Final

Project
Presentation
BME.313 - Biomedical Signal Processing
Presented by Allysa Ramiso, Clark Banaay, & James Camba
 Introduction

Interference

General Block Diagram

ECG Acquisition

TABLE OF Methods Implemented

CONTENT Results

Conclusion

Possible Application

References

Work distribution
 An Electrocardiogram (ECG) records the
electrical signals in a person's heart. It has
an amplitude with a range of 1 to 5 mV and a
frequency that ranges from 0.05 to 100 Hz. They
are usually recorded with the use of surface
electrodes that are attached to the skin of the
subject/patient. ECG is often used with other
tests to help in diagnosing a patient,
monitoring their heart conditions, and
investigating symptoms of possible heart
INTRODUCTION problems (chest pain, palpitations, dizziness,
and shortness of breath). This is the chosen
bioelectric signal for the group's final
project.
 Project Objective:

The group will be observing and comparing

the subject’s ECG - during a relaxed state
and after a short strenuous activity
(exercise). We will particularly be
comparing and observing the R-waves and RR-
intervals of the subject's ECG recording or
data. Involved vital processes are - signal
INTRODUCTION acquisition, signal pre-processing, and
signal analysis.
SIGNAL INTERFERENCES
 INTERFERENCES of ECG
Power line interference

01 Consists of 50/60 Hz pickup and harmonics

Caused by electromagnetic interference by power line electromagnetic field
by devices nearby, improper grounding of the patient.
Can cause extensive damage to a large area of the heart

Baseline Wander

02 low frequency noise component present in the ECG signal.

Caused by respiration and body movement.
Has a frequency of greater than 1Hz
Can cause problems in detecting and analysis

03
Channel Noise
Introduced when ECG signal is transmitted through channels.
Caused by poor channel conditions.
Like white gaussian noise containing all frequency components.
 INTERFERENCES of ECG

04
Electrode Contact Noise
Caused by loss of contact between the electrode and the skin.
Effectively disconnects the measurement system from the subject.
Duration of noise is 1s

Motion artifacts

05
Caused by changes in the electrode-skin impedance with electrode motion
The ECG amplifier sees a different source impedance which forms a voltage
divider with the amplifier input impedance, as the impedance changes.
The amplifier input voltage depends upon the source impedance which changes
as the electrode position changes

PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE

06
Several physiological processes could be active at the same time wherein
each one produces unique and various signals.
Caused by physiological processes that may not be controllable
Sections of ECG may be interfered and corrupted by surface EMG which causes
difficulties in data processing and analysis
GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
 SPECIFYING SIGNAL SIGNAL
OBJECTIVE 1 ACQUISITION 2 PRE-PROCESSING 3

ECG reading before and ECG acquisition using Application of Highpass

after exercise BIOPAC MP36 using Chest and Lowpass Filter
Lead II Placement

MAKING ANALYSIS OF SIGNAL

CONCLUSION 6 RESULTS 5 ANALYSIS 4

What happens to ECG Comparison of results R-wave and peak, RR

before and after from before and after interval, Heart Rate
exercise? exercise
 ECG ACQUISITION
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tOEt4avzSYqU3kGlfPrQRZID2-xYk10n/view?usp=sharing
METHODS IMPLEMENTED
Signal Pre-processing and Analysis
SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(1) FILE LOADED TO MATLAB
The .acq file from BIOPAC is first converted into .txt then the converted file is
loaded into MATLAB.

ECG data in .acq format accessed using BIOPAC Analysis Tool

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(1) FILE LOADED TO MATLAB

Code in loading ECG data into MATLAB

ECG file converted to .txt format

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(2) PLOTTING SIGNAL AND GENERATING FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
To view the signal, a plot of it is displayed. On the other hand, in order to
determine the type of filters to use, the frequency spectrum of the ECG signal is
determined. This is to identify the present noise and evident frequencies present in
the data file.

Code in plotting ECG Signal and generating corresponding frequency spectrum

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(2) PLOTTING SIGNAL AND GENERATING FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

ECG Signal Plot and corresponding Frequency Spectrum

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(3) DESIGNING FILTERS
Upon analysis of frequency spectrum, majority of the noise are low frequencies. A
highpass filter will be designed to remove the low frequency noises. An additional
lowpass filter would be implemented for removing excess noise and smoothing the
signal. For both filters, IIR butterworth is used.

IIR Butterworth function - design and application of filter, and plotting of

responses (magnitude, phase, and frequency)
SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(3) DESIGNING FILTERS

Highpass filter (passband = 3, stopband = 0.5); code for plotting highpass

filtered signal and corresponding frequency response

Lowpass filter (passband = 55, stopband = 100); code for plotting lowpass
filtered signal and corresponding frequency response
SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(3) DESIGNING FILTERS (HIGHPASS)

Magnitude and Phase Response of HighPass Filter

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(3) DESIGNING FILTERS (HIGHPASS)

Frequency Response of HighPass Filter

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(3) DESIGNING FILTERS (LOWPASS)

Magnitude and Phase Response of LowPass Filter

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(3) DESIGNING FILTERS (LOWPASS)

Frequency Response of LowPass Filter

SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(4) SEGMENTING SIGNAL OF INTEREST (BEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE ECG)
The time at which the signal of interest begins and ends are individually noted
using BIOPAC analysis tool which will be used as basis for isolating the necessary
signals.

