ASSESSMENT 1: BRONZE AGE MINOAN CRETE

Bronze Age Minoan Crete

The Survey- sites: GOURNIA

GOURNIA- was excavated by Harriet Boyd 1901-04. Gournia was the centre of industries with
farmers, fishermen, craftsmen. A circular kernos, offering disc shows the link between religion and
economy.
The site is significant because it is situated near a small hill close to the sea and dominated by a “small
palace”. It is a good example of a Minoan town that had many different industries.

Role of Gournia:
- Gournia was the centre of industries with farmers, fishermen, and craftsmen.
- Gournia was the centre of trade with the Aegean and Near East. It imported objects of obsidian,
copper, tin, lead, silver, gold, and pottery.
- Gournia had narrow, paved streets. Castleden writes, “these streets are little more than alleys
winding informally round a low ridge once densely packed with houses”.
- Main occupations: agriculture, stock breeding, fishing, pottery and weaving.
- Archaeological evidence found at Gournia suggest strong religious practices, trade, industry,
and agriculture.
- The town had a long life, from early Minoan II to late Minoan III. But it flourished particularly
in late Minoan I.
- The town was small: about 185m north to south, about 135m east to west, though there may
have been further building in the valley to the west, which was perhaps also used for
agriculture.
- The ‘small palace’ at Gournia, called the “Governor’s House”, was built at the heart of the
town on top of the ridge, the houses and streets clustering round it. It was 50 x 37 m. It was
built from cut stone. It has features common to the palace- important rooms; storage areas; cult
and ritual areas. But it did not have a central court. There appears to have a shrine because of a
large stone slab with a hole drilled at one corner, which stands to one side of the stairs leading
to the house. This is associated with blood sacrifice. Excavations have revealed some sealings
and seals as evidence of administrative functions. So the building was a centre of government
for the town and surrounding area. It fronts onto an open space.
- Ruins of a small temple, in the south-west quarter of the site and north west of the palace. Had
a pathway joining the temple with the main street of the
town.

Evidence found at Gournia:

- Tools: fish hooks, balance weights, loom weights and

potter’s turntables, saws, chisels, awls, nails, files and
axes. (evidence for industry & agriculture)
- Sacrificial stone with holes, possibly for draining the
blood of an animal, oil presses, sarcophagi, and bathtubs
with animal motifs.
- Traces of defensive walls were found, confirming that the town was fortified.
- A circular kernos offering disc suggests libations and a religious element to life in Gournia.
- North of the palace, a small public shrine was found, dedicated to the Minoan ‘Snake goddess’.
- Clay figurines of the goddesses with raised arms, a tripod altar and snake tubes, symbolised the
worshipping of the symbol of snakes.
- Remains of a ship with storage facilities was found.
- 1 Linear A tablet
Social Structure and Political Organisation:
● Social Structure- the hierarchy of society- different classes of people
● Political organisation- The government and who ruled/organised the society

Minoan Society- order from top to bottom:

→ God/Ruler
→ Palace Elite, Bureaucracy
→ Priest/ Priestesses
→ Artisans/ Craftsmen
→ Agricultural Workers
→ Slaves

The possible social status

- Ruler (king or queen)
- Bureachy
- Priests and priestesses
- Craftsmen
- Agriculture
- Slaves

- Evidence suggests that the Minoan Social Structure was hierarchical and structured
- It suggests that the God King/ Priest/ King ruler was at the top of the pyramid and resided in
the palace
- WANAX term for king from a later period
- The king was surrounded by wealthy nobility both with the palace elite (The bureaucracy some
of these worked with the palace other in regions). Minor officials and chieftans in other major
centres
- Merchants and artisans/craftsmen lived and worked in the palace dominated cities such as
Gournia
- Agricultural workers are believed to have worked the lands of the King and nobles
- The towns that surrounded the palaces were probably subject to one of the Kings

- The significance of the palace/ structures and villas show the existence of large
structures/palaces bear witness to a royal administration and a centralised government that
became the bases of Minoan Society
- The structures could be- the palace= a shrine= royal residence= administrative/economic centre
- Within the palace existed a bureacracy and palace elite who collected taxes in kind and kept
written recores of the royal possessions
- It is more than likely that royal administrators also resided in the towns

