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International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: networks and systems

Specifics of asphalt concrete pavement construction technologies in

International conferencethe Russian
of Arctic Arctic
transport zone networks and systems
accessibility:
International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: networks and systems
Specifics of Viktorasphalt concrete
Ushakov * pavement
, Vladimir Yarmolinsky,construction
Sergey Yarkin technologies in
Specifics of asphalt concrete pavement construction technologies in
theStateRussian
Moscow Automobile and Road Construction Arctic
Technical University (MADI), zone
64 Leningradsky Prosp., Moscow, 125319, Russia
the* Russian Arctic zone
Viktor Ushakov *, Vladimir Yarmolinsky, Sergey Yarkin
Abstract Viktor Ushakov , Vladimir Yarmolinsky, Sergey Yarkin
Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), 64 Leningradsky Prosp., Moscow, 125319, Russia
Moscow
The areas of theAutomobile
Russianand Roadzone
Arctic Construction State Technical
are characterized by aUniversity
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temperatures, a short Russia
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season, and poor development of the transport network. The low number of roads with rigid pavement and the generally poor
Abstract of the roads hinder the efficiency of using motor transport and improving its capacity in these areas. Based on the research
condition
Abstract
carried out, the basic principles for laying and compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures in the Russian Arctic zone are outlined.
The paper
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The paper
pavements also
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Keywords: lowat low
1. Introduction air temperatures.
air temperature; Arctic zone areas; technology and organization of work; asphalt concrete pavement; laying and compaction of
asphalt concrete
Keywords: mixtures.
low air temperature; Arctic zone areas; technology and organization of work; asphalt concrete pavement; laying and compaction of
asphalt concrete mixtures.
In the practice of road construction, the combined influence of unfavorable production conditions and natural and
climatic factors increasingly leads to the need for constructing asphalt concrete pavements at air temperatures below
1. Introduction
the recommended one in Regulations SP 78.13330.2012. The period when it is possible to lay hot asphalt concrete
1. Introduction
mixtures in the Arctic zone lasts about one to two months (Ushakov and Yarmolinskiy 2016), therefore, it is quite
In the practice of road construction, the combined influence of unfavorable production conditions and natural and
important to increase the duration of the construction season at subzero air temperatures.
In thefactors
climatic practiceincreasingly
of road construction,
leads to thetheneed
combined influence asphalt
for constructing of unfavorable
concreteproduction
pavementsconditions and natural
at air temperatures and
below
Road construction works carried out in conditions of low positive and negative air temperatures, using the
climatic factors increasingly
the recommended leads to the
one in Regulations SPneed for constructing
78.13330.2012. asphalt when
The period concrete
it ispavements
possible toatlay
air hot
temperatures below
asphalt concrete
traditional technology, often result in low quality of the constructed asphalt concrete pavements as well as their
the recommended
mixtures in the Arcticone in Regulations
zone lasts aboutSPone 78.13330.2012.
to two monthsThe period when
(Ushakov it is possible 2016),
and Yarmolinskiy to lay hot asphaltitconcrete
therefore, is quite
deformation and destruction in the first years of operation due to the low quality of the works and the poor efficiency
mixtures intothe
important Arcticthe
increase zone lasts about
duration of the one to two months
construction season(Ushakov
at subzeroand
air Yarmolinskiy
temperatures. 2016), therefore, it is quite
of the applied technologies and materials (Borovik and Borovik 2014, Din et al. 2020, Han et al. 2021, Ivanov 2004,
important to increase the
Road construction duration
works of the
carried outconstruction season
in conditions at subzero
of low airand
positive temperatures.
negative air temperatures, using the
Jaczewski et al. 2016, Poteryaev 2013, Zakharenko 2005, Zavyalov 2007).
Road construction
traditional technology,works carriedinout
often result lowinquality
conditions
of theofconstructed
low positive and negative
asphalt concrete air temperatures,
pavements as wellusing the
as their
traditional
deformationtechnology,
and destructionofteninresult in low
the first yearsquality of thedue
of operation constructed
to the lowasphalt
qualityconcrete pavements
of the works and theas well
poor as their
efficiency
deformation
of the appliedand destructionand
technologies in the first years
materials of operation
(Borovik due to2014,
and Borovik the low quality
Din et al. of the Han
2020, workset and the poor
al. 2021, efficiency
Ivanov 2004,
of the applied
Jaczewski et al.technologies and materials
2016, Poteryaev (Borovik and
2013, Zakharenko 2005,Borovik 2014,
Zavyalov Din et al. 2020, Han et al. 2021, Ivanov 2004,
2007).
Jaczewski
* et al.author.
Corresponding 2016,Tel:
Poteryaev 2013, Zakharenko 2005, Zavyalov 2007).
+7-499-155-03-22
E-mail address: madi-ushakov@mail.ru

