NATIONALISM IN INDIA

* How feeling of Nationalism developed in India ?

The of colonialism shared bond

being oppressed under provided
→
sense a

that tied different together

many groups .

But the colonialism

each class and felt effects of differently
→

group .

→
Their experiences were varied ,
and their notions of freedom were not
the
always same .

•
The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to
forget these
groups
together within one movement .

But the unity did not without conflict

emerge
•
.

*
Changes after World War -

I :

•
The war created a new economic and political situation .

Taxes were increased ,

customs ,
duties were raised and income tax
was introduced .

•
This lead to extreme hardship for common people .

•
Forced recruitment for armies .

Then and
in 9998-99 and 9920-29 , crops failure then famine made
•

the situation worse .

This led to deaths

many
•

People hoped that their hardships would end after the war
was over .

→
At this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a

new made of struggle .

 The Idea of Satyagraha :

→
Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in January 9995 .

There he had successfully fought the racist with novel

regime a
→

method of mass
agitation ,
which he called SATYAGRAHA .

→
Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non - violence could
unite all Indians .

→
After arriving in India ,
Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha
movements at various places .

→
In 9996 , Champaran in Bihar ( for indigo farmers against oppressive
indigo plantation system) .

→ In 9997 ,
Kheda in Gujarat ( demanding the relaxation
of revenue collection due
to
crop failure) .

→
In 9998 ,
Ahmedabad to organise a
Satyagraha movement
amongst cotton
mill workers ( for increase
wages) .

The Act
-

Rowlatt :

•
Emboldened with this success , Gandhiji in 9999 decided to launch a

nationwide
Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act ( 9999) .

•
Gandhi wanted non -
violent civil disobedience against such
unjust laws ,
which

would start with a hartal on 6 April .

Gave the
govt .
enormous
powers
to
repress political activities ,
and
allowed detention of political prisoners
trial
without
for two
years .

•
Rallies were
organised in various cities ,
workers went on strike in

railway workshops .

•
Alarmed by popular upsurge ,
Bettiah decided to
supress the movement .

Local leaders were

picked from Amritsar .

•
Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi .
 93 April Jallianwda Massacre
,
9999 Bagh
Amritsar
On Nth
April the police in
fired peaceful procession
•

a
,
upon ,

provoking widespread attacks on banks .

•
Martial Law was
imposed and General Dyer took command .

•
On Baisakhi , Dyer entered the area ,
blocked the exit points and
fired crowd
upon .

Many people were killed .

Dyer later said that

he wanted to
"
produce a

moral effect to
"
,
create a

feeling of terror
among
Indians .

After Jauianwala Bagh Massacre

Crowds took to the streets .

There
4 were strikes ,
dashes with the police and attacks on
government buildings .

other government responded with brutal repression .

4
Seeking to humiliate and terrorise people
:
Satyagraha were
forced to rub their

nose on the ground ,

crawl on the streets ,
and do tenth ( salute) to all sahibs .

4
Seeing violence spread ,
Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement .

Drawbacks of rowlatt act

→
Limited to cities and towns .

What Mahatma Gandhi learned from Rowlatt Satyagraha :

Mahatma Gandhi launch

.

Kaa to
now
felt the need a more broad -
based
movement .

Kaa He realised that it is important to unite Hindu & Muslim for such a

movement .
 Khilafat Issue :

tithe First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman
Turkey .

t There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was

going to
be imposed on the Ottoman
emperor .

t Ottoman emperor
-

the spiritual head of Islamic world (the Khalifa) .

I To defend the Khalifa 's temporal powers ,

a Khalifah Committee was
March
formed in
Bombay in 9999 .

A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers

Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali , began discussing with
Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united
mass action on the issue .

Gandhiji saw this as an

opportunity to
boring Muslims
under the umbrella of a unified national movement .

Khilafat issue and Swaraj issue together bed to Non Cooperation

Movement .

Why ,
Non -

Cooperation ?
t In his famous book Hindi Swaraj ( 9909) Mahatma Gandhi declared
that British rule was established in India with the cooperation
of Indians ,
and had survived only because of this cooperation .

t
If Indians refused to cooperate British India would
,
rule in
collapse
within and Swaraj would
a
year ,
come .

How could non -

cooperation become a movement ?

t
Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages .

I It should
begin with the surrender of titles that the government
awarded ,
and a boycott of civil services , army , police ,
and foreign goods .

I Then the government used full civil disobedience

,
in case
repression ,
a

campaign would be launched .

 The Non -

Cooperation -

Khilafat Movement began in January 9929 :

The Movement in the Towns :

•
The movement started with middle -

class participation in the cities .

