Chapter # 6/7 Culture

6 - CULTURE OF THE of Pakistan

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC/ Languages of Pakistan
OF PAKISTAN.
PROF. ALYAS ALI CHAICHI
TEST NO.4 PAKISTAN
LECTURE STUDIES.
NO.1
Student Learning Outcomes
 Definition of Importance of Culture  Study of Arnold Tyne B
 Arts of Pakistan
Q.1: Define culture, its importance and what Toynbee’s findings regarding the
culture of our area.
Ans: IMPORTANCE AND DEFINITION OF CULTURE
Definition of Culture:
Culture is a vast term. The term is applied to the positive or negative characteristics on the basis
of which a community or nation is identified and distinguished from other human groups is called
Culture.
Definition of Culture According to Dr. Jameel Jalbi:
“ Culture, therefore, connotes the entire range of a ‘society’s make-up such as religion, faith, morals,
customs, laws, learning, arts, crafts, hobbies and leisure which a man acquired as a member of
society, and whose use and adoption enables the different and sometimes dissimilar individuals
and groups to develop common interests and acquire common appearance and traits. Culture,
makes a man capable of distinguishing between uncivilized behaviours and urbanity, thus raising
the arts and crafts to a higher level.”
Definition of Culture According to T-S Elite:
According to TS Eliot ‘culture’ denotes the living patterns of the people living in a particular area
or region. It is reflected through their arts, customs habits, religion and many other things like this.

Importance of Culture:
Human communities inhabiting different areas of the world have district characteristics which
differentiate them from each other. These characteristics bear the imprint of the historical process
they have passed through; and the land, climate and environment they live in.
Modern sociologists believe that culture plays a decisive role in the formation of nations and
nationalities. In modern political science greater stress is laid on the study of political culture and
dynamics, while in the past study of political institutions was considered more important.
Relationship between culture and nationality can be easily understood by the study of the Pakistan
Movement. Pakistan was not meant to be a national state, pure and the Pakistan Movement.
Pakistan was not meant to be a national state, pure and simple. The Muslims of India wanted to
establish a state, living under which they would safeguard and promote their culture and
civilization. In other words, cultural aspirations of the Indian Muslims gave birth to Muslim
nationalism in India, which later came to be known as “Pakistani Nationalism” and the culture as
“Pakistani culture”.