EVIDENCE of the minor officials/palace elite: THE CHIEFTAINS CUP

Problems with evidence: - fragmentary evidence= hypotheses, overall evidence shows that society
was ‘stratifed’ or layered:
- Comparisons with similar societies at the time= Near Eastern and Egyptian= ruler/elite
- Palaces, large country houses and the remains of simple houses= different class groups

Issues relating to gender and identity of the ruler

 1. Evans - western view that it is a male king as that was the context of him. Patriarchal
assumptions that it was a name

2. Jane harrison and Harriet Boyd- Matriarchy due to lots of female imagery (ignored by
Evans)

3. Helen Waterhouse- No apparent signs of warfare or struggle. Therefore it was led by a

priestess? Less aggressive society theoractice society.. Hands of priestesses →1974

4. Warren- Religious? Politician → female

5. Christous Boutis- Kingship was the norm. Used evidence of the Master Sealstone which had a
male with a staff on top of a palace.

HOWEVER… ANOTHER SEALSTONE WAS FOUND CALLED THE MISTRESS OF THE

ANIMALS WITH A WOMEN ON TOP OF A LION.

6. Susan Evasdaugher- 1996 presented a feminist perspective. Griffins in the throne room are
associated with females. Dimensions were found and measured of a woman. Made a link to a
neolithic society. Brennan said that Eva's daughter confused matrilineal descent with
matriarchy.

7. Peter warren- 2002- not likely to be a woman. Said there was a hierarchy. Size of the
buildings are important. Unforfied palace because they were confident as they are naval places.

Rodney Castledon said that dancing can link to opium.

- Women dancing
- All relates to priestess
- Ritual of opium

There are many issues relating to the gender of the ruler as there is not an answer but only different
hypotheses of what gender was the ruler of this period in Crete. When Evans found Knossos he wanted
to find a king based on the Legend of the Minotaur. There is both evidence of a male and female leader
and many different scholars propose different theories of what gender was the ruler as evident in the
sealstones such as the Master Sealstone and the Mistress of the Animals.

Evans had a western view which meant he thought and wanted to find a king and this was seen as
normal during his time. He made patriarchal assumptions that it was a male. There was evidence found
on Linear B tablets saying the word ‘Wanax’ meaning king. This concluded the fact to a few
scholars that it was a king during the Third Palace where Myceaneans had taken over. Christos Boulotis
also thought it was a king as it was seen as normal. He used the Master Sealstone to help formulate his
hypothesis. This was a seal found on the site and was a male with a staff on top of a palace. This was
used as evidence against the theory of it being a woman as it meant that a man, meaning a king, was the
leader of the palace and therefore the whole society. Another sealstone was found called the Mistress of
the Animals with a woman holding a staff and wearing a flounce on top of lions showing dominance as
lions are the kings of the jungle.

Jane Harrison in 1903 wrote that Crete was a matriarchy due to lots of female imagery. She ignored
Evans and his theory. Revisionist historians have interpreted evidence that supports Harrisons’ theory-
Helen Waterhouse(1974) proposed a revision of Evan’s God/King theory. Helen Waterhouse also
thought it was priestess as there was no signs of warfare or struggle and therefore was led by
priestesses. She thought having a less aggressive theocratic society meant it was in the hands of a
priestess. While Susan Evasdaughter argued it was a woman leader by writing an article in 1996 where
feminists were raging so she had a very strong feminist perspective. She found Griffins in the Throne
Room which relates to women so she thought it was a female ruler due to them being found in the
room. Susan Evasdaugther found an imprint of a bottom in the throne. Dimensions of the buttocks
measured to be a woman which raised an issue with many scholars that thought it was a king.

With the findings of many sources of different depictions of what gender the ruler was makes it an
issue as there are many different hypotheses from different scholars using different evidence.

Palace elite: bureaucracy, priests and priestesses

Social structure → hierarchy of society, different classes of people.
Political organization → government and who rules/ organized the society
It is a Matriarchy which means it's run by women and more evidence saying this.

Bureaucracy - includes administrators and priests and priestesses. Camp stool fresco, the precision
fresco found in a corridor. They lived in the forerooms and served people and tax collecting.

Evans in 1890 wanted to find a king based on the Legend of the Minotaur. He went to Crete and found
sealstones. He found the throne room and said it was hierarchical and well structured.

Evidence on Linear B saying Wanax meaning it was a king in the third palace where Mcteanean had
taken over. The king was surrounded by wealthy nobility both with the palace elite.

Chieftains cup is evidence of social structure and leadership and power.