*
Corresponding author. Tel: +7-499-155-03-22
*
Corresponding madi-ushakov@mail.ru
E-mail address:author. Tel: +7-499-155-03-22
E-mail address: madi-ushakov@mail.ru
2352-1465 © 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference of Arctic transport accessibility:
networks and systems
10.1016/j.trpro.2021.09.105
722 Viktor Ushakov et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 721–727
2 Viktor Ushakov, Vladimir Yarmolinsky, Sergey Yarkin / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000

When building asphalt concrete pavements in the Arctic zone, road construction works often have to be carried out
in snow and rain, and asphalt concrete mixtures are placed on a cold base. This decreases the time between repairs of
road pavements and surfaces and their rapid destruction. During the construction of asphalt concrete pavements at low
air temperatures, when carrying out works following the traditional technology, poor adhesion between the layers is
observed since, due to the rapid cooling of the mixture, sufficient road pavement compaction is not provided.
In the 1980s, a great contribution to the development of methods for laying asphalt concrete surfaces at low (up to
–10°C) air temperatures was made by Yu.Ye. Nikolsky, M.P. Kostelyov, O.G. Babak, S.G. Fursov, V.B. Permyakov,
and other researchers.
In recent years, specialists of Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI),
Siberian State Automobile and Highway University (SibADI), Federal Autonomous Institution Rosdornii (Russian
Highway Research Institute), and other organizations have conducted comprehensive studies to ensure the
construction of asphalt concrete pavements at low air temperatures. In 2018, specialists of Moscow Automobile and
Road Construction State Technical University (MADI) with the participation of OAO Novosibirskavtodor, OOO
Stroyservis, and AO Trud, under the guidance of professor V.V. Ushakov, DSc in Engineering, developed
Methodological Recommendations for the Construction of Asphalt Concrete Pavements in Adverse Weather
Conditions, approved by the Federal Road Agency (Order No. 3372-r dated September 6, 2018). These
recommendations take into account the practical experience of Russian and foreign contractors in the construction of
asphalt concrete pavements in adverse weather conditions.
Today, modern technologies for the construction of road pavements allow the use of highly efficient machines and
equipment, special asphalt concrete mixtures with various additives (Furuya et al. 2010, Hu et al. 2019, Kloubert and
Wallrath 2010, Nosov 2011, 2012, Repin et al. 2018, 2020, Ronald Fabrice et al. 2020, Tielmann and Böhm 2016,
Ushakov 2017, Ushakov et al. 2018a, 2018b, Ushakov and Yarmolinskiy 2019, Ushakov et al. 2019), which, without
reducing the quality of work, ensure the standard service life of asphalt concrete pavements constructed in adverse
weather conditions in the Russian Arctic zone.