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ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF PAKISTAN AND ARNOLD TOYNBEE
Arnold Toynbee is the most eminent of all the western historians and his book “A Arnold Study
of History” (in 10 volumes) is considered to be a most authentic treaties, on the history of
civilization and the art of historiography. Written after, and of course greatly inspired by Ibn-e-
Chaldean’s Tarikh-ul-Ibar. First volumes of Toynbee’s history appeared in the year 1934. In this
book he has given valuable information about the history of the Indus Valley Civilization. In the
following lines we have tried to summaries pages 107 and 108 of the first volume of his history.
 At Mohenjo-Daro in north western Sind and at Harappa in the Punjab, north east of Multan,
excavations carried out by the Archaeological Department of the Government of India have
brought to light the material remains of an ancient culture which is closely related to the
ancient culture of Sumerians in Iraq. The affinity falls short of absolute identity.
 Life span of the community at Mohenjo-Daro is to be dated between 3250 and 2750 BC.
(In the later period though investigations made with the help of newly devised scientific
instruments, it was revealed that this culture was actually less old than it was estimated by
Arnold Toynbee, these findings dated it at 2600 BC. Ancient city of Kot Diji in Sind is
older than Mohenjo-Daro.
 Some Turks like some Aryas, crossed the Hind Kush and descended upon India, while other
Turks like other Aryas made their way westward as far as Syria. (This incidence manifests the
ethnic affinity between the Pakistani people and the races of the Middle East.)
 Sir John Marshall is the person who did pioneer work on the Indus Valley Civilization.
According to him, there is completer uniformity of culture between Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa, though the cities are located at a distance of nearly 650 km from each other.
 The domain of this culture extends in to Balochistan, but Balochistan was not an important
seat of it.
 “There is no evidence, yet forthcoming for the presence of “the Indus Culture’ in the
Ganges Basin”.
We can summaries Toynbee’s findings in the following three points.
1. The area that now form Pakistan had a distinct cultural identity, even in the remotest past.
2. History shows that the territory of Pakistan was culturally linked with the Middle East and
not with the Ganges Valley. (Now a part of India).
3. The people of Pakistan have closed ethnic affinity with the racial groups settled in the
Middle East.
Fine Arts:
Aesthetes from all over the world and the critics of arts in all departments of fine arts are attached
to experience and discover the boundless depth and beauty of Pakistan culture, a brief overview of
which has been attempted in the following lines.
 Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro have revealed that the people this land had
achieved a level of advancement in the fields of architect and urban planning. They build
houses, swimming pools, public baths and market places. These buildings were airy and bright
and were provided with excellent drainage system. In the words of Sahabzada Abdul Rasul:
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“The onlooker is deeply impressed by the urban lay out and organization of
Mohenjo-Daro and Taxila, buildings of the Khanqahs, and gardens laid out in
the Muslim period, places, mausoleums, and masjids, decorated with exquisite
floral motifs. Lions of Mohenjo-Daro and Sirkap, monasteries of Takht Bhai
and Julian, fortresses of Attock and Ruhtas, places and gardens of Lahore,
Badshahi Mosques of Thatta and Lahore. Mausoleums of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
(RA) Multan Jam Nizam ud Din (Makli) and Jahangir (Lahore) are the excellent
masterpieces of our architectural skills.”
Q.2: Write a detail note on fine Arts of Pakistan.
Ans: FINE ARTS OF PAKSITAN
 People of Harappa Mohenjo-Daro and Gandhara had attained excellence in the art of
melting metals and making of ornaments and seals, and carving our sculptures. During the
Muslim period the craftsman attained excellence in the art of making glazed tiles printed
with floral and geometrical designs.
 Pakistan has a very rich tradition in different styles of painting. Staring from the anonymous
painters of the murals at But Kara (Sawat) the tradition enriched itself through the ages;
especially notable are miniature paintings of the Mughal period and later the masterpieces of
Abdur Rehman Chughtai and Ustad Allah Buksh in the twentieth century AD.
 Wood carving and engraving, making glazed and painted earthen were engraving and inlay
work on brass, copper and alloy utensils and the art of making delicate ornaments, are the
specialties Pakistanis excel in, and are appreciated throughout the civilized world.
 Our calligraphists have demonstrated great promise by keeping abreast with the spirit of
the modern age and evolving newer modes of expression. Prominent among these are
Abdul Majeed Parveen Raqam, Hafiz Yousaf Sadidi, Sayyid Anwar Hussain Nafees
Raqam, Khurshid Alam Gohar Raqam, Sadiqain and Aslam Kamal.
 Tradition of making festive as well as beautiful informal male and female dresses has been
kept alive by the Pakistani craftsman. Woolen Patti (or Pattu) of Gilgit and Sawat, Shawls
and gown of Kashmir, Phulkari of the Punjab and the NWFP, Chapa or the block printed
bed sheets of Bahawalpur, Khairpur and Multan, Ajrak and Bandhnu of Sind are the
products liked by the people not only in Pakistan but also outside.
 Our area has a centuries old tradition of making hand-knotted carpets, Lahore in the oldest
centre of carpets making, carpets made here are exported and appreciated throughout the
world. Special verities of carpets are done in Kashmir, the NWFP, Balochistan and Sind.
These include Namdas and Ghalichas.
 Apart from Eids and religious festivals, Melas are celebrated on the birth anniversaries of
the Sufi saints, and on special seasonal and harvesting occasions. Festivals are more
popular in rural areas they reflect our rural culture and provide recreation to the people who
otherwise have not much of it.
 Wrestling, Kabaddi, Malakhra, Volleyball and Football are the most favorite sports in our
villages. Hockey is out national sport. Pakistan has produced some of the world’s fines
sportsman in the fields of Hockey, Cricket and Squash.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The first volumes of Arnold J. Toynbee’s book "Study of History" were published.
(a) 1930 (b) 1931 (c) 1932 (d) 1934
2. The name of book of Ibn-Khaldun is:
(a) Tareekh-ul-umar (b) Tareekh-ul-umar (c) Tareekh-ul-ubar (d) Tareekh-ul-Ulia
3. How did the most research work on the Indus Valley Civilization?
(a) Ibn-e- Battuta (b) Ibn-e- Khaldun
(c) John Marshall (d) Arnold J. Tyne. Be
4. How many thousand years old are the ruins of Harappa and Mohan Jo Daro?
(a) Three to Four (b) Four to Five (c) Five to Six (d) Six to Seven
5. National game of Pakistan is _________:
(a) Football (b) Cricket (c) Hockey (d) Volley Ball
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q.1: Define culture. (K.B)
Ans: Culture is a vast term. The term is applied to the positive or negative characteristics on the
basis of which a community or nation is identified and distinguished from other human
groups is called Culture.
Q.2: What did T-S Elite write about culture? (K.B)
Ans: According to TS Eliot ‘culture’ denotes the living patterns of the people living in a
particular area or region. It is reflected through their arts, customs habits, religion and many
other things like this.
Q.3: Define Culture according to Dr. Jameel Jalbi. (U.B)
Ans: “Culture, therefore, connotes the entire range of a ‘society’s make-up such as religion,
faith, morals, customs, laws, learning, arts, crafts, hobbies and leisure which a man
acquired as a member of society, and whose use and adoption enables the different and
sometimes dissimilar individuals and groups to develop common interests and acquire
common appearance and traits. Culture, makes a man capable of distinguishing between
uncivilized behaviours and urbanity, thus raising the arts and crafts to a higher level.”
Q.4: Write few lines about the civilization of Mohenjo-Daro. (U.B)
Ans: At Mohenjo-Daro in north western Sind and at Harappa in the Punjab, north east of Multan,
excavations carried out by the Archaeological Department of the Government of India have
brought to light the material remains of an ancient culture which is closely related to the
ancient culture of Sumerians in Iraq. The affinity falls short of absolute identity.
Q.5: What do you know about ruins of Harappa? (U.B)
Ans: Harappa is located at a distance of about 20 km from Sahiwal, the district headquarters of
Punjab and 180 km from Lahore, near Peshawar, Karachi, highway. The relics found in
Harappa indicate the ancient and prosperous urban life of the Indus Valley. About four
thousand years old, the monuments of this city are the center of interest of tourists from all
over the world.

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Pakistan /OF PAKISTAN.
Languages of Pakistan
PROF. ALYAS
TEST ALINO.4
CHAICHI. PAKISTAN
LECTURESTUDIES
NO.2
Student Learning Outcomes
 Important Characteristics of Pakistani culture
 Gender Equality
 Rights of Women in Islam
 Be Pakistani, Buy Pakistani Products.
Q.1: Define Important Characteristics of Pakistani culture.
Ans: IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF PAKISTANICULTURE
Religious Unity:
More than 96 per cent of the people in Pakistan are Muslims. They have deep love for their faith
and are ready to render any sacrifice in the name of religion. This love and devotion for Islam
served as the basic motive force behind their struggle for a free homeland-Pakistan. Only Islam is
the basis of our survival. But living patterns of the people of Pakistan do not strictly conform to
the standards set by Islam. Our social habits and rituals bear the important of un-Islamic influences
we have acquired through our social interaction with other communities.
1. Heterogeneous Character:
Pakistan is not inhabited by a single ethnic group. The area which now forms Pakistan attracted
people from different parts of the world; these people came here and made this land their
permanent homeland. The social system which is now identified as ‘Pakistan Culture’ has emerged
as a synthesis of Arab, Iranian, Greek, British and number of other cultural impacts.
FAMILY LIFE, CUSTOMS, DRESSES.
Following are the notable features of the culture of Pakistan.
 Joint family system is practiced, young members of the family pay due respect to elders.
 Head of the family is an elderly male, women are honoured.
 In the rituals and customs, regarding marriage and mourning un-Islamic local traditions
dominate.
 Common people live on simple primitive patterns.
 Women are eligible to get their share from father’s and husband’s inheritance.
 Majority of the women is chaste and observe ‘Pardah’ these needs are also grated in the
designing of houses.
 Hounour and vanity are the values rated so high that people like to live and die for them.
 Men and women wear simple and graceful dress in daily life. Men wear Sheerwani and cap
on formal occasions and Eids. Shalwar Kamees is the common female attire, with Dupatta
and Chadar worn on head, Western dress in also used in offices and educational institutions
especially by men.
 Routine diet of the people is simple. Festive food is prepared for special occasions.

