Intraduction

Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle, Hs) is a species belonging to the Malvaceae family. In English-
speaking places, the name of the plant is also known as rozelle, and in the Arabian peninsula it
is also known as Karkade. In Turkey, it is known as "Hatmi çiçeği, Nar çiçeği". It grows in
tropical regions such as India, Hawaii, the Caribbean and Australia
(Natural Product Radiance, n.d.; Riaz & Chopra, 2018)
.

Hibiscus sabdariffa is a 0.15 to 1 m bushy annual that is branched from the base. The
stems are reddish, almost glabrous. The basal leaves are undivided and ovate; the cauline
leaves are 3-lobed and 7.5 to 10 cm wide. The lobes are 2.5 cm wide and crenate
(Medical Economics Company., 2000)
.

The flowers are solitary, axillary and almost sessile. The calyx is red, the corolla is
yellow, and the anthers are blood red. The fruit is a 2 cm long, ovoid, many seeded capsule
.
(Da-Costa-Rocha et al., 2014; Riaz & Chopra, 2018)

Almost all of the parts obtained after harvesting Hibiscus sabdariffa are used in the field of
health. Among the parts used, the main ones are seeds, leaves and calyces. After harvest,
roselle is used in many forms as spice, perfume, various salads and vegetable oils. One of the
most important factors in the quality of products is harvesting procedures.

Hibiscus tea contains high amounts of fruit acids in its structure. This fruit acid, which is
difficult to absorb, has a laxative effect on our body. Hibiscus tea contains high amounts of
fruit acids in its structure. This fruit acid, which is difficult to absorb, has a laxative effect on
our body. The aqueous extract of the leaves of our plant helps relax the uterine muscle.
Hibiscus also plays a role in lowering blood pressure (Medical Economics Company., 2000).

Hibiscus flowers have many uses; they are used to reduce appetite, for stomach colds and
respiratory tract colds, as an expectorant and diuretic, as a low-effective laxative, and for
circulatory disorders. later reviews are available: One on the effectiveness of Hs in the
treatment of hypertension and another on the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia
(Da-Costa-Rocha et al., 2014).

In Chinese medicine, the purposes of using the plant's preparations are to prevent skin
swelling and Herpes (Medical Economics Company., 2000).

Taxonomy, Biological Activities and Distribution of Hibiscus sabdariffa

 Figure 2.1. Roselle plant at flowering stage (Schoch et al., 2020).

Taxonomy (Schoch et al., 2020)

Domain:Eukaryota

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Malvales

Family: Malvaceae

Genus: Hibiscus

Species: Hibiscus sabdariffa

Figure 2.2. Taxonomy of Hibiscus (Schoch et al., 2020).

Biological Activities
Fig. 2.3. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. plant and its biological potentials validated so far
(Patel, 2014)
.

It was a fact that, Hs has been used to treat cardiac and nerve conditions, induce diuresis,
and induce lactation, among other conditions in folklore. Logical examinations have
additionally exhibited the antihypertensive, antidiabetic, against weight and hostile to
hyperlipidaemic properties of Hs. These organic exercises are believed to be because of the
battery of phytochemicals in Hs that have solid cell reinforcement movement and that hinder
α-amylase, α-glucosidase, angiotensin changing over catalyst, calcium channel blockage and
direct vasorelaxant impacts. A portion of the phytochemicals that are believed to be liable for
these natural impacts incorporate anthocyanins, flavonoids and natural acids. There is anyway
the requirement for more hearty investigates including controlled clinical preliminaries to
approve these organic exercises with the end goal of carrying the advantages nearer to the
bedside (Ghandi Ibrahim & Sani Kangiwa, 2020) .

Distribution of Hibiscus sabdariffa

Since the beginning, the main source of Roselle amongst different scientist is a controversial
issue. Cobley who is a known scholar, claimed that Roselle is a local plant of West Africa and
the spread is started from there to other continents (America and Asia). However there is also
another opinion on the issue that suggest Rosell originated from India and Saudi Arabia.
Roselle is also a tropical crop as well as a home garden crop in Africa, Brazil, Hawai, Florida
and Philippinnes. Because of the fact that it is widely grown in different geograpichs it makes
it a contrversial crop (Khan, 2017; Natural Product Radiance, n.d.).
 Figure 2.3. Distribution of Hibiscus (Hibiscus Sabdariffa - Roselle -- Discover Life, n.d.)
.

Phytochemistry of Hibiscus sabdariffa

Despite the fact that, the purposes of various pieces of Roselle are numerous and changed
both in food and in conventional medication, all pieces of Roselle including seeds, leaves,
products of the soil are utilized as a food in various regions of the planet. Meaty red calyxes
of Roselle are generally utilized for the creation of soda pops and tonic without liquor like
wine, juice, jam, jam, syrupand additionally dried and blended into tea and zest. The young
leaves and tender stems of Roselle are eaten raw as a green vegetable and are high in vitamin
C, riboflavin, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, niacin, calcium, and iron (abbr; table 2.1). The
Roselle seeds are great wellspring of protein, fat, absolute sugars and are generally utilized in
the eating regimen in numerous African nations (Khan, 2017).

Table 2.1.Proximate constituents and nutrient composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa

(Khan, 2017)
Bioactive components

In terms of it’s therapeutic value, roselle's main components are a polysaccharide, organic
acid, and flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins. One of the think about the extracts of dried
calyces are to include chemical compenent. Forinstance organic acids ( citric acid, tartaric
acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, hibsicic acid, asborbic acid) besides, phtosterols, polyphenols,
anthocyanins and other water-soluble antioxidants. There if bioactive components with
organic acids are all together, they have free radical scavenging activity. In that case the
biactive molecules immsenly effect health of a person in a good way. Also indicate the
polyphenolic part present in the concentrates of Hibiscus sabdariffa as announced by various
examination gatherings ( (Christian et al., 2006; Gamaleldin et al., 2017; Loizzo et al., 2022) .

- Organic acid

One of the research indicates that high concentration of organic acids like oxalic acid,
succinic acid, tartaric acid; malic acid, citric acid. These are the last of predominant ones
(Riaz & Chopra, 2018)
. Also Jabuer et al stated oxalic acid, shikimic and fumaric acids as the main
organic acid with malic acid (9.10 g/100 g) to be the the most abundant acid in the calyces of
roselle (Jabeur et al., 2017) .

- Polyphenols and flavonoids

The roots of many therapeutic maerials is because of the secondary metobolisms in the
plants. Roselle calyces are an intriguing source of potential vioactive molecules with
antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic activities. Researches bring the light of the fact that the
calyces of roselle are intensive in polyphenols and flavonoids that improve the nutritious
worth of roselle as these these mixtures are connected with their antioxidant property The
phenolic content in the plant comprises for the most part of anthocyanins like delphinidin-3-
glucoside, sambubioside, and cyanidine-3- sambubioside and other flavonoids like
gossypetine, hibiscetin and their respective glycosides; protocatechuic acid, eugenol, and
sterol like β-sitoesterol and ergoesterol. The colourful anthocyanins are the members of the
flavonoids group of phytochemicals. Anthocyanins molecules are responsive to deteriation.
The stability of it comes from the pH, temperature, the presence of enzyme, light, and
structure, the presence of other flavonoids, phenolic acids and metals
(Jabeur et al., 2017; Sinela et al., 2017)
.
Table 2.2 Phytochemicals of Hıbıscus Sabdarıffa (Natural Product Radiance, n.d.)