxWwHTKES. Efvou avlxavo va Eeyngtoet Tov eGUTS TOV UT TOV UMhoUTO ASOLO Yet oxegTETEL eywxEVTOLAd, ONAADY| dev EL MY MaVETyTE ve PAETeL TA TOGO, TOY Z6a[LO ESO ad TOV eGUTs TOV, CAS GhAn ometva vote. 2. To mQoovidoyiortzd orddro (2-7 xodme) Lay yduxia cur}, coxud wo neil agyicer ve oynweriter ororyeriders vois xa va Syjuovoyet amdés vakwopyfoeis, ve Tukwvouel SACS eovtuxel- weer oe WAOES ONedEC HE don tig OMOWEATES TOVE, TT exayuryLA} You me Oayoyuay oxéyn evar oxGwy OdtveEc. H yhGoou Guang aoyiCeL va dio LoggGverar ovyé orye xox YOnGIWONOLEFrAL and TO xCUBE -yLe TO GTOLZELdN, MUPOAUs to avtxetEVaY. Or SQuoMQLSMTES OU ERU-CUTOSY EfvEL 1] eon xa to meUZvit xa o TEAS oxE INS EEHUE UES EDULE ZEAL TOOYO ode TEA. GF eIdiAc croIyeiar eeu xeecoTeCeIS,|| MAQHEH TON MAQHMATIKON 135 Tog t0 thos cxvrat tov oTad{ov To saUdC aonKer va Mover Ta Suégoge. ooShuarer rou Tov wagovordLovrar, wating xaré HrawodraHS OGIO HAH ye we jucr Royort addapougia. oxéipea. To Eezoguorts pagerennQuaT%d 0° cov mm Ba pide. evven cn To eUdK TeCver ver cvyHEVTCOEL TY Qo TO tie pice BVO 6Ipn HAACUOG TE HeRaLONs, ceywodvTEG Ts GES HE bev jorooet extomg ver avtuanepbec-m Breefonon ms MOGSTTAS. Tet seigdiSery- ht, pic eid xEONEE TOV LBLOV mHafBovs, ray Ta TOTODETON HE gad vo- vce Gu elvan negioadtega: F} Gray BaLoune Tyy (ta ToaSNITA VEQOe o ver vprsreoo xoTHQr voNCEL de eve EQLGOSTERO. Or nadnparveés Ewoues, mov woges To adi va eMeEEQyACTEL MOOS TO céhog avmfe ms REOLSOW, event TEIOOLTNEYES, YE AUQOHHEVEL THO QUT touinado me cupargeanc, EL ye 1 orota. Suwoveryetran deo: aur, nogoLETON CIS THC GULTES UPAQETELS TOY GVTLXEIHEVONS TON QOoWiTO von tony yeyorseor. Mmoget VO. wiBer Te OVOHCT YOY ORNETNY AOY ‘ivceywogitel, ye RaQGBELyHA, EHH, TOYOVO, evs dey UnOgEL ve. diary nusoer Tag vbiGuneés TOUS. Tevued, neers my Stdgreree avrg ™s reo1sdov ov vorrevaée SeBisytes TON Tatu emitoeAoUY THY KOAILERYE ME ucOnnonady aon vay waa we vert evsetary yEéTe Gx TOcUAEs SocomoLsnytes. M vd: regadetynoras eva UH cys: Mn aquOpnre asiyzoon gwvéhon- wok ounn aveIAenEvov TGUGONE. HET] HOG Tvs, LoayeryT] Ge asth6 Rok ino mov neo chapBaver Ewowes Sas Buderecm, KEHOE, HOVE, theres, ot€- V6. Bos, ehaxpod, Her” euBeteLy OGYHOLEN TIDY avTELELHEVEN GOINDONG HENS edt e TOU (FE, HEYCATEDO CT, WAQSTEDO C6, TO {LO HOS HE), He 3. Sedidio tov ovynenouuévorr vontixsy eveornudtiny (Zvidoyrarizt} zeQlo- dog) (7 12 pe 13 yoo) Keeré my Stdignere tg wEQLGBOU ang ewperrEovten aAayEs om oxen, so natdior, ALAPOOHOVEL GLE OLY THY LAcovTHTOL VO. OAHOLTEEL CUVOHO- uiiies xqceyUGror naw agyicer vee EnEygEL-m OHE/N TOU cuverdnyronouaveas day aganhousie 1oV ewTavorten Tov heyPévowv {QE ITO HUGS TOV. To eyonevraues tov exias ororgelo wnoyeoel onerrTUAE He avarriooetct 1 Srabeom ovveoyaatac 2a TaUB.ot we GA Groye. 