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 Marriage is taken as a sacred vow that binds tow individual for the whole of life. Bride and
groom start their new life with the religious ceremony of Nikah. Display of the Dowery,
Mehndi, firework, extravagant lighting, singing and dancing are the un-Islamic practices,
which have now become part of the marriage ceremonies.
 Family system in Pakistan is very sound and stable; incidence of divorce is extremely low
when compared with the western society.
 Azan is called in the ears of the newborn just after his or her birth. Sweets are distributed
amongst friends, neighbours, and gifts are given to the new born. Neighbours, friends and
relatives gather together and console the bereaved family on the incident of death. Full
helping hand is given in the fitting out of the corpse (tajheez-o-takfeen), carrying of the
body to the grave yard (Janazza) and the interment, (tadfeen or burial). The bereaved family
is given food by the relatives for three days.

BE PAKISTANI, BUY PAKISTANI

History bears evidence that only those nations made real economic progress, which had once
decided to adopt the habit of using their indigenous products and had remained religiously
committed to this vow. We do not have a commendable record of economic growth. Pakistanis
have never adopted the habit of patronizing their national products and this is perhaps one of the
paramount, causes of our retarded economic growth. We are in an immutable habit of using
imported goods instead of using locally manufactured items. Of course, imported goods,
sometimes, are used for lack of local alternatives available, but generally this is done only to satisfy
our sense of vanity and personal pride. Due to this habit enormous amount of our foreign exchange
gets out of our hands. To check this outflow of our precious foreign exchange, the government and
the people should join hands to evolve an economic culture based on the slogan ‘be Pakistani’,
buy Pakistani. To reduce dependence on the imported goods following measure are recommended
as initial steps:-
 The leaders of the public opinion should serve as a role model for the people by publicly
announcing to abandon the use of imported goods.
 Standard of the local products should be improved and brought at par with the imported
good. In this case people will feel less tempted to purchase foreign products.
 To improve the standards of indigenous products tax holidays and other incentives should
be provided to the local manufacturers.
Q.2: Describe the gender justice issues of Pakistan.
Ans: GENDER EQUITY: ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
For the building of a just and equitable society equality between men and women is the foremost
imperative, but unfortunately, in spite of all the efforts made by the Prophets and reformers, the
human society has, so, far failed to achieve this objective. The West, in this respect,
notwithstanding all its professions and high sounding claims, is in no better position than the East.
Women is a creature of lesser status, her birth is a burden for the family, events of turning women
out of their homes only because they had given birth to a female child are very common.
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 Women are made to work as peasants and field labour in our rural areas.
 In the feudal setup status of women is even worse; she is confined within the fortress like
boundaries of the feudal houses like slaves women.
 Honour killing of woman is now a common practice. Our social system is generally inclined
in favour men, women are convicted notwithstanding the fallacy of the charge levied against
her, and woman is not even given a chance to plead innocent in the court of law.
 In our country literacy rate in the lower income groups is generally very low, in women it
is even lower.
 Women are not provided adequate legal and constitutional safeguards of their rights,
leaders of the public opinion also make high sounding claims about these rights, but all this
has failed to better the women’s lot.
Apparently the women have been provided adequate legal and constitutional
Q.3: What rights has Islam given to women?
Ans: Rights of Women in Islam
Definition:
Man and woman are the two wheels which carry the caravan of civilization ahead. None of these
is less important than the other. Islam is the religion of humanity. This is as old as humanity itself.
َٖ ُ ‫ّی َس ٖی َد ََن ُُم َ َٖم ٌد َٖر ُس ْو ُل ہ ّٖللاِ َص َّٖل‬
‫ّللا َعلَ ْی ِہ َو َ ہ‬ ٖ َٖ ُ َ َ
Prophet Muhammad ‫لَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ َ ‫ خاتم الن ِب ن‬was the last Prophet of Allah and it
was at his hand that the message of Islam was completed. In most of the societies before Islam,
woman was treated as a second rate human being. As late as in 1918 the British women were given
a right to vote, American women had to wait for another ten years before they were enfranchised
(1928). In the two and a quarter century long American constitutional history not even a single
woman has been elected as President.
Dignity:
In the primitive societies woman was considered to be an unclean and pollute creature. Islam
restored her honour. Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam. It is obligatory upon every affording
Muslim to perform Hajj at least once in lifetime, otherwise his Iman remains incomplete. Running
between Safa and Marwa (Sa’i) is a part of Hajj rituals. For the last thousand years, billions of the
faithful Muslims, including the Prophets, their companions, and the sacred people are performing
Hajj every year and following the tradition (Sunnah) of a great woman whose name was Hijrah.
Right of Life:
Blood of a woman is as sacred and inviolable in the eyes of Islam as that of a man. One who
murders a woman is subjected to death penalty as the killer of a man.
Right of Property:
In many societies woman herself was given the status of a piece of property, hence the question of
giving her the rights of ownership and property did not arise. Islam gave women full property
rights and made her legally entitled to the inheritance of her father and husband. She can hold
property in her name, and no one including her husband is allowed to make use of this property
without her permission.
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Right to Equality:
In the matter of right Islam has treated women generally at par with men the Holy Quran says:
“……..and women shall have rights similar to the rights against them, according to
what is equitable; but men have a degree (of advantage) over them. And Allah is
exalted in Power, Wise.” (Al Baqara 228).
Since the family unit is run like a miniature state and no state can be run without someone who
heads it, Islam has given man the position of the head of the family.
Right to Basic Necessities of Life:
Man has been made responsible for providing the woman with necessities of life. She cannot be
forced to earn livelihood for herself or her children and husband. This is perhaps the only reason for
which Allah has given men superiority over women. This has been explained in Surah An-Nisa.
“………. Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they
(men) support them from their means.” (An-Nisa 34)
Right to be Treated Fairly:
Hazrat Omer (RA) said that once I admonished my wife and she retaliated in the same tone, it was
a new experience for me because in the days before Islam we gave little importance to women,
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ہ‬
Islam forbade us from treating them harshly”, the Prophet ‫ّللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ ہلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول‬said
‫ّللا صّل‬
“The best amongst you are those who treat their wives best.”
Right to be consulted with:
Islam established a tradition of consulting women and giving their opinions due consideration. The
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ہ‬
Prophet ‫ّللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ ہلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول ّللاِ صّل‬allowed his wives to travel with him when he set out
for important expeditions, he consulted them on matters of importance. On the occasion of
Hudaibia Treaty he was able to overcome a problem by acting upon an opinion rendered by Hazrat
Umm-e-Salamah (RA). Hazrat Omer (RA) made a very important decision by following the
opinion of his daughter Umm-ul-Momineen Hazrat Hafsa (RA). Many knowledgeable
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ہ‬
companions of the Prophet ‫ّللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ ہلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول ّللاِ صّل‬consulted Hazrat Aishah (RA) in
important matter, she was held in high esteem by the companions for her justice opinions.
Right to Social Life and Attainment of Knowledge:
Opponents generally allege that Islam bars women from acquiring knowledge and wants to confine
them within the boundaries of their homes. This is true that Islam does not allow women to mix
freely with men. Islam believes that men and women, by virtue of their creating are meant to
perform duties different from each other and their free contact may cause damage to the society.
But on the other hand Islam not only encourages female education, it makes it obligatory upon
every Muslim woman to acquire knowledge, in the same way as it does for men. Women form
nearly fifty percent of any society, avoidance of free and unnecessary interaction between the
genders shall automatically imply that at least fifty percent of the total doctors and teachers and
persons in all other important places should be taken from female half of the society.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. What is percentage of Muslim Pakistan in population?
(a) 95 (b) 96 (c) 97 (d) 92
2. In Pakistan, food is sent to the house of the deceased for a days____:
(a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five
3. For the first time in Britain, a woman has been given the right to vote.
(a) 1916 (b) 1917 (c) 1918 (d) 1919
4. Running between Safa and Marwa is the Sunnah of_____:
(a) Hazrat Maryam (b) Hazrat Hajra (c) Hazrat Asiya (d) Hazrat Khadija
5. National game of Pakistan is _________:
(a) Football (b) Cricket (c) Hockey (d) Volley Ball

