Rudarski Preduzetnici Kao Priložnici I Zadužbinari 289-299

ɁȻɈɊɇɂɄ ɊȺȾɈȼȺ
ɍ ɑȺɋɌ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
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ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Book X
SECTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Book 38
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
IN HONOR TO ACADEMICIAN
DESANKȺ KOVAýEVIû KOJIû
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Academician Rajko Kuzmanoviü
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Academician Dragoljub Mirjaniü
EDITOR
Academician Ĉuro Tošiü
PREPARED BY
M.Sc. Željko Vujadinoviü
Banja Luka 2015
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ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂȳȺ ɇȺɍɄȺ ɂ ɍɆȳȿɌɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɄȿ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ
Ʉʃɢɝɚ X
ɈȾȳȿȴȿȵȿ ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇɂɏ ɇȺɍɄȺ
Ʉʃɢɝɚ 38
ɍ ɑȺɋɌ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ
ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ɍɊȿȾɇɂɄ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɋɚʁɤɨ Ʉɭɡɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ
ɈȾȽɈȼɈɊɇɂ ɍɊȿȾɇɂɄ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɪɚɝɨʂɭɛ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɢʄ
ɍɊȿȾɇɂɄ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɉɊɂɊȿȭɂȼȺɑ
Ɇɪ ɀɟʂɤɨ ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ
Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 2015.
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Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ
ȾȿɋȺɇɄȺ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
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ɋȺȾɊɀȺȳ

ɉɊȿȾȽɈȼɈɊ ............................................................................................13

ɀɂȼɈɌ ɂ ȾȳȿɅɈ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ...............................19
ɋɥɚɜɢɰɚ Ɇɟɪɟɧɢɤ
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ...............................37
ɊȺȾɈȼɂ ɉɈɋȼȿȶȿɇɂ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ

ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇȿ Ɇȿɇɂɐȿ ɍ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄɍ ɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ.
ɉɊȺȼɈ ɂ ȿɄɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ. ɉɊɈɉɂɋɂ ɂ ɉɊȺɄɋȺ
Ɉ ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺȵɍ ɆȿɇɂɐȺɆȺ ɍ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄɍ
ɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ 15. ȼȿɄȺ................................................................................67
Medieval bills in Dubrovnik and Serbia.
Law and economy. Regulations and practice in operations
with bills in Dubrovnik and Serbia of 15th century
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ

ɉɊɈɉȺɋɌ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂȳȿ ɍ ɈȽɅȿȾȺɅɍ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳȿ .........83
Untergang von Byzanz im Spiegel der serbischen Geschichte
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ

ɉɈȾȺɐɂ ɉɈȼȿȴȺ ȾȿɋɉɈɌȺ ɋɌȿɎȺɇȺ ɅȺɁȺɊȿȼɂȶȺ
Ɉ ɋȼȿɌɈȳ ȽɈɊɂ. ɉɊɂɆȿɊ ɏɂɅȺɇȾȺɊȺ..........................................95
Data from the documents of despotes Stefan Lazareviü about
the holy mount. The example of the monastery of Hilandar
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ƚɨʁɤɨ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ

ɉɊȿɉɂɋɄȺ ɆɈɅȾȺȼɋɄɈȽ ȼɈȳȼɈȾȿ ɋɌȿɎȺɇȺ ȼȿɅɂɄɈȽ
ɂ ɈɏɊɂȾɋɄɈȽ ȺɊɏɂȿɉɂɋɄɈɉȺ ȾɈɊɈɌȿȳȺ.
ɉɈȻɍȾȿ ɂ ȼɊȿɆȿ ɇȺɋɌȺɇɄȺ .........................................................103
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Correspondence of moldovan prince Stephen the Great
and the archbishop of ohrid Dorotej.
Ɇotivations and the time of origin
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ

ɈȾɇɈɋɂ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ɋɊȻȺ ɂ ɏɊȼȺɌȺ ɍ ȼɊȿɆȿ
ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȿ 1848–1849. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ (ɉɊɂɅɈȽ ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳɂ) ...........135
Relations between the Serbs and the Croats
At the time of 18481849 revolution (A tribute to history)

ɋɍɀȵɂ ɇȺ ȾȼɈɊɈȼɂɆȺ ȻɈɋȺɇɋɄɂɏ ɄɊȺȴȿȼȺ
ɂ ȼȿɅɂɄȺɒȺ (ɀɂȼɈɌ ɋ Ɉɇȿ ɋɌɊȺɇȿ ɋɅɈȻɈȾȿ) ................... 161
Captives at the courts of bosnian kings and noblemen
(Life on the other side of human freedom)
Prof. dr Ignacij Voje

PRILOG PRɈUýAVANJU DUBROVAýKIH
TRGOVAýKIH DRUŠTAVA .................................................................175
A tribute to studying the Dubrovnik’s trade companies
Prof. Paola Pinelli

FLORENTINE MERCHANTS TRAVELING EAST
THROUGH RAGUSA (DUBROVNIK)
AND THE BALKANS AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY ..........189
Ɏɢɪɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 15. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ
Prof. Francesca Bocchi

LA STORIA DELLE CITTÀ: UN VEICOLO
PER LA FORMAZIONE ALLA CITTADINANZA ...............................203
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ: ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ
Prof. dr Peter Rokay

DER EINFLUSS DER SITUATION
VON FLORENZ AUF DIE VERHÄLTNISSE
ZWISCHEN ANCONA UND DUBROVNIK (RAGUSA) .....................227
ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ (Ɋɚɝɭɡɟ)
8
Ⱦɪ ɇɟɜɟɧ ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ
ɌɊȽɈȼɂɇɋɄɂ ɍȽɈȼɈɊɂ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ȻɈɋɇȿ ɂ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄȺ
ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵȿɆ ȼȿɄɍ: ȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɂɑɄɂ ɈɋȼɊɌ ..............................235
Commercial treaties between Bosnia and Dubrovnik (Ragusa)
in the middle ages: a diplomatical overview
Prof. dr Nenad Fejiü

DA LI SU U DUBROVNIKU KRAJEM SREDNJEG VEKA
POSTOJALE ORGANIZOVANE KOLONIJE TRGOVACA
I ZANATLIJA, POREKLOM SA PIRINEJSKOG
I APENINSKOG POLUOSTRVA? .........................................................259
La commune de Dubrovnik (Raguse), accueillit-elle à la fin
du moyen age, des colonies d’artisans et de marchands
originaires d’Espagne et d’Italie?
Ⱦɪ Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ
ɉɊȺȼɇɂ ɈɄȼɂɊ ɊȺɁȼɈȳȺ ɊɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȺ
ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȳ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ ..........................................................273
Legal frameworks of mining in the medieval Serbia
Ⱦɪ ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ
ɊɍȾȺɊɋɄɂ ɉɊȿȾɍɁȿɌɇɂɐɂ
ɄȺɈ ɉɊɂɅɈɀɇɂɐɂ ɂ ɁȺȾɍɀȻɂɇȺɊɂ .........................................289
Mining entrepreneurs as donators and ktetors
of churches and monasteries
Ⱦɪ Ȼɨʁɚɧ Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ
PRISTINA – REALE SEDIA ...................................................................299
Pristina Reale Sedia
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ɇɢɲɢʄ

ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇȺ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɉɊɂɁɊȿɇȺ ɍ 14. ȼȿɄɍ ......................319
Social structure of Prizren in 14th century
Prof. dr Esad Kurtoviü

HREBELJANOVIûI, BALIûIEVIûI I OSTALI FOýANSKI
TRGOVCI U PERIODU 1469–1524. GODINE ......................................327
Hrebeljanoviüi, Baliüieviüi
and other merchants from Foþa (14691524)
9
Ⱦɪ ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɭɞɢʄ
ȼɅȺȾɂɆɂɊɂȶɂ ...................................................................................373
Vladimiriüi
Ⱦɪ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ

ȳɈȼȺɇ ȻɍȶȺ, ɄɈɌɈɊɋɄɂ ȼɅȺɋɌȿɅɂɇ (XIV–XV ȼȿɄ) ..............381
Jovan Buca, the lord of Kotor (14th – 15th century)
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ

ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺȵȿ ȽɊȻȴȺɇȺ ɍ ɄɈɌɈɊɍ
ɄɊȺȳȿɆ 14. ɂ ɌɈɄɈɆ 15. ȼȿɄȺ ........................................................391
Business dealings of inhabitants of Grbalj at the end
of 14th and during 15th century
Prof. dr Mihailo Popoviü

L'ESPACE IMPÉRIAL, L'ESPACE CONTESTÉ:
LE SUD-EST DE LA ɆACÉDOINE
ENTRE BYZANCE ET L'EMPIRE SERBE ........................................... 409
ɐɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ:
ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɤ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɞɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ

ɆȺɇȺɋɌɂɊɋɄɂ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋ ɍ ɄȺɅɍȾɊɂ ɄɈȾ ȻȿɊȺɇȺ.
ɌɊȺȽɈɆ ȳȿȾɇȿ ȺɇȺɏɈɊȿɌɋɄȿ ɆɈɇȺɒɄȿ ɁȺȳȿȾɇɂɐȿ .........427
The monastery complex in Ʉaludra near Berane
After the trace of an anchorites monastic community
Ⱦɪ ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ
ɊȺɑȼȺɋɌɂ ȾɍȻ ɂ ȽɊȻȺȼȺ ɄɊɍɒɄȺ:
ȾɊȼȿȶȿ ɂ ɋȿȽɆȿɇɌȺɐɂȳȺ ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇɈȽ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊȺ
ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȳ ɉȺɊɈɏɂȳɂ....................................................449
Forked oak and humped pear: trees and segmentation
of the social space in a medieval Parish
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞɪ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥ ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ

ȽɊɍɉɄɈ ȾɈȻɊɂɑȿȼɂȶ = ȽɊɍɉɄɈ ɉɈɉɈȼɂȶ, ȾȺ ɂɅɂ ɇȿ? ........ 473
Grupko Dobricevic = Grupko Popovic, yes or no?
Ⱦɪ Ƚɨɪɞɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ
ɄȺɊɌȺ ȻɈɋɇȿ ȭȺɄɈɆȺ ɄȺɇɌȿɅɂȳȺ ɂɁ 1689. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ ...........493
The map of Bosnia by Giacomo Cantelli da vignola (1689)
10
Dr Darja Miheliþ
DEMOGRAFSKA PODOBA ISTRSKEGA MESTA PIRAN
OKROG LETA 1890 ................................................................................531
Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɨ 1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ɍ. Ȼɚɬɚɤɨɜɢʄ
ɋɊȻɂȳȺ ɇȺ ɉɍɌɍ ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɇɈȽ ɈɋɅɈȻɈȭȿȵȺ:
ɍɋɌȺɇɐɂ, ȺɍɌɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ, ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȺ (17881813)................545
Serbia on the road to national liberation:
rebellions, autonomy, revolution (17881813)
Mr Slobodan Šoja
L’AUTRICHE-HONGRIE ET LA
BOSNIE-HERZEGOVINE 18781918:
L’HISTOIRE D’UN MALENTENDU FATAL .......................................571
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ 18781918:
ɉɪɢɱɚ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɮɚɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɢɦɨɢɥɚɠɟʃɭ
Ɇɪ Ⱦɭɲɤɨ Ɍɨɩɚɥɨɜɢʄ
ɒȼȿȾɋɄɂ ɄȺɉɂɌȺɅ ɍ ɊɍȾȺɊɋɌȼɍ
ɄɊȺȴȿȼɂɇȿ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ: ȺɄɐɂɈɇȺɊɋɄɈ
ȾɊɍɒɌȼɈ „ɄɈɋɆȺɂ” ɂɁ ɏȿɅɋɂɇȻɈɊȳȺ .....................................589
Swedish capital in mining of the Kingdom of Serbia:
Joint stock company „Kosmai” from Helsingborg
ɀɟʂɤɨ ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ
ȼȿɊɌɂɄȺɅȺ ȿȼɊɈɉɋɄɈ-ɌɍɊɋɄɂɏ (ɈɋɆȺɇɋɄɂɏ)
ɋɍɄɈȻȺ ɂ ɉɊɈɀɂɆȺȵȺ ...................................................................... 601
A diachronic view of the history of confrontation
and approximation between Europe and Turkey
11
12
ɉɊȿȾȽɈȼɈɊ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɜɚɱɚ Ⱥɤɚ-

ɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɱɥɚɧ.
ɋɚɦɨ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɫɬɢɰɚʁ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ ɞɚ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭ ʃɟɧɭ
ɱɚɫɬ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɜɟʄ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ʁɭɛɢɥɟʁɭ.
ȵɟɧɚ ɧɟɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɦʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɦ ɥɢɱ-
ɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɯɚɛɢɬɭɫɭ. ɇɚ ɨɧɟ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɭɫɪɟʄɟ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɬɨɝ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɟ
ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ʂɭɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ „ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɫʁɟɦɟ”, ɚ ɡɚ ɫʁɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɭɜɢ-
ʁɟɤ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ. Ɂɚɢɫɬɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɪɢ ʂɭɞɢ „ɫɪɟʄɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ”. ɋɚ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɤɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ – ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɨɦ
ɋɤɚɪɢʄɟɦ, ȼɚɫɢʂɟɦ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɟɦ, Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɦ ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄɟɦ – Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɭ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨ-
ɜɪɫɬɚɧ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɨɩɭɫ ɬɪɚʁɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɝɚɬɨ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɡɚ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ Ⱥɇɍ Ȼɢɏ, ɋȺ-
ɇɍ, ȺɇɍɊɋ-ɭ. ȵɟɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɞɨɦɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɲɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɰɟ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ
ɞɢɨ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɭ ɡɜɚʃɭ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɢ, ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɉɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ.
ɉɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱ ɨɜɨɝ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɨ
ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɨɦ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɨɦ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
ɍ ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞʁɟʂɟʃɚ.
Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ, ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɝɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɢ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. ɋɚɫɜɢɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟɧɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭɦɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɚ, ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɡɚ
ɫɚɜʁɟɬ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ, ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ. ɂ ɞɚɧɚɫ, Ⱦɟ-
ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɫɧɚɝɨɦ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɨɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ.
ɋɬɨɝɚ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɢ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ ɫɚ-
ɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɲʄɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɧɚɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɚ-
ʄɟʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɩpoɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɛɚ-
ɜɢɦɨ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɭ, ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɪɨɻɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ
ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ. ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɚʂɚɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɫɭ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢɯ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ
ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɤɢʃɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɧɚɲɟ ɧɚ-
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ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ – ɤɚɨ ɫɭɞɢɨɧɢɤ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɭ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱ
ʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ⱥɭɬɨɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɚ ɭ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ, ɤɨɥɟɝɟ ɢ ɫɚ-
ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɟ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ,
ɚ ɲɬɨ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɜɪɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢ ɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɢ ɫɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ,
ɩɪɨɬɤɚɧɢ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɱɢɧɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. ɍɜʁɟɪɟɧɢ ɫɦɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɚɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɢ ɫɚɬɤɚɧ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ-
ɬɢ ɩɭɧ ɭɜɢɞ ɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɢɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨ, ɬɟ ʁɚɜɧɢ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ. ɍ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ ɪɚɞɨ-
ɜɢɦɚ, ɨɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ „ɨɞ ɧɟɪɜɚ” ɫɥɨɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɚ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ, ɧɟɫɟɛɢɱɚɧ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɫɚ ɩɭɧɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɰɪ-
ɩɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɜɢɞɚɧ ɬɪɚɝ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɦɚɩɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ʃɟɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
ɋɜɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɚ. Ʉɚɨ
ɤɚɪɢɤɚ ɭ ɥɚɧɰɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɦɚ, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɟ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨɰɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ-
ɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɪɟɝɚɥɚɰɚ ɢɡ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɞ-
ɪɭɱʁɚ (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut für Byzantinistik und
Neogräzistik – Universität Wien, Stockholms stad. Centrum för modersmål
och minorites språk, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Università di
Bologna, Filozofska fakulteta v Ljubljani, Zgodovinski inštitut Milka Kosa,
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ
ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧ-
ɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤ-
ɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ). ɇɟɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɢɯ
ʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɨɦ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɚ, a ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɱɜɪɫɬ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɤɨ-
ɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɫɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɛɢɜɲɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ, ɭ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɨɦ
ɡɚɦɚɯɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɢɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɭ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɚ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ, ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢ-
ɫɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ. ɍ
ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɭ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭ
ɨɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɩɨʂɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ-
ɭɱɧɢ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ
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ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɭɱ-
ɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɨɫɜɪɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɭ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɲɤɭ ɞʁɟ-
ɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɢɦɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɬɢɩɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɭ
ɞɚɬɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɢ ɨɫɜɪɬ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɨ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɤɢʃɟ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
Ɉɜɢɦ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɦ ȺɇɍɊɋ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ
ɬɪɚʁɧɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɭ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
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ȻɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
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ɍȾɄ 929 Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ⱦ. DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15001
COBISS.RS-ID 5545752
ɀɂȼɈɌ ɂ ȾȳȿɅɈ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ 3. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1925. ɝɨ-