27 arn To OTEDIO TO meudl apycet ve cortaypdverca onuarenés oxéoeis weTaGe AAV WCEVY i ‘roouwron, Rive oe Béon Ve. ExtERE DEL CTOTOLYIMES TOGEE xoravoe- crc ou yee nade modEN wwUcoEL per GA 1 omofe: evangel TY xowm. H vorrei oun hertovoy(@. elven zeuoguoarey Yc Tet audud TOU OTAS(OV av wt Eton mp, xauSie ov ROCOKOVTEL GTO TOLELTOUO YAS OTEBLO (MQW GO136 KE@AAAIO TPITO. TAT Ove YOSVUA) SéZovtal Sui oF Ever oBVOhO mOU mEOLAcUpeveL VO EVAL vec agdowes yavtwes, Shes o1 apdowes yartEC Elvat chkd. dev oxodéyovten Towtdygove. Gu. Shes ot Evhives yavtOLs eivat xodowes. Exo OTGdLO Ge Tov OvYXEZQUIEVOY EveOYNNGTOV TO MEd. EROdEZETUL LOL TO ayriotwoge. H oxy Sydady{ tov meud.0¥ O10 ordi CUTS yiverce Mo Ov- omar) xe mo hoywaj. Avtés ot adharyeés emitgénowy oto madi vee aves miBer ndroies Buorads veavemmtes, Smug Ty: &) THY HaYTYTE yee YONTL- xij evorugdoraon, fh) my Movoto THs apps dEMjonons THE coGSTHTES, y) TY wavénta yia ovyzotverg maL ovayertoets. 8) TY ave vO AOCYpETOTOLEL ONCDOMONIOEIs Kat TagLvOHNfOEIS HUGO POOGEY eat €) THY reavGryte. Sidtasys AQGY ECON GF BELO, We Péor Sicipood ye~ouxMMOL- ound rvs. “Erot progotipe vo nove du aod mH didoxera canis ms xeowssou 70 neadi ugyke, Wo UNS vorddahes eureioles, va oynwarCer ue Paes Ewvoies tony peOnwaruasy Kew vor xoraVoet Tis OyCoerg WeTUES avTLAEYLEVOV ZA TOY YEYOYStUY TOV xSELOV ToL, TOALOAZGY 1} puvtuoTZGy. MEow Tig taAnhemocnjg tov ple Tov eee pus ZGoUO, aoxiter ver omodowel THE Ewotes Tov ovvhov, TE aZOAOVOLUS, THE SidTaeNE, TOV wwhxovg, TOV d= Oovs, TOY ENPUdOS. ANody, To TULL Etvat ae OEoH VE OModoIN|oEL oYEaELS TOGO BANKOL, OL ONOKES E(veA EV OLOLIBEL OT. NEO NUETLAG, GAG eivea cavemaignets ylet va. exeZeqyaorel ig xohtihoues paPmuaTués Ewvores, Pe- vind, ot vontizés Levtoveyles To nULsL0d Oto OTGSLO GUTS eSuOTGVEER aS tic ovynexguieves agdBerg xe tig SocoTHOLGMTES TOV, Ge GYVaORON UE Toy eEwTEQLEG TOV ZGONO. Aey Eye GaoxnfaEL oxSuN TY MUVEN|TE VEL OZE- PTET LE cAPHONLEVO TSAO. TT GUTS xaTd m SidCOrAAL, 0 Sdoxeos noéxet va evan vec merteatdoets, el oF OVYREXOMEVE MaAQAdEL NOTE KEL KYL OF GAPRONL 4. To ovddwo tay agnonnévor vourixay evegynudran (Tlegtodos tg apar- getuxife oxéyys) (13 zodven xat a£oay) Ero orddto Huts avcerndocetau 1) cpaugetia meavnyTe OxEyne BAL TO ae dé pucoget va oxE TET MLE yoots MY averyen THs OVYAEXQLEYN EXONTELUC. Maoget, dnacdyj, ve Paotleta Ge vTobKaEic, aveSdonyte cat6 to av