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Which is the most popular games played in Pakistan? (K.B)
Ans: Wrestling, Kabaddi, Malakhra, Volleyball, Football are the popular games of the villages. Hockey
is the national sport. Pakistani cricketers, cricketers and squash players are among the top players
in the world.
Q.2 Write down the salient features of Pakistani family life. (K.B)
Ans: Following are the notable features of the culture of Pakistan.
 Joint family system is practiced, young members of the family pay due respect to elders.
 Head of the family is an elderly male, women are honoured.
 In the rituals and customs, regarding marriage and mourning un-Islamic local traditions dominate.
 Common people live on simple primitive patterns.
Q.3 Write few lines about the importance of gender equality. (U.B)
Ans: For the building of a just and equitable society equality between men and women is the
foremost imperative, but unfortunately, in spite of all the efforts made by the Prophets and
reformers, the human society has, so, far failed to achieve this objective.
Q.4 In Islam, expression of opinion and advice has given to women. Highlight it. (U.B)
Ans: Islam established a tradition of consulting women and giving their opinions due consideration. The
َٖ َ َ ُ ‫ہ‬ َ ُ َٖ ُ َ َ
Prophet ‫ّللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ ہلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ ٖ ‫ّی َس ِٖی َد ََن ُم َ َٖم ٌد ٖر ُس ْول‬
ُ ‫ّللا َص ّٖل‬ َ ٖ ‫الن ِب ن‬ ‫ خاتم‬allowed his wives to travel with him when he set out
for important expeditions, he consulted them on matters of importance. On the occasion of
Hudaibia Treaty he was able to overcome a problem by acting upon an opinion rendered by Hazrat
Umm-e-Salamah (RA). Hazrat Omer (RA) made a very important decision by following the
opinion of his daughter Umm-ul-Momineen Hazrat Hafsa (RA). Many knowledgeable companions
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ہ‬
of the Prophet ‫ّللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ ہلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول‬consulted Hazrat Aishah (RA) in important
‫ّللا صّل‬
matter, she was held in high esteem by the companions for her justice opinions.

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PROF TEST
ALYAS NO.4
ALI CHAICHI PAKISTAN
LECTURESTUDIES.
NO.3

Student Learning Outcomes

 Role of language in human relation  National language Urdu
 Punjabi
Q.1: What role does language play in cultural security and human relations?
Ans: ROLE OF LANGUAGE
Introduction:
Culture is defined as the sum total of the higher achievements of group life, or the human products
made by a particular group or people, living in a specific area at a particular period of time. Of all
these human products language, of course has paramount importance. It is through language that
people express their feelings, emotions and aspirations and preserved their cultural heritage for
their future generations.
A Source of Education and Transmission of Sciences:
All knowledge is acquired and imparted through the medium of language, and the language spoken
in a society bears very strong imprint of the body of knowledge it comes in contract with. Words,
syntax, idioms, Phrasal verbs and other instruments of speech used by the speakers of a language
reflect the society of its origin; ‘Muhawarah’ is the Urdu alternative of the English ‘Idiom’.
‘Muhawarah’ literally means a set of two or more words that has revolved around for a long period
of time and attained a special meaning which does not necessarily conform to the words it is
comprised of. Language of a society reflects the entire body of experiences the society and ethical
norms of the society. The best part of this experience is transferred to coming generations and it is
done, of course, through the medium of language. Language, therefore, is the living history of a
culture. Allama Muhammad Iqbal has called history the memory of a nation, obviously the
memory cannot be recorded without the use of language.

Physical and Civil Sciences:

Physical and social sciences affect the character of a language and the language in turn affects the
academic life of the society. Languages of the vibrant and civilized societies are rich in academic
tradition and vice versa in the uncivilized societies.
Urdu is the product of the centuries of cultural interaction the Hindu and the Muslim communities
of India, and was identified to be the symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity, but on a particular juncture
of history the Hindus totally alienated themselves from it.

Conclusion:
With this, cracks started appearing in the body of the magnificent Indian culture build on the basis
of Hindu-Muslim unity. In this way the process that started with meager linguistic differences
ended up in a total separation of the two nations.