•
Thousands of students left government -
controlled institutes .

•
Headmasters and teachers ,
and lawyers gave up their legal practices .

•
The counsel elections were boycotted in most provinces , excepted Madras .

•
Foreign goods were boycotted , liquor shops picketed and foreign doth burnt
in
huge bonfires .

•
People began wearing Indian clothes , production of Indian textile mills and
handloom went up .

Movement in the cities gradually slowed down :

•
Khadi cloth was
often more expensive people cannot afford it
,
poor .

Students teachers govt

trickling
•
and began back to .

jobs .

•
Lawyers joined back work in government courts .

Rebellion in the Countryside :

In Ramchandra
Awadh peasants led by Baba sanyasi who
•

,
were -
a

had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer .

The here and landlords

movement
against talukdaus
•

was .

RANT Salary of
Demanded reduction of revenue abolition of began ( GIT BINT ,
•

forced labour) .

•
In many places nai -
dhobi bandhs were
organised by panchayats to

deprive landlords of the services .

•
In June 9920 ,
Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the
villages in
Awadh to their
,
talking the villagers ,
and
trying to understand problems .

By October the Oudh Kisan

,
Sabha was set up headed by
Jawaharlal Nehru Baba Ramchandra ,
and a few others .

The movement however , developed forms that Congress

peasant in the
•

leadership was
unhappy with .
•
The houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked and bazaars
were looted .

"

In many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared
that taxes to be and land to be redistributed
no were
paid was .

the poor
among .

•
The name
of the Mahatma was
being invoked to sanction all action
and aspirations .

Movement in tribal areas (Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh) :

→
A militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 9920. .

→
People were
angry on colonial government for banning their entry
in
large forest regions .

→
Their livelihood as well as their traditional rights were effected .

→
People were also sick of doing Began .

Allari Sitaram Raju :

Claimed that he had a

variety of
special powers .

The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God .

He was
inspired by the Non -

Cooperation Movement ,
and
persuaded people
to wear Khadi and
give up drinking .

•
The Gudem rebels attacked police stations .

Attempted to kill British officials and carried on

guerilla warfare for
achieving Swaraj .

Raju capture and executed 9924 and time became

folk
•

was in ,
over a

hero .

Swaraj in the Plantations :

→ Workers too had their own

understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the
notion
of Swaraj .
 Assam
→ For plantation workers in ,
freedom meant the
night to move

freely in and out .

→
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 9859 , plantation workers were not
to leave the tea without
permitted gardens permission .

→
When they heard of the Non -

Cooperation Movement ,
thousands of workers

defied the authorities , left the plantations and headed home .

They believed that Gandhi Raj coming and would be

everyone
→
was

land their
given in own
villages .

→
They ,
however ,
never reached their destination .

Stranded the by a railway and steamer strike , they

on
way were
-

caught by the police and brutally beaten up .

4 At Ghauri Chama in Gorakhpur ,

a
peaceful demonstration in a bazaar
turned into violent dash with the police .

the incident Mahatma Gandhi halt the

-

Hearing of ,
called a to
Non Cooperation
-
Movement .

In February 9922 Mahatma

,
Gandhi decided to withdraw the
Non -

Cooperation Movement .

A tee
felt the movement was
turning violent in
many places .

Within the
Congress ,
some leaders were
by now tired of mass

and
struggles wanted to participate in elections .

4 They felt that it was

important to oppose British policies within
the councils , argue for reform .

C.R Das . and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the

Congress to argue for a return to council politics .

4 But leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra

younger
Bose pressed for more radical mass
agitation and for full independence .

Simon Commission :

Commission was
assigned to
suggest changes into the constitutional
•

India
system in .

•
Did not have a single Indian member .

•
When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 9928 , it
with the
slogan Go
' '
was greeted back Simon .
•

Congress and the Muslim league participated

,
in the protest .

•
In the effort to win them over ,
the viceroy ,
Lord Irwin ,
announced in
October 9929 ,
an offer of dominion status and round table conference .

•
This did not satisfy the Congress leaders .

Lahore session of INC

formalised demand for PURNA SWARAJ .

°
Jawaharlal Nehru headed this and called for celebration of Independence day
on 261in January ,
9930 .

•
But the celebrations attracted very little attention .

The Salt March And The Civil Disobedience :

" Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the
nation .

4 Salt is the basic need

for person
.

4 There tan salt and the monopoly its

was on
government over
production
.

↳ Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven

demands .

4
If the demands were not
fulfilled ,
the Congress would launch a

civil disobedience
campaign .

