2.2.

3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

2.2 Thermal Properties and Temperature

2.2.3 Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

Change of States

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

(Melting and Boiling) Heating Curves

1. Take some ice, crush it and put it into a beaker.

2. Hang thermometer in a way that its bulb is well inside the ice but not
touching the base of beaker.

3. Note the initial temperature of ice.

4. Start heating with slow flame and start the stopwatch.

5. Take readings of temperature after every two minutes and stir the mixture
with stirrer to make sure the temperature changes remains same
throughout the mixture.

6. Take readings till ice melts, converted into water, water starts boiling and
converted into steam.

7. Plot a graph between Temperature / oC and Time / minute.

8. From the graph find the melting point and boiling point.

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

AB: Ice absorbs the heat and its temperature changes from -10 oC to 0 oC.

BC: Ice starts melting (Melting Point) and converting into water at 0 oC.
Two states of matter exist at the same time.

CD: Water absorbs the heat and its temperature changes from 0 oC to 100 oC.

DE: Water starts boiling (Boiling Point) and converting into Vapors at 100 oC.
Two states of matter exist at the same time.

EF: Steam absorbs the heat and its temperature increases.

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

WHAT HAPPENS DURING CHANGE OF STATE

Melting (Fusion): The process when Solid changes into Liquid.

Boiling (Vaporization): The process when Liquid changes into Gas.

During melting/boiling, thermal energy absorbed is used to weaken the

intermolecular forces and breaks the intermolecular bonds between the
particles, resulting in increase in potential energy of the substance.
This results in increase the distance between particles.

Thermal energy is not used to cause an increase in kinetic energy of the particles,
hence temperature remains constant.

Condensation: The process when Gas changes into Liquid.

Freezing (Solidification) : The process when Liquid changes into Solid.

During condensation/freezing, thermal energy is released is used to strengthen

the intermolecular forces and intermolecular bonds are made between the
particles, resulting in decreasing in potential energy of the substance.
This results in decreases the distance between particles.

Thermal energy is not used to cause an increase in kinetic energy of the particles,
hence temperature remains constant.

Note:

1. Melting point of water at standard atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg)

is 0 oC.

2. Boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg)

is 100 oC.

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation
LATENT HEAT

Latent Heat: The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or a liquid into a
vapor, without change of temperature (at constant temperature).

Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid without
change of temperature (at constant temperature).

Latent Heat of Vaporization: The heat required to convert liquid into a gas
(vapor) without change of temperature (at constant temperature).

Solid into Liquid and Liquid into Solid

Liquid into Gas and Gas into Liquid

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

Heating Cooling

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

EVAPORATION

Evaporation: The process of converting liquid into gas without heating it.

Evaporation Vs Boiling:

Evaporation Boiling

Occurs at Any Temperature. Occurs at Fixed Temperature

(Boiling Point)
.

Slow Process Quick Process.

Take Place only At The Surface of Takes Place Within the Liquid.
Liquid.

No Bubbles formation. Bubbles are Formed.

Temperature may Change. Temperature Constant During Boiling.

Heat Supplied by The Heat Supplied by an Energy Source.

Surroundings.

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2.2.3 – Melting, Boiling and Evaporation

Evaporation Causes Cooling:

The molecules in a liquid have a range of different energies. Some have lots of
energy, others have very little.

Evaporation occurs when more energetic molecules near the surface of the
liquid escape. They escape by leaving behind less energetic molecules. The
average energy of the remaining molecules decreases. This means that the
temperature of the remaining liquid will also decrease which causes cooling
effect.

Factors Upon Which Evaporation Depends.

1. Temperature

2. Surface Area

3. Wind Speed

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Temperature:

The greater the temperature of the liquid and its surroundings, the faster the rate of
evaporation.

When the temperature of the liquid is increased, it results in an increase in the kinetic
energy of the individual molecules.

This increase in energy makes it easier for the liquid molecules to overcome the
intermolecular forces of attraction (that holds the liquid together) and escape into the
atmosphere as a gas.

It can be noted that the temperature of the surrounding can also contribute towards
faster evaporation since hot environments can transfer their heat to the liquid.

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Surface Area:

The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of evaporation.

When surface are increases, more molecules are exposed to air and their kinetic
energies increases. Therefore, rate of evaporation increase.

When surface are decreases, less molecules are exposed to air and their kinetic
energies increases. Therefore, rate of evaporation decreases.

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Wind Speed:

The rate of evaporation increases as the speed of wind increase.

The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases with increasing wind speed. When
the speed of wind increases, the particles of water vapors move away with the wind,
decreasing the amount of water vapors in the surroundings. This increases the rate of
evaporation of water.

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