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Languages
Q.2: Why can Urdu be the national language? Explain in detail the
distinguishing features and stages of formation.
Ans: FEATURES AND STAGES OF FORMATION OF URDU LANGUAGE
National Language of Pakistan:
Since Urdu had become a major issue in the Indian Muslim’s struggle for national identity, it was
natural that independence proved a blessing for the future of Urdu. The Quaid-e-Azam (‫ )رۃمحاہللہیلع‬had
made it clear in very early days after independence.
“But let me make it very clear to you that the State language of
Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language”.
WHY ONLY URDU SHOULD BE THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE OF
PAKISTAN?
(CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF URDU)
Only Urdu can be the national language of Pakistan, not other language deserves this status,
following are the reasons:
 Urdu has a very close resemblance with all the regional languages of Pakistan. Many words
used in this language are common and all these language are written in the same script.
 Urdu is the lingua franca; it is spoken and understood by people living in all areas of
Pakistan.
 Urdu is the symbol of national unity, it is not the language of any particular region or a
specific group of people, it is a common national heritage.
 Urdu is a vast and beautiful language; it has assimilated many beautiful words from other
languages.
 With the adoption of the Arabic, Persian and Turkish words Urdu has developed a close
affinity with other languages of the Muslim world. Urdu has also developed a very rich
vocabulary due to its unique quality of absorbing and adopting words and phrases from
other languages.
Historical Evolution of Urdu Language (Different Publics of Urdu Development):
Brief History:
How and when Urdu took shape as a distinct language? Is Urdu a developed form of any of the
sub-continent’s old languages? If yes, which language can be identified as Urdu’s mother? These,
and many other questions like these have been discussed by the researchers and scholars at length
and different opinions have emerged. In Sayyid Sulaiman Nadavi’s opinion, Urdu is a developed
form of Sindhi. Hafiz Mahmood Shirani traced its origin to Punjabi. According to Dr. Naseer-ud-
Din Hashmi South India was the first homeland of Urdu. Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad
traced its origin to Persian. Other linguists believe that the Brij Bhasha spoken in the suburbs of
Delhi gave birth to Urdu.
It is difficult for us to accept any of these opinions as final; all of these have their own strengths
and weaknesses. Most probably, Urdu did not emanate from a single source, more or less all these,
and possibly many other factors played a role in its formations.
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Formative Phase:
Whatever we have so far learnt about the formation of Urdu language can be summed up in the
following points:
 Origin of Urdu language can be traced to the advent of Islam in the subcontinent. Arab
settlements existed on the southern shores of India even before the days of Prophet
َٖ ُ ‫ّی َس ٖی َد ََن ُُم َ ٖ َم ٌد َٖر ُس ْو ُل ہ ّٖللاِ َص ٖ َّل‬
‫ّللا َعلَ ْی ِہ َو َ ہ‬ ٖ َٖ ُ َ َ
Muhammad ‫لَع آ ِلہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ َ ‫ خاتم الن ِب ن‬a few centuries after the Prophet
َٖ ُ ‫ّی َس ٖی َد ََن ُُم َ ٖ َم ٌد ٖ َر ُس ْو ُل ہ ّٖللاِ َص ٖ َّل‬
‫ّللا َعلَ ْی ِہ َو َ ہ‬ ٖ َٖ ُ َ َ
‫لَع آ ِلہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ َ ‫ خاتم الن ِب ن‬Muslim conquers from west and north-west
started pouring in. The soldiers in these armies spoke Arabic, Persian and Turkish
Languages. Wherever they settled, a grafting between their languages and the indigenous
dialects started taking place. These mixed languages formed raw material for the language
which later came to be known as Urdu.
 In the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, the British, the French and the Portuguese
settlers and traders enriched the local languages by contributing new words and phrases to it.
 Local dialects of the Punjab, Sind and Deccan contributed richly to the formation of Urdu.
 In South India the Muslim preachers wrote tracts in simple to understand popular dialects
and these probably, are the first written Urdu works.
 Founder of Hyderabad (Deccan) and the ruler of Golkanda state Muhammad Ali Qutab
Shah (1581-1611) is the author of the first published work of poetry (Diwan) in Urdu.
 Wali Dakkani is generally held as the first modern Urdu poet because the language used
by him is closer to modern Urdu (as compared to Qutab Shah’s language) and also because
he founded a new school in Urdu literature.
 First work in Urdu prose is Mulla Wajhi’s ‘Sab Ras’ which is the translation of a Persian
book.
 Literary masterpieces appeared in North India during the same period. In the later period
Urdu was adopted as the language of the religious literature. Shah Ismail Shaheed’s
Taqviatul Iman and Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah rafi-ud-Din’s translations of the Holy
Quran are the excellent pieces of fluent and easy to understand Urdu language.
 Fort William College Calcutta was established by the British rulers in the year 1800,
basically for the fulfillment of their colonial needs. The college hired the services of the
renowned Urdu writers to write books in simple, standard Urdu. These books were taught
to the British officers and played an important role in the enrichment of the Urdu literature.
 In the midst of the nineteenth century Mirza Asad Ullah Khan Ghalib introduced a new
trend in Urdu prose through his simple and forthright style and expression. In the latter half
of the nineteenth century Sir Sayyind Ahmad Khan (RA) and his companions made
scrupulous efforts to enrich this tradition. In the same period Shibli Nomani made valuable
additions to the Urdu literature.
 In the twentieth century, religious scholars like Maulana Abul-Kalam Azad, Maulana
Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Maulana Abu-Ala Modudi produced rich religious literature in Urdu

