INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL

(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 1 – Introduction to Construction Estimates

Overview:
Quantity Surveying is a schedule of quantities of all the items of work in a building. It
provides clients of the construction industry with financial, contractual and technical advice
ensuring they get value for money from the buildings they construct. It
‘How much will it cost?’ is often the key question on any building project, and it’s so
important to build up vital core knowledge that you can apply to your work. Quantity surveyors
are essential to any construction project getting off the ground. They measure and estimate
building costs and keep the whole project on budget.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Understand and learn what is estimate and its purpose in construction.
2. Identify different types of Estimates and its purpose
3. Identify different cost estimating methods and how it is used.
4. Explain what specification is and why it is important in estimates.

Course materials:
ESTIMATE
An estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process of calculating the
quantities and cost of various items required in connection with the work.
It is prepared by calculation the quantities from the dimensions on the drawings for the
various items required to complete the project and multiplied by unit cost of the item
concerned.
To prepare an estimate, drawing consisting of the plan, elevation and the sections through
important points, along with a detailed specification giving specific description of
workmanship, properties and proportion of materials are required.
Below shows an example of architectural plan consisting of floor plans, elevation and
sections.
PURPOSE OF ESTIMATE
Following are the main purposes of estimate:
1. To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the
proposed work. For public construction work, estimates are required in order to obtain
administrative approval, allotment of funds and technical sanction.
2. To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to program their timely
procurement. To procure controlled materials, if any, like cement, steel, etc.
3. To calculate the numbers of different categories of workers those are to be employed
to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion.
4. To assess the requirement of tools, plants and equipment required to complete the
work according to the program.
5. To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved in the estimate.
6. To draw up a construction schedule and program and also to arrange the funds
required according to the program.
7. To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.
8. An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation.

ESTIMATE COMPOSITION

1. Quantity
The measurement of something by stating how much of it there is. It is shown as a
figure and a unit of measurement behind it. Unit of measurement could be in terms of
area (m2 or sq.m.), length (m), volume (cu.m.) , weight (kg.), etc.

Example:

quantity
unit of measurement

800 M

2. Rate
A fixed charge, payment or value. Rate is the cost built up of material cost, wastages,
labor cost, plant/equipment cost and profit and overhead.
3. Cost - An estimate how much money will be needed or price to be charged for something.

Amount
Quantity x Rate = (Cost)
TYPES OF ESTIMATES

1. Detailed Estimates – this includes the detailed particulars for the quantities, rates and
costs of all the items involved for satisfactory completion of project. Quantities of all
items of work are calculated from their respective dimensions on the drawings.
Multiplying these quantities by their respective rates in a separate sheet, the cost of all
items are worked out individually and summarized. All other expenses required for
satisfactory completion of the work are added to above cost.

2. Approximate Estimate – this is made to find out an approximate cost in a short time
and thus enable the responsible authority concerned to consider the financial aspect
of the scheme for according sanction to the same. During preparation of the estimate
detailed surveying, design, drawings, etc are not required. This estimate is prepared
after preliminary investigation and preliminary surveying. Rates are determined either
from practical knowledge or from records for similar works.
 a. Unit method – in this method all cost of a unit quantity such as per km for a highway,
per meter of span fro a bridge, per classroom for school building, per bed for hospital,
per liter for water tank, etc are considered first and the estimate is prepared by
multiplying the cost per corresponding unit by the number of units in the structure.

b. Superficial or Square method is a type of approximate estimates wherein plinth area

of a building shall be determined first. Estimate of building is worked out and multiplied
by the area of the building with area rate of the locality for similar buildings constructed
recently.
3. Revised Estimate – it is a detailed estimate for the revised quantities and rates of
items of work originally provided in the estimate with out material deviations of a
structural nature from the design originally approved for the project. It is prepared and
submitted for fresh technical sanction.

4. Supplementary Estimate – while work is in progress, some changes or additional

works due to material deviation of a structural nature from the design originally
approved may be thought necessary for the development of a project.

5. Maintenance or Repair Estimate - after completion of a work it is necessary to

maintain the same for its proper function and for the same as estimate is prepared for
the items which require renewal, replacement, repairs, etc.
SPECIFICATION

Specification is defined as a short or detail description of different parts of the work specifying
materials, proportions, quantities, etc.
Specification specifies the nature and the class of the work, materials to be used in the work,
workmanship etc is very important for the execution of the work. The cost of a work depends
much on specification.

Two types of Specifications:

1. General or Brief Specification

General Specifications are also known as Brief Specifications. They are used to show
aspect, standard, and type of constructional work. They would depict the general
classifications of the constructional work of the project. These specifications are used
to establish the standards of the constructional work that will help in establishing
Detailed Estimate.

2. Detailed Specification

Detailed Specifications depict characteristics, quantity, ratio, and formation method of

the material used in construction work in the detailed description.

Each component of the constructional work is detailed separately with the help of
Detailed Specifications. Therefore, all aspects establishing standards and quality of
the constructional work are disclosed. Hence, it will assist in Detailed Estimate.

Detailed Specifications of the items employed in ordinary projects are printed that are
used for contracts.

These specifications are called Standard Specifications.

END OF MODULE 1

Activities/assessments:
 Your term project is to Estimate a 2 Storey Residential Building with a minimum floor
area of 100sq.m. Find a plan that have complete set of drawings for Structural,
Architectural, plumbing and Electrical Works.
 Familiarize yourselves with the construction plans and specifications. Understanding
the scope of the project.
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 2 – Bill of Quantities and Quantity Take-off

Site works

Overview:
When you are working on a construction project from design to completion, it is
important to have an accurate assessment of the work to be done, how much is being done,
rate of the work to be done and the total value of the work to be done. You will get all these
information in a bill of quantities. A bill of quantities (BOQ) lists the total materials required to
complete a construction projects.
BOQ is very much important for the commercial management purposes. It should be
understood by every construction professional to deliver a quality and expected product to
client. In other words to provide value for money.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Understand and learn what is bill of quantities and quantity take-off and its
importance.
2. Identify different Divisions in a Bill of Quantities.
3. Identify and estimates general requirements in building construction
4. Identify items in siteworks and how to estimate them

Course materials:
BILL of Quantities (BOQ)
Bill of Quantities (BOQ) is the term which brings attention of every construction professionals
and stakeholders. It is defined as a list of brief descriptions and estimated quantities. It is one
of the communication tool which connects the parties (Client, consultant & contractor) of
construction project. BOQ is a schedule which categories, details and quantifies the materials
and other cost items to be used in construction project. It is important to know that, direct costs
& indirect costs are to be considered for complete cost of the project which are covered in
different parts of the BOQ.
The quantities in BOQ is defined as estimated because they are subject to admeasurement
and are not expected to be totally accurate due to the unknown factors which occur in civil
engineering work.
The objective of preparing the Bill of Quantities is to assist estimators to produce an accurate
tender efficiently and to assist the post-contract administration to be carried out in an efficient
and cost-effective manner. It should be noted that the quality of the drawings plays a major
part in achieving these aims by enabling the estimator to produce an accurate bill and also by
allowing the estimator to make sound engineering judgments on methods of working.
Generally BOQ is in tabular form which contents description, unit, quantity, rate & amount in
different columns. Figure 1 shows a sample of a BOQ.

Figure 1

Item Description column provides a brief explanation of what to be done. For example, in the
first item in Site works, Demolition Works, meaning existing structures should be removed first
prior to other works. Specification & drawings are other two important items to be analyzed in
detail for clear understanding.