ɞɢɧɟ, ɨɞ ɨɰɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ ɋɚɥɚɬɢʄ, ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɠɢɜɢ
ɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ,
ɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɭɩɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ (1950). ɍɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ʁɟ, ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚ ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɧɚ
Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ.
ɇɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ 1956. ɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɭ ɬɟɡɭ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ. Ʉɚɨ
ɦɥɚɞɚ ɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɚ, ɩɨɥɟɬɧɚ ɢ ɠɟʂɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ, ɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɰɢ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ (ȳɨɪʁɚ Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɧɢ-
ʄɚ), ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ 1957/58. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɭɫɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɭ ɉɚ-
ɪɢɡɭ ɤɨɞ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɚ Ȼɪɨɞɟɥɚ, ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɯ
ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɧɚ L'École pratique des hautes études.
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬ, ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬ ʁɨɲ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ, ɨɞɚɬɥɟ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɜɨ-
ɞɢɨ ɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɢɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɚ, Ɇɢɥɚɧɨ), ɫɚ ɱɢʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɡɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɟ ʁɨʁ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫɚ ɠɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɦ
ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɲʄɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ „ɬɟɤɥɚ” ɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ, ɧɢ-
ɲɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɭ, ɩɪɨɲɚɜɲɢ ɤɪɨɡ
ɫɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɚ ɡɜɚʃɚ – ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɚ (1950) ɩɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ (1969) – ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɭɡ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɉɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɱɢɬɭʁɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫʁɚʁɧɚ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɚ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢ ɭ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɬɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ
ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɲɬɪɨ ɢ ɛɪɢɬɤɨ ɩɟɪɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɟɤɫɰɟɪɩɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɯɢʂɚ-
ɞɟ ɢ ɯɢʂɚɞɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɲɭ ɞɨɦɚ-
ʄɭ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɭ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ, ɡɚɢɫɬɚ, ɪɟʄɢ ɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚɥɚɱɤɢ ɧɚɞɚɯɧɭɬɨɦ ɡɚɧɨɫɭ, ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɯɢʂɚɞɚɦɚ ɫɩɢɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɞɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɢʁɟ ɫɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɥɚ-
ɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɨɝ
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ɩɢɫɚɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ, ɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ
ɞɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. ȳɚɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɟ, ɫɢɬɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɯɚɛɚɧɟ, ɚ
ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚɧɟ, ɩɚ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɧɟɱɢɬʂɢɜɟ ɢ
ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɥɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɟ ɛɢʂɟɲɤɟ, ɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɬ-
ɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ „ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɭɬɪɨɛɟ”, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɚ-
ɡɢ ɛɢɫɬɪɨ, ɜɢɫɩɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɡɜʁɟɠɛɚɧɨ ɨɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɋɨɻɟ-
ɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɞɚɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɢ ɩɨɦɧɨ ɩɨɞɭɱɚɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɛɢ-
ʂɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɚ „ɦɟɲɬɪɚ” ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɪɚɞɨɡɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ
ɧɨɜɢɯ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɦɚʁɞɚɧɚ”, ɱɢʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɚ,
ɜɟʄ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢɯ „ɤɨɥɨɩɥɟɬɚ” ɫɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ-
ɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ʃɢɦɚ ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ.
Ʉɚɨ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ: ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ
ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɨɦ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟ-
ɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɫ ɩɭɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɭɫɪɟɞɫɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚ-
ʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ, ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɤɚɡɚɧɢɦ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ, ɭɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢʁɨʁ, ɱɜɪɲ-
ʄɨʁ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɢ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨɝ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɞɨɫɚɞ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ
ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɫɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɜɟɬ (ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ, ɲɬɨ ɭ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪ-
ɫɬɜɭ) ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɪɯɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ
ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ. Ⱥɭɬɨɪ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɲɢ-
ɪɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɱɢʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟ-
ɻɚʁɭ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɢ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ: Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ
(1954), Trgovina u srednjevjekovnoj Bosni (1961), Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1978), Privredni razvoj srednjovjekovne bo-
sanske države (ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɟ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I,
1987), Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ/Caboga/ (1426–1433) (1999),
ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ (ɭ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ ɋɢɦɨɦ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ Ɋɭɠ-
ɨɦ ȶɭɤ, 2002), Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ: XIV–XV ɜɟɤ (2007),
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ (2010) ɢ La Serbie et les Pays
Serbes: L’Economie Urbaine XIVe–XVe siecles (2012).
ɉɭɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɟ-
ɝɚɦɚ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɭ, ɞɨɛɪɨɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɭ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɭ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɟɬɧɚɟɫɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ, ɱɥɚɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɚ-
ʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɚɰɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɫɜɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɟ (Ⱥɧɬɟ Ȼɚɛɢʄɚ, Ƚɪɟɝɨɪɚ ɑɪɟɦɨɲɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ). ɍɱɟ-
20
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɨɝɚɬɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɩɢɫɚɬɟʂɢɰɚ ɫɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚ ɢ
ɧɟɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɚ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ, ɜɪɚʄɚ ɨɧɨɦ „ɡɥɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɨɛɭ” ɨɞ
1979. ɞɨ 2004, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɢ
ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ „Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ”. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɝɥɨ-
ɦɟɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ – ɨɞ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ,
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ – ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɞ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɟ. ɂ ɫɚɞɚ, ɭ ɡɪɟɥɢʁɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɉ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ
ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɱɚɫɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ.
Ʉɚɨ ɜɪɫɬɚɧ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɡɪɟɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɨɝ, ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ, ɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɚ
ɧɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɟ.
Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɧɟɞɚʄɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɨ-
ɦɢɲʂɚɥɚ ɞɭɝɨ, ɜɟʄ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɜɢɦɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɚɦɨ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɚɪɦɚɧɬɧɢ ɢ
ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɧɢ, ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɚɥ-
ɬɪɭɢɫɬɚ, ɛɪɡɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɦɭɤɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ-
ɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɚ, ɬɪɚʁɧɚ ɢ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɱɢɦɟ ɩɨɦɭʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ.
Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɨʁ, ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ,
ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢɦ ɦɥɚɻɢɦ, ʁɨɲ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɤ
ɫɬɚɫɚɥɢɦ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɚ, ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɰɢ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɟ
ɩɨɦɨʄɢ. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɢʁɟɱʁɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɰɢʁɟɥɢɦ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɛɢʄɟɦ ɨɧɚʁ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɬɟ „ɨɞ ʃɟɝ
ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɡɚɛɨʂɟɬɢ ɝɥɚɜɚ”, ɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɧɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢʁɢ ɧɟɩɨɝɪɟɲɢɜɨ ɨɫʁɟʄɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ, ɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪ-
ɲɚɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɨ. ɋɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɢ
ɢ ɯɜɚɥɢɥɢ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɢɨ „ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɤɪɟɞɨ” ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ
ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɋɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɯɬʁɟɥɢ ɢ ɠɟʂɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɨɦ ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɟɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟ-
ʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɨ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ. ɉɪɚɜɢ ɰɢʂ ɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɦɟɬɢ, ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɢ
ɧɚʁɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɫɧɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɰ ɛɚɥ-
ɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɭ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɭ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨɝ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɪɟɡɚ-
ɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɨɦ: „Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɱɭɞɨ-
ɜɢɲɧɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ”. ɂ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɧɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ „ɤʃɢɝɨʂɭɛɚɰɚ”
21
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɜɟ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ” ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ʁɨɲ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɢʁɟ” ɤʃɢɝɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɚɲɥɟ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ, ɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɟ
ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɩɟɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢʁɟ ɪɭɤɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɨ
ɫɪɟʄɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɰɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɟ ɢ
ɧɟɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚɱɟɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ʃɟɧɟ ɦɥɚɞɚɥɚɱɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɥɚɡɧɟ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɫɜʁɟɠɢɧɟ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɝ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ, ɛɚɜɢɥɚ
ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɪɟɤɥɨ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɢʁɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɱɚɫɧɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɭ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨʁ „Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ”, ɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ
ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɚ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ Ɉɞɛɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1993. ɫɩɨʂɧɢ ʁɟ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɥɚ ɭ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɜɟʄɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ. ɑɥɚɧ ʁɟ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ ȼɭɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ. Ɉɞ
1975. ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɢɫɧɢ, ɚ ɨɞ 1981. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɱɥɚɧ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ
ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ
ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ 27. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1994, ɚ 1996. ɉɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɱɥɚɧ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɚɧ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɋȺɇɍ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨʁ ɞɟɫɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɢ
ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ȺɇɍɊɋ-ɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ 8. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 2006. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ⱦɨɛɢɬɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɚɞâ: „ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ” ɡɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɪɚɞ, Ⱦɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɫɟɞɦɨʁɭɥɫɤɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ
ɡɚ ɤʃɢɝɭ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1979) ɢ
ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ „ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ” ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ (2002).
Ʉɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɟ
ɚɤɪɢɛɢɱɧɨɲʄɭ, ɬɟɦɟʂɢɬɨɲʄɭ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɲʄɭ, ʁɚɫɧɨʄɨɦ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɦɢɫɥɢ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɬɟɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɢɦ
ɨɫɥɨɧɰɟɦ ɧɚ ɟɝɡɚɤɬɧɟ, ɦɚɯɨɦ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ,
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɚ-
ɜʂɢɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɉɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɟ: ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ
(Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1995), ȳɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ – ɪɚɫɤɪɫɧɢɰɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢ-
ʁɚ (ɉɚɪɢɡ, ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1998), Ɋɚɡɚɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ɋɩɚ, Ȼɟɥɝɢʁɚ, ɫɟɩ-
ɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1998), Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ: ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ (Ƚɚɰɤɨ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2000),
Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɒɬɚʁɧɯɚɭɫ, ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ, ɨɤɬɨ-
ɛɚɪ–ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2000), Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɉʂɟɜɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ (ɉʂɟɜʂɚ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2000), ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɚ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ (ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2001), Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ (Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ, ʁɭɧ 2002), ɋɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (Ȼɟɱ, ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2003;
Ɇɢɧɫɬɟɪ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2004), Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ, ȳɚɞɪɚɧ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
22
13. ɢ 18. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ (Ȼɟɱ–ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2006), ɉɚɞ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2009), ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɨ-
ɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ (Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ, ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2011).
ɍɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɨɲ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɩɨʂɧɢ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤ-
ɬɢɦɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ
ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢ-
ʁɟɤɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 2010. ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ, ɤɨ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢɤɚɞɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɭ ɱɢʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɨɦɭ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ „ɦɚʁɞɚɧɚ” ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ.
Ɂɚɩɨɱɢʃɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ʁɨɲ ɤɚɨ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ, ɬɚɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɫɚɦɨ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢ-
ɤɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie Médiévales: Les Mines d’or et
d’argent (U srednjovjekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni: Rudnici zlata i srebra), ɨɛʁɚɜ-
ʂɟɧɢɦ 1960. ɭ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ Annales: Économies, So-
ciétés, Civilisations, ɝɥɚɫɢɥɭ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɧɚɧɟ, ɢ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɪɧɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ „ɚɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ”.
Ⱥɤɨ ɢɡɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ, ɚɥɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧ
ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɜɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɇɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 1961. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɢɦ
ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Trgovina u srednjevjekovnoj Bosni, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɭ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɭ. ɉɨɞɢʁɟɥɢɥɚ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɪɢ, „ɩɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɯɟɭɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ” ɧɟ ɛɚɲ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟ„ɧɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ: ɉɪɜɢ
ɞɢɨ: Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ – ɉɨɱɟɰɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɦʁɟ-
ɧɟ; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ: Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ – ɍɥɨɝɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ: Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ
XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ 1463. – Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ. ɇɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɨʁ
ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɨʁ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɢʁɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɧɢʁɟɧɰɢʁɟ,
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ, „ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɨɞ ɧɟɪɜɚ”, ɨɬɜɨ-
ɪɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞ
ɤʂɭɱɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɭ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɭ ɞɚ ɭ ɲɬɨ ɛɨʂɟɦ,
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟɦ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɢ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɟ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɉɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢ-
ɫɩʁɟɥɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɟ, ɧɨ-
ɫɢɨɰɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ II ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ
ɤɚɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢʁɟ ɢ, ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ, ɧɟɩɪɨɦʁɟʃɢɜɟ ɰʁɟɥɢ-
ɧɟ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ
23
ɡɚɥɟɻɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɢ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɱɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɟ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɧɨɜ-
ɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɲɬɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɜɨɡɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ
ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɪɟɰɢɜɨɝ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɢɦɚ-
ɥɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɛɢɥɚɧɫ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɪɟʄɢ – ɜɟʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɨɞ ɭɜɨɡɚ ɭ
ɬɨɤɭ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɢɬɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɢ ɭ
ɩɪɟɞɫɨɛʂɭ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɚ ɲɬɨ
ɫɟ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɥɨɩɢɥɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɟ ʃɟɧɟ
„ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ” ɤʃɢɝɟ ɢɡ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɟ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ
ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɤɚɞɟ-
ɦɢɤ, ɚ ʃɟɧɚ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɚ” ɤʃɢɝɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ Ⱦɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɫɟɞɦɨʁɭɥɫɤɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɭ
ɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɛɢɥɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɨ-
ʂɟɥɚ ɩɭɧɨ „ɯɚɥɚɛɭɤɟ” ɨɤɨ ɫɟɛɟ. Ⱥ, ɞɚ! ɇɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɦɨ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɟʄɢ.
Ʉɚɞ ɝɨɞ ɛɢ ʁɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ „ɩɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɡɢɥɚ” ɤɚɨ ɪɨɻɟɧɭ ɞʁɟɰɭ, ɧɚ
ɲɬɚ ɫɚɦ – ɦɨɪɚɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢ – ɛɢɨ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɢ ʂɭɛɨɦɨɪɚɧ, ɱɟɫɬɢɬɚɥɢ ɡɚ
ɧɟɤɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɭ (ɚ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɦɚɪɢɥɚ), ɨɧɚ ɢɦ
ʁɟ ɬɢɯɨ ɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɨ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚ
ɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɲɚɪɦɚ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ: „ɏɜɚɥɚ
ɜɚɦ, ɞʁɟɰɨ! ɂ ʁɚ ɜɚɦɚ ɠɟɥɢɦ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɚɦ ʁɟ ɢ
ɫɚɦɚ ɨɫʁɟʄɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚɦ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ.” ȼʁɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɫɭɫɪɟɬʂɢɜɚ, ɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɢʁɟɝɨɪɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɩɪɨɮɟ-
ɫɨɪɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɨɥɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɨ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ „ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɜʁɟɱɧɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ”. Ɂɚɭɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɦɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟɝ ɢ ɡɚɦɢʁɟɧɢɦɨ ɝɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨ-
ɥɚɡɧɨɝ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ: „Ɍɟɲ-
ɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨɦ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨ ɞɚ ɱɟɤɚ ɢɡɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ”.
Ⱦɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ „ɞɚɪ-ɦɚɪ” ɭ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɢ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɝ ɡɧɚ
ɱɢɦɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɟ ɡɛɭʃɟɧɨɝ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɚ, ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɨ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ
Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ” ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ
„ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ” ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ. ɇɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɬɤɚɧɚ
ɩɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɡɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤʃɢɲɤɨɦ „ɲɧɢɬɭ” ɢ ɨɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɢɡ-
ɪɢɱɢɬɨ ʁɚɫɧɨɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. Ⱦɢʁɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ ɧɟʁ-
ɟɞɧɚɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɤɨ-
ɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ: ɉɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ
– ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɪɢɜ-
ɪɟɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ – ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ; Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ: Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ
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ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ – ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɑɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɞɢɨ: Ƚɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ – ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɇɨɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ,
ɫɦɢɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɩɟʂɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɭɬɪɨɲɢɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɦʁɟɪɧɭ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɭ ɢ ɭɦɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɚɛɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɝɪɚɻɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ
ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ
ɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ɭ ɦɢɧɭɰɢɨɡɧɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ. Ɍɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ʁɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ,
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ, ɭɫɩɨɧ ɢ ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ. ȵɟɧɨɦ
ɨɲɬɪɨɦ ɨɤɭ ɢ ɛɪɢɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɚʄɢ ɧɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɪɚ-
ʂɟɜɫɤɟ ɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ
(contrata del Re), ɬɟ Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɟ ɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɟ ɢ ɏɭɦɫɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢɥɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɢɦ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɇɢɲɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɢ ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ
ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ „ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɢɦ ɠɚɪɨɦ” ɯɪɚ-
ɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɥɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɟɬɧɢɱ-
ɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ,
ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɫ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɜɚɪɚ, ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧ-
ɬɭ. Ɍɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦ ɡɚɛɚɜɢɥɚ (ɭ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɦ Ȼɚɛɢʄɟɦ ɢ ɋɢ-
ɦɨɦ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ) ɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɚ-
ɜʂɭ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I. Društvo i privreda
srednjovjekovne bosanske države (1987), ɫ ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ „ɭɩɪ-
ɬɢɦ ɩɪɫɬɨɦ” ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɨɧɨɜ-
ɧɨ ɛɭɻɟʃɟ ɢ „ɜɚɫɤɪɫɧɭʄɟ” ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɫɧɚɠɢʁɢ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɡɢɜɧɢʁɢ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ɉɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɨɦ ɫɜɟ ʁɟɞɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɱɜɪɲʄɚ „ɩɚɭɤɨɜɚ
ɦɪɟɠɚ” ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɨɤɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ: ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞ-
ɧɢɱɤɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɢ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɢ. ɉɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɢɡɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɚɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ (ɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɨɫɜɪɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ)
ɤɨʁɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɨɞɢɲɭ ɫɜʁɟɠɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɝ ɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨʁ
ɜɪɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɢʁɟɞɚʃɚ ɛɟɫɤɪɚʁɧɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɫɟ, ɫɚ ɞɭɠɢɦ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɚʄɢɦ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɢɦɚ, ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ
ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚ ɭ ɞɟɩɨɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢ-
25
ɜɚ. ɇɨɜɨɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɨɞ Ƚɥɚɜɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ (Quaderno), Ⱦɧɟɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ (Giornale) ɢ ɉɨɞɫʁɟɬɧɢɤɚ (Squarço). Ɉɜɟ ɧɟɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɚ
ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɨɞ 15.
XII 1426. ɞɨ 25. V 1433. ɍɡ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʄɢ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɢɡ 1437–1438. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɫɦɨ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ, Ʉɚɛɭ-
ɠɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɢ
ɧɚ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɨɦɟɻɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ. Ɉɧɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɨʁ
ɬɜɪɞʃɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɛɢɬɧɨ ɫɜʁɟ-
ɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨʁ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ
ɬɟɯɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɭ-
ɠɚʁɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ. Ƚɥɟɞɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɚɭɬ-
ɨɪɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɨɝ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟ ɪʁɟɲɟ-
ʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ
ȿɜɪɨɩɨɦ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɚ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɨɦ.
Ɉɞ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɡɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɢ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ, ɞɨɤ ɉɨɞɫʁɟɬɧɢɤ, ɡɛɨɝ
ɫɜɨɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɟɬ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ (1437–1438), ɛɭɞɭʄɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ ɭɞɚʂɟɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ. Ɉɞɚɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ
ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ Ɏɟɞɟɪɢɝɨ Ɇɟɥɢɫ
ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɫɚ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ
ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɛɥɢɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɭɡ
ɩɭɧɨ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɥɟɝɢʁɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱɭ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɭ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɞɚ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɢ
ɛɪɠɟ ɫɚɜɥɚɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɨɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɱɭɞɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɧɟɬɧɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɚ Ȼɪɨɞɟɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ, ɭ ɢɡ-
ɞɚʃɭ L’École pratique des hautes études. Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɜɟʄ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɦʁɟɪɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɭɜɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ
ȳɨɪʁɚ Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ, ɩɨɫɬɯɭɦɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ XVIII (1971). ɋɬɢ-
ɰɚʁɟɦ ɧɟɤɢɯ, ɛɚɪɟɦ ɩɢɫɰɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɨ ɬɟɤ 1999. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ
ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɋȺɇɍ.
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɫɟ, ɧɟɞɭɝɨ ɡɚɬɢɦ, ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ-