autEs aiven moonpennds xo we don owtés vo. oxnuatiter Eva ouuréoaauc. Ac Oemproovue ty TQStEON, «EGY to comoxtryto elvan youdLoTEOs Tre etven yorjyoos. To autoxivyro etvan yuodoregs. Eivat to avtoxivyto yortyouo;> To 85% tov acadiciv nixlus 11 yosvony, Oe. ocartioouy oTHY EQETHAN, « ‘i omord. As Ce@pyaoupe tiga To aveiotgogo, «Edy tw avtoxivyro efvarH MA@HEH TON MAQHMATIKON 137 adore gs tre etveu yerfyogo. To avroxivmto etveu yoriyogo. Eye to ov rouiynto yuokoregs;» Kat ty mestaon, «Edy to avtoxivyto etvar yuaAL- ores tore etven yoryooo. To enrroxivnto dev sivau yudkwotegs. Efvo to ceutoxivyto yorfyogo:». To xaudud ms yrtxias uExQ1 12 etv Bo‘oxow peydin Svoxohic. oro vee cxuynfaowy omar. And Ty niuvaia. dqung tory 13 xc werd, epepeev(GevaL uct orabegy Pektinon omy MavenItd TOUS va axovT|GoLY cWoTE oTIs DVO TE- hevrates coomioers, av xen zavemtommaxol pormrés aToTUyyZGyOUY ZONE «poe (Lovell 1978). Mia Sevreon vont) deSSmyra, 1, omoce. agyCer Bablwata ve avabdse- ra, elver to MEQGOWA AAG THY HaWSENTE exeEEgyaatas evds CVEH|LaTOS d6o petaPhytay oF Eve coTHE TOLY A ReQLOOdrEQON HETCBATEY. Fl e~ Ev6ryt. vty jutoget ver UY efveH TOO oAOVdaLa oTa xaBOd raBNworAd utd 208 cavtd, che stvon nods onovdaie. ya us epaQuoyés ToVs, 2’ Ev. ovompe. 880 wetaPantay undgyer wer EEaoMHEN ea jw. avesdomm Me- rafilayay, O uaOnnic tov 11 wEQinOV yoSveny urogel va. To emEEEQy Aare He oyeway evxohla, drag Stay unohoyiber my. Mm OegHoxgaate: Tov a€oc oe ovvdoman we THY doa. ms NEECAS. E° Eva mo odisrhoKo Shins oVOMHO, wnciozet juc eScomueyn uetophye} xa Ovo 1 weqisadreges aveEdouytes netabianrés, Hmavoryec exckegyaotas TEOLwN m1 TOMIMAONON TVTH NA Toy avaRTEOGETE ABWLALa amy MEELOdo cut 11 Ews 14 yOSvOV. Téow ony yuxia tov 13 yQdvonv TO wEAdC zavertan MOOodEUTURG. OMY neglo50 THY oot o Collis (1976) ovoudCer negro tov ovyZenoutévon yevmedoeay. Téon 10 nadl yevixerier Grr Exer amoxrijoet OAV TEQ!OdO rig QOKWONNEMNE, OLYRERQULEMNE AeLrougyLaas oxE4pys, “Ero. jwrogel whE- Wy va spyaoret we THrOUS Gras, La MEQaDdELYUE, V = aL. B- h ovovs onot- oug Beager dn xdBE YONA avrimoGoreder Eve HOvEdUES aguOKS. Em (pda, carn ME VorTUAs evdarruNs TO nOUdL teLvEL va. asTOBEXIEL EVV wr- vover pe Peon Eve W495 GOONS magaderyndton eau dev ehEyAer whos undgyouv cevmmagudetyerra. ta. onofa averpémowv tov xavva, Exons, ev 345 x 623 137 x 623, 345 137 uxohoyiGovtag my GQLOpNTHA} TYE xa zAGuoros ynQLOTG, buoxohedeTaL oper var axodex Get tt ivan Odeo fie TO Vu zona moronjoe m yevexevon a = AI, Movo moos 10 téh0g tov te- devraton autod orad(ou, ov aoyicer yoo omy NALEla TEV 16 ZOSvON, Et