4 Irwin to
negotiable
was
unwilling .

G Mahatma ttandhi started March accomplished by 78

his
famous salt of his
trusted volunteers .

March started from Gandhi 's ashram in Sabarmati to the

Gujarati coastal town of Dandi .

4 The volunteers walked

for 24 days ,
about 90 miles a
day .

4 On 6 April he reached Dandi and violated salt law by water

boiling salt .

G This Civil Disobedience Movement

marked the
beginning of the .

flow this is different from Non Cooperation -

movement
!
People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation but
also to break colonial laws .
 Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law,

manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt

factories .

As the movement spread -

Foreign cloth were boycotted .

Liquor shops were picketed .

•
Peasants refused to
pay .

•
Revenue and chaukidari taxes .

•
Village officials resigned .

•
In many places forest people
violated forest laws .

Reaction of British Government :

4 The colonial govt .

began arresting the Congress leaders one by

one .

4 This led violent clashes

to in
many places .

↳ Abdul Ghaffar Khan ,

a devoted disciple of Mahatma Gandhi ,
was arrested
in April 9930 .

Violence broke in
Sholapur after Gandhi was arrested .

In such a situation ,
Mahatma Gandhi once
again decided to call off
the movement and entered into a
pact with Irwin on 5th

March 1931 .

Gandhi -

Irwin Pact :

↳ Gandhi agreed to
participate in a round table conference in London .

↳ The govt partial

.

agreed to release the prisoners .

↳ Negotiations broke down in London ,

Gandhi disappointed .

4 Baek in India , Gandhiji discovered that the government had begun a new
cycle of
repression .

Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail .

The Congress had been declared illegal .

↳ A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings and
demonstrations .

Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement .

For over a the movement continued but by 1934 it lost

year , ,

its momentum .

Civil Disobedience Movement :

Started : 6 April ,
1930

Stop : 5 March ,
1931

Restart :
1932

Stop :
1934

flow Participants saw the Movement :

* Rich Peasants :

→
In the countryside ,
rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat
and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh -

were active in the movement .

→ For them the fight for Swaraj was

struggle against high revenues .

* Poor Peasants :

→ In depression they struggled to pay rent .

Scared of rich peasants didn't support of

upsetting campaign
→

,
congress
small
peasants .

The between remained uncertain

relationship the and the
Congress
→

poor peasants .

* Business Class :

During the first World War ,

Indian merchants and industrialists had
made huge profits and become powerful .

During the movement

they
,
gave financial assistance and refereed to buy
on sell imported goods .

→
They see
Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business
would no
longer exist and trade and industry would flourish
without constraints .
* Women Participation :

→
They participated in
large numbers .

→
Some even went to Jail .

→
But , Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look
after home .

The Limits of Civil Disobedience :

•
Dalits and Muslims didn't participate .

Congress had ignored the dalits , for fear of offending the Sanatana ,
the
conservative high -
caste Hindu .

•
But , Gandhiji supported dalits .

Poona Pact -

1932 :

•
Dr . BR Ambedkar.
,
who organised the dalits into the Depressed classes
Association in 1930 .

•
Demanded separate electorates for dalits .

Gandhiji felt that it will

disintegrate India he ,
sat for fast unto
death .

Compromise happened between two , Gandhiji promised for reserved seats

in Independent India .

→
Congress came to be more
visibly associate with openly Hindu religious
nationalist like the Hindu Mahasabha
groups .

Thus
→
muslims were not able to connect themselves with
Congress .

The Sense of Collective Belonging :

This of collective belonging partly through the experience

→
sense came

of united
struggles .

Songs Popular
,
Paints and
symbol played a
part in
making of nationalism .

People started
collecting folk tales from villages they ,
believed ,
gave a true
picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and
damaged by outside

forces .

It 2.Oth with the the of India

→
was in century , grow of nationalism , that
identity
to be
of Bharat Mata
came
visually associated with the image .
Pouring the Swadeshi movement in Bengal , a tricolor flag ( red ,
green ,

yellow) was
designed .

4 It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India ,

and
a crescent mo④n , representing Hindus and Muslims .

4
By 1921 , Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag .

-
It was
again a tricolour ( red , white and green ) and had a

Gandhian ideal
spinning wheel in the centre ,
representing the of
self -

help .

4 In the 18705 Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote

'
Vande Mataram
'

as a
hymn to the motherland .

4 Later it included in his novel Anandamath and

widely
was
sung
the Swadeshi Bengal
during movement in .

-
These efforts to
unify people were not without problems .

When the
past being glorified was Hindu when the
images
-

drawn from Hindu

celebrated were
iconography ,
then people of
other communities felt left out .