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Solution Manual For Probability, Statistics, and Random Processes For Engineers, 4/E 4th Edition Henry Stark, John Woods
Solution Manual For Probability, Statistics, and Random Processes For Engineers, 4/E 4th Edition Henry Stark, John Woods
4. The experiment involves flipping a fair coin 3 times. The outcome of each coin toss is either
a head or a tail. Therefore, the sample space of the combined experiment that contains all
the possible outcomes of the 3 tosses, is given by
Ω={
}
Since all the coins are fair, all the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely. The proba-
bility of each singleton event, i.e. an event with a single outcome, is then 81 . We are interested
in finding the probability of the event , which is the event of obtaining 2 heads and 1 tail.
There are 3 favorable outcomes for this event given by = { }. Therefore,
[ ] = [{ }∪{ }∪{ }] = [ ]+ [ ]+ [ 3
8] = . Note
that we are able to write the probability of the event as the sum of probability of the
singleton
events (from Axiom 3) because the singlteon events of any experiment are mutually exclusive.
Why?
5. The experiment contains drawing two balls (with replacement) from an urn containing balls
numbered 1, 2, and 3. The sample space of the experiment is given by
Ω = {11 12 13 21 22 23 31
32 33}
The event of drawing a ball twice is said to occur when one of the outcomes 11, 22, or 33
occurs. Therefore, the event of drawing 2 equal balls , is given by = {11 22 33} and
[ ] = [{11}]+ [{22}]+ [{33}] Since the balls are drawn at random, it can assumed that
drawing each ball is equally likely. Therefore, the singleton events, or equivalently outcomes
of the experiment, are equally likely. Hence, [ ] = 3( 91 ) = 31 .
6. Let 1 2 6 represent the six balls. Each outcome will be represented by the
two balls that were drawn. In the first experiment, the balls are drawn without replacement;
hence, the two balls drawn cannot have the same index. Then the sample space containing
all the outcomes is given by
Ω1 = { 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
2 1 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6
3 1 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6
4 1 4 2 4 3 4 5 4 6
5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 6
6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5}
Ω1 = { ( ) |1 ≤ ≤6 1≤ ≤
6 = }
If the first ball is replaced before the second draw, then in addition to the outcomes in the
earlier part, there are outcomes where both the two balls drawn are the same. The sample
space for the new experiment is given by
Ω2 = Ω1 ∪ { 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
5 5 6 6}
4 4
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