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Full Brock Biology of Microorganisms Madigan 13Th Edition Test Bank PDF Docx Full Chapter Chapter
Full Brock Biology of Microorganisms Madigan 13Th Edition Test Bank PDF Docx Full Chapter Chapter
2
10) Most prokaryotic cells 10)
reside
A) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
B) in lakes, rivers, and oceans.
C) in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other
animals).
D) on Earthʹs surface.
11) The person who described the ʺwee animalculesʺ was 11)
A) Louis Pasteur. B) Ferdinand Cohn.
C) Robert Hooke. D) Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek.
12) Fannie Hesse is credited with giving the idea to use agar as a solidifying 12)
agent.
A) Sergei Winogradsky B) Robert Koch
C) Louis Pasteur D) Ferdinand Cohn
17) The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of 17)
A) aquatic microbiology. B) agricultural
microbiology.
C) industrial microbiology. D) marine microbiology.
19) Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly 19)
called
A) baker dishes. B) Petri dishes.
C) culture medium plates. D) sterilization plates.
4
20) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in , while those playing a 20)
role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in .
A) nodules / fortrans B) rumens / nodules
C) nodules / rumens D) fortrans / rumens
22) The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of 22)
A) Louis Pasteur. B) Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek. C) Robert Koch. D) Robert
Hooke.
24) Robert Kochʹs greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was 24)
with
A) Escherichia coli. B) Mycobacterium
tuberculosis . C) Bacillus cereus. D) Bacillus
subtilis.
28) Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical C)
extensions of Rober
the work of t
A) Sergei Winogradsky. 5 B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
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that can be produced; when he makes a signal, at which the lodge is
opened, and he darts forth with the speed of a frightened deer, and
plunges headlong into the river, from which he instantly escapes
again, wraps his robe around him, and makes as fast as possible for
home. Here his limbs are wiped dry and wrapped close and tight
within the fur of the buffalo robes, in which he takes his nap, with his
feet to the fire, then oils his limbs and hair with bear’s-grease,
dresses and plumes himself for a visit, a feast, a parade, or a
council.
During Mr. Bruce’s travels through Abyssinia, and while he was
sojourning in the dominions of her Majesty of Sennaar, one
afternoon he was sent for to the palace, when the king told him that
several of his wives were ill, and desired that he would give them his
advice, which he promised to do. He was admitted into a large
square apartment, very ill-lighted, in which were about fifty women,
all perfectly black, without any covering but a very narrow piece of
cotton rag about their waist. While he was musing whether or not all
these might be queens, or whether there was any queen among
them, one of them seized him by the hand and led him into another
apartment; this was much better lighted than the first. Upon a large
bench, or sofa, covered with blue Surat cloth, sat three persons
clothed from the neck to the feet with blue cotton shirts.
One of these, whom Mr. Bruce found to be the favourite, was
about six feet high, and corpulent beyond all proportion. She seemed
to him, next to the elephant and rhinoceros, to be the largest living
creature he had ever met with. Her features were perfectly like those
of a negro; a ring of gold passed through her under lip, and weighed
it down, till, like a flap, it covered her chin, and left her teeth bare,
which were very small and fine. The inside of her lip she had made
black with antimony. Her ears reached down to her shoulders, and
had the appearance of wings; she had in each of them a large ring of
gold, somewhat smaller than a man’s little finger, and about five
inches in diameter. The weight of these had drawn down the hole
where the ear was pierced so much that three fingers might easily
pass above the ring. She had a gold necklace of several rows, one
above another, to which were hung rows of sequins pierced. She
had on her ancles two manacles of gold, larger than any our traveller
had ever seen upon the feet of felons, with which he could not
conceive it was possible for her to walk; but afterwards he found they
were hollow. The others were dressed pretty much in the same
manner; only there was one who had chains which came from her
ears to the outside of each nostril, where they were fastened. There
was also a ring put through the gristle of her nose, and which hung
down to the opening of her mouth. It had altogether something of the
appearance of a horse’s bridle. Upon his coming near them, the
eldest put her hand to her mouth and kissed it, saying at the same
time, in very vulgar Arabic, “Kif-halek howajah?” How do you do,
merchant? Mr. Bruce never in his life was more pleased with distant
salutations than at this time. He answered, “Peace be among you! I
am a physician, and not a merchant.” There was not one part of their
whole bodies, inside and outside, in which some of them had not
ailments. The three queens insisted upon being blooded, which
desire Mr. Bruce complied with, as it was an operation that required
short attendance; but, upon producing the lancets, their hearts failed
them. They then all called out for the Tabange, which, in Arabic,
means a pistol; but what they meant by this word was the cupping-
instrument, which goes off with a spring like the snap of a pistol. He
had two of these, but not then in his pocket. He sent his servant
home, however, to bring one, and, that same evening, performed the
operations upon the three queens with great success. The room was
overflowed with an effusion of royal blood, and the whole ended with
their insisting upon his giving them the instrument itself, which he
was obliged to do, after cupping two of their slaves before them, who
had no complaints, merely to shew them how the operation was to
be performed.