ɩɭɬ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɯɭɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɥɚɰ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ. ɍ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ ɋɢɦɨɦ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ Ɋɭɠɨɦ
26
ȶɭɤ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɫɚʃɭ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ (ɇɨɜɢ
ɋɚɞ, 2002) ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ, ɩɨ ɛɨɝ ɡɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɭɬ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɞɚ-
ɥɟɤɨ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɦɢʂɟɧɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ
ɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɭɥɨɝɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɭɫɩɨɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɬɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɭɫɩɨɪɟɧɨʁ ɢ
ɩɨɫɭɫɬɚɥɨʁ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
ɢ ɩɨɬɤɪɚʁ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ
ɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ.
ȼɟʄ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚ, ɧɚʁɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɭɠɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɭ
ɛɥɢɠɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ. ɇɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɨɝ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɱɢɬɟʂɚ,
ʁɨɲ ɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɨɝ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄɚ (ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ
ɨɞ ɦɢʂɚ ɡɜɚɥɢ „ɱɢɤɚ Ɇɢɤɚ”), ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ „ɭɫɧɭɥɟ”
ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɢɫɩɢɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɦ ɭɞɚɯɧɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ „ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɭ ɞɭɲɭ”.
ɂɚɤɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɫɩɭɬ ɢ ɨɜɥɚɲ ɞɨɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɚ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ
ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ʃɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ, ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɚʁɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɭ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɭ.
Ɍɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɫʁɚʁɧɨɝ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɨɝ ɭɦɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ
ɫɤɥɨɩɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɭ ɢ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɋɪɟɛɪɟ-
ɧɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟ-
ɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2010).
Ʉɚɨ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɩɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɞɨ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ (ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ). ɉɭɬ ʁɟ ɧɚɞɚʂɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɞɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ,
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ, ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɦɢ-
'ɰɢɥɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ
ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɋɪɻɚ. Ⱥ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ, ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɨɜɟ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɫ ɩɭɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɦɢʁɟʃɚɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ: ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ȳɨɪʁɚ
Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɬ ɞɨ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ, ɚ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɢʄ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟɦ,
ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVI ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɤɨ 6.000 ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɞɚʂɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ
27
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɬɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ (ɢɡ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɚɫɤɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ) ɢ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬɚ
ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɜɨ ɦɚʃɟ (ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪ Ɇɢ-
ɥɨɛɪɚɬ, ɩɨɩ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁ ɢ „popchoviza” ɬʁ. ɩɨɩɚɞɢʁɚ ȴɭɛɢɫɚɜɚ), ɡɚɤɭɩɚɰ ɰɚ-
ɪɢɧɟ Ɍɭɪɱɢɧ ȳɭɫɭɮ ɢ (ɩɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɝɚ ɤɭɪɢɨɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ) Ɋɚɞɨʁɤɨ ɐɢɝɚɧɢɧ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ „ɠɢɜɨɬɚɪɢɨ” ɨɞ ɧɟɤɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ.
ɍ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɪɭɞɟ, ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɤɚɞ ɭ ɫɚ-
ɦɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɢ ɠɚɥɛɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɭ ȭɭɪ-
ɻɭ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɭ, ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɝɚɻɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ-
ɧɚ, ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɡɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɂ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɞɚɧɨɧɨʄɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɭʁɭʄɟ ɪɚɞɢ-
ɥɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɭɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ „ɝɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ”, ɢɫɩɢʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɟ
ɡɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɭ, ɭ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɝ „ɬɚɛɟɪɧɚɪɚ” ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ
ɭ „ɩɢɜɧɢɰɢ” (pivniza) Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɟ Ȼɨɛɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ȳɚɤɨɜɚ ȼɨɞɨɩɢʁɟ.
Ɇɟɻɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɜɢʁɟʄɚ, ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɪɟʄɭ: ɩɭɪɝɚɪɢ, ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ, ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɢ, ɬɟɥɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɬɚ-
ɥɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɪɢ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ, ɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟ-
ɧɢɰɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɜɢʁɟʄɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨ-
ɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɜɢɲɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ, ɩɚ ɨɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜ ɡɚɤ-
ʂɭɱɚɤ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ ɞɢʁɟɥɢɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ. ɇɚɞɚʂɟ, ɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɥɟɩɪɨɡɨɪɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɢɡɨ-
ɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɝɭɛɚɜɚɰɚ ɭ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɭ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɭ, ɚ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɜɚ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɛɨʂɟ ɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɫɭɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɤɧɟɡ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɪɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɚ ɫɚ ʄɢɪɢɥɫɤɢɦ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɪɢɦɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɍ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ. ɋɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɨ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ. ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɦ ȭɭɪɻɟɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ɫɧɚɝɭ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ, ɤɚɤɜɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ
ɇɨɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ. ɍ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɥɨ-
ɤɚɥɧɟ uzance, ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚ ɤɚɨ
ɨ ɧɟɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ.
ɇɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨ-
ɦɚʄɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɢ: ɤɪɨʁɚɱɢ, ɩɨɞɫɬɪɢɝɚɱɢ ɫɭɤɧɚ, ɨɛɭʄɚɪɢ, ɤɨɠɚɪɢ,
ɤɪɡɧɚɪɢ ɢ ɤɥɨɛɭɱɚɪɢ. ɍ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɢʁɟɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɭ
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ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɜɨɡɢɥɟ ɫɤɭɩɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɛɨʁɧɟ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɚ, ɫɬɚɤɥɨ, ɧɚɤɢɬ, ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ, ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ, ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɚ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɫʁɚʁɭ ɡɪɚɱɟ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɟ ɥɢʁɟɩɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ. ɂ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɨɞ ɬɚɤ-
ɜɢɯ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɢ ɭɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɦɭɤɭ „ɬɚɜɨɪɢɥɢ” ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɚɧ ɡɚ ɞɚ-
ɧɨɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɜɢɪɤɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɝɥɭɦɨɦ, ɢɝɪɨɦ ɢ ɦɭɡɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɫɟʂɚɜɚɥɢ
ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɟ ɠɟʂɧɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ. ɇɟ ɝɪɢʁɟɲɢɦɨ ɞɭɲɭ, ɜɟʄ „ɩɪɨɡɛɨɪɢɦɨ” ɤɨʁɭ ɢ ɨ ɞɭ-
ɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɤɚɤɜɢɦ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɦɢɥɨ-
ɞɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɪɭɲɟɧɢɯ, ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɚ
ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ. Ⱦɚ ɧɢ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɦɟɬ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ, ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɯ ɞʁɟ-
ɥɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɰɚ, ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɚ, ɬɟ ɨɧɚ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɨ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ƚɭɱɟɬɢʄ ɞɪɚɝɨɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ
ȳɭɧɢʁɭ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ƚɪɚɞɢʄɚ. ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɡʃɟɞɪɢɥɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ȭɭɪɭ Ⱦɪɚɝɢɲɢʄɚ, ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨɝ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɚ ɢ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɝɚ „ɞʁɟɱɚɲɬɜɚ”, ɞɚ ɛɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɫɬɚɪɢ-
ʁɢɯ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɰɚ, ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɪɫɬɚɪɢɨ „ɞɢʂɟɦ” ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ,
ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɤɪɚɫɢɨ ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ, ɭɡ ɱɭɜɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ Ɇɟɞɢɱɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɨ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɪɥɢɨ ɤɚɨ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ.
ɉɨɩɭɬ ɯɢɬɪɟ ɢ ɧɟɭɦɨɪɧɟ ɩɱɟɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɪɜɢ ɢ ɛɪɭʁɢ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨʁ
ɤɨɲɧɢɰɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɧɟɪɜɨ-
ɡɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɠɭɪɛɚɧɨ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤʃɢɲɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɢ-
ɰɚ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɜɨʁ „ɩɱɟɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɢɰɢ” ɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɦɧɨ-
ɲɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɫɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ
ɧɨɜɭ – ɧɟɤɚ ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɰɢʁɟɧɟ! – ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ ʂɟ-
ɩɨɬɟ” ɧɚɫɬɚɥɭ ɢɡ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɩɨɫɭɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɧɟɦɨʄɚɥɨɝ ɩɟɪɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟ-
ɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɚ „ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ” ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɢɦɚ ɭ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɥɚ-
ɧɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ (ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɚ, ɧɨɜɱɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɰɚɪɢɧɟ), ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɢ
ɪɭɪɚɥɧɟ (ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ), ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ,
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ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ
ɤɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚ
ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɨ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɭ
ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɬɟɦɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɨɩɭɫɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ, ɱɢɬɚɨɰɭ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɢɬɚ ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɫɜɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɚ, ɫɚɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɚɤɪɢɛɢɱɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ʁɨʁ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ɧɚʁɨɦɢʂɟɧɢʁɚ ɬɟɦɚ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. ȳɨɲ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɜɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʉɪɢɬɨɜɭɥ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ
Ɍɪɢɛɚɥɚ (ɬʁ. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ) ɢɦɚɥɚ „ɛɨʂɟ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɟ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɂɧɞɢʁɚ”. ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɛɚɲ ɂɧɞɢʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɪɚ-
ɱɭɧɢɦɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭɧɰɭ
„ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 10 ɬɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ”, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɟʄɚ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɢʁɟɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ, ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɩɨɱɟɬ-
ɤɨɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 200.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɡ, ɨɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ 100 ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, ɚ 300 ɞɨ 500 ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ
Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɢ. ɍ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɡɪɨɤɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ, ɧɚɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɨɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɤɪɢɡɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɥɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɤɨɩɚɨ-
ɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ
ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɇɨɜɨ Ȼɪɞɨ ɢ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʂ ɀɢɝɦɭɧɞ Ʌɭɤɫɟɦ-
ɛɭɪɲɤɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɨ 1411. ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɭ. Ⱦɨɛɢʁɚ-
ɧɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ: ɩɥɢɤɨ, ɮɢɧɨ, ɜɟɥɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ (ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɨ: argentum de glama, argentum
auro, argentum indorato, argento che tiene oro), ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɦ
ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɫɤɭɩʂɟ ɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ
ɋɚɫɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɚ, ɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨʁ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɭ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɦ
ɫɟ ɞɨɢɦɚ ɟɝɡɚɤɬɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ 1426–1432. ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɡɟɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɚɬɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɨɤɨ 1.129 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɤɨ 376 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɥɢ-
ɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ (plicho de Bosna ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ argento di Bosna), ɚ 1426–1429. ɭ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ 350 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ 1427. ɝɨɞɢɧɚ –
146 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢ 1433. – 133 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.
30
Ⱥɭɬɨɪɤɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɢ-
ɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ ɨɧɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ: ɪɭɩɚɪɢ (foxeri), ɝɜɚɪɰɢ,
ɭɪɛɭɪɚɪɢ, ɯɭɬɦɚɧɢ, ɬɟ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ: ɩɥɚɤɚɨɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɲɦɢɨɱɚɪɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɨɞɚɥɨ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ, ɜɟʄɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɋɚɫɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɨɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɢɧɟ
ɠɟʂɧɟ „ɯʂɟɛɚ ɢ ɢɝɚɪɚ” (panem et circenses) – ɢɝɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɤ, ɚ ɯʂɟɛɚ,
ɛɨɝɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɨɦɟ... ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɜɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɛɚɲ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɛɢ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ
ɛɨʂɟɝ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢʁɟɝɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɨɞ
ɨɜɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭɨɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɥɢɤɨɝ, ʁɨɲ ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ,
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɧɨ ɮɢɧɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ (argento fino), ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɜɚʃɟ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɰɢʁɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɮɢɧɨɝ (ɨɤɨ 7,5 ɞɭ-
ɤɚɬɚ) ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɟɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ (ɨɤɨ 6,5 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ) ɤɪɟʄɟ ɨɤɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɥɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɭ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɭ ɭ ɟɧɢɝɦɢ ɡɜɚɧɨʁ Ʉʃɢɝɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ.
Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɢɨɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɦ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɰɢ: ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, Ɉɥɨɜɨ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ɉɨɞɜɢɫɨɤɢ, Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɚ, Ʉɪɟ-
ɲɟɜɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬʂɢɜɨɲʄɭ.
Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ, ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɞɟɫɟɬɨɱ-
ɥɚɧɨɝ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɥɨɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟɪ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɟɬ ɭ
ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬɭ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɩɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɢɦɚ (ɋɬɨɧ, Ʌɚɛ, Ɉɥɨɜɨ ɢ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ).
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ: ɡɥɚ-
ɬɚɪɚ, ɤɨɜɚɱɚ, ɩɨɞɫɬɪɢɝɚɱɚ ɫɭɤɧɚ, ɦɟɫɚɪɚ, ɤɨɠɭɯɚɪɚ-ɤɪɡɧɚɪɚ, ɨɛɭʄɚɪɚ,
ɬɤɚɱɚ, ɤɥɨɛɭɱɚɪɚ, ɛɪɢʁɚɱɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ
Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ. ɍ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɛɨʂɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ
„ɻɟɬɢʄɚ” ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɡɚɧɚɬ. ɋɚ ɦɧɨɲ-
ɬɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɚɧɚ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɛɪɻɚɧɚ ɫɭɫ-
ɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɥɢɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɢ
ɩɨɯɚɛɚɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɩɚɩɢɪɟ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɞɭ. ɂ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɡɚɯɜɚ-
ʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ, ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɬɟɤ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɡɪɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɛɢ ɞɨɫɩɢʁɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɋɜɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ
ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɬɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɡ ɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ, ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɞɭɛɨɤɟ ɢ ɨɲɬɪɢʁɟ ɬɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɢ
ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɚ. ɇɚ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɫɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧ-
31
ɰɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɞɭɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟʄɢ
ʁɟɞɧɭ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ.
ȵɟɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɨɝ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ȼɥɚɬɤɨɦ ȼɭɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɛɨʁɭ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚ
ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɚɞɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɨɞ Ɍɭɪɤɟ (1463) ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧ-
ɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɧɢɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɨɩɭɬ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɩɨɠɭɬʁɟɥɢɦ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɫɢɦɚ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɢɦɚ,
ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɟɲɢɧɟ – ɩɨɩɭɬ Ɉɛɪɚɞɚ Ȼɨɪɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɤɚɬɭɧɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɭɧɚ ɍɝɚɪ-
ɰɢ ɢ ɇɟɧɤɚ Ʉɪɚʁɫɚʂɢʄɚ, ɤɚɬɭɧɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɭɧɚ Ȼɭɪɦɚɡɚ – ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɜʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɟɞ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɦ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɟɦ, ɲɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɜɟ ɬʁɟɲʃɨʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɯɚ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɢɯ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɢ, ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɪɨɛɟ,
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɭɡɝɨʁɟɦ ɤɨʃɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ
ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɚ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɭɩ-
ɰɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɧɨɫɚɧ ɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɛɢɥɚɧ ɩɨɫɚɨ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢɫɦɨ
ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɚɝɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɨɦ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɚ ɢɡ
1449, ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɋɩɥɢɬɭ, Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɢ,
ȳɚʁɰɭ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨʁ ɤɨɦɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɚ 6.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɭ ɞɭɤɚɬɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ
ɫɪɟɛɪɭ, ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɨɝ „ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɚ” ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
Ɍɪɨɝɢɪɚɧɢɧɚ, ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ „ɞɨɦɚɤɭ” ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɨɦɨɪɚ – ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɭ Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɢ – ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɫ-
ɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ Ɏɨʁ-
ɧɢɰɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ „ɡɪɟɥɚ ɤɪɭ-
ɲɤɚ” ɩɚɨ ɭ ɤɪɢɥɨ ɪɚɞɨɡɧɚɥɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɟ. ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ „ɜɚʁɧɢ” ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɢ „ɭɛɪɢɡɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɝ ɧɨɜ-
ɰɚ”, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɤɨɥɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɟ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɚ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɤɢʃɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɟʄɢ, ɫɢɧ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɨɝ
ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɚɪɚ ɀɨɪɟ Ȼɨɤɲɢʄ, ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ „ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢ ɡɧɚɤ” ɭɫ-
ɩʁɟɥɨɝ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɚɨ ɧɨ-
ɜɢ „Eldorado” ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɤɚɪɢ-
ʁɟɪɟ. Ɉɞ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ (1376) ɜɪɬɨɝɥɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ
ɜɢɱɚɧ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɧ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɭɪɨ-
ɻɟɧɨʁ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬɢʁɚɪ (ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɚ) ɢ ɦɢʂɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɧɚ-
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ɥɚɠʂɢɜ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɟ ɪɚɞɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɜʁɟɲɬ ɭ ɨɩɯɨ-
ɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɦʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɫɚ ɢɦɚʃɟɦ
ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɢ ɭ Ɉɥɨɜɭ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɨɩɢ-
ɫɧɢɦ ɥɢɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɱɭɞɢ ɧɢ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧ-
ɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɢɦ ɧɢɡɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɱɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ „ɩɨɯɚɪɱɢɨ” ʃɟɝɨɜ ɪɚɫɢɩɧɢ
ɫɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɨ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɛɢʁɟɞɭ ɢ ɫɢɥɧɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ ʁɟɪ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɢ-
ɜɚ, ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɫɬɢɱɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɢɥɢ ɱɚɫ
„ɩɪɨʄɟɪɞɚʁɭ” ɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟ.
Ȼɪɚʄɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ Ʌɭɤɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɭ – ɇɢɤɨ-
ɥɭ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ƚɥɚɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɀɢɜɨɥɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ – ɧɟɭɦɨɪɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ „ɢɡɜɟɥɚ” ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɰɟɧɭ, ɭɡ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ
ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɭ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɇɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɭ – Ȼɚɪɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ Ɂɨɩɢʁɭ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ
Ⱥɪɞɨɜɢɧɢʁɚ – ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɫɪɟʄɚ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɡɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ
ɜɨɫɤɚ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɧɢɡɨɦ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ: ɧɟɦɢɪɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ, ɝɪɚɦɡɢɜɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧʂɢɜɟ ɰɢʁɟɧɟ, ɬɟ
ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚ. ɇɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɦɨ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚ-
ɥɚɧɫɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ „ɫɬɚɡɚɦɚ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɡɚɦɚ” ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɪ-
ɥɟɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɞ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɨɦ ɜɭɧɨɦ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ, ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚ-
ɭɱɧɨɦ ɨɩɭɫɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɭ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ,
ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɜɢʁɟɫɧɢɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ
ɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ „ɬɟɦɟʂɭ” ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɨɧɟ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ.
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢ –
ɯɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ, ɩɪɨ-
ɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɚɥɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɬɢɦɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɱɜɪɲʄɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɢʁɟ.
ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɻɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɋɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢ ɞɢɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɛɢɨ, ɚ ɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ, ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɫɤɭɥɩɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɦɚ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɛʁɟɞɢʃɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɜɢɲɟɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ, ɦɭɥɬɢɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪ-
ɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɱɥɚɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɚ. ɉɪɜɚ,
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ
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ʁɟ 2007. ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, ɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɟɞɢɰɢʁɟ „Studia Histo-
rica Collecta“, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɟɦɢɧɟɧɬ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɧɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɟ (Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɭɪɛɚ-
ɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ) ɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ 31
ɪɚɞ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ
(ɋɥɢɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ 1403–1521) ɞɨɠɢɜɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ
ɢɡɞɚʃɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ ɢ Ɂɚɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ La Serbie et les pays serbes :
l'économie urbaine, XIVe-XVe siècles (ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ: ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɚ, XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɟ) ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ. ɑɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɟ:
ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ: ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡɚɧɚɬ-
ɫɬɜɨ, ɬɟ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 21 ɱɥɚɧɚɤ,
ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ (ɍɥɨɝɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɟ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɭ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɨɞ XIV ɞɨ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ). ɂɡɭɡɟɜ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ
ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ 20 ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɬɚ-
ɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.
Ʉɚɠɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɢɰɚ – ɭ ɦɚɧɢɪɭ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɢ
ɜɚɫɩɢɬɚɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ – ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ
ɢɫɤɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɪɞɧɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ, ɧɟɫɭɦ-
ʃɢɜɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɭ ɋɢɦɢ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɭ, ɤɨɝɚ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɧɟɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɦɚ. ɂ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ,
ɦɨɠɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ ɩɢʁɟɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ, ɫʁɟɞɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɨ, ɫɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬ-
ɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɭ „ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ” ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɥɢɤɨɜɚ
ɢɡ ʃɟɧɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɚɯɧɭɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ
„ɡɛɨɪɢ”, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ „ɩɪɨɡɛɨɪɢ” ɢɦɚɲ ɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɱɭʁɟɲ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɚɜʂɚ ɨ ɧɚʁɟɫɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ. ɂ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫʁɟʄɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢ, ɢɲɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɨɝ ɩɚɩɢɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɧɢɤɚ ʁɟɪ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɪɱɤɢɯ
ɦɭɞɪɚɰɚ, ɚɤɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ, ɞɚ „Sapiens omnia sua secum portant”
(„Ɇɭɞɪɚɰ ɫɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɫɢ”). Ɂɚɬɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨʁ ʁɭɧɚɤɢʃɢ
ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ:
»ɄɊȼ ȳɍɇȺɑɄȺ, ȾɍɒȺ ȾȳȿȼɈȳȺɑɄȺ!«
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ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
35
36
ɍȾɄ 012 Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ⱦ. DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15002
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
ɉɈɋȿȻɇȺ ɂɁȾȺȵȺ
1954.
1. Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ. –

ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜʁɟɬɚ, 1954. – 39 ɫɬɪ.; 17 cm. – (Ɇɚɥɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨ-
ɬɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɜʁɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ; 13).
1961.
2. Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni / Desanka Kovaþeviü. – Sara-

jevo: Nauþno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1961. – 216 str.; 24 cm. –
(Djela / Nauþno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine; 18. Odjeljenje istorijsko-
filoloških nauka; 13).
S a d r ž a j : Uvod, 5; Prvi dio: Razvoj trgovine do kraja XIV vijeka: I
Poþeci trgovinskih veza: 1. Promet s Jadranskim primorjem, 9–12; 2. Predme-
ti i obim razmjene, 12–14; II Napredak trgovine u XIV vijeku: 1. Trgovaþki
odnosi sa stranim gradovima, 15–18; 2. Poþeci rudarstva, 18–19; 3. Trgo-
vinska razmjena, 19–22; 4. Proširenje trgovinskih odnosa, 22–25; 5. Prošire-
nje trgovinske razmjene, 25–34; 6. Nosioci trgovine, 34–36; 7. Privredni pla-
novi Tvrtka I, 37–40; Drugi dio: Razvoj trgovine od poþetka XV vijeka do
1463: III Uloga Dubrovnika u bosanskoj trgovini: 1. Trgovinski odnosi izme-
ÿu Bosne i Dubrovnika, 43–51: a) vladara i Dubrovnika, 44–48; b) feudalaca i
Dubrovnika, 48–51; 2. Predmeti dubrovaþke trgovine, 51–60; 3. Organizacija
dubrovaþke trgovine, 60–64; IV Dubrovaþke kolonije u Bosni, 65–88: 1. Po-
þeci i razvitak dubrovaþkih kolonija, 66–79; 2. Privredna aktivnost u koloni-
jama, 79–82; 3. Pravni položaj kolonija, 83–85; 4. Život u dubrovaþkim ko-
lonijama, 85–88; V Uloga ostalih stranih gradova u bosanskoj trgovini: 1.
Srednjodalmatinski gradovi, 89–91; 2. Posredniþka uloga Dubrovnika (tali-
janski trgovci), 91–93; Bosansko-mletaþki trgovinski odnosi, 93–97; VI Uþe-
šüe bosanskih vladara i feudalaca u trgovini: 1. Neposredno uþešüe vladara i
feudalaca u trgovini, 98–101; 2. Trgovinska politika: a) vladara, 102–103; b)
vladara u odnosu na položaj Dubrovþana, 104–105; c) feudalaca, 105–107;
VII Domaüi trgovci, 108–136: 1. Uþešüe domaüih ljudi u trgovinskom prome-
tu: a) na podruþju cijele Bosne, 109–112; b) u pojedinim mjestima, 112–116;
37
2. Predmeti trgovine domaüih trgovaca, 116–124; 3. Obim poslova domaüih
trgovaca, 125–128; 4. Organizacija poslova domaüih trgovaca, 128–132; 5.
Pravni i društveni položaj domaüih trgovaca, 132–136; Treüi dio: Analiza
trgovine od poþetka XV vijeka do 1463: VIII Znaþaj rudarstva u trgovini: 1.
Proizvodnja bosanskih rudnika, 139–142; 2. Proizvodi bosanskih rudnika,
142–146; 3. Rudarsko pravo i organizacija rada, 146–149; 4. Strani i domaüi
rudari, 149–152; 5. Proces proizvodnje i topioniþarstvo, 152–157; IX Trgo-
vaþki putovi i dažbine: 1. Trgovaþki putovi, 158–161; 2. Dažbine, 161–164;
X Osvrt na trgovinski promet od poþetka XV vijeka do 1463, 165–189: 1.
Izvoz, 166–177; 2. Uvoz, 177–185; 3. Proizvodi bosanske privrede i evropsko
tržište, 185–186; 4. Novþani promet, 186–189; 5. Zakljuþak, 189; Résume: Le
commerce dans la Bosnie médiévale, 190–200; Registar, 201–216.
1978.
3. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: „ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ”, 1978. – 421 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm
– (Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫʂɟɻɟ).
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 7–8: ɍɜɨɞ, 9–13; ɉɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: I ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ,
17–27; II ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 29–53; III ɍɫ-
ɩɨɧ ɢ ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ: 1. Ɋɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢ, 55–77; 2. ɋɪɟɞʃɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ, 77–86; 3. Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɟ ɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɟ,
86–112; 4. ɏɭɦɫɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢ, 112–125; 5. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ
Ȼɨɫɧɚ, 125–132; IV ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 133–142; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: V Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 145–157; VI Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ: 1. Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, 159–167; 2. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, 167–191; 3. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟʂɚ – ɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɟ, 191–199; VII Ɂɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, 201–222; Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ:
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ: VIII ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ,
225–244; IX Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 245–257;
ɑɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɞɢɨ: Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ: X Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 261–
279; XI ɐɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ, 281–304; XII Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 305–343; ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɚ, 345–352; Résumé: Les agglomérations urbaines dans l'état médiéval
bosniaque, 355–371; ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, 373–389; Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, 391–418.
1987.
4. Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I: Društvo i privreda sred-