IMPORTANCE OF BOQ

BOQ shall be used in every phase (pre-contract & post-contract) of the project but need of
BOQ differs based on different contract agreements & project. The major usages are listed
below.

1. It provides basic idea of the project by giving the quantities to tenderers.

 2. It defines the extent of the work. (But it should be identified in line with drawings &
specification as well).
3. It gives estimated or anticipated contract sum. (very important to client)
4. It provides a basis for valuation of variation. (Variation is to be discussed in detail).

BOQ Work Groups

1. Civil Works
a. Structural Works such as Siteworks (clearing and grubbing, levelling, excavation,
backfilling, etc. ; Concreting Works (concrete, formworks, reinforcements);
b. Architectural works such as Masonry Works, plastering, flooring, water proofing,
etc.
2. Sanitary works which includes Water Feeding systems; Internal and External plumbing
works; Finishes of plumbing works, etc.
3. Electrical Works which includes Electrical Cables; Wiring; Accessories; Internal
Connections; etc.
4. Mechanical Works which includes Air Conditioning Systems; Elevators; etc.
5. Fire Protection Works which includes Fire Alarm System; Sprinklers; etc.

MAJOR PARTS of BOQ

1. General Requirements or Preliminaries

In construction industry, preliminaries is known as the indirect cost for execution of

project but these are the costs which is very much vital for the construction activities.
The reason for these cost mentioned separately is it is very difficult to distribute these
cost amongst with measured works. The examples for preliminaries listed below.

a. Charges for performance bond, advance payment guarantee & Workmen

compensation
b. Maintenance of the site clean
c. Requirement of site office, site stores & staff accommodation.
d. Cost towards the project management staff (QS, Project Manager, Engineering
professionals)
e. Charges for drawings & safety

From the above mentioned examples, it can be understood these costs cannot be
distributed to work item but without these expenses there will be no project.

2. Measured Works

It is the actual or estimated work will be carried out to complete the project. The works
have been measured in different units. They are liner meter, square meter, cubic
meter, number, item & etc. Value of measured works will be calculated by multiplication
of quantities and rate.
 3. PROVISIONAL SUMS

It is the sum which is allocated for the undersigned works at the tender time. It will be
adjusted after the execution of the project.

QUANTITY TAKE-OFF

The quantity “take-off” is an important part of the cost estimate. It must be as accurate as
possible and should be based on all available engineering and design data. Use of
appropriate automation tools is highly recommended. Accuracy and completeness are
critical factors in all cost estimates. An accurate and complete estimate establishes
accountability and credibility of the cost engineer, therefore, providing greater confidence in
the cost estimate. The estimate contingencies for programming purposes reflect the estimate
confidence.

Importance of Quantity Take-off and Required Documents

The quantity of material in a project can be accurately determined from the drawings. The
estimator must review each sheet of the drawings, calculate the quantity of material and
record the amount and unit of measure. Each estimator must develop a system of quantity
take-off that ensures that a quantity is not omitted or calculated twice. A well-organized check
list of work will help reduce the chances of omitting an item. The estimator must, also, add
an appropriate percentage for waste for those items where waste is likely to occur during
construction. The material quantity take-off is extremely important for cost estimating
because it often establishes the quantity and unit of measure for the costs of labor and
contractor’s equipment.

Quantity take-off: Why?

Owner perspective:
- Initial (preliminary) estimate of the project costs at the different stages of the project.
- Preparing the BOQ as a requirement of the contract documents.
- Estimating the work done for issuing the contractor payments.

Contractor perspective:
- Pricing different work items.
- Identifying the needed resources (Labor, Equipment, etc.).
- Project schedule.
- Preparing invoices for work done.
- Subcontractors’ payments.
- Review and control of crews’ production rates.
Table 1A and 1B shows a sample of a Quantity Take-off for Architectural and structural works.

Table 1A

Table 1B

SITEWORKS
To construct excellent project, the condition of the project site including subsurface and
surface condition must be investigated and assessed thoroughly.
Site works is the trimming of lot and building area to formation levels including all necessary
cutting, filling and compaction as required. It is a part of a construction project that is not part
of a building house’s physical structures.
This usually includes demolition, clearing and grubbing, batterboard installation and layouting,
soil poisoning, excavation, disposal and backfilling and compaction.
Items Involved in Site Works
1. Clearing and Grubbing (sq.m.) - Removal of trees, shrubs, stumps and rubbish from
a site.

2. Batterboard and Layouting (sq.m.) - Marking the location of proposed new

structures.
3. Soil Poisoning - Also known as subterranean termite control. It is the first steps in the
building process prior to the laying of your foundations and one of the most crucial
factors to consider when building a new structure.

4. Excavation (cu.m.) - the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and
underground. It involves multiplying the thickness of the strata to be excavated by the
surficial area of the strata.

If different types of material will be encountered in the excavations, each type of

material shall be described and measured separately.
5. Backfilling and Compaction (cu.m.) - happens after excavation, when the soil is
compacted back into the trench or foundation.
Unit of measurement is cubic meter (volume)
Backfilling = Excavation – volume of all works inside the excavated pit (footings, smells,
column necks, brickwork, etc.) + amount above GL (or – amount below GL) a

6. Disposal - Disposal of Excess material

- Unit of measurement is cubic meter (volume)
- Disposal = Excavation – Backfilling
Example:

Consider the plan below. Provide quantity take-off for all items of work for SiteWorks
SOLUTION:

a. Clearing and Grubbing = 12 x 10 = 120 sq.m.

b. Batterboard Installation = 12(2) + 10(2) = 44 l.m.
c. Soil poisoning = 12 x 10 = 120 sq.m.
For Excavation, Backfilling and Disposal
END OF MODULE 2
Activities/assessments:
1. Base on the given plan below. Estimate the ff: Excavation, Backfilling and
Compaction
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 2 – CONCRETING WORKS Part 1

Estimating Concrete and Formworks

Overview:
Concrete work in a project usually holds the maximum weightage in terms of overall
cost and work quantity. It therefore becomes an important step to calculate the concrete
related costs while preparing a project estimate. The cost of concrete depends upon the cost
of materials, mix design, workforce, and machinery.
Estimating the cost of new concrete involves much more than the price of concrete per
cubic meter. There are many variables to consider, such as surface prep, formwork,
reinforcing materials, and finish work, plus the cost of the ready-mix concrete, that will add up
to the total price of the job. Costs for specific items will vary from location to location or from
site to site, but you can get a rough estimate using some averaged amounts.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Understand and learn what the considerations in estimating concrete and formworks
are.
2. Prepare a quantity take off of concrete, and form work

Course materials:
The concrete for a project may be either ready mixed or mixed on the job. Most of the
concrete used on commercial and residential work is ready mixed and delivered to the job by
the ready-mix company. For mixed on the job proportioning of concrete mixture is done in two
different ways: by volume or by weight method. The most common and convenient way is by
volume method using empty plastic bag of cement, or by using a box for sand and gravel.
Types of Concrete Structure

(1) (2)
1. Plain Concrete – artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates and water
(see figure 1).

2. Plain Concrete – artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates and water
(see figure 2).

Proportions of Concrete
Varying the amount of cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water in a given volume of
concrete results in different strenghts of the mixture. The quality of concrete to be used in a
given project is specified in different ways such as: by its water-cement ratio; weight of a given
volume; compressive strength after 28days and by the fixed proportion of cement, sand and
gravel, by volume, contained in the concrete mixture.