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and introduced new trends in prose writing. Poets like Iqbal, Hali and Akbar composed
excellent purposeful poetry and used their pen for national regeneration.
 At the end of the 18th century, Urdu had taken the place of Persian as the language of
Muslim culture in India.
 In the year 1837 Urdu was, for the first time, recognized as the language of Civil Courts of
the British Government.
 In states like Hyederabad Deccan Urdu was adopted as official and the court language.
 Urdu was for the first time, adopted as the medium of instructions for higher level of
education by a modern University established at Hyderabad in the year 1920.
Since Urdu had emerged as a symbol of the Muslim nationhood in the sub-continent during the days of
the Muslim struggle for freedom, with the creation of Pakistan a golden era in the history of Urdu ushered.
In very early days after independence the Quaid-e-Azam (‫ )رہضاہللاعتیلہنع‬said in unequivocal terms:-
“But let me make it very clear to you that the State language of Pakistan is going to
be Urdu and no other language. Anyone who tries to mislead you is really the enemy
of Pakistan. Without one State language, no Nation can remain tied up solidly
together and function.”
Q.3: Write a note on Punjabi Language.
Ans: PUNJABI LANGUAGE
Historical Background:
Punjabi is an ancient language spoken in the most populous provinces of Pakistan. We do not
exactly know how and where this language came into being. Many experts trace its origin to the
ancient Dravidians of Harappa civilization (2500 BC) other relate it with the period of Mahmud
of Ghazna which is approximately 1000 AD. Generally Baba Farid-Ud-Din Gunje-Shakar is
known to be the first Punjabi poet.
Themes:
Punjabi poets and prose writers have written on a variety of themes i.e love, fiqh (Islamic
Jurisprudence), folk tales ad epics.
Forms:
Punjabi poetry is comparable to the best of the poetic works rendered in any language of the world.
Traditional Punjabi poets expressed themselves through the medium of Nazm (verse) or the forms closely
identical to it. These are kafi, war, tappa, dhola, doha, satthni and ghori, ghazal (ode) was introduced at
a comparatively later stage, probably under Urdu influence. Tradition of writing epic poetry and songs
of national love and pride is very rich in Punjabi literature. It was only in the first half of the twentieth
century that short story, drama, novel and criticism was for the first time introduced in the Punjabi prose.
Punjabi literature therefore, has not a very rich collection of these forms, Radio, television and film played
very important role in the development of Punjabi drama and story writing.
Names and Dialects:
The name Punjabi was for the first time used by the author of book Miftah-ul-Fiqh, written in the
first half of the seventeenth century. Before that, it was referred to a Multani, Lahori, Jatki, Hindi

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etc. Alberuni called it Alhindiya. People in different areas like to call their Punjabi dialect by
different name like Siraiki, Hindko, Chhachhi, Hithari, Pothohari, Dhanni, Shahpuri and Majhi
etc. Among these Siraiki enjoys a special position due to its delicate, Majhi etc. Among these
Siraiki enjoys a special position due to its delicate, pleasant discreet accent and the enormous
number of users. Appreciating its importance Bahudding Zakaraya University Multan has
established a Siraiki research Centre and Islamia University Bahawalpur is catering master’s
classes in the language.
Literary Assets:
Sufi saints like Madhu Lah Hussain, Sultan Bahu, Bulhe Shah, Hafiz Barkhudar, Fazal Shah,
Hashim Shah, Qadir yar, Waris Shah, Khawaja Farid and Mian Muhammad Buksh are the most
prominent among the endless list of Punjabi poets.
History of prose writing in Punjabi is not very long. All ancient fables were composed in verse,
most prominent among these are Heer Ranjha (Waris Shah) Sassi Pannun (Hashim Shah) Sohni
Mahiwal (Fazal Shah), Mirza Sahiban (Hfiz Barkhudar).

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWER

1. Urdu is a word in which language?
(a) Hindi (b) Persian (c) Arabic (d) Turkey
2. Who was the first poet of Urdu?
(a) Wali Deccani (b) Qali Qutb Shah
(c) Four (d) Khawaja Masood Salman
3. The region in which Pakistan is located has an ancient civilization:
(a) Indus Valley (b) Valley of Egypt (c) Nile Valley (d) Euphrates Valley
4. Who is generally considered to be the first Punjabi poet?
(a) Sachal Sarmast (b) Nadir Shah
(c) Allama Iqbal (d) Baba Fareed Gang Shakar
5. In which city Bahauddin Zakaria University has established?
(a) Lahore (b) Islamabad (c) Multan (d) Karachi

SHORT QUESTIONS ANSWER

Q.1 Why the Urdu languages most suitable as National Language? (U.B)
Ans: Only Urdu can be the national language of Pakistan, not other language deserves this status,
following are the reasons:
 Urdu has a very close resemblance with all the regional languages of Pakistan. Many words
used in this language are common and all these language are written in the same script.
 Urdu is the lingua franca; it is spoken and understood by people living in all areas of
Pakistan.
 Urdu is the symbol of national unity, it is not the language of any particular region or a
specific group of people, it is a common national heritage.

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Q.2: What did Quaid-e-Azam say about the importance of Urdu? (K.B)
Ans: Since Urdu had become a major issue in the Indian Muslim’s struggle for national
identity, it was natural that independence proved a blessing for the future of Urdu. The
Quaid-e-Azam (‫ )رۃمحاہللہیلع‬had made it clear in very early days after independence.
Q.3: How did the Urdu language come into being? State the opinion of some researchers.
(U.B)
Ans: Researchers and scholars at length and different opinions have emerged. In Sayyid Sulaiman
Nadavi’s opinion, Urdu is a developed form of Sindhi. Hafiz Mahmood Shirani traced its
origin to Punjabi. According to Dr. Naseer-ud-Din Hashmi South India was the first
homeland of Urdu. Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad traced its origin to Persian. Other
linguists believe that the Brij Bhasha spoken in the suburbs of Delhi gave birth to Urdu.
Q.4: Describe the dialects and accents of Punjabi language. (K.B)
Ans: The dialects of punjabi are mention below:
Multani, Lahori, Jatki, Hindi etc. Alberuni called it Alhindiya. People in different areas
like to call their Punjabi dialect by different name like Siraiki, Hindko, Chhachhi, Hithari,
Pothohari, Dhanni, Shahpuri and Majhi etc. Among these Siraiki enjoys a special position
due to its delicate, Majhi etc.
Q.5: Write the names of poets of Punjabi language. (K.B)
Ans: Sufi saints like Madhu Lah Hussain, Sultan Bahu, Bulhe Shah, Hafiz Barkhudar, Fazal
Shah, Hashim Shah, Qadir yar, Waris Shah, Khawaja Farid and Mian Muhammad Buksh
are the most prominent among the endless list of Punjabi poets.
History of prose writing in Punjabi is not very long. All ancient fables were composed in
verse, most prominent among these are Heer Ranjha (Waris Shah) Sassi Pannun (Hashim
Shah) Sohni Mahiwal (Fazal Shah), Mirza Sahiban (Hfiz Barkhudar).