Prince of the lilies- made up of different frescos, women, men and griffin.

Priests- this part of the palace elite which is second in the social status:
We do not know very much at all about priests in Minoan society but archaeologists from Evans time
onwards have identified priests among seal stones. It is believed that priests were signified in these
cravings by features such as short - cropped hair, a fringed garment draped around the body or a
sacrificial ax carried over the shoulder. There is less evidence showing that there were priests.
 one male, one female

Priestesses: Many representations of women have been interpreted as portrayals of priestesses. We

don't know if the priestesses were full time religious specialists or whether religious duties were
performed only occasionally by elite women who also had other special roles. We don't know how
priestesses were chosen, it may have been a social elite. They helped conduct practices in religion.

Bureaucracy: They were the top of the palace elite and helped dispute the goods to the rest of the city.
They were the scribes and wrote stuff down which is the evidence to show that they existed. The
organizational structure of the palaces appears to have included workers and craftsmen and those
responsible for the recording and storage of raw materials and agricultural processes. It was an
administrative structure like an office and was assigned to flocks, herds, and regulated the collection,
weighting and distribution of agricultural produce. They would have supervised scribes and there are
clay tablets to show this.

Roles and status of women : They had a significant role and were associated in religion, art, and
hierarchy.

Source & Interpretation:

Ladies in Blue fresco

Well-groomed women engaging in conversation.

This illustrates the important and respected role of
women in Minoan society. The fresco creates an
image of peace, relaxation and prosperity. Women
wore makeup and jewelry. While the fashion of
the day were frocks that exposed the breast.

Tripartite Shrine fresco- (Grandstand fresco)

religion

Women in a performance space, in front of a male

audience. It signifies the important status of
women in Minoan society and their possible
involvement in religion. This is one of several artistic representations showing dancing women, which
historians have linked to religion. The image also gives some indication of how the ‘theatrical area’ a
common feature of most of the palaces may have been used.

Snake Goddess figurines - relate to role of women and status, hierarchy

The faience figurines were found at Knossos.

They wear flounced long skirts and are bare breasted.
bre. One of the goddesses wears a headpiece and has snakes crawling over
her arms and hands. The Snake Goddess has been linked with the concept of
the Mother goddess. In the classical Greek period the Snake was considered
to be a positive spirit; links have also been made between the Snake and
fertility.

Agia Triada Sarcophagus religion

The panels on this Sarcophagus are believed to
illustrate the funeral procession of a well-to- do
Minoan gentleman. There is evidence of a funeral
ceremony conducted by priestesses. The
illustration shows evidence of libations, offerings
of animals and food produce and a sacrificial bull.
There is also an indication of a journey, possibly
to the afterlife.

Shows a female conducting a ritual showing that

priests and priestesses were in the social class.
Showing of a female priestess pouring libations. Showing a funeral as he is standing behind a tree.

Mistress of Animals seal stone gender

A female deity exerting her superiority and control

over two lions. This illustrates the strength power and
authority of Minoan women
Bull Leaping Fresco festivals in religion
This fresco shows the sport of bull leaping which
seems to have involved both male and female
participants. It illustrates the importance of the Bull
Cult which dominated Minoan Society. Bull-jumping
was a common theme found in Minoan wall paintings
and vase sculptures. The object was to test one’s
courage and agility by grabbing the bull's horns and
either mounting it or vaulting over it. A successful
vaulter landed on her feet behind the bull. Illustrations
of the sport emphasize grace, fluidity and gymnastic
skill more than bravery and both men and women
participated.

Written by Ty Narada for Dr Kosso

The Minoans were a peaceful society that flourished from about 2050 BC to 1470 BC. They lived
primarily on the large isle of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. Their seat of government was located at
the town of Knossos and Men and women are interpreted to have been equal without regard for race,
sex, gender or age. At some point in their cultural development, the Mycenaeans adopted the Minoan
goddesses and associated these goddesses with their sky-god that the Greeks later called Zeus. The
Greeks believed that the female chthonic gods were older than their Olympian gods and many
speculate that the Greek god-system evolved from the Minoan Earth goddess.

Many believe that the Mycenaean religion included offerings and sacrifices to the gods and some have
speculated that those offerings included human sacrifice based on textual evidence and bones found
outside tombs.

Urbanization dramatically changed social relationships. Where biological relationships remained

paramount in rural areas, urbanized cultures adopted more abstract, unstable and unequal
associations. Those associations created a "class" society that prioritized economics over kinship.