Table 1
 Table 2

Table 1 and 2 shows the different class of concrete mixture with its corresponding mix
proportions. Note that the volume of sand and gravel for all classes of mixture is constant 0.50
and 1.0 cubic meter respectively.

ESTIMATING CONCRETE
Concrete is estimated by the cubic meter. Concrete quantities are measured in cubic meters
as it is the pricing unit of a ready-mix companies and even mix on the job volume is the needed
quantity for the concrete.
Procedures using formula based on the volume and class of concrete mixture to be used:
1. Compute the volume of the concrete member in cu.m., based from the plans and
detailed drawings of the project. Add allowance for wastage if necessary especially on
members with no forms (e.g. footing).
2. Ascertain the “class” or concrete mixture used for each concrete part being estimated.
This information can be found in the project’s specifications or indicated in the working
drawings/plans.
3. Substituting the estimated total concrete volume under the appropriate class of
concretes shown on table above, multiply it by the factors indicated to get the estimated
quantities of cement, sand and gravel required.
Sample Problem:
1. On Foundation (substructure)
Estimate the quantity of cement, sand and gravel for the column footing and wall
footing based on the foundation plan shown below using Class A concrete mixture.
SOLUTION:

Let A = area
B = Volume of Cement
C = Total Concrete Volume

A = Width x Depth
B = A x thickness
C = B x quantity
 Therefore base on table 2 for Class A concrete mix:

Footing:

Cement (bags) = 7.43 x 9 = 66.87 ; say 67 bags

Sand (cu.m.) = 7.43 x 0.5 = 3.72 ; say 4 cu.m.
Gravel (cu.m.) = 7.43 x 1 = 7.43 ; say 7.5 cu.m.

Wall Footing:

Cement (bags) = 2.69 x 9 = 24.21 ; say 25 bags

Sand (cu.m.) = 2.69 x 0.5 = 1.35 ; say 1.50 cu.m.
Gravel (cu.m.) = 2.69 x 1 = 2.69 ; say 3 cu.m.

2. Estimate the quantity of cement , sand and gravel for the concrete slab on fill of
the foundation plan shown in example 1, using Class B concrete mixture.

Solution:
Note: in computation of slab on fill you may neglect the columns and consider only
inside dimensions, excluding thickness of the wall which is usually 150mm thick unless
otherwise stated in the specification.
Area 1 = 34.29
Area 2 = 28.32
Area 3 = 31.56
94.17 sq.m.

Therefore:

Gravel Fill = 94.17 x 0.075 = 7.06 cu.m.

Cement = 94.17 x 7.5 = 706.28 ; say 707 bags

Sand = 94.17 x 0.5 = 47.09 ; say 47.50 cu.m.
Gravel = 94.17 x 1 = 94.17 ; say 94.50 cu.m.
In BOQ format

FORMWORKS

The formwork operations involve a number of activities including fabricating and erecting the
forms, stripping, moving, and cleaning and oiling the forms for reuse. All of these activities and
the materials involved are allowed for in the pricing of the forms. The estimator measures the
surface area of the concrete that comes into contact with the forms; this is known as the
contact area. Because only the area of formwork is measured, the estimator does not have to
be concerned about the design of the forms at the time of the takeoff. All that need to be
established is which surfaces of the concrete require forms.

Estimating Formworks

1. Formwork shall be measured in square meter of contact area; that is, the actual
surface of formwork that is in contact with the concrete. In some cases, like in small
construction materials required to construct a formworks is being take-off rather
than the area.
2. Formwork is classified in the same categories as those listed for concrete. As an
illustration, consider a project with concrete footings, walls and columns, forms to
footings; forms to walls and forms to columns would each be described and
measured separately.
 There are, however, a number of factors which may have no effect on the price
of the concreting operations but do affect the price of formwork and, therefore,
should be noted. For example, the volume of concrete in all walls, whether they
are straight or curved, will have the same price but the price of forms to curved
walls will differ from the price of straight walls, so the forms to curved surfaces must
be kept separate.

Plywood as a construction Form

Plywood is a versatile construction material used as wall partitions, cabinets, and furniture. It
is also utilized in boat building as well as forms for reinforced concrete constructions.

Plywood is manufactured in various thickness ranging from 4; 6; 12; 20 and 25 mm with a

standard commercial sizes of .90 x 1.80 and 1.20 x 2.40 meters.

Formula in finding the Materials for Square and Rectangular Form

In determining the materials for square and rectangular form, as stated above measured
square meter of the contact area is required and based on the area cost was generated.
However, if specific material is desired, e.g. plywood, refer to the formula and table below.

For Column:

P = 2 ( a + b ) + 0.20

Where:
P = lateral perimeter of the column
a = shorter side of the column
b = the longer side of the column
0.20 = constant value for the lapping of form joints

Steps:
1. Multiply P by the height of one column times the number of columns to get the total
area of columns.
2. Divide the total area found by 2.88 to get the number of plywood forms.
3. For Frame/Studs (bd.ft.), Multiply the number of plywood found (see table) to get the
board foot of frame required.
For Girders and Beams:
P = 2 ( d ) + b + 0.10

Where:
P = perimeter of two sides form
d = the two sides form
b = the bottom form
0.10 = constant value for the lapping of form

Steps:
1. Multiply P by the length and number of beams to get the total area of forms.
2. Divide the total area found by 2.88 to get the number of plywood forms
3. Multiply the number of plywood found by (see table) to get the board foot of frame
required.

Example:
Base on foundation plan in example above, compute for the required formworks. See elevation
plan below. Use 6mm thk marine plywood on a 2” x 2” wood frame.
Solution:

Let A = perimeter
B = Surface Area of 1 Column
C = Total Formworks

A = (Width + Depth) x 2
B = A x Height
C = B x quantity

Plywood needed for forms = 80.30 / 2.88 = 27.88; say 28 pcs

Board Foot of Frame/Studs = 28 x 20.33 = 569.24; say 567 bd.ft.

END OF MODULE 3
Activities/assessments:
1. Base on the given plan below. Estimate the quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel and
Formworks needed for Columns and Beams and suspended Slab. Use Class A
concrete mix and assume 100mm thk for suspended slab (slab at second floor).
Schedule of Column
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 4 – CONCRETING WORKS Part 2

Reinforcements

Overview:
Steel reinforcing bars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry members
primarily to prevent cracking when tension, compression and other forces or loads exceeding
the strength of the latter without steel reinforcements are applied.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Understand and learn what the considerations in estimating reinforcing steel bars
are.
2. Prepare a quantity take off of reinforcing steel bars for different structural elements.