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PROF . ALYAS
TESTALI CHAICHI.
NO.4 PAKISTAN STUDIES.
LECTURE NO.4

Student Learning Outcomes

 Sindhi Language  Pushto Language  Balochi Language
Q.1: What do you know about the script and literary works of Sindhi language?
Ans: SINDHI LANGUAGE
Script:
Prof. Max Muller is of the opinion that Sindhi was born even before Sanskrit which is generally
held to be the most ancient Indian language. He expressed this opinion in his famous book
‘Biography of Words”. He says that the people living on both sides of the river Indus as early as
BC 2000 spoke Sindhi.
Relics found at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro reveal that the people of the old Indus valley
civilization knew the art of writing and from this we infer that old Sindhi did have a script, but we
do not know for sure what it really was like. Sindhi script, now in use, was devised by Abdul
Hassan Sindhi on the basis of Arabic letters.
Literary Assets:
Sindhi is first language in South Asia the Holy Quran was translated into “Chach Nama” is one of
the immortal works of the Sindhi literature. Period between 1050 and 1350 AD is marked with the
prolific production of religious literature in Sindhi language. Preachers of the Ismaili sect played
important role in the progress of Sindhi literature Gunan, bait, sortthe and Gaatha are the forms
they introduced.
Great Poet of Sindhi Language:
 Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai 91689-1752) is admittedly the greatest poet Sindhi has so far
produced. His book Shah Jo Risalo is a master piece in Sindhi Literature. His poetry is
known for eloquence, simplicity flow and rhythm. Dignity of labour and the higher values
of life are his favourite themes.
 Sachal sarmast is another great Sindhi poet who composed in almost the same age, in his
nine hundred thousand couplets he used many other language side by side with Sindhi,
these were Hindi, Urdu, Siraiki, Punjabi, and Persian Wahdat-ul-Wajood (pantheism) is
the most favourite of his themes.
 Makhdum Muhammad Hashim (1690-1761) was a religious scholar and prose writer. He
wrote about 50 books in Persian and Sindhi. His books were included in the curriculum
taught at Al-Azhar University (cairo) the biggest seat of Islamic learning in the world.
Azizullah and Shah Latif were his contemporaries. He translated the Holy Quran into
Sindhi.
 MIrza Qalich Beg (1855-1929) is no doubt the most prominent of the Sindhi scholars who
lived in the British period. He wrote about 400 books covering a variety of subjects.
 Among the modern Sindhi writers Sheikh Ayaz, Prof. Karim Buksh Nizamani and
AsadUllah Bhutto are the most remarkable.
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 Muhammad Bin Qasim literary society is rendering good services to Sindhi language as
well Sindhi rendering of the important books of other languages.
Dialects:
Sindhi spoken in different parts of Rajhistan, Sind, and Balochistan is identified with different
names. Literacy and formal Sindhi standard is sahti. Dialects spoken in the lower Sind and Rajistan
are known as Lari, Kachhi, Kattiwari and Thari. Similarly jogali, gandavi, fikri, lasi, kaichi, lori
and cheni are the Sindhi dialects used in different parts of Balochistan. Other famous accents are
Kohistani, Siraiki and Vicholi.
Q2: Write a note on Pushto Language, literature and poetry.
Ans: PUSHTO LANGUAGE
Historical Background:
Pushto is the language of the valiant Pakhtoons settled in the north-western part of Pakistan, on
the right bank of the river Indus and the Hindu Kush mountain range. Pushto took birth nearly five
thousand years back in the Afghan area known as Bakht or Bakhtar and derived its name from it,
originally known as Bakhtu, this language later come to be known as Pushto.
Script:
Before the arrival of the Muslims in the Sub-Continent Pushto was lettered in Kharoshti script.
Saifullah devised a script for it, he also wrote a book Tazkira-rul-Aulia. Pushto alpha bate are now
43 in number.
Although Pushto was influenced by many foreign language like Turkish, Pali and sanskirth, yet
these influences did not made any substantial change in its basically Islamic Character. Impacts of
Hindu Philosophy and mythology, found very commonly in other languages of Pakistan, are
absolutely nonexistent in Pushto.
Pushto Literature:
Like most of the languages, tradition of writing poetry is older than the writing of prose in Pushto
literature. No evidence of written prose has been found prior to nineteenth century. The most
ancient Pushto written work so far discovered is “Patta Khazana” written in the latter half of the
eighth century.
Four Phases of Pushto Literature:
Keeping in view the written works available, critic divide Pushto literature in four phases:
First Phase:
(Between 8th and 15th Century AD)In this phase, the first Pushto poet Amir Karore was born. Qasidas
of Gias-ud-Din Balban and Sher Shah Suri were composed and Bayazid Ansari, a famous poet, lived
during this period.
Second Phase
(Between 16th century and 17th century AD) Renowned Pushto writer Akhudn Dryza belongs to
this age. Living Pushto legends Khushhal Khan Khattak and Rehman Baba also composed during
this period.

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Third Phase
(Between 17th century and 17th century AD)During this period famous religious scholar Mian
Omer and writers like Mulla Abdur Rahseed, Sa’adat Khan and Qasim Ali Afridi are especially
notable.
Fourth Phase
(18th century AD to present)Pushto literature produced during this period is dominated by anti-
imperialist sentiments, love of freedom and expression of discontentment and revolt against the
oppressive foreign rule. Most notable amongst these freedom loving poets and writers are
Mohammad Akram Khadim, Fazal Mahmood Makhfi, Abdul Kabeer Khan, Gul Badshah, Akbar,
Fazal-e-Rahim Saqi, Muhammad Aslam Khan Shahrar, Abdul Hakeem Khan, Ahmad Shah
Barrister, Abdul Ghani Khan Ghani, Amir Nawaz Jalia, Abdul Khaliq Khaleeque, Dost
Muhammad Kamil, Muhammad Nawaz Khan Kamil, Muhammad Nawaz Khatak and Abdul Malik
Fida. During the 1965 Indo Pak war Pushto poets and writers produced very effective national
literature, especially poetry.
Dialects:
Pushto has three major dialects or accents i.e north eastern dialect, south western dialect and the
dialect of Zai tribes.
Forms and Classical Poetry:
Tappa is the oldest Pushto poetic form. Poetry which was transferred from one generation to
another without being recorded in black and white for generations is found in forms like char
baitey, badley and nemkai.
Khaushaal Khan Khatak is held in highest esteem among the Pushto Poets. His works are superb
pieces of poetry as well as excellent treatise on the politics of his age. He is a true representative
of Patthan national pride, while Rehman Baba generally reflects on themes of purely religious
nature. Hameed Baba is another ancient Pushto poet. Ahmad Shah Abdali, founder of modern
Afghanistan is one of the leading Pushto poets.
Q.3: Write a note on Balochi Poetry:
Ans: BALOCHI LANGUAGE
Historical Background:
Balochs were divided into clans and tribes a few centuries back, and had all the characteristics of
the pre-Islamic Arab society. Every tribe had its own poet who composed exaggerated accounts of
the expeditions the valiant young heroes of the tribe had accomplished triumphantly. These were
known as Qasida. They also condemned the enemy in poems called Hajve. Most of the literature
created in that period falls in the category of epic poetry. Linguists believe that Balochi belongs to
the family of Aryan languages. We can divide Balochi poetry into four kinds.
 Epics; poems about the history pedigree and lineage of the Baloch tribes.
 Narratives of wars that took place between the tribes, poems in the praise of heroes
(qasidas) and condemnation of the enemy (hajviyat).