veut o€ Béon To MAUD. ver EgyATTEL Mev OTIE OAEELS UTES waAB EaUTES He dev dyer averyun vo ovoyeriter efte TH oroEla. efte Tis MOMEELs Ace OTKE@AAAIO TPITO Pvoun) moeywaTdmre. EY avn wm oon yonoworouivtas tov vio V = a- Bh uxoge’ ya vnodoyiaet tov 6x0 V evds opDoywviow mage Amadou, ahha wnogel extong acu va nooPhérper «t Ba. ovpfel orov 6yxo V edy TOG LeLatles, To fb maOGpEIvEL oTAEQS xaL TO BHJOs h aveNdet, of TL Be oupbel edy durkaorcotosy eeu oF tEIG dtaoTeaI a, Bau h. EV entong Ta MEAL va. oTo{e KoLoxovt Gro TQONYOUEVo OTGdIO THY GuyZexoULE- Yow Aetrougyuby tetvouy va ayvooty éve SoouEvo, xEBOQIEWEVO LONperTI- 26 ovorypo. za OnsepTOVTEAL xT’ eveOYie. Ne EVO OLAETO & eavTOris ovaTHHC (xy, 1 ObVOhO TOV aQEyLLCELAY GQLIUGY), Te xALdLG TA omoKeL PocoxoveCA oo tehevtelo ordbio TOY agnont vOV VOITIAAY EveoynuctUY, aoxitouw Bobuaia ve etver oe Héon ve egyaCovEen oro. YEG GvaTIedL, YOK ve emprdtovran ax6 ig WiduyTES TOV LoYJoLY ore omela cvOTotc. To PRLVGLEVO CUTS nagampetrar ErTOvE: oTOUS LANTES TOU Avuetov, xOU a%6 Way xat oo Muda tay 17 yosvo avemtetomtouy dvoKonles We tis OGM. Tes THY YEON HadjLaTIXdY GvoTmdroY (sy. TOKECIg OT TOVO}O TY TE seo Ty, ae Eva. Steyvonaries paige eat ae dudpoges cdkyeBowee Sones). Auris ot téo08gtg negiodor pe ta ialtegd Tous yogaxQLETIAG ceO- Tehowy ie Siadraaote Sudoxrasv ecoggomHoewy (Priuata xs eSLGOg- osm) xe xuDaAMOCOYTEL oxEIPiis cand MY TaEN ME dLadoyie tous. H Tay] ahAnhodiadonis Tov oradion, xeetd tov Piaget, giver otaVeor, aAAG TO MEQCOLE a6 TO EVEL OT GAKO HEH 1] NOSOdOE TY PeaEw efva SuveEtd Vo. emTayuvOei, avEhoya we To TEQIPLAOV xaL TY ROLWOVLLOMOMON TOU crdpou. Aey 8a UXOQOLGE Gums, va UROddCEL HAVEL O° CUTEC TI TEDL Sous jc oraBegH| ~oovoAdynan. AvtiDera, Udhota, drug Ee anoderzOet ot ZeovohoyMoEIS [TOQOLY vee TOLAIAOVY aNd KoLVWVIEL GE LOLVOvEE, CLUS HOWOVLES OTOGNG OF HOWOVIAG OTAGUC, OTS TEEIPAALOV OF MEOIBGAROY. 1 t4Ey Guang Mg dtadoyre xepapever avaGegH. Fa vee ordooute, Syhadt), 0" Eve optapiévo aTaHLO, agETEL Va KLoute mEQaRL AOGTE GEX6 UE Siadrec Gies TOV TO OTGdIO GUTS xQOiTODETEL. MpExet va Exo oxycecLaTEL o1 AQ0-Ho[Es, OL MpOZUTUUTIRES dyad LAOdOUES, OL OOieS Oe EMUTOLPOVY TU xEQUITEQO OGOdO. “Egeuves omy Ayyhia. (Cockroft, 1982) SeGjvouv weydkee Sta@onés, Eos nue 7 YQ6vON, Avdead oTIg NRCS LETCEN|SnONE Toy meUdUBY cA Eve ovynengurévo orddio diavortunig aveistcv¥ng o¢ Eva GAO. To yeyoud's cw 1S Sywovoyet tepdiouc mooPrjuare Hrdaoxanlag oe TWEELs uvouoLoyevErs, Grou aegi€zouy LadnrEs dlagdQov veuvonitov. Pia xapdSerync, Ge We nadntey 11 yoovay efveu duvetdy va undéoyour uadntés tov