Course materials:
The design of concrete assumes that the concrete and steel reinforcement acts together in
resisting load and likewise to be in the state of simultaneous deformation. Otherwise, the steel
bars might slip from the concrete in the absence of sufficient bond due to excessive load.
Steel is the most widely used reinforcing materials for almost all types of concrete construction.
It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression stresses.
Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger than concrete in resisting compression load and
hundred times stronger in tensile stresses.
Round bars are the ones popularly employed in reinforced concrete construction. They maybe
plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface to provide increased bond
between concrete and steel to prevent slippage.
The reinforcing used in concrete may be reinforcing bars, welded wire mesh (WWF), or a
combination of the two. Reinforcing bars are listed (noted) by the bar number, which
corresponds to the bar diameter.
Reinforcing bars are taken off by linear meter. The takeoff sheet should be set up to include
the number of the bars, pieces, lengths, and bends. Because reinforcing bars are usually
priced by weight and therefore the weight of reinforcing required must be calculated. Bars
purchased at smaller local warehouses are generally bought in 6-meter lengths and cut and
bent in the field. Bar Commercial Lengths are 6m, 7.5m, 9m, 10.5m and 12m respectively.
In many instances, ends of bars would be bent or terminate in hooks. Allowance for splicing
(lapping) the bars must also be included (lap splicing costs may range from 5 to15 percent,
depending on the size of the bar and yield strength of steel used). Waste may range from less
than 1 percent for pre-cut and preformed bars to 10 percent when the bars are cut and bent
on the job site.
 STEEL BAR DESIGNATIONS AND THEIR EQUIVALENT DIAMETERS

SPLICE REQUIREMENTS

Corrugated steel subfloor systems are also used for reinforcing concrete. When corrugated
steel floor deck material is used as reinforcing for the concrete, it also acts as a form for the
concrete that is to be poured on top of it. The system may simply be corrugated deck with
concrete or may be as elaborate as supplying in-floor distribution of electricity, hot air, and
telephone requirements. The more elaborate the system, the more coordination that is
required between the trades.
Steel deck subfloors are taken off by the square meter required. Available in a variety of
heights and widths, the type used will depend on the span and loading requirements of the
job. Finishes include galvanized, galvanized with primer on the underside, and phosphate
treated on upper surfaces with primer on the underside.
Wire mesh is sometimes specified for use as temperature steel, in conjunction with the steel
decking. The estimator must include it in the takeoff when it is required.
Sample Problem:

1. Estimate the weight of the reinforcement for the column footing based on the
foundation plan shown below.
SOLUTION:

Let A = Cutting Length

B = weight per footing
C = Total weight(kg) of rebar

A = (width or Depth) – 2 x concrete cover

B = A x weight x No. of rebars per footing
C = B x no. of footing

Note: if Number (pcs) of commercial length of rebars is required simply

Cutting Length x No. of Rebar per Footing x No. of Footing

Commercial length required

2. Estimate the weight of rebars for the given column. See plan foundation plan
in example 1.
SOLUTION:

Vertical Bars

Column Ties

For Vertical Bars

1. For anchorage/Splicing and weight of rebar. Please see table for splice requirements.
Based on the diameter of rebar chose anchorage length.
2. Cutting length is just simply the height per floor. See elevation plan.
3. Diameter and No of main bars from column schedule.
4. Total weight (kgs) = cut length x no. of main bars x no. of typical column x weight per
rebar
For Column Ties

1. Unsupported Height per level = Height of Column – Beam Depth

2. For Standard Hook please see table for splicing requirements
3. Cut length of ties = ((L – (2 x concrete cover ))+(W – (2 Concrete Cover))) x 2 + (2 x
standard hook)
 4. For Tied Distance Covered please refer to specifications.

5. For tied spacing please refer to column schedule specified by the structural engineer.
6. No of Ties = (Tied Distance covered / Ties Spacing) + 1

7. Total No of Ties is just the summation from the column of No. of Ties
8. Total Weight = Total No. of Ties x No. of typical column x weight of rebar
END OF MODULE 4
Activities/assessments:
1. Base on the given plan below. Estimate the weight of reinforcement for Beams and
suspended Slab.

You can make your own takeoff sheet or pattern on the above example. Note that different
estimator have their own different worksheet.
Schedule of Column
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 5 – MASONRY WORKS

Overview:
The term masonry encompasses all the materials used by masons in a project, such
as block, brick, clay, tile, or stone. The mason is also responsible for the installation of lintels,
flashing, metal wall reinforcing, weep holes, precast concrete, stone sills and coping, and
manhole and catch basin block.
The tremendous amount of varied material available requires that estimators be certain
they are bidding exactly what is required. Read the specifications, check the drawings, and
call local suppliers to determine the exact availability, costs, and special requirements of the
units needed.
Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Measure masonry items from drawings and specifications.
2. Prepare a quantity take off of masonry works

Course materials:
Concrete hollow blocks are manufacture in a variety of sizes, shapes, textures and strengths
for various needs and convenience in masonry construction. They may be load bearing or
non-load bearing, plain or with decorative pattern or perforations to add beauty to their exterior
faces without further treatment or additional surface finishes.
Among all concrete block units, the stretcher concrete hollow blocks are the most widely used
as non-load bearing partitions, load bearing walls, retaining walls for buildings and other
structures, and for fences. Stretcher hollow blocks are manufactures in three- and two-core
units. They are produced in 100mm (4”), 150mm (6”) and 200mm (8”) thickness.
Materials needed for a certain Masonry Works
1. Concrete hollow blocks
2. Cement and sand for block laying
3. Cement, sand and gravel filler for hollow core or cell
4. Cement and fine sand for plastering
5. Cement sand and gravel for foundation or footing
6. Reinforcing steel bars
7. Tie wires

Methods of Estimating CHB

1. Direct Counting Method

Under this method, the vertical and horizontal reinforcements are counted individually
in the plan. The length is also determined from the elevation. The hook, bend and
lapping splices are imaginably calculated and added to its length.

2. Area Method

Given the dimension of CHB it appears that in one square meter area requires 12.5
pieces CHB. Some used 13 pieces per square meter. Whichever of the two is
acceptable.

So, the quantity of a 200mmx400mm concrete blocks needed for a given area of wall in
square meter (excluding all openings), could be obtained with this simple formula:

Net CHB area x (12.5 or 13) = No of Concrete Hollow Blocks

In computing the steel bar reinforcement for CHB refer to Table below.

The common size of steel bar reinforcement specified for concrete hollow block work is
either; 10 mm, 12 mm or 16 mm . diameter depending upon the plan and specifications.
For this particular size of reinforcement, a 25 to 40 centimeters long tie wire folded at the
center is satisfactory.
After knowing the number of blocks needed for a particular masonry works, the next step is
to find cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand and water. It is used as
a bonding materials in installing masonry blocks and other various plastering work. Table
below shows values/factors that could be used in computing the mortar per area.

Aside from the cement mortar, plastering is another item to consider. Table below shows
values/factors that could be used in computing the materials needed for plastering per area
of the wall to be finished.
Sample Problem:

A concrete hollow block (10x20x40cm) wall has a general dimension of 3.00 meters high by
4.00 meters long. Estimate the concrete hollow blocks, mortar , plastering and reinforcements
needed if:
1. Wall has an opening of 0.6m x 0.6m.
2. Vertical reinforcement at 80cm O.C.
3. Horizontal reinforcement at every 3 layers.
4. Use Class B mortar and Class B mixture for plastering.
5. Assume 12mm thick of mortar per layer
6. 12mm thick for plastering

Note: solutions are all based on the table given above.

SOLUTION:

Net Area of the wall = Area of the wall – area of opening

= (3x4) – (0.6x0.6)
= 12 – 0.36
= 11.64 sq.m.

a. No of CHB = 11.64 x 13
= 151.32 say 152 pcs

b. Mortar: along 10x20x40CHB under class B mixture

Cement = 11.64 x 0.522

= 6.08 bags

Sand = 11.64 x 0.0435

= 0.50 cu.m.

c. Plastering
Area of the two sides of the wall = 11.64 x 2
= 23.28 sq.m.