2. Basic principles of road pavement construction at low air temperatures

In conditions of low air temperatures, the most critical and complex operations are laying and compaction of hot
asphalt concrete mixtures. The technology of these works may not necessarily coincide with the technology used at
positive air temperatures recommended in Regulations SP 78.13330.2012 (+5°C or higher). In fact, it should be
associated with air temperature, wind speed, and other conditions present at the time of laying the asphalt concrete
mixture at the construction site since, at low and negative temperatures, the layer cools rapidly, which complicates its
compaction to the required factor.
To ensure the required compaction quality at low and negative temperatures, it is necessary not only to choose the
proper type of road rollers but also to ensure their minimum required work while complying with the rational mixture
temperature ranges (SoyuzDorNII 1990a, 1990b).
According to the studies carried out both at construction sites and in the laboratory, cooling of sand mixtures to a
temperature of +60°C and crushed stone mixtures to a temperature of +70°C, required to complete road paving,
depends on the mixture layer thickness. It was found that the pavement layer thickness, as well as wind speed and air
temperature, exert the greatest influence on the speed and manner of mixture cooling, and, therefore, on the time from
laying to compaction completion.
The time provided for compaction of thin layers (up to 5 cm) at negative temperatures (from –5 to –10°C) does not
exceed 10 minutes, which is not enough for high-quality compaction. Thicker layers under the same conditions can
maintain the temperature required for rolling for a required period of time.
By summarizing the accumulated practical experience and theoretical research, we can distinguish the following
directions in solving the problem with the construction of high-quality asphalt concrete pavements at low air
temperatures:

• Reducing heat losses of asphalt concrete mixtures and increasing their cooling time;
• Speeding up the process of mixture laying and compaction by improving the procedure and using more efficient
and productive construction equipment (asphalt pavers and road rollers).
 Viktor Ushakov et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 721–727 723
Viktor Ushakov, Vladimir Yarmolinsky, Sergey Yarkin / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 3

Heat losses can be reduced by: increasing the layer thickness, laying the lower and upper layers of the pavement
simultaneously (compact asphalt technology), insulating the bodies of vehicles transporting the mixture, using heat-
insulating covers, providing additional surface heating of the base and the laid pavement layer, or adding special
surfactants, low molecular weight copolymers, activated mineral fillers, etc. to the mixture. When laying the pavement
layers simultaneously, a thermal insulation cover (tarpaulin/thin rubber sheet) can also be laid for the period of rolling
to reduce heat losses during compaction with road rollers. To increase the mixture cooling time, the pavement can be
heated with infrared gas burners.
To speed up the process of laying and compaction, the technology of works and the coordination of construction
machinery operation are of great importance. Asphalt pavers with improved mixture pre-compaction can be used
together with high-performance vibratory rollers.

3. Requirements for the technology and organization of works

The maximum range of hot mixture transportation shall be set with account for the speed of its cooling. The
temperature of the hot mixture delivered to the construction site shall not be lower than +140°C. Table 1 shows the
recommended temperatures depending on the weather conditions. The temperature of polymer asphalt concrete,
polymer stone mastic asphalt (SMA), and asphalt concrete mixtures with the use of polymer bitumen binders can be
10–20°C lower than the values in Table 1.

Table 1. Recommended temperatures of hot mixtures depending on weather conditions.

Recommended minimum temperature of mixtures delivered to the asphalt paver, at air temperature, °C
Pavement layer thickness, cm
5 0 –5 –10

140 145 150 155

5
150 155 160 –
140 140 140 145
10
145 145 145 150
Note. Above the line — the value at a wind speed of up to 6 m/s, below the line — the value at a wind speed of over 6 m/s.
Regardless of weather conditions, the mixture delivered to the asphalt paver is subject to segregation (temperature
and particle size), which negatively affects the compaction uniformity and the service life of the road pavement
(Bazilevich and Kudyakov 2009, Byzyka et al. 2017, Li et al. 2017). To eliminate segregation, it is necessary to use
material transfer vehicles, which remix the mixture unloaded from dump trucks and then ensure its non-contact
transfer to the asphalt paver hopper via the belt conveyor.
Table 2 shows the recommended temperature ranges for asphalt concrete pavement rolling at all stages of
compaction. It is necessary to comply with the minimum time gap between the distribution of the asphalt concrete
mixture using the asphalt paver with layer pre-compaction and the beginning of layer compaction using vibrating
rollers. SMA is recommended to be laid to the full width, excluding cooled longitudinal joints, with several asphalt
pavers, equipped with grade sensor and transverse slope sensor systems.