njovjekovne bosanske države = Contributions to the History of Bosnia and
Hercegovina I: Society and Economy of the Medieval Bosnian State / ured-
38
nik Enver Redžiü. – Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Herce-
govine, 1987. – 264 str.; 25 cm. – (Posebna izdanja / ANU BiH; 79. Odje-
ljenje društvenih nauka; 17).
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ:] Privredni razvoj sred-
njovjekovne bosanske države: I Privredne prilike do kraja XIII vijeka, 89–
93; II Privredno buÿenje, 95–105; III Uspon privrede i razvoj gradskih nase-
lja u drugoj polovini XIV vijeka, 107–113; IV Privreda sela: 1. Vlastelin-
stvo, 115–120; 2. Zemljoradniþko gazdinstvo, 120–138; 3. Vlasi, 138–144;
V Gradska privreda: 1. Rudarstvo, 145–150; 2. Trgovina, 151–165; 3. Za-
natstvo, 165–169; VI Uspon i širenje gradskih naselja, 171–182; VII Odnos
grada i sela, 183–186; Osvrt na privredni razvoj srednjovjekovne bosanske
države, 187–188; Résumé: Le développement économique de l'état bos-
niaque médiéval, 189–190.
ISBN 86-7123-009-0
1999.
5. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga): 1426–1433 = Acco-

unt Books of the Caboga (Kabužiü) Brothers: 1426–1433 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ. ISSN
0354–1479. 137–11 (1999) 1–366.
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 9; Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ: I
Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, 11–15; II Ʉʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, 15–19; III Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ –
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 19–26; IV Ɉ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ, 26–28; Ⱦɧɟɜ-
ɧɢɤ (Giornale) ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (1426–1433), 29–145; Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ
(Quderno) ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (1426–1433), 146–363; Summary: Account
Books of Caboga (Kabužiü) Brothers (1426–1433), 355; Riassunto: I libri
contabili dei fratelli Caboga (Kabužiü) (1426–1433), 356; Index nominum,
357–363; Index materiae, 364–366.
2002.
6. ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɋɭɠɚ ȶɭɤ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȼɭɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ; ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɉɪɨɦɟɬɟʁ,
2002. – 262 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm. – (Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ).
ɂɡ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ: [ɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ:] VII: ɇɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV
ɜɟɤɚ, 95–111; VIII: ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, 113–
121; IX: Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 123–144; X: Ɋɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, 145–157.
ISBN 86-7639-659-0
39
2007.
7. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) = The Urban

Life in Serbia and Bosnia (14th–15th Century) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
– Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2007. – 494 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm. – (Studia Histo-
rica Collecta / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ; 2).
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 9–10; I Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: 1. Ɉ ȳɚʃɟɜɭ ɭ
ɞɨɛɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 13–23 (ʋ 11); 2. Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ (Ɂɜɨɧɢɤ)
ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 25–43 (ʋ 22); 3. Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ, 45–55 (ʋ 25); 4. ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 57–
91 (ʋ 36); 5. Ɉ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ, 93–101 (ʋ 37); 6.
Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 103–139 (ʋ 50); 7. ɉʂɟɜʂɚ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ
ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ ɢ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɚ, 141–146 (ʋ 72); 8. ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ Ʉɨɫɚ-
ɱɚ, 147–159 (ʋ 73); 9. Ȼɨɪɚɱ – ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, 161–177 (ʋ
74); 10. Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, 179–181 (ʋ 46); 11. ɋɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɫ-
ɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, 183–191 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 56); II Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬ:
12. ɋɥɢɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ (1403–1521), 195–201 (ɫɚɨɩ-
ɲɬɟʃɟ „L'image de Belgrade dans les oeuveres des contemporains (1403–
1521)” ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ
„Bild und Wahrnehmung der Stadt”, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɦ ɭ Ɇɢɧɫɬɟɪɭ, 22–25. ɫɟɩ-
ɬɟɦɛɪɚ 2004. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ; ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ; ʋ 9/14); 13. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɋɪɟɛ-
ɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ (1352–1460), 203–218 (ʋ 78); 14.
Ɂɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪ-
ɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, 219–224 (ʋ 24); 15. Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɬɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ (XIII–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ),
225–235 (ʋ 79; ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 67 ɢ 9/8); 16. Ɏɪɚʃɟɜɰɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 237–252 (ʋ 62); 17. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ, 253–275 (ʋ 23); 18. Ɉ ɤɧɟ-
ɡɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 277–291 (ʋ 29);
19. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, 293–309 (ʋ 57); 20. Ɉ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ,
311–315 (ʋ 31); III Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ: 21. ɍɥɨɝɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɜ-
ɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ
XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, 319–327 (ʋ 27); 22. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɞ XIII ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, 329–336 (ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɰɭɫɤɨɦ ʋ 30); 23. Ɉɞɧɨɫɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 337–341 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 48); 24. Ɋɚɡɚɪɟʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 343–349 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 69); IV Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɤɨ-
ɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ: 25. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, 353–369 (ʋ 14); 26. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ
40
ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ, 371–380 (ʋ 20); 27. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, 381–403 (ʋ 21); 28. ɂɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ, 405–416 (ʋ 58); 29. Ⱦɨɦɚ-
ʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤ-
ɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 417–427 (ʋ 59); 30. Ɉ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, 429–438 (ʋ 61); 31. Ƚɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, 439–447 (ʋ 10); Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, 449–494.
ISBN 978-86-7743-059-7
2010.
8. ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ = Medieval Srebre-

nica XIV–XV Century / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 2010. – 312 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm. – (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚ-
ʃɚ / ɋȺɇɍ; 668. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ; 29).
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 9–10; ɉɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ: ɇɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ: I ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: 1. ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 13–22; 2. Ɉ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 23–25; II ɍɫɩɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ: 1. Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 27–42; 2. Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ,
42–58; 3. Ɂɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, 58–62; 4. Ɉɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ, 62–66; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ:
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ: III ɍɞɢɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ: 1. Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ, 69–79; 2. ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ, 80–83; 3. ɉɭɱɚɧɢ, 83–95; IV Ⱦɨ-
ɦɚʄɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ: 1. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ, 97–
104; 2. ɋɚɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, 104–108; Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ: ɍɪɛɚɧɢ ɚɦɛɢ-
ʁɟɧɬ: V ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 111; VI ɍɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ: 1. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ,
123–129; 2. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 130–139; 3. Ɉ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ, 139–150; ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, 151–
158; ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ: Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ: ɍɜɨɞ, 161–162; ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ:
ɉɪɢɥɨɝ 1, 163–169; ɉɭɱɚɧɢ: ɉɪɢɥɨɝ 2, 171–227; ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ,
229–239; Summary: Medieval Srebrenica XIV–XV Century, 243–247; Ré-
sumé: Srebrenica médiévale XIVe–XVe siècle, 249–254 (ɩɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ
ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles /
D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de livres scolaires:
Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012. Str. 245–264); Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, 255–312.
ISBN 978-7025-529-6
2012.
9. La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles

/ Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de livres
scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012. – 335, XVI str.; 25 cm. –
(Édition Studia Serbica).
41
S a d r ž a j : Préface, 7–8; I L'essor économique des pays serbes:
l'industrie minière, le commerce, l'artisant: 1. Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie
médiévales: les mines d'or et d'argent, 11–27 (ʋ 15); 2. Le rôle de l'indu-
strie minière dans le développement des centres économiques en Serbie et
en Bosnie pendant la première moitié du XVe siècle, 29–38 (ʋ 26); 3.
L'apogée économique: la Serbie, mines, d'argent et d'or, 39–55 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ
ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 40); 4. L'économie naturelle et la production marchande dans
l'espace Yougoslave (XIIIe – XVe siècles) / Sima ûirkoviü, D. Kovaþeviü
Kojiü, 57–72 (ʋ 41); 5. Les métaux précieux de Serbie et de Bosnie: esti-
mation de la production (XIVe – XVe siècles), 73–85 (ʋ 75); 6. Les métaux
précieux de Serbie et le marché européen (XIVe – XVe siécles), 87–103 (ʋ
76); 7. La Serbie dans l'économie de Venise au XVe siècle, 105–122 (ʋ
85); 8. Les marchands, précurceurs des organisations catholiques dans les
Balkans (XIIIe – XVe siècles), 123–131 (ʋ 67; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/15 ɢ 79);
9. Les livres de commerce des frères Kabužiü (Caboga): source pour l’étude
de l'économie de la Serbie mediévale, 133–146 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 65); 10.
Les Catalans dans les affaires de la compagnie Caboga (1426–1433), 147–
156 (ʋ 80; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 83); 11. I libri contabili dei fratteli Caboga
(Kabužiü) (1423–1433) fonte importante per la storia dei rapporti economici
fra la Serbia e Venezia (comprese le città marchigane), 157–168 (ʋ 81); II
Les villes et la culture urbaine: 12. Janjevo dans la Serbie médiévale, 171–
182 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 11; ʋ 7/1); 13. Priština au Moyen Âge, 183–222
(ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 36; ʋ 7/4); 14. L'image de Belgrade dans les oeuvres des
contemporains (1403–1521), 223–230 (ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/12); 15. Smedere-
vo: un centre économique, 231–237 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 89); 16. La
bibliothèque de Nikola de Kotor (Cattaro), chancelier à la cour des despotes
serbes, 241–244 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 31; ʋ 7/20); 17. Srebrenica médiévale,
XIVe – XVe siècles, 245–264 (ɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ʋ 8); 18. Le rôle de la
réglementation dans la formation de nouvelles villes dans la Serbie et la
Bosnie du XIVe au XVe siècle, 265–276 (ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ
ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ Ɇɚɞɪɢɞɭ, 1990; ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ); 19. Relazioni fra i centri minerali e le campagne in Serbia e in
Bosnia nel medioevo, 277–282 (ʋ 48; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/23); 20. La destruc-
tion des villes serbes au XVe siècle, 283–291 (ʋ 69; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/24);
21. Les villes médiévales de Serbie et de Bosnie avant et après l'instauration
du pouvoir ottoman, 293–304 (ʋ 56; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/11); Annexes, 305–
312; Index des noms de personnes, 321–328; Index géographique et ethni-
que, 329–335.
ISBN 978-86-17-18055-1
42
ɋɌɍȾɂȳȿ ɂ ɑɅȺɇɐɂ
1952.
10. Ƚɞjɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-

ɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 4 (1952)
269–276. ISSN 0350–1981.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–
XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2007,
439–447.
11. Ɉ ȳɚʃɟɜɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ1–4 (1952) 121–126. ISSN 0021–2644.
13–23.
ɉɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine
XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
de livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 171–182.
1954.
12. Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-

ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 6 (1954) 229–248. ISSN 0350–1981.
13. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢ Ʌɭɤɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟ-

ɜɢʄ // Historijski pregled 1–1 (Zagreb 1954) 46–48.
1959.
14. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-

ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 10 (1959) 279–295. ISSN 0350–1981.
Résumé: Apport à l'étude de l'artisanat dans la Bosnie médiévale.
353–369.
43
1960.
15. Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie médiévales: Les mines d'or et d'argent

/ Desanka Kovaþeviü // Annales: Économies Sociétés Civilisations 15–2
(Paris 1960) 248–258. ISSN 1774–2234.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urba-
ine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
1961.
16. Prilog pitanju ranih bosansko-turskih odnosa / Desanka Kovaþeviü

// Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 11 (1960) [1961], 257–
263. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der frühen bosnisch-türki-
schen Beziehungen.
1963.
17. Žore Bokšiü, dubrovaþki trgovac i protovestijar bosanskih kraljeva

/ Desanka Kovaþeviü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine
13 (1963) 289–310. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Žore Bokšiü ein Handelsmann aus Dubrovnik und
Provestijar der bosnichen Könige.
18. ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɤɚɬɭɧɢ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɭɧɭ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧ 24. ɢ 25.
ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1961. ɝ. / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɋ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɢʄ. ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: ɇɚɭɱɧɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɋɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 1963, 121–140. (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ /
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɋɊ Ȼɢɏ; 2. Ɉɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ;
1).
Zusammenfassung: Die mittelalterlichen Katune nach den Quellen des
Archivs in Dubrovnik.
1964.
19. ɉɚɞ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ-

ɦɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪ-
ɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 14 (1963) [1964], 205–220. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Der Fall des bosnischen Staates im Lichte der
dubrovniker Quellen.
44
20. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-
ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ 8–2 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964)
525–532 (ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄɚ). ISSN 0352–5546.
Résumé: Contribution aux recherches concernant l'artisanat à Novo
Brdo et ses environs.
371–380.
1966.
21. Dubrovþani zanatlije u srednjovjekovnoj Srebrenici / Desanka Ko-

vaþeviü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 15 (1964)
[1966], 25–45. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Die ragusaner Gewerbeitreibenden im mittelalter-
lichen Srebrenica.
381–403.
1967.
22. Zvornik (Zvonik) u srednjem vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Go-

dišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 16 (1967) 15–35. ISSN
0350–1981.
Résumé: Zvornik (Zvonik) au Moyen Âge.
25–43.
1970.
23. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ //

Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ 1862–1867. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ 100-ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ
ȼɚɫɚ ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 1970,
103–120.
Résumé: Colonie ragusaine à Smederevo à l'époque du despotat.
45
253–275.
24. Zdravstvene prilike u srednjovjekovnoj bosanskoj državi / Desan-

ka Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Sima ûirkoviü // Acta historica medicinae, pharmaciae,
veterinae 10–2 (1970) 93–98. ISSN 0352–7778.
[Résumé:] Conditions médicales dans l'état bosnique du Moyen Age.
219–224.
25. Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ 11–1 (Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1970) 353–362 (ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ ȳɨɪʁɚ Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ). ISSN 0352–5546.
Résumé: Du marché médiévale sur la place de Sarajevo d'aujord'hui.
45–55.
26. Le rôle de l'industrie minière dans le développement des centres

économiques en Serbie et en Bosnie, pendant la première moitié du XVe siècle /
Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Studia balcanica 3 (Sofia 1970) 133–138.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbai-
ne XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
27. Uloga rudarstva u privrednom razvoju gradskih naselja Srbije i

Bosne tokom prve polovine XV vijeka / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Godi-
šnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 18 (1970) 257–263. ISSN
0350–1981.
319–327.
1971.
28. Ɉ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɛ-

ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 18 (1971)
143–153. ISSN 0350–0802.
46
Zusammenfassung: Wachsausfuhr über Dubrovnik aus Bosnien und
Serbien im Mittelalter.
29. O knezovima u gradskim naseljima srednjovjekovne Bosne /

Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta 6 (Sarajevo 1971)
333–345. ISSN 0581–7447.
Résumé: Les knez (comites) dans les agglomérations urbaines de la
Bosnie médiévale.
277–291.
1972.
30. Le développement économique des agglomérations urbaines sur le

territoire actuel de la Yugoslavie du XIIIe au XVe siècle / Desanka Kovaþe-
viü Kojiü // Actes du IIe congrès international des études du sud-est euro-
péen: (Athènes, 7–13 mai 1970) 2: Histoire. Athènes: Association interna-
tionale des études du sud-est européen, 1972, 167–176.
ɉɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV
ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2007,
329–336.
31. Ɉ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ

ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta 7 (Sa-
rajevo 1972) 415–419 (Spomenica Salka Nazeþiüa). ISSN 0581–7447.
Résumé: La bibliothèque de Nikola de Kotor, chancelier à la cour des
despotes serbes.
311–315.
XIV –XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
e
1973.
32. Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XII ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ = Kosova nga

gjysma e shekullit XII gjer në gjysmën e shekullit XV / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ: ɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ = Kosova: dikur e sot / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ
Ɇɚɥɟɬɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɇɂɉ Ȼɨɪɛɚ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 1973, 109–128.
47
33. Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɤɚɬɭɧɚɪɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɭ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɭ /
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 19 (1973) 229–233. ISSN 0350–1981.
Résumé: Promesses de fidélité de deux chefs des Valaques au duc
Sandalj Hraniü.
1974.
34. Ⱥɧɬɨ Ȼɚɛɢʄ: in memoriam / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨ-

ɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ 1–2 (1974) 179–180.
35. La laine dans l'exportation des matières premières de la Bosnie

médiévale / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // La lana come materia prima: i fe-
nomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII–XVII: atti della
"prima Settimana di studio" (18–24 aprile 1969) / a cura di Marco Spallan-
zani. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 1974, 289–290. (Pubblicazioni; Serie 1. Do-
cumenti).
1975.
36. ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫ-

ɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 22 (1975) 45–74. ISSN 0350–0802.
Résumé: Priština au Moyen Age.
57–91.
XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
1976.
37. Ɉ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 21–27
(1976) 29–36. ISSN 0350–1981.
Rezime: Sur l'agglomération Drijeva et sa position.
93–101.
48
1979.
38. Dubrovaþki arhiv kao izvor za istoriju srednjovjekovne bosanske

države, Zbornik Historijskog arhiva u Dubrovniku / Desanka Kovaþeviü
Kojiü // Arhivist 29/1–2 (Beograd 1979) 69–73. ISSN 0350–2856.
Résumé: Les Archives de Dubrovnik en source historique de l'état de
Bosnie au Moyen Âge.
1981.
39. Arhivsko-istorijska istraživanja Gornjeg Podrinja / Desanka Kovaþe-

viü Kojiü // Naše starine 14–15 (Sarajevo 1981) 109–125. ISSN 0547–3136.
Rad na projektu „Drina u doba Kosaþa” autora Desanke Kovaþeviü
Kojiü, Vlajka Palavestre i Zdravka Kajmakoviüa.
1982.
40. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ʉʃ. 2, Ⱦɨɛɚ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɛ-

ɧɨɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1371–1537) / ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢ-
ɯɚʂɱɢʄ, ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ... Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩ-
ɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ, 1982. – 597 ɫɬɪ., [134] ɫɬɪ. ɫ ɬɚɛɥɚɦɚ; 23 cm.
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ:] ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ,
100–108; ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɦɚʁɞɚɧ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ, 268–277.
2. ɢɡɞ. 1994.
ISBN 86-379-0477-7
3. ɢɡɞ. 2000.
ISBN 86-379-0717-2
XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de
livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 39–55.
1983.
41. L'économie naturelle et la production marchande aux XIIIe – XVe

siècles dans les regions actuelles de la Yougoslavie / Sima ûirkoviü, Desan-
ka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Balcanica 13–14 (1982/83) 45–56. ISSN 0350–7653.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urba-
ine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
42. Srednji vijek / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Savjetovanje o istorio-

grafiji Bosne i Hercegovine: (1945–1982) [Sarajevo, 11. i 12. II 1982] /
49
urednik Nedim Filipoviü. Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, 1983, 31–36. (Posebna izdanja / ANU BiH; 65. Odjeljenje
društvenih nauka; 12).
43. Ɉ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 34 (1983) 113–122. ISSN 0350–1981.
Résumé: De l'industrie minière dans la Bosnie médiévale.
44. Uþešüe Vlaha u trgovinskoj razmjeni tokom XIV i XV vijeka //