Cement = 23.28 x 0.192

= 4.47 say 5 bags

Sand = 23.28 x 0.016

= 0.37 cu.m.

d. Reinforcement
For vertical reinforcement spaced at 80 cm = 11.64 x 1.60
= 18.62 m

For horizontal bars at every 3 layers = 11.64 x 2.15

= 25.03 m
Therefore total reinforcement = 18.62 + 25.03 = 43.65m
For reinforcement if commercial length is required = 43.65/6 = 7.27 say 8pcs x 6m long

e. Tie wire = 11.64 x 0.024 = 0.28kgs # 16-GI Tie wire

END OF MODULE 5

Activities/assessments:
1. Base on the given plan below. Estimate the materials needed for external masonry works
only. Assume wall height to be 3.0 m openings at:
a. common area Doors(0.9x2.1), windows (1.2x1.2)
b. t&b windows (0.6x0.6)
c. Vertical reinforcement at 80cm O.C.
d. Horizontal reinforcement at every 3 layers.
e. Use Class B mortar and Class B mixture for plastering.
f. Assume 12mm thick of mortar per layer
g. 12mm thick for plastering
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 6 – METALS (Structural Steel)

Overview:
This Module includes one of the most versatile materials used in the construction industry—
structural steel. Structural steel can best be defined as the steel members that make up the
frame of a building, which transmit the load to the foundation. Steel has the capacity to support
large loads of a relatively compact size, in both compression and tension, making it an ideal
material for flexural components. The variety of steel shapes and sizes available provides
engineers with an economical solution to many structural design problems.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Prepare a quantity take off structural steel particularly to steel roofing.

Course materials:
This module is limited to discussion of the common shapes of structural steel, and covers
only item involving truss, rafters and purlins.

Steel are sold by weight, so the takeoff is made in volume and converted into weight in
kilograms. Note that density of steel is 7850 kg/cu.m.. The takeoff should first include a
listing of all metals required for the structure.

Each steel shape, or section, is prefixed by a letter and numbers. These designations are
more than simple identifications; they provide important information about the individual
section. The letter stands for the classification of the piece by shape. The first number refers
to the nominal depth in inches of the section. The second number refers to the weight in
pounds per linear foot of the section, which is critical in estimating the costs of the section—
both in material and labor—since it is the key to its weight. For example:

The W designates that the member is a wide flange section, the 12 indicates its
approximate depth in inches, and the 30 refers to its weight in pounds per linear foot.

Once a complete takeoff of the structural metals has been made, they should be grouped
according to the grade required and the shape of the structural piece.
Sample Problem:

1. Determine the required weight of the structural steel needed for roof framing based on
the roof framing plan given below.

SOLUTION:

END OF MODULE 6
Activities/assessments:
1. Base on the given plan below. Estimate the total weight of structural steel.
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 7 – THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION

Overview:
Thermal & Moisture Protection covers work that protects the structure from the
elements. Waterproofing and dampproofing include coatings below and above grade to
prevent moisture migration. Insulation materials reduce the transmission of heating or cooling
through the exterior envelope. Roofing provides a watertight surface for the uppermost surface
of the structure. Siding provides protection from the elements on the vertical surfaces of the
structure.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Identify areas in which thermal and moisture protection applies.
2. Prepare a quantity take off of all areas that needed waterproofing, dampproofing,
thermal insulation and roofing sheets.

Course materials:
Waterproofing is designed to resist the passage of water and, usually, to resist the hydrostatic
pressures to which a wall or floor might be subjected. Concrete and masonry are highly
susceptible to water penetration due to their porosity. Waterproofing is most often applied to
concrete or masonry construction below grade when standing water is expected or above
grade in areas of high precipitation. Waterproofing is not to be confused with dampproofing,
which is most often below grade at the foundation level.
Methods of Waterproofing
The integral method involves special additives mixed with concrete for use in poured
foundations. Membrane or sheet waterproofing is applied to the surface of the protected area.
Cementitious waterproofing can be applied directly to the surface of the concrete. The
compound is typically applied with trowels or brushes or is sprayed and fills the pores of the
concrete or masonry. Liquid membrane waterproofing is an elastomeric synthetic polymer
material brushed or sprayed on cold to form a seamless, flexible, waterproof film that bonds
to most masonry or concrete substrates.
Estimating Waterproofing
The standard units for takeoff for the membrane, cementitious, and liquid methods are the
square meter. For below-grade applications, the area to be waterproofed is determined by the
amount of surface area that is in contact with the backfill.
Sample Problem:

1. Determine the area that requires waterproofing based on the floor plan given below.
Say height of shower area is 2.7m.

SOLUTION:
INSULATION
In residential and light-commercial construction, insulation is used to reduce heating or cooling
loss through the exterior of the structure or to unconditioned areas within the structure.
Insulation in light-frame construction may be placed between the framing members (studs or
joists) or nailed to the rough sheathing. It is used in the exterior walls and the ceiling of most
buildings.
Batt or roll insulation is taken off and estimated by the square meter and should be listed
separately according to width, thickness, and its location within the building (roof, walls, floors,
etc.).

ROOFING
A roofing system consists of many different parts that work together to form a watertight
envelope at the top of the building.
Check the architectural drawings, specifically roof plans, and larger-scale plans showing the
details at the roofline. Specifications also identify the type of roofing system and information
on individual components, such as the membrane, insulation, flashings, and so forth.
The drawings should be carefully checked to determine the roofline around the building, as
well as where and how much overhang there may be.
Corrugated galvanized iron, aluminum, fiberglass, long span pre-painted steel and cement
asbestos sheets are some examples of roofing materials manufactured in various lengths.
The roof covering may consist of a single row long-span roofing or of two or more short layers
of corrugated G.I., aluminum,..etc.

Estimating G.I. roofing

Before estimating the required number of corrugated roofing sheets, the following information
should be considered first:
1. Verify the plan if the side lapping is 1.5 or 2.5 corrugations.
2. If it is .1-1/2 corrugations, the effective width covering per sheet is .70 meters or .60
meters for 2-1/2 corrugations. See figure 1 and 2.
3. The standard end-lapping joint is from 25 to 30 centimeters long. This· is important in
determining the length of the sheet to be used.
4. Spacing of the purlins should be proportionally adjusted to the length of the G.I. sheets
to avoid unnecessary cutting or excessive overlapping. In short, the length of the roof
sheet governs the spacing distance of the purlins.
5. A good roofing design minimizes end lapping joint. Longer length of roofing sheet is
preferred for economic reasons.
 Figure 1

Figure 2

Estimating G.I. Roof and Its Accessories

1. Determine the length of the purlins along the gutter . This distance is perpendicular
with the roof direction.
2. Divide this length by the effective width covering of one G.I. sheet using either .70 for
1-1/2 corrugations or 0.60 m. for 2-1/2 corrugations. The result is the number of sheets
for one row.
3. Determine the length of the rafter or top chord. Choose the right combination of roofing
sheets that will satisfy this length considering the 25 to 30 centimeters standard end
lapping.
 4. Multiply the result found in Step 2. by each length of sheet combination found in step
3.
5. Determine the number of G.I. nails or rivets and washers in kilograms using table 6-2
and 6-3.
6. Take note that the number of plain anchor strap and lead washer is the same as the
quantity of rivets.
7. The number of plain G.I. sheets required for anchor strap with the aid of table 6-4.