Social inequality resulted when administrators, kings and priests controlled the wealth and assumed
more influential roles. While there is no evident social nobility in the ancient world, class was an
inherently unstable means of social organization. Urban areas were divided into public and domestic
spheres but did not affect surrounding smaller tribal societies.

The Minoans on Crete did not conform to the male-dominated norm found elsewhere. Not only was
Crete society based on equality, but archaeological evidence suggests that women played an important
role in urban public life: Women were priestesses, functionaries, administrators and participated in
sports that would otherwise be dominated by males. Boxing and bull-jumping were the two most
popular sports in Crete.

Women were equally represented as skilled craftswomen, entrepreneurs, priestesses and were found
among the highest echelons of political life. Evidence suggests that the priesthood was dominated by
women. Although the palace kings were male, Minoan society was not necessarily patriarchal.

Craftsmen and agricultural workers

- Spent significant amount of time farming

- Evidence of intensive farming
- Harvesters vase - farmers carrying and evidence of hierarchy and harvesting tools
- Linear B tablets on farming
- Evidence of musical

Magazines - used for storage. They are jars that are filled with grains. These grains were collected by
pheasants and then would be brought back to the palace for them to sell it.

Slaves
- Linear B tablets- Doulous (slave in Greek)
- Captain of the Black Fresco

Craftsman - part of the social structure: Minoan people were known as a Bronze Age culture, with
crafts, achievements, and technologies never before heard of. Their culture spread throughout the world
and they are known as perhaps the world's first greatest innovators, creating at a rate unlike any society
had ever known.

The presence of craftsmen and craftswomen in Minoan society is inferred from the objects or buildings
that were made in Crete. Some craftsmen were carpenters, potters, painters and carvers of stone and
ivory. Most craft workers probably only worked part time at their craft and spent the rest of their time
working in the fields or grazing sheeps and goats. Only in the workshops associated with the palatial
centers might there be sufficient opportunity for anything approaching full time craft work.

Agriculture workers: Farm implements and organic remains indicate intensive farming and grazing.
The harvesters vase may show a depiction of agricultural workers in a procession and we have we also
have indications of threshing floors and the remains of country houses.

The linear B clay tablets list agricultural produce and cattle numbers, but we do not know very little
about the status of agricultural workers. The farmers of Crete in villages and small communities may
have also made pottery.

The linear B clay tablets from knossos are from the period when the mycenaeans were in control of
crete and in that period there clearly seems to be control being organized from knossos over agriculture
and grazing in that region.
The Economy - Source C - Economy Trade and Exchange

Palace Economy

The economy refers to the production, distribution or trade and consumption of goods and services by
different agents through the palace. The bureaucracy resells these goods.

Knossos is a Non- monetary (no money just barting) palace economy (A Palace economy is an
economy that happens in the palace) and is a centralized government meaning it is multifunctional and
everything goes to the palace and then redistributed back out. Major palace sites acted as collection and
distribution points for local produce. The palace was political, religious, economic and social.

The 5 main functions were:

1. Producers (crafts were carried out)
2. Consumers (which were the burearchy)
3. Regulators of external trade
4. Accumulators of agricultural produce and other materials first in the Koulouras and then
magazines (could be a source as well as the harvesters vase)
5. Redistribution of agricultural produce and other materials

Evidence
Koulouras- big holes in the first and second palace where they stored grains.
Linear B- economic exchange
Uluburun- redistributed overseas trade
Workshops - knossos

Importance of agriculture: shows how important this is to the economy because without this food
would not be distributed.

Agricultural goods produced on the island included oil, olives, grapes, wine, wool, and cereals. ←
everyday diet.

Animal husbandry - the raising of animals that were reared for milk and meat. Examples of what they
ate were goat, pigs, sheep, cattle. To show this there were votives which link to religion and were left
on top of mountain tops and left there for thanksgiving.
Evidence
Harvesters Vase - singing, attitude of lower class (shows social structure)
- 1825 goats, 540 pigs

Exported and imported agriculture

LE TABLETS- written in linear B

- These tablets deal with the production of cloth
 - The type of cloth made and the employment of women
- Males involved in making heavy rugs
- Distribution of this cloth

AK tablets
- These show the number of textile workers at knossos, around 100-500

GV865 tablet- “109 fig trees, and a vineyard with 420 newly painted vines”.
GV863 tablet

Roles of towns: Gournia and Zakros

Gournia
- Manufacturing, fishing hooks and nets industry
- Center of industries and trade
- Narrow streets
- Agriculture, pottery, weaving
- Loom stones, Snake goddess, Storage, Facilities
- Traces of fortification

Zakros
- Trade - ivory, cooper, ivory
- Evidence of syria and cyprus
- Oil presses
- Carving with imported stone
- Controlled by palace elite

Trade and economic exchange: Mediterranean and Aegean region → source c - international
trade.