On another occasion there was recommended to his care a
certain Welled Amlac. He had with him two servants, one of whom,
as well as his master, was ill with an intermitting fever. As our
traveller was abundantly supplied with every necessary, the only
inconvenience he suffered by this was, that of bringing a stranger
and a disease into his family. Being, however, in a strange country
himself, and daily standing in need of the assistance of its
inhabitants, he perceived the policy of rendering services whenever
opportunity offered; and, accordingly, received his two patients with
the best possible grace. To this he was the more induced as he was
informed that Welled Amlac was of the most powerful, resolute, and
best attended robbers in all Maitsha; that this man’s country lay
directly in his way to the source of the Nile; and that under his
protection he might bid defiance to Woodage Asahel, who was
considered as the great obstacle to that journey. After several weeks’
illness the patient recovered. When he first came to Mr. Bruce’s
house, he was but indifferently clothed; and having no change, his
apparel naturally grew worse, so that when his disease had entirely
left him he made a very beggarly appearance indeed. One evening
Mr. Bruce remarked that he could not go home to his own country
without kissing the ground before the Iteghe, by whose bounty he
had been all this time supported. He replied, “Surely not;” adding that
he was ready to go whenever Mr. Bruce should think proper to give
him his clothes. The latter imagined that Welled Amlac might have
brought with him some change of apparel, and delivered it into the
custody of our traveller’s servant; but, on farther explanation, he
found that his patient had not a rag but what was on his back, and he
plainly told Mr. Bruce, that he would rather stay in his house all his
life than be so disgraced before the world as to leave it after so long
a stay, without his clothing him from head to foot; asking with much
confidence: “What signifies your curing me, if you turn me out of your
house like a beggar?” Mr. Bruce still thought there was something of
jest in this, and meeting Ayto Aylo, told him, laughing, of the
conversation that had passed. “There is do doubt,” answered he very
gravely, “that you must clothe him; it is the custom.” “And his servant
too?” asked Mr. Bruce. “Certainly, his servant too: and if he had ten
servants that eat and drank in your house, you must clothe them
all.”—“I think,” rejoined our traveller, “that a physician, at this rate,
had much better let his patients die than recover them at his own
expense.”—“Yagoube,” said his friend, “I see this is not a custom in
your country, but here it invariably is, and if you would pass for a
man of consequence you cannot avoid complying with it, unless you
would make Welled Amlac your enemy. The man is opulent, it is not
for the value of the clothes, but he thinks his importance among his
neighbours is measured by the respect shewn him by the people
afar off. Never fear, he will make you some kind of return; and as for
his clothes, I shall pay for them.” “By no means,” replied Mr. Bruce; “I
think the custom so curious that the knowledge of it is worth the price
of the clothes, and I assure you that, intending as I do to go through
the Maitsha, I consider it as a piece of friendship in you to have
brought me under this obligation.” After this explanation Mr. Bruce
immediately procured the clothes; a girdle, and a pair of sandals,
amounting in the whole to about two guineas, which Welled Amlac
received with the same indifference as if he had been purchasing
them for ready money. He then asked for his servants’ clothes, which
he observed were too good, and that he should take them for his
own use when he arrived at Maitsha.
In his capacity of physician Mr. Bruce lays down certain simple
rules to be observed by persons about to travel into far eastern
countries; and though a hundred years old, and more, the said
advice is still wholesome, and may be used with advantage by
whomsoever it may concern.
Mr. Bruce’s first general advice to a traveller, is to remember well
what was the state of his constitution before he visited these
countries, and what his complaints were, if he had any; for fear
frequently seizes upon the first sight of the many and sudden deaths
we see upon our first arrival; and our spirits are so lowered by
perpetual perspiration, and our nerves so relaxed, that we are apt to
mistake the ordinary symptoms of a disease, familiar to us in our
own country, for the approach of one of those terrible distempers that
are to hurry us in a few hours into eternity. This has a bad effect in
the very slightest disorders; so that it has become proverbial—If you
think you shall die you shall die.