Estimating Gutter, Flashing, Ridge Roll, Hipped and Valley Roll

1. Determine the total length of the gutter in meters
2. Divide this length by 2.35 meter to find the number of gutter required.
3. Find the total width of one gutter based from the cross section of the detailed plan
4. The width of one plain G.I. sheet is 0.90 meters. Divide 0.90m by the result of step 3
to find out hoe many gutter could be made out from one plain G.I. sheet.
5. The fractional value as extra cut will be reserved for other smaller parts.
6. Divide the result of step 2 by the result of step 4. the result is the required number of
G.I. sheet.
 Sample Problem:
2. Find the number of corrugated G.I. roof sheets and its accessories required If the side
lapping specify 1-1/2 corrugations with 30 cm. end lapping on a 2" x 3" purlins. The
length of gutter is 14m and length of rafter is 6m.
Solution:
A. Corrugated G.I sheet

1. Divide the gutter length by the effective width covering of one sheet. Refer to table
above.

14/0.70 = 20 sheets in one row

2. The length of the rafter is 6.0 meters, a combination of 3.60 and 2.70 meters long G.I.
sheet
3. Therefore:
20 – 32” x 12’ and 20 – 32” x 9 corrugated G.I. sheet

B. Rivets
1. Refer to table 6-2. For a 12 ft and 9 ft long roof sheet multiply
12 ft long: 20x26 = 520 pcs
9 ft long: 20x22 = 440 pcs
960 pcs
2. Convert to kilograms
960 / 180 = 5.3 say 5.50 kgs

C. For other accessories refer to table given and follow above computations.

D. Insulation: covered area = 14 x 6 x 1.15(wastage) = 96.60 sq.m.

In Summary:

END OF MODULE 7
Activities/assessments:
1. Base on the given plan below. Estimate number of corrugated G.I sheet and thermal
insulation.
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 8 – OPENINGS (DOORS and WINDOWS)

Overview:
Openings includes windows, doors and frames, finish hardware, glass and glazing as
well as skylights and louvers and vents. Hardware for this division includes items such as
hinges, locksets, passage sets, thresholds, weather stripping, door closers, and panic devices.
Doors and windows are available in a multitude of sizes with various functions, insulating
values, finishes, and glass types.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Identify different types of doors and windows
2. Prepare a quantity take off of Doors and Windows

Course materials:
Doors and windows are available in a multitude of sizes with various functions, insulating
values, finishes, and glass types.
The size, location, quantity, and specific information for each door or window are included on
the architectural drawings. Plan and elevation view drawings show their locations, operations,
and quantities. The specifications define door quality either by gauge of steel facing or species
of wood veneer.
The architectural drawings include both a door schedule and a window schedule, see sample
below. Schedules are laid out in block column form and list all the information concerning each
item. Many projects have detailed drawings of the head, sill, and jambs of the doors, frames,
or windows for the purpose of clarification and to provide adequate detail to estimate the work.
Windows
Windows are intended primarily to provide the building interior with natural light and ventilation.
They also enable the occupants to have a view of the landscape outside.
Window schedules are laid out according to:
a. Designation (usually by letter)
b. Size and width by height
c. Material composition of the sash and frame

There are three basic types of windows used in residential construction.

a. Sliding
b. Swinging
c. Fixed

There are four common types of swinging windows:

a. Casement window
A dashed line may be used in the elevation to indicate the hinge position.
b. Awning Window - Each sash in an awning window is hinged at the top.

c. Hopper Window - A hopper window is usually hinged at the bottom and swings inward.
d. Fixed Window - provide a view and/or admit light. They do not permit ventilation.

DOORS
Doors are generally classified as interior or exterior, although exterior doors are often used in
interior spaces. The list of materials of which doors are made includes wood, aluminum, steel,
glass, stainless steel, bronze, copper, plastics, fiberglass, and hardboard. Doors are also
grouped according to the mode of their operation.
Door schedules typically list each door opening by a specific number, or designation, called
the door mark. This mark can also be used to identify the location of the door within the
structure. Prefixes to the door mark indicate the floor on which the door is located. Listed
beside the mark in the schedule are the following details:
a. The door size
b. Material composition
c. Frame type and material composition
d. Frame size
e. Louver or vison panels
f. The hardware set
There are common types of interior doors such as:
a. Flush door
b. Panel door
c. Bi-fold door
d. Sliding door

Most interior and exterior doors are placed in a door jamb. The door jamb fits inside the rough
opening. Exterior jambs are usually 1-1/8" thick and interior jambs are 3/4" thick. Figure below
shows a typical illustration of opening with door jambs and door panel.
HARDWARES
Doors require special hardware, called finish hardware. The finish hardware schedule is
different from window and door schedules in that it does not always appear in column form on
the architectural drawings.

Estimating Doors and Windows

Windows are taken off and priced by the piece (each) according to size (width by height),
function (e.g., casement, awning, hopper, or sliding), hardware requirements, material and
finish of the sash, and glass type.
Doors are taken off and priced by the piece (each) according to size (width by height),
thickness, stile and rail materials, hardware (such as hinges or pivots), panic devices, locking
mechanisms, and type of glass.
Custom fabrication of glass panels and their framework require shop drawings showing the
exact sizes of each fabrication. Field measurement and verification of the rough opening sizes
are needed. The cost of shop drawings is considered part of the cost of the work and should
be accounted for in the takeoff. Shop drawings are listed as a lump sum (LS).
Hardware items are taken off by counting the individual units and are listed as each. The
individual pieces can be grouped into hardware sets for pricing.
Sample floor plan showing doors and windows:

END OF MODULE 8
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 9 – FINISHES

Overview:
Finishes have the largest impact on the aesthetic value of the building, and time is
often required to produce the necessary quality, which is always expected to be first class.
Always pay careful attention to the plans and specifications when estimating finishes
in general. Their aesthetic value cannot be overstated—often one of the most important and
most noticed features to the owner. Accurate estimating of both materials and labor costs is a
by-product of understanding the requirements set forth in the documents.

Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Identify different types of finishes on a plan based on the specifications.
2. Prepare a quantity take off of variety of interior finish work,
such as drywall and metal stud partitions, plaster, tile, acoustical
ceilings, wood and resilient flooring, carpeting, and painting.

Course materials:
Finish work is detailed on the architectural drawings. Quantities are derived from floor plans,
reflected ceiling plans, interior elevations, and the related details that support the design. The
details and sections often provide the additional information for accurately defining the work,
as well as critical dimensions for changes in finishes.
Room finish schedules, also found in the architectural set of drawings, provide more
information about the finishes of floors, walls, and ceilings. They display information in a table
format for easy reference. Each room is assigned a number, and the specific finishes for each
surface are listed. Finish schedules are most often found on commercial projects with a large
number of rooms.
While the drawings are essential for determining finish quantities, the specifications are
necessary for determining the quality and individual characteristics of each specified product.
Specifications also define the quality of workmanship and acceptable standards of installation.
Special installation methods or techniques are also outlined.