KIPS PROF.
REVISION LECTURE
ALYAS ALI CHAICHI. PAK_TURK 2nd YEAR
NOTES –MAARIF (FEDERAL
INTERNATIONAL BOARD)
SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 82
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Chapter # 6/7 LANGUAGES OF THECulture
ISLMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
of Pakistan / Languages of Pakistan
 Romantic poems and lyrics, ghazals ethical poems and brief poems like lullaby (loli)
romantic songs (dastangh) and motak etc.
 Elegies (marsia) and long narratives of events in poetry (masnavis).
Style:
Balochis living in bare and barren, sun-baked hills have a very fertile and prolific mind. The poetry
they produced was simple in form but strong in impact. This gave a faithful description of the
Balochi way of life. This arose from their hearts and made a direct appeal to the hearts of the
listeners. It made a very honest portrayal of the events.
Golden Period in the History of Balochi Literature:
Nineteenth century deserves to be called the golden in the history of Balochi literature. Kalhora
rulers were great partons of letters and literature. Balochi literature also benefited from this. Persian
impact, during this period further intensified. Mirza Ghulam Muhammad Natiq Makrani is the
most eminent poet of this age; he was a contemporary of Mirza Asad Ullah Khan Ghalib. During
this period Leich, Mayer, Longworth Dames, Jamait Rai and Hetu Ram collected compiled and
published Baloch ballads and other literary works.
Literary works:
Meer chakar and Hammal Rind are the most celebrated of the classical Balochi poets. Haani Shah
Murid is an excellent Balochi classic. Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Shah Taib, mast Tavakkali and Gul
Muhammad Zaib are rated very high amongst the classical Balochi poets. Mir Muhammad Anqa
Amid twentieth century poet rendered meritorious services for the cause of Pakistan. Most notable
amongst the modern Balochi wirters and poets are Muhammad Ramazan, Gul Khan Naseer, and
Azad Jamal-ud-Din.
Script:
History of the Balochi script, which is based on Arabic Letters, is not very old. Standard Balochi
script was finalized after the creation of Pakistan by amending the script already in use.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. How many years ago did the Pashto language originated in Afghanistan?
(a) Four thousand (b) Five thousand (c) Six thousand (d) Seven thousand
2. According to Professor Max Müller, Sindhi came into existence before which language?
(a) Aryan (b) Sanskrit (c) Hebrew (d) English
3. Who is the poet of "Shah Jo Risalo"?
(a) Shah Abdul Latif Bhatai (b) Sachal Sarmast
(c) Waris Shah (d) Rahman Baba
4. According to linguists, Balochi language belongs to which group of languages?
(a) Sami (b) Arabic (c) Greek (d) Aryan
5. Which century is called the golden age of Balochi literature?
(a) 18th Century (b) 19th Century (c) 20th Century (d) 21st Century

KIPS REVISION
PROF. ALYAS LECTURE
ALI CHAICHI. NOTES
PAK_TURK 2nd YEAR
– MAARIF (FEDERALSCHOOLS
INTERNATIONAL BOARD)AND COLLEGES. 83
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Chapter # 6/7 LANGUAGES OF THE ISLMIC
Culture ofREPUBLIC
Pakistan /OF PAKISTANof
Languages Pakistan
SHORT QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Q.1: What is the role of Shah Abdul Latif Bhatai in the development of Sindhi language
and literature? (A.B)
Ans: Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai 91689-1752) is admittedly the greatest poet Sindhi has so far
produced. His book Shah Jo Risalo is a master piece in Sindhi Literature. His poetry is
known for eloquence, simplicity flow and rhythm. Dignity of labour and the higher
values of life are his favourite themes.
Q.2: Write the background of Pushto Language.? (K.B)
Ans: Pushto is the language of the valiant Pakhtoons settled in the north-western part of
Pakistan, on the right bank of the river Indus and the Hindu Kush mountain range. Pushto
took birth nearly five thousand years back in the Afghan area known as Bakht or Bakhtar
and derived its name from it, originally known as Bakhtu, this language later come to be
known as Pushto.
Q.3: What do you know about the script of Pushto Language? (U.B)
Ans: Before the arrival of the Muslims in the Sub-Continent Pushto was lettered in Kharoshti
script. Saifullah devised a script for it, he also wrote a book Tazkira-rul-Aulia. Pushto alpha
bate are now 43 in number. Although Pushto was influenced by many foreign language
like Turkish, Pali and sanskirth, yet these influences did not made any substantial change
in its basically Islamic Character.
Q.4: Write the names of important writers of Balochi language and literature. (U.B)
Ans: Meer chakar and Hammal Rind are the most celebrated of the classical Balochi poets.
Haani Shah Murid is an excellent Balochi classic. Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Shah Taib,
mast Tavakkali and Gul Muhammad Zaib are rated very high amongst the classical Balochi
poets. Mir Muhammad Anqa Amid twentieth century poet rendered meritorious services
for the cause of Pakistan. Most notable amongst the modern Balochi wirters and poets are
Muhammad Ramazan, Gul Khan Naseer, and Azad Jamal-ud-Din.
Q.5: Balochi poetry is divided into how many phases? (U.B)
Ans: We can divide Balochi poetry into four kinds.
 Epics; poems about the history pedigree and lineage of the Baloch tribes.
 Narratives of wars that took place between the tribes, poems in the praise of heroes
(qasidas) and condemnation of the enemy (hajviyat).
 Romantic poems and lyrics, ghazals ethical poems and brief poems like lullaby
(loli) romantic songs (dastangh) and motak etc.
 Elegies (marsia) and long narratives of events in poetry (masnavis).

nd
KIPS REVISION
PROF. ALYASLECTURE
ALI CHAICHI.NOTES – 2MAARIF
PAK_TURK YEAR (FEDERAL BOARD)
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 84