If a traveller finds that he is as well after having been some time in
this country as he was before entering it, his best way is to make no
innovation in his regimen, further than abating something in the
quantity. But if he is of a tender constitution, he cannot act more
wisely than to follow implicitly the regimen of sober healthy people of
the country, without arguing upon European notions, or substituting
what we consider succedaneums to what we see used upon the
spot. All spirits are to be avoided; even bark is better in water than in
wine. The stomach being relaxed by profuse perspiration, needs
something to strengthen, not to inflame, and enable it to perform
digestion. For this reason (instinct we should call it, if speaking of
beasts) the natives of all eastern countries season every species of
food, even the simplest and mildest rice, so much with spices,
especially with pepper, as absolutely to blister a European palate.
These powerful antiseptics providence has planted in these
countries for this use; and the natives have, from the earliest time,
had recourse to them. And hence, in these dangerous climates, the
natives are as healthy as we are in our northern ones.
Our author lays it down, then, as a positive rule of health, that the
warmest dishes the natives delight in are the most wholesome
strangers can use in the putrid climates of Lower Arabia, Abyssinia,
Sennaar, and Egypt itself; and that spirits, and all fermented liquors,
should be regarded as poisons; and, for fear of temptation, not so
much as be carried along with you, unless as a menstruum for
outward applications. Spring or running water, if you can find it, is to
be your only drink. You cannot be too nice in procuring this article.
But as, on both coasts of the Red Sea, you scarcely find any but
stagnant water, the way which our traveller practised, when at any
place that allowed time and opportunity, was always this: he took a
quantity of fine sand, washed it from the salt quality with which it was
impregnated, and spread it upon a sheet to dry; he then nearly filled
an oil-jar with water, and poured into it as much from a boiling kettle
as would serve to kill all the animalcula and eggs that were in it. He
then sifted the dried sand, as slowly as possible, upon the surface of
the water in the jar, till the sand stood half a foot at the bottom of it;
after letting it settle at night, he drew it off by a hole in the jar with a
spigot in it, about an inch above the sand; then threw the remaining
sand out upon the cloth, and dried and washed it again. This process
is sooner performed than described. The water is as limpid as the
purest spring, and little inferior to the finest Spa. Drink largely of this
without fear, according as your appetite requires. By violent
perspiration the aqueous part of your blood is thrown off; and it is not
spirituous liquor that can restore this, whatever momentary strength
it may give you from another cause. When hot and almost fainting
with weakness from continual perspiration, Mr. Bruce has gone into a
warm bath, and been immediately restored to strength, as upon first
rising in the morning.
In Nubia, never scruple to throw yourself into the coldest river or
spring you can find, in whatever degree of heat you are. The reason
of the difference in Europe is that when, by violence, you have raised
yourself to an extraordinary degree of heat, the cold water in which
you plunge yourself checks your perspiration, and shuts your pores
suddenly; the medium is itself too cold, and you do not use force
sufficient to bring back the perspiration, which nought but action
occasioned: whereas, in these warm countries, your perspiration is
natural and constant, though no action be used, only from the
temperature of the medium; therefore, though your pores are shut
the moment you plunge yourself into the cold water, the simple
condition of the outward air again covers you with pearls of sweat
the moment you emerge; and you begin the expanse of the aqueous
part of your blood afresh from the new stock that you have laid in by
your immersion. For this reason, if you are well, deluge yourself from
head to foot, even in the house, where the water is plentiful, by
directing a servant to throw buckets upon you at least once a day,
when you are hottest; not from any imagination that the water braces
you, as it is called, for your bracings will last only for a very few
minutes: inundations will carry watery particles into your blood,
though not equal to bathing in running streams, where the total
immersion, the motion of the water, and the action of the limbs, all
conspire to the benefit you are in quest of.
Do not fatigue yourself if possible. Exercise is not either so
necessary or so salutary here as in Europe. Use fruits sparingly,
especially if too ripe. The musa, or banana, in Arabia Felix, are
rotten-ripe when they are brought to you. Avoid all sorts of fruits
exposed for sale in the markets, as it has probably been gathered in
the sun, and carried miles in it, and all its juices are in a state of
fermentation. Lay it first upon a table covered with a coarse cloth,
and throw frequently a quantity of water upon it; and, if you have an
opportunity, gather it in the dew of the morning before dawn of day,
for then it is far better.
War Dance of the New Zealanders.
PART IX.
SAVAGE WARFARE.
CHAPTER XXI.
Hereditary pirates—A Bornean pirate fleet—Rajah Brooke and the
pirates—A tough job against the prahus—No quarter with the
Dayaks—A freebooter captain—Dayak arms—Bornean fighting
tactics—Advance of Sir J. Brooke’s troops—A debate about
fighting—Poisoned arrows—Weapons of the Amazonian Indians
—The blow-gun—A Bornean war dance—War trophies—Heads,
scalps, and brains—Horrible festivity—The Savages of North
America.