For estimating purposes, this module discusses only the following finishes:
• Plastering Works
• Flooring and Wall but limited to Tiling Works
• Ceiling Works
• Painting Works

PLASTERING WORKS
Once the major choice for wall and ceiling surfaces, plaster. In its plastic state, plaster can be
troweled to form. When set, it provides a hard covering for interior surfaces such as walls and
ceilings. Plaster is the final step in wetwall construction (although other finishes may be applied
over it). Together with the supporting construction and some type of lath, the plaster will
complete the assembly. The type and thickness of the plaster used will depend on the type of
supporting construction, the lath, and the intended use. Most plaster in residential/light-
commercial construction is applied using a thin (1/8″) coat, called skim coat plaster.
An alternate type of plaster system, called a conventional three-coat system, requires the first
two coats to be mixed with sand, perlite, or vermiculite aggregates in varying proportions.
Three separate coats are applied, called scratch, brown, and finish coats. Each coat is allowed
to dry prior to the application of the next. Conventional plaster systems are extremely labor
intensive and therefore costly, and, as a result, they have suffered a reduction in popularity.
Estimating Plastering Works
Materials for both types of lath and plaster work are taken off by the square meter (sq.m.) of
surface area and converted to sales units for pricing. For accurate material pricing, the
individual components, such as base, plaster, trims, and joint reinforcing tape, can be priced
separately, then combined to arrive at the price of the system. You may check plastering work
at masonry unit module for the computation of individual matrials.
Skim coat plaster systems are priced by the square meter. The takeoff should separate wall
and ceiling applications due to labor pricing considerations.

TILING WORKS
Tile, manufactured from clay, porcelain, or stone, is available in an everchanging variety of
sizes, shapes, colors, textures, patterns, finishes, and thicknesses. Tile provides a hard,
durable, and virtually maintenance-free surface for both interior and exterior use. It is
considered an excellent choice where wear and tear and longevity are concerned.
Tile may be used on floors and walls. The tile used for floors is usually ceramic or quarry tile,
whereas the tile used for walls may be ceramic, plastic, or metal. Ceramic tile is available in
exterior or interior grades, glazed or unglazed.
Tile may come in individual pieces or sheets of 1/2 to 2¼ sf per sheet. Tile mounted in sheets
will be much less expensive to install than unmounted tile. Ceramic tiles come in various
shapes and a wide range of sizes and colors. The tile may be installed by use of portland
cement mortar, dry-set mortar, organic adhesives, and epoxy mortars. The portland cement
mortar is used where leveling or slopes are required in the subfloor; the thickness of this mortar
ranges from 3/4 to 1¼ inches, and it requires damp curing. The mortar will receive a coat of
neat grout cement coating and the tile will be installed over the neat cement.
Review the architectural drawings, plans, elevations, and reflected ceiling drawings for the
location of tile work. Sections and details may add the necessary perspective to accurately
price the work. Sections can be used to confirm wall tile heights shown on elevations, and
details can provide information on the substrate or trim pieces required to complete the
installation. Room Finish Schedules should also be consulted as a check and balance against
other architectural drawings for locations of tile work.
Figure 1 below shows the typical use and location of field and trim ceramic tile pieces.

Figure 1

Estimating the Tiling Works

Tile and accessories are taken off separately, using the following guidelines:
1. Field tile for both ceramic and quarry tile: Taken off and priced by the Square meter
area. Quantities should be separated according to finish (glazed or unglazed) and
location (floor or wall).

No of tiles required = (area of the wall / area of 1 pc of tile) + 3% for wastage

2. Accent tile: Listed separately by the square meter.

3. Trim pieces: By the linear meter, converted to the number of pieces required base on
the commercially available.
Deductions for door and window openings should be made in full. Returns, or reveals, at doors
and window openings should be included.
Tile-setting materials, such as thin-set or adhesive, are calculated by the square meter of tile
to be set. These quantities are then converted to typical sales units based on the
manufacturer’s coverage. Required bonding additives are determined by the manufacturer’s
formula of dry materials to liquid. This is then converted to the appropriate sales unit, most
often gallons. Calculating grout follows the same procedure for setting materials. The square
meter area and size of the grout joint (width and depth) are required. Identify the grouting and
cleaning phase separately from the actual tile setting process.

CEILING WORKS
Gypsumboard is a manufactured product of powdered gypsum mixed with water and
sandwiched between two layers of treated paper. It has become the system of choice in recent
years. Because of its gypsum and mineral core like plaster base, does not support combustion.
It is manufactured in the same thicknesses and sheet sizes as plaster base. It can be used for
a number of applications, including for fire ratings, moisture resistance, and foil-backed for
retarding vapor transmission.
Installed with screws on metal or wood framing in the same manner as plaster base. Taping
and finishing conceals the joints and results in a smooth surface ready for paint or other
finishes. Drywall ceiling installations can be covered with a textured finish to achieve an
acoustical finish.
A popular choice for partitions and ceilings on commercial projects is metal stud framing and
furring because it does not support combustion.

Estimating Ceiling Works

Taken off and priced by the square meter. Individual components can be computed such as
sheets by:
No of gypsum board required = ceiling area / area of 1 pc gypsum board
Consult the architectural drawings, plans, elevations sections, and details.
Metal furring are taken off by the linear meter. They are separated by gauge, type, size, and
length of studs. Quantities are determined by:
No of furring = ((length / furring spacing) + 1) / commercial length of 1 furring
The cost of screws or power-actuated fasteners for framing is typically calculated 10% of the
material cost of the furring.

PAINTING WORKS

Finishing and painting are often required to protect surfaces from wear and deterioration and
to provide a decorative appearance. The work typically includes preparation of the surface to
receive the paint or finish, and it may involve sanding, filling in holes, and removing dust or
oils. More extensive preparation can involve stripping old finishes, applying wood conditioner,
or applying primers to neutralize the substrate, as in the case of galvanized finishes. Painting
and finishing products run the full spectrum from latex and alkyd or oil-based paints and stains
to epoxy coatings and urethanes. Application methods include spraying, rolling, and brushing.
All three may be used on the same project or even in the same process.
Study the technical specifications carefully for the location and summary of finishing work,
type of products to be used, application methods, number of coats, and level of preparation
required. Colors, finishes, and any patterns or borders should also be noted, as any type of
detail work will reduce productivity.

Estimating Painting Works

For estimating purposes, separate all of the work into two main classifications, exterior and
interior, in the takeoff. While they share similar methods, techniques, and materials, there are
some characteristics unique to each venue. The principal difference is that exterior work is
affected by weather and temperature, while interior work is not.
Wall and ceiling painting is taken off and priced by the square meter of surface area to be
painted. Consider the following in estimating your paint:
1. Measure the area you want to paint. The area is computed by multiplying the length
by the width of the space. Refer to table bellow on what kind of paint for a particular
job.
2. Subtract areas that won’t be painted (usually openings)
3. Determine how much paint you need (refer to table on the amount per sq.m. coverage)
4. And make sure to incorporate number of coatings you will be using.

*Coverage per square meter is based on 4 liters paint.