- Minoan goods were sent to Egypt, Syria and the Black sea.
- Based on exchange/ barter
- The mycenaeans were subjected to strong and mounting influence from Crete affecting
mycenaean, arts, crafts and cultural domination.
- The regulators of external trade were burearchy that resided in the palaces
- Exported natural resources
- Imported stone, metals

Evidence of trade
- Rekhmire tomb - trade with Egypt with pottery for ivory (assessment)
- Copper ingots - Uluburun shipwreck as it was found near other countries
- Pottery
Trade routes
- Northern route
- Central route
- Southern route

They traded with Egypt, Syria, mainland Greece and Turkey.

The concept of Thalassocracy

- The rule of the sea

- Sea empire
- Marine
- Term comes from the 5th century.
- The word is from athens
- ‘mastery of the sea’
- Thucydides and Herodotus made up the word
- Compared it to Athens as Crete is not fortified

Evidence
- Naval fresco
- Uluburun ingots
- Port towns
- Fishing hooks
- Seal stones

The debate
“The archeological evidence indicates Minoan cultural influence but this does not prove that the
Minoans sent out colonists or exerted control in the islands.” (Brennen)

It is known that they were sea faring people, as they has extensive trade with Eastern countries
Despite the extensive trade & communication with other civilisations (such as Egypt, as shown by the
Rekhmire tomb paintings), there is insufficient evidence to determine whether Minoan Crete controlled
the civilisations in the Aegean sea

Occupations (different crafts, their job), crafts and industry: pottery, stone, ivory, metal, jewelry,
seal stones, purple dye

Evidence of workshops producing pottery and lapidary workshops have been found as well as
numerous loom stones which shows the textile industry. → which Linear B tablets tell us.

These industries were - weaving, ceramics (snake goddess, little houses, knossos tiles) pottery (pythoi),
stonework and lapidary (working with stone) → hard stone- alabaster, steatite, obisation used to make
cups and vases - ceremonial purposes.

Numerous craftsmen - artists, jewelry makers, builders, potters, textile workers.

Industries
1. Olive - press from vathypetro
2. Bronze - furnaces. Smelting copper and tin
3. Stone carving - lapidary
4. Wine industry - tablet GV863
Religion, Death and Burial
Death and burial:

Funerary and tombs → chamber, tholos, caves, royal tombs, Lady of Arkames

Larnax - coffin made of clay, same thing as lanakes, just multiple. They are highly decorated and are
shaped like a bathtub.
Ossuary - boxes of bones in tombs, clearing out the area for the next generation.
Tholos - above ground tomb which could look like a bee hive.
Grave Goods - food or heirlooms that are put into the grave
Communal burial - lots of people buried together → for the lower class.

1. Chamber tombs: Underground rock- cut chamber tombs are the most common type of grave
in the second or new palace period and the post palace period. The tomb chamber itself could
be rectangular, round or have side niches. It was accessed through a dromos, a long sloping
ramp.

2. Cave burials: The earliest known burials were found in caves and under rock shelters and
these date from the Neolithic age. Cave and rock shelter burials were common in the early
Minoan period before man made structures were built for burials.

3. Rectangular house tombs: They started around even when cave burials were still going. Some
have no entrances which suggests that these places of communal burial were filled with bodies
or with bones from above.

Minoan Burials- under funerary

Minoan burial practices changed over time and there are a number of different tomb types. Burial was
communal and indicates a strong sense of community. We do not know if the burials constitute
community groups, extended families or clan members. Most cemeteries had tombs that were reused
again and again. Grave goods found with the more elaborate burials provide archaeologists with
evidence of the wealth and status of members of elite groups in Minoan society.

Butterflies are found in Tombs and they may symbolize the soul. There were many medallions with
butterflies found.