Table 2. Temperature ranges for asphalt concrete pavement rolling at all stages of compaction.
Recommended rolling Recommended temperature range for pavement rolling, °C, at
Type of hot asphalt concrete mixture temperature, °C stages of compaction

Beginning End preliminary main final

High content of crushed stone (types: A; From 145–150 From 120–125 From 95–100
A22VT; A22VN; A16VT; A16VN; A32NT; 145–150 75–80
A22NT; A16NT) to 120–125 to 95–100 to 75–80

140–145 70–75 From 140–145 From 105–110 From 85–90

4724 Viktor
Viktor Ushakov, Vladimir Ushakov Sergey
Yarmolinsky, et al. / Transportation ResearchResearch
Yarkin / Transportation ProcediaProcedia
57 (2021)00721–727
(2021) 000–000

Medium content of crushed stone (types: B;

to 105–110 to 85–90 to 70–75
A16VL; A32NN; A22NN; A16NN)

Polymer asphalt concrete mixture (types: A; From 145–150 From 120–125 From 95–100
A22VT; A22VN; A16VT; A16VN; A32NT; 145–150 75–80
A22NT; A16NT) to 120–125 to 95–100 to 75–80

Polymer asphalt concrete mixture (types: B; From 140–145 From 105–110 From 85–90
140–145 70–75
A16VL; A32NN; A22NN; A16NN) to 105–110 to 85–90 to 70–75

From 150–155 From 125–130 From 100–105

SMA 150–155 80–85
to 125–130 to 100–105 to 80–85

From 150–155 From 125–130 From 100–105

High-density mixtures 150–155 80–85
to 125–130 to 100–105 to 80–85

From 150–155 From 125–130 From 100–105

Polymer SMA 150–155 80–85
to 125–130 to 100–105 to 80–85

To reduce heat losses, the surface of the base shall first be cleaned, then dried, and warmed up by a thermal heating
machine, which will ensure the required adhesion between the pavement layers and the base.

Fig. 1. Pavement construction with preheating of the underlying base in conditions of low temperatures: 1 — tar paver; 2 — dump truck; 3 —
asphalt paver; 4 — smooth drum roller; 5 — thermal heater; 6 — pneumatic tire roller.

At negative air temperatures (–10°C), it takes the laid asphalt concrete layer with a thickness of 5–7 cm 20–22
minutes to cool. In this case, it is extremely difficult to ensure the required compaction quality. To solve this problem,
it is necessary to take measures to reduce its cooling rate: increase its thickness; cover the newly laid pavement layer
with thermal insulation material, followed by rolling through it; use rollers with rubber-coated drums.
The greater the layer thickness is, the more it heats the underlying base. This will ensure better adhesion between
the layers and make it possible to obtain the required compaction factor as a result of increasing the period of effective
compaction.
Since the time provided for compaction at subzero air temperatures is short, in most cases, standard machinery
(asphalt paver + rollers of various types (light, medium, and heavy)) cannot be used.
When laying asphalt concrete mixtures in the Arctic, it is recommended to use asphalt pavers with improved quality
of compaction (an operating element with a double tamper bar or two press bars), which will ensure a high degree of
compaction. If the compaction factor is 0.90–0.94, light rollers can be excluded, and if it is 0.96, medium rollers can
be excluded as well. In this case, a layer can be compacted with one heavy static roller in just six to eight passes,
which almost doubles the productivity. The mixture shall be loaded to the asphalt paver hopper by a material transfer
vehicle, which will eliminate temperature and particle size segregation and reduce the downtime of dump trucks.
It is advisable to construct asphalt concrete pavements to the full width using several asphalt pavers. It is also
recommended to equip the rollers with intelligent compaction systems. Special equipment makes it possible to
determine the mixture hardness and choose the vibration amplitude depending on this parameter as well as the
pavement thickness and the type of asphalt concrete mixture (Furuya et al. 2010, Gallivan et al. 2010, Hu et al. 2019,
 Viktor Ushakov et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 721–727 725
Viktor Ushakov, Vladimir Yarmolinsky, Sergey Yarkin / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 5