Identified time of signal of

interest

Saved file of Before Exercise ECG Saved file of After Exercise ECG
SIGNAL PRE-PROCESSING
(4) SEGMENTING SIGNAL OF INTEREST (BEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE ECG)

Code for segmentation, saving file, and plotting results

SIGNAL ANALYSIS
(1) DETECTING R-WAVE AND NUMBER OF PEAKS
The main event considered is the R-wave. R-waves will be detected and the
corresponding number of peaks and its values are calculated. This is to determine as
to which condition (before or after exercise) generates more r-waves in terms of
number.

Function for detecting r-wave peaks

Calculating number of peaks

SIGNAL ANALYSIS
(2) DETERMINING PEAK VALUES AND CALCULATING MEAN OF PEAKS
This is to determine as to which generates greater peak values in terms of
amplitude. The corresponding mean is calculated for an overall comparison.

Formula for accessing and displaying peak values

Formula for finding mean of peak values

SIGNAL ANALYSIS
(3) CALCULATING RR-INTERVALS AND MEAN RR-INTERVAL
RR-intervals is also a considered event to be determined. Similarly, this is
conducted to determine the difference in generation of RR-interval between ECG
reading before and after exercising. The calculation of mean will provided a general
comparison between RR-intervals

Formula for finding RR-intervals

Formula for finding mean of RR-intervals

SIGNAL ANALYSIS
(4) CALCULATING HEART RATE
This is calculated to determine whether exerting in physical activity affects heart
rate or not.

Formula for finding Heart Rate

RESULTS
 APPLICATION OF FILTER
ORIGINAL ECG SIGNAL AND CORRESPONDING FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
 APPLICATION OF FILTER
APPLIED HIGHPASS FILTER AND CORRESPONDING FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
 APPLICATION OF FILTER
APPLIED LOWPASS FILTER AND CORRESPONDING FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
SEGMENTATION OF SIGNAL OF INTEREST
FILTERED ECG BEFORE AND AFTER EXERCISE
R-WAVE PEAK DETECTION PLOTS
R-WAVE PEAK DETECTION OF ECG SIGNAL BEFORE EXERCISE
R-WAVE PEAK DETECTION PLOTS
R-WAVE PEAK DETECTION OF ECG SIGNAL AFTER EXERCISE
 COMPARISON OF RESULTS
NUMBER OF R-WAVE PEAKS HEART RATE
COMPARISON OF RESULTS
PEAK VALUES AND CORRESPONDING MEAN
COMPARISON OF RESULTS
RR-INTERVALS AND CORRESPONDING MEAN
CONCLUSION
 The group in this project observed and compared a subject’s ECG reading
during a relaxed state and after a short strenuous activity (exercise). The
group particularly explored the R-waves and RR-intervals of the subject's
ECG recording or data with the use of BIOPAC and Matlab/Octave software;
filtration, segmentation, and analysis of the signal was done.

As per results the following differences were observed:

 In conclusion, overall it can be said there is a difference between ECG
reading before and after a short strenuous activity. From the table shown
above, the subject's ECG signal’s heart rate and number of r-waves generated
after exercise increases. In terms of RR-interval, the duration of it
decreases upon exposure to short strenuous activity. On the other hand, the
mean of R-wave peaks after exercise shows to have lower amplitude compared
to that from before exercise. This could be due to the presence of multiple
values, to which some have big differences towards the majority of the
given.

Given that the group has successfully achieved the provided objective,
the group has successfully conducted their project.
 What is the possible application of this project?

1. Alert system for the changes in the

subjects/user's ECG signals (R-waves)
2. Monitoring system for the user's BPM and heart
rate.
3. Integrate with systems for heart-related cases
4. R-wave peak detection
5. Calculating the BPM of users
6. Observation of the changes of ECG when the
subject is exposed to varying events
7. Integrated with devices for athletes or
APPLICATION recovering individuals to monitor their status
 The group used the following to complete the project:
This session's lecture, lab guide files, and problem sets.

BME 313 Lectures (1-6):

Biomedical Signals, Biomedical Signal Analysis
Overview, Noise and Filter Concepts, Time-domain
Filters, Frequency Domain, Wiener, and Adaptive
Filters, and lastly Detection of Events

BME 313 LAB, Biopac guide, & Problem Sets:

L05 Introduction and Procedure (ECG), BIOPAC ECG
REFERENCES Guide, and Problem Sets 01-04
 BANAAY, CLARK EMIL E.
Video Presentation: Set-Up & Operator in Data Acquisition
Coding Contributed (Support Role)
PowerPoint Presentation: Lead

CAMBA, JAMES MICHAEL M.

Video Presentation: Lead & Subject in Data Acquisition
Coding: Contributed (Support Role)
PowerPoint Presentation: Contributed Equally

RAMISO, ALLYSA MARIE M.

WORKLOAD Video Presentation: Video Recorder
DISTRIBUTION Coding: Lead
PowerPoint Presentation: Contributed Equally
 END OF PRESENTATION
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RgTlitEiQzfkZYvpC1CjdSpirAzu5-KM/view?usp=sharing