OPPORTUNITIES
Access to services (health + education)
 1000 primary + secondary schools + a
world reowned university + other
important research and education
institutions
 TMT literacy rates are high (89.7%),
even in slums predicted to be over 69%
 Even poor has access to basic health
services that they wouldn’t have in
rural areas
Access to resources (water supply + energy)
 Some remote parts of india have no
electricity so living in central mumbai
allows ppl to live with benefits such as
energy + electrivity (however often set
up hazardly + poses health risks)
 Dharavi slum water pipes provide clean
water, open for 2 hours a day from 5am
(however queues can be very long as
shared among many ppl) - still
opportunity as in rural areas women
have to walk long distances to their
nearest well to collect water
 TMT access to clean water prevents
transmission of parasites + cholera
How industrial areas can be a stimulus for
economic development
 TIB more employment opportunities,
TMT more ppl can earn money
contributing to economic growth
 Products produced from factories
(producing electronic items, jewelry,
textiles) can be sold globally or
internationally making a profit
 Mumbai 10% of all factory employment
+ 40% of all foreign trade in India
 Leads to income being higher + more
reliable than in rural areas
CHALLENGES
Growth of slums and squatter settlements
 42% of cities inhabitatants live in slums
 Housing construction cant keep up with
mumbai’s population growth,
increasing housing prices + making
them too costly for ppl
 Housing in slums often flimsy wooden
huts – built illegaly, ppl face eviction if
slums are demolished to clean up the
city
Access clean water, sanitation systems and
energy
Clean water - Water pipes often run close to
sewage lines, TIB space in slums is limited, TMT
leakages occur leading to water contamination
+ spread of water bourne diseases ,650 million
litres of water lost everyday due to old leaking
pipes, Slum dwellers spend up to 20% of their
income on water
Sanitation systems – on average 1 toilet to 1450
ppl, waste often goes straight into local water
soucres contaminating the water
Energy -
Providing access to services (health +
education)
 Growing demand for health +
education especially in slums
 TIB poor environmental conditions in
slums lead to risk of disease is higher,
increasing pressure on health services
 Even though demand for education is
high, drop-out rates also high. TIB many
youngsters unable to finish their
education as they have to find a job to
earn money to provide for their family,
which leads to increase in unskilled
workers
 TMT declining standards in public
institutions
Reducing unemployment + crime
 Growing demand for skilled labour TMT
opportunities for unskilled workers
(taxi drivers, street sellers) increasingly
limited + wages very low
 TMT undermeployment increasing as
ppl are getting payed less than they
 should for their job, with poor working
standards
 Underemployment and unemployment
lead to crime rates increasing
 TIB urbanisation so rapid that economic
growth hasn’t been fast enough to
create sufficient jobs for the available
workforce
 TMT crime rates increase as ppl turn to
illegal activites in order to survive
 Nearly 1/3 population been victims of
crime
 22.9% citizens exposed to bribery

Managing environmental issues (water

disposal, air pollution, traffic congestion)
Traffic congestion – many workers face 2 hour
commutes to work, limited public transport +
poor links to the city centre worsen this
problem, severe congestion leads to further air
pollution
 Dharavi – children play among sewage
waste (7,000 metric tones produced
per day) causing doctors to deal with
4000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria a
day
 Rubbish left in streets attracts vermin
(rats, flies)
 Poisonous liquids may leak and
contaminate ground water supplies