Kloubert and Wallrath 2010, Liu et al. 2019, Xu and Chang 2013). The roller monitor displays information about
achieving the required compaction factor. The use of such rollers makes it possible to minimize the number of passes
along a track, which is very important when the period of effective compaction is limited, and the adjustable amplitude
ensures fast compaction even with high-density mixtures with a high content of crushed stone.
Air temperature, wind speed, and layer thickness are the main factors determining the rate of mixture temperature
reduction after laying. When two pavement layers are laid simultaneously, there is almost no heat transfer to the
underlying layers, which significantly reduces the cooling rate of the upper layer of the mixture. As a result, the period
of effective compaction is extended and it becomes possible to obtain a high-quality asphalt concrete pavement.
As the practice of asphalt concrete pavement construction at low and negative temperatures shows, the technology
of simultaneous laying of two layers (compact-asphalt technology) is quite effective. As a rule, when constructing
pavements using the compact-asphalt technology, a dense asphalt concrete mixture with a high content of crushed
stone is laid in the upper layer, and a fine-grained/coarse-grained porous mixture is laid in the lower layer.
The considered set of equipment for pavement construction consists of a two-module asphalt paver that distributes
the mixture to a width of 3.5–11.5 m and a combined material transfer vehicle.
The compact-asphalt technology has the following advantages:

• slower cooling of asphalt concrete layers;

• high-quality adhesion between the layers;
• high productivity at low air temperatures.

To organize the construction of asphalt concrete pavements in the Arctic zone, it is necessary to determine the
optimal process parameters of laying: work zone length, paver speed, and time of effective compaction. The initial
data for determining these parameters are as follows: asphalt concrete plant productivity, asphalt concrete mixture
temperature at the output, average mixture density, layer thickness and width, wind speed, air temperature, and time
of transportation to the construction site. The paver speed is affected by such parameters as asphalt concrete plant
productivity (t/h), average mixture density (t/m3), layer thickness and width (m). It shall be at least 2 m/min.
The paver speed, measured in m/min, can be determined by the following equation:

P
V pav =
60 ⋅ B ⋅ h ⋅ γ (1)

where P — asphalt concrete plant productivity, t/h; B — layer width, m; h — layer thickness (in the compacted
state), m; γ — mixture density, t/m3.
The temperature behind the paver plate (Tpav) shall be above 135°C and can be determined by the following
equation:

= Tout − ∆t − 10°C
Tpav
(2)

where Tout — mixture temperature at the output, °C; ∆t — mixture temperature reduction during transportation.
The total length of the work zone should be associated with the time of operation of each machine in the designated
work zone, the speed of the paver and rollers, as well as the number of passes along a track.
The total length of the work zone Ltot, measured in meters, can be determined by the following equation:

Ltot= Vy ⋅ tcool
(3)

where Vp — paver speed, m/min; tcool — mixture cooling time from the beginning of laying to the end of
compaction.
To ensure effective performance of work at low air temperatures, the length of the work zone shall be at least 75 m.
726 Viktor Ushakov et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 721–727
6 Viktor Ushakov, Vladimir Yarmolinsky, Sergey Yarkin / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000

4. Conclusions

Based on the research and analysis of Russian and foreign experience in the construction of asphalt concrete
pavements at low air temperatures, it was established that to ensure high-quality road construction in the Russian
Arctic zone, it is necessary to develop a set of measures to reduce heat losses during transportation, laying, and
compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures: to ensure thermal insulation of vehicle bodies, increase the thickness of the
layers, use thermal insulation covers, perform surface heating of the road base and the newly laid pavement layer.
Besides, during road construction in areas with a harsh climate, it is necessary to intensify the process of laying and
compacting asphalt mixtures with the use of modern pavers and rollers.
To organize the construction of asphalt concrete pavements in the Arctic zone, it is necessary to determine the
optimal process parameters of laying: work zone length, paver speed, and time of effective compaction. The initial
data for determining these parameters are as follows: asphalt concrete plant productivity, asphalt concrete mixture
temperature at the output, average mixture density, layer thickness and width, wind speed, air temperature, and time
of transportation to the construction site. It was established that to ensure effective performance of work at low air
temperatures, the temperature of the asphalt concrete mixture behind the paver plate shall be at least 135°C, the paver
speed shall be at least 2 m/min, and the length of the work zone shall be at least 75 m.
The proposed recommendations will make it possible to construct asphalt concrete pavements in the Russian Arctic
zone at low and negative temperatures with the required quality and service life.

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