1. Communal burials
- Family would have a collective tomb
- Small rural settlement may have have one but knossos was ringed by several such
tombs
- Cremation was uncommon
- Bronze scale pans were also uncovered in a late Minoan tomb
- Links to Egyptian and Mesopotamian concept of the weighing of the soul
Processes of burial
 - Bodies found in fetal position
- Bodies were laid on the floor of a tomb
- Later on placed in Larnax

Concept of an afterlife
- Suggestions of a belief among Minoan society of an afterlife
- An evolution of burial concepts over the period

Caves - originally buried in caves which were cave cavities and were a communal burial ground.
Graves were common and Brangian suggests that this proves a clan structure.

Built tombs - Mochlos cemeteries

Apesokari - house tombs
Circular tombs have been uncovered in the Mascara plain with the most famous being the Apesokari
tombs.

Outside the tombs were large altars which were sacrificial offerings.

Inhumation - put people in a box and bury them inside of burning them and once there were too many
bones they would put them in an ossuary. The evidence is the skeletons being found as if they didnt do
this, nothing would have been found.

Tholos Tomb A - the tomb of the Lady of Arkhanes - examples of tombs

- Dates back to 1390
- Beehive shape
- Consisted of a main chamber and a side chamber
- Grave goods included 140 pieces of jewelry, which had originally adorned the body of an
important women
- Remains of bulls and houses found

An example of a Larnax is the Aghia triada sarcophagus. It is a burial ritual. The winged goddess in the
griffen chariot may be transporting the dead. A sacrifice of a bull and many offerings are made. Labrys,
pillars, doves and lastrial bowls appear on the sides and there are musicians playing a flute. Links to
inhumation

Ritual objects:
- Conical cups, some containing food and others were painted red, found with red
- Cups may suggest final meals or libations

Brennan- Minoan Death and burial

Type, Dates and Places, Comments

 1. Caves, C.3000- 2600 Cave burials @ Ellenospilos Rock shelters on the Lasithi Plan, Earliest
were found in caves and under rock shelters. Pithoi remains in embryonic positions.

2. Rectangular or “house tombs”, C. 2600- c23000 Found at Archanes, Mallia, Zakros and
GourniaRectangular structures that some archaeologist call “ house tombs” These are mainly
on the east side of the island. Some have no entrances and suggest communal burials. These
contain grave goods which indicate a belief in the afterlife. Later, tombs were well constructed
and resembled houses

3. Ossuaries These were boxes where the disintegrated bones were collected and stored, ready for
the next burial. They could be intergenerational. These were found in the house tombs.

4. Tholos C. 3000-2600, developed over time- the latter are Mycenaean. These were originally
circular tombs with domed roofs and appeared on the Messara Plain. They varied in size. They
faced east, possibly for religious reasons. During the Mycenaean period, they became more
elaborate and were carved into a hillside. They were also referred to as “beehive tombs.” In
these tombs, bodies were either placed in pithoi or a Larnax

5. Pithoi and larnax Throughout the Bronze Age Originally, bodies were buried in a pithoi in a
fetal position. Larnax or (larnakes plural) developed later and were clay chests/coffins that
were highly decorated. These had scenes of nature and the sea, which Nanno Marinatos
suggests. “represented the landscape of the afterlife” These were more than likely for the
well- to- do. Agia Triada sarcophagus is from c.1400 Bc it was made of stone

6. Wood coffins 1500-1400 BC There is also evidence of wooden coffins from this later period

7. Chamber TombsC1700- 1110 BC, These are underground rock-cut chamber tombs.These could
be round or rectangular and were accessed by a dromos which was a sloping path. These
belonged to well to do people.

8. Royal Tomb at Isopata North of Knossos. Temple Tomb at KnossosC.1450 BC

This was unique and special. This dated to c,1450 and according to Evans was a Royal Tomb
This was destroyed by bombing during WWII
Evidence of looting of grave goods The Temple Tomb is two storey. Part of it cut into the rock and part
freestanding, it had a paved courtyard, a pillar crypt and a burial chamber. There were no bodies but
some grave goods were found. This was probably looted in the ancient world

9. Human sacrifice Anemospilia C.1700 at the time of the earthquake that destroyed the second
palaces 1979 Yannis and Effie Sakellarakis discovered a religious shrine near Mt Juktas There
was evidence of sacrificial victims, priest libations, altars. Warren suggests that maybe even
cannibalism

IMPORTANT PEOPLE TO NOTE

- Arthur Evans
- Rodney Castledon
- Brennan