Sample Problem:
Base on the floor plan given estimate the following:
1. Ceiling Works
2. Tiling works if:
a. Wall height is 2.70m
 b. Use 600mm x 600mm ungalzed tiles for floors in common area and 300mm x
300mm at t&b floor
c. Use 300x300mm glazed wall tiles fot t&b
3. Plastering Works
Consider ceiling floor height of 2.70 m
Exterior walls is at 3.0m
4. Painting

Solution:
END OF MODULE 8
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 10 – PLUMBING AND SANITARY WORKS

Overview:
All buildings that will be regularly occupied by people require some type of plumbing—
from simple toilets in warehouses to elaborate bathrooms in upscale residences, and to
sophisticated plumbing systems in hospitals and restaurants. As with fire protection, plumbing
work requires special knowledge and training for both the estimator and the tradespeople
doing the work. It requires licensed plumbers and a separate permit and inspection process.
Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Prepare a quantity take off of plumbing works

Course materials:
Like many other types of drawings, the plumbing drawings are designed around the
architectural layout. Carefully review the plumbing drawings, as well as the architectural plans,
since critical dimensions are defined on the architectural plans. Some plumbing plans provide
riser diagrams, or vertical layouts of plumbing pipes, to be used in determining piping
quantities. Fixture and equipment schedules are also helpful in determining quantities and
types of plumbing fixtures and equipment to be furnished and/or installed.
Estimating Plumbing and Sanitary Works
1. Plumbing fixtures include water closets (toilets), urinals, shower stalls, tubs,
and lavatories. Trims are the valves, faucets, trip levers, and drains that are
added to the fixtures to complete their installation. Fixtures and trims are taken off and
priced by counting the individual pieces and listing them as EA. Quantities of fixtures
may be used in determining the quantities of trims. For example, each lavatory requires
a faucet and drain, each tub requires a shower/tub valve and trip lever drain, and each
water closet requires a toilet seat. Fixtures and their corresponding trims are listed
according to type, manufacturer, model, color or finish, and special features, such as
handicap compliance.

2. Fittings and devices are taken off and priced by counting the individual piece (each)
and listing them separately according to type (elbow, tee, clean-out, etc.), material
composition (PVC, service-weight cast iron, extra-heavy-weight cast iron, etc.),
 method of connection to piping (lead and oakum, hubless, neoprene joint, or PVC
cement), and size (diameter). Less accurate alternative methods include allowing a
percentage of the costs of the pipe for the fittings. This approach is not recommended,
except for preliminary budgeting.

3. Piping is taken off and priced by the linear meter and should be listed separately
according to type, size, application (waste or vent), and method of installation. Linear
meter of individual types and sizes of pipe can be converted to actual lengths of pipe
required.

END OF MODULE 10
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
(CIEN 30272 - QUANTITY SURVEYING)

MODULE 11 – ELECTRICAL WORKS

Overview:
To take off and estimate electrical work, it is extremely beneficial to have a working
knowledge of the material components of the particular systems as well as the installation
process. Actual electrical expertise is not normally within the realm of the general contractor’s
estimating experience. Since most general contractors subcontract their electrical work, they
do not need to produce a detailed estimate.
Learning Objective:
After successfully completing this module, the student should be able to:
1. Prepare a quantity take off of basic electrical work

Course materials:
Electrical drawings often use schedules that are helpful in determining the materials for the
takeoff. To work up an electrical estimate, estimators go through the plans and specifications
in a systematic manner, taking each different item and counting them. Every item must be
kept separate.
RACEWAYS
Raceways are channels constructed to house and protect electrical conductors. They include
conduits, wireways, cable trays, surface metal raceways, and underfloor ducts. As part of the
raceway system, fittings are needed to change the direction of, connect, and support the
various types of raceway runs. The most common type of raceway is conduit, which can be
aluminum, rigidgalvanized steel, steel intermediate conduit (IMC), rigid plastic-coated steel,
PVC, or electrical metallic tubing (EMT). Conduit can be wall mounted, suspended overhead,
encased in concrete, or buried below grade.
Estimating Raceways
Raceways are taken off and priced by the linear meter (lm) and classified according to type,
size, and application. Individual fittings for wireways, underfloor ducts, surface metal
raceways, and larger-diameter conduits are taken off and priced by the piece (each) and listed
according to type, size, and material. In most instances, fittings are not shown on drawings for
standard conduit installations. For smaller-diameter conduits, fittings can be accounted for by
adding a percentage to the total conduit materials.
Separate the takeoff and pricing of conduit into three categories: power distribution, branch
power, and branch lighting. Power distribution includes the main conductors to supply power
to the various panels. Branch power and branch lighting refer to the branches of the panels
that provide power and lighting to various locations. Using these categories, all conduit
quantities need not be taken off at one time and can be determined system by system. Since
drawings are represented graphically in only two dimensions, length and width, the third
dimension, depth, is implied. Be sure to include quantities for the vertical portion of the
raceway that is not shown.
CONDUCTORS AND GROUNDING
conductor is a wire or metal bar with a low resistance to the flow of electricity. Grounding is
accomplished by a conductor connected between electrical equipment, or between a circuit
and the earth. Wire is the most common material used to conduct current from the electrical
source to electrical use.
Estimating Conductors and Grounding
Wire, flex, and cables are taken off and priced by the linear meter (LM). The total quantity of
wire installed within conduits or flex is determined by multiplying the number of conductors by
the linear meter of conduit or flex. All wire and cables should be listed in the takeoff according
to type, size (rating), conductor material, and application (feeders, branch power, and branch
lighting).
Special fittings for connecting wire or cables, sometimes referred to as terminations, are taken
off and priced by the individual piece (each) and listed according to type, size, application, and
method of connection.
WIRING DEVICES AND BOXES
Boxes are used in electrical wiring at each junction point, outlet, or switch to provide access
to electrical connections and serve as a mounting for fixtures or switches. They may also be
used as pull or splice points for wire in long runs or conduits. A wiring device, such as a switch
or receptacle, controls (but does not consume) electricity.
Estimating Devices and Boxes
Outlet boxes, pull or junction boxes, receptacles, switches, wall plates, and wiring devices in
general are taken off and priced by the individual piece (each). Depending on the size of the
project, 5% to 10% is usually adequate for waste.

STARTING BOARDS AND SWITCHES

Be sure to calculate quantities of panelboards, starters for motors, control stations, circuit
breakers, safety switches and disconnects, fuses, and meter centers and sockets. These are
all part of the competed assembly and necessary for a comprehensive estimate.
Estimating
1. Control stations: By the individual unit (EA), listed according to type, manufacturer,
classification, and application.
2. Circuit breakers: By the individual piece (EA), listed according to manufacturer, type
(number of poles), capacity (rating), voltage, method of installation (plug-in or bolt-on),
and classification (NEMA).
3. Panelboards: By the individual unit (EA), listed according to size (capacity in amperes),
type, voltage, and manufacturer. Some standard board and breaker assemblies are
available as preassembled units, such as load centers used in residential construction.
4. Starters: By the individual piece (EA), listed according to size, voltage, NEMA
enclosure, and type.
5. Safety switches and disconnects: By the individual unit (EA), listed according to size,
type (duty), number of poles, voltage, NEMA classification, and ampere rating.
6. Fuses: By the individual piece (EA), listed according to amperes, voltage, and type or
class.
7. Meter centers and sockets: By the individual unit (EA), listed according to size and
type for meter sockets, and by bus capacity, number of meter sockets, and type of
enclosure for meter centers.
Panelboards are a component of an electrical supply system used to distribute power. It
divides an electrical power feed into multiple subsidiary circuits while incorporating a fuse or
circuit breaker for the protection of that circuit. Each of these circuits and breakers is housed
in a common metal enclosure, with or without a main breaker. Breakers are arranged in two
columns and range from 20 to 42 breakers in a panelboard.
LIGHTING
Lighting is a fundamental part of the electrical estimate and can represent a considerable
portion of the cost.
Estimating Lighting Fixtures
Count, list, and price each fixture for the estimate by the individual unit (EA) according to the
manufacturer, model, type, color or finish, location (wall, ceiling, room), and interior or exterior
application.

END OF MODULE 11