Radovi / Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Odjeljenje
društvenih nauka 73–22 (1983) 79–84. ISSN 0350–0020.
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦɚ „ȼɥɚɫɢ ɭ XV ɢ XVI ɜɢʁɟɤɭ”, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ
ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, 13–16. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1973.
1984.
45. Ekonomske veze i kulturni uticaji izmeÿu bosanske države i tali-

janskih gradova u XIV i XV vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Godišnjak
Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 35 (1984) 35–44. ISSN 0350–1981.
[Riasunto:] Legami economici e influssi culturali fra lo stato bosniaco
e le città italiane nel XIV e nel XV secolo.
1986.
46. Gradovi. Bosna i Hercegovina: srednjovjekovna država / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Enciklopedija Jugoslavije 4. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski lek-
sikografski zavod „Miroslav Krleža”, 1986, 507–508.
179–181.
47. ɉɪɢɦʁɟɛɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ „ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ” / Ⱦɟ-

ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ. ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ 21–22 (ɋɚɪɚ-
ʁɟɜɨ 1986) 261– 262. ISSN 0350–1159.
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɚ ɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɭ „ɋɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ” ɢɡ II ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ɂɚɝɪɟɛ 1983,
ɜɨɻɟɧɚ 29. ɦɚʁɚ 1984. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
48. Relazioni fra i centri minerali e le campagne in Serbia e in Bosnia

nel medioevo / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Storia della città: Rivista inter-
nazionale di storia urbana e territoriale 36 (Roma 1986) 91–94.
50
[Summary:] Relation between mining centers and rural areas in Serbia
and Bosnia during the Middle Ages. [Résumé:] Relationes entre les centres
miniers et les campagnes en Serbie et en Bosnie médievale. [Zusammen-
fassung:] Bezihungen zwischen den Bergwerksgebieten und den Land ge-
bieten in Serbien und Bosnien im Mitelalter. [Resumen:] Relaciones entre
los centros mineros y los campos en la Serbia y en la Bosnia medioevales.
337–341.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine
XIV –XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de
e
1987.
49. Ɉ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ ɢɡ 1477. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ /

Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȼɚɫɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 38 (1987) 123–127. ISSN 0350–1981.
50. Fojnica u srednjem vijeku. – Fojnica: Skupština opštine; Sarajevo:

„Veselin Masleša”, 1987. – 534 str.; 29 cm.
[Poglavlje:] Fojnica u srednjem vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü, 35–61.
[Summary:] Fojnica in Middle Ages.
ISBN 86-21-00183-7
103–139.
1988.
51. Dvojno knjigovodstvo u Dubrovniku i Benko Kotruljeviü / Desan-
ka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 39
(1984) 57–64 (Ekmeþiüev zbornik). ISSN 0350–1981.
52. Humska zemlja / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Ante Babiü // Encik-
lopedija Jugoslavije 5. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod „Miro-
slav Krleža”, 1988, 466–467.
1989.
53. Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɉɫɚɦɫɬɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɧɚ Ʉɭɥɢɧɚ:
1189–1989. / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ⱥɫɢɦ ɉɟɰɨ. ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬ-
51
ɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 1989, 37–44. (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ / Ⱥɇɍ Ȼɢɏ;
90. Ɉɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ; 23).
Summary: The Charter of Kulin Ban and the Relations between Bos-
nia and Dubrovnik.
ISBN 86-7123-025-2
54. O uþešüu bosanskog odreda u Kosovskoj bici: [obilježavanje 600

godina Kosovske bitke] / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Naši dani: list Saveza
socijalistiþke omladine BiH (Sarajevo). 36–970. Nova serija 40 (23. jun
1989) 42.
1990.
55. Il commercio raguseo di terraferma nel Medio Evo / Desanka Ko-

vaþeviü Kojiü // Ragusa e il Mediterraneo: ruolo e funzioni di una Republli-
ca marinara tra Medioevo ed Età moderna: Atti del Convegno internazionale
di studi su Ragusa e il Mediterraneo, ruolo e funzioni di una repubblica ma-
rinara tra Medioevo ed éta moderna, Bari, 21–22 ottobre 1988 / a cura di
Antonio Di Vittorio. Bari: Caccudi editore, 1990, 61–78.
1991.
56. Les villes médiévales de Serbie et de Bosnie avant et après l'insta-

uration du pouvoir ottoman / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // La culture urbaine
des Balkans (XVe – XIXe siècles) 3: La ville dans les Balkans dépuis la fin
du Moyen Age jusqu'au debut du XXe siècle: recueil d'études. Belgrade:
Paris: Institut des études balkaniques, 1991, 9–16. (Editions speciales / Insti-
tut des études balkaniques. Académie serbe des sciences et des arts; 46).
Rezime: Gradovi srednjovjekovne Srbije i Bosne prije i poslije uspos-
tavljanja otomanske vlasti.
ISBN 86-7179-010-X
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ,
ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, 5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1999.
183–191.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie ur-
baine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe
d'édition de livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 293–304.
52
1992.
57. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ (XII–XVIII ɜɟɤ) / ɭɪɟɞ-
ɧɢɰɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɤɚ Ʉɚɥɢʄ, Ɇɢɥɨɫɚɜ ɑɨɥɨɜɢʄ. ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ: Ɇɭɡɟʁ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ;
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ, 1992, 35–49.
Résumé: La structure sociale dans les villes minières.
293–309.
1994.
58. ɂɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ȼɚʂɟɜɨ – ɩɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɟ-
ɞɢɲɬɚ: ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɲɟɫɬ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢ-
ʁɟɝ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ȼɚʂɟɜɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ 8–10. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ
1993. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ȼɚʂɟɜɭ / ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ. ȼɚʂɟɜɨ: ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɭɡɟʁ; Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ, 1994, 122–132. (ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ; 7).
405–416.
1995.
59. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ

ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ: ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ: ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩ, 13–15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1994. / ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɤɨ Ɍɟɪɡɢʄ. Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɱ, 1995, 149–
158. (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; 12).
Summary: Local Population – Citizens of Dubrovnik in Medieval
Bosnian Towns.
ISBN 86-7743-007-5
417–427.
60. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ƚɥɚɜɢʄ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɀɢɜɨɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɭ Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ

ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨ-
ɩɢɫ 40–41(1995) 5–18. ISSN 0350–0802.
53
Summary: Nikola Tvrtka Glaviü and Nikola Živolinoviü in the Acco-
unt Books of the Kabužiü Brothers.
61. Ɉ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧ-

ɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. ISSN
0354–9461. 1. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 1995, 57–
65.
[Summary:] Domestik Merchants in Medieval Srebrenica.
429–438.
62. Franjevci u gradskim naseljima srednjovjekovne Bosne / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Radovi Hrvatskog društva za znanost i umjetnost 3 (Sa-
rajevo 1995) 33–44. ISSN 1330–2922.
237–252.
1996.
63. ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢ-

ʁɟɤ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ: ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩ, 13–15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1995. / ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɤɨ Ɍɟɪɡɢʄ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɱ,
1996, 165–173. (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; 13).
Summary: Serbian Silver and Gold in European Production (14th–15th
Centuries).
ISBN 86-7743-009-1
1997.
64. ɑɪɟɦɨɲɧɢɤ, Ƚɪɟɝɨɪ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟ-
ɞɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ / ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂ-
ɱɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Knowledge, 1997, 713.
ISBN 86-80269-35-2
1998.
65. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ: ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟ-

ɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ: (ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɛɟɫɟɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɋȺ-
54
ɇɍ 31. ɦɚʁɚ 1995. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɥɚɫ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟ-
ʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 384–10 (1998) 33–42. ISSN 0351–4765.
Résumé: Les livres de commerce des frères Kabužiü – source pour
l'étude de l'économie de l'état médiéval Serbe.
XIV –XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
e
1999.
66. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ / ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ,

Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Knowledge, 1997. – XI, 832 ɫɬɪ.; 29 cm.
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ:] Ƚɨɫɬɢɨɧɢɰɚ, 122;
Ʉɚɬɭɧ, 286–287; Ʉɚɬɭɧɚɪ, 287; Ʉɪɟɞɢɬ, 326–326; Ʌɟɩɪɚ (ɝɭɛɚ, ɩɪɨɤɚɡɚ),
366; Ʌɟɩɪɨɡɨɪɢʁ, 366–367; ɉɨɞɝɪɚɻɟ (suburbium), 534–535; ɋɬɚɧ (alber-
go), 696; ɋɬɚʃɚɧɢɧ (albergar), 699; Ɍɪɝ, 737–739.
ISBN 86-83233-01-4
67. Les marchands, précurceurs des organisations catholiques dans les

Balkans du XIIIe au XVe siècle / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Actes de la
Conférence "Le Sud–Est europeén, carrefour de civilisations" (Siège de
l'UNESCO, Paris, 9 et 10 février 1998) / éd. Rӽzvan Theodorescu. Bucureú-
ti: Editura Encicopedica, 1999, 75–81. (Bulletin. Association internationale
d'études du Sud – Est européen. 28 (1998–1999)).
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie
urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe
ɇɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/15 ɢ 79.
68. O rudarskoj proizvodnji u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni / Desanka Ko-
vaþeviü Kojiü // Radovi sa simpozijuma Rudarstvo i metalurgija Bosne i
Hercegovine od prahistorije do poþetka XX vijeka, [Zenica, 8–11. XI.
1973.]. Zenica: Muzej grada Zenice, 1999, 177–183.
Résumé: La production minière en Bosnie médiévale.
ISBN 9958-9413-0-9
2000.
69. La destruction des villes serbes au XVe siècle / Desanka Kovaþe-

viü Kojiü // Stadtzerstörung und Wiederaufbau: Zerstörung durch die Stadt-
herrschaft, innere Unruhen und Kriege = Destruction and Reconstruction of
Towns: Destruction by the 71. Lord's Power, Internal Troubles and Wars =
55
Destruction et reconstruction des villes: Destruction par le pouvoir seigne-
urial, les troubles internes et les guerres. 2 / M. Körner Hrsg./Ed.; N. Bartlo-
me, E. Flückiger Redaktion. Bern: Stuttgart: Wienn: Paul Haupt, 2000, 179–
188.
ISBN-10 3258061416
ISBN-13 978-3258061412
343–349.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie ur-
baine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe
70. Prilog o historiografiji srednjovjekovne Bosne i Hercegovine / An-

to Babiü, Desanka Kovaþeviü // Most: þasopis za obrazovanje, nauku i kul-
turu 26–131 (42 – nova serija) (Mostar, oktobar/listopad 2000).
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.most.ba/042/073.htm
71. Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ: Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɞɚɥɦɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢɡ-

ɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ: [ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ] / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ //
Ⱦɚɧ 2–391 (ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ, 16. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2000) 10–11. ISSN 1450–7943.
2001.
72. ɉʂɟɜʂɚ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ ɢ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧ-

ɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɂɚɜɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 2 (ɉʂɟɜʂɚ 2001) 21–
26. ISSN 1450–8559.
Summary: Pljevlja in the Process of Urbanization of the Regions of
Polimlje and Upper Podrinje.
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ „Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ
ɩʂɟɜɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ: ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ”, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ
ɉʂɟɜʂɢɦɚ, 17–19. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2000.
141–146.
2002.
73. ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɪɩɫɤɚ

ɩɪɨɡɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ: Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ / ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄɟɜɢ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɡ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɰɚ ɭ Ȼɢɥɟʄɢ, ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ ɭ Ƚɚɰɤɭ; [ɩɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱ
56
Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ Ȼɪɚɬɢʄ]. Ȼɢɥɟʄɚ: ɉɪɨɫɜʁɟɬɚ; Ƚɚɰɤɨ: ɉɪɨɫɜʁɟɬɚ; Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɏɨɧɞ
„ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ”, 2002, 363–377.
ISBN 99938-621-2-6
147–159.
2003.
74. Ȼɨɪɚɱ – ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨ-

ʁɢʄ // Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ: ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ: ɡɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ, 27–29. ʁɭɧɚ 2002. Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ;
ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ,
2003, 47–64. (ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ / ȺɇɍɊɋ; 5. Ɉɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭ-
ɤɚ; 7).
Summary: Boraþ – Center of the Land of Pavloviü's.
ISBN 99938-631-1-4
161–177.
2004.
75. Les métaux précieux de Serbie et de Bosnie: Estimation de la pro-

duction (XIVe – XVe siècle) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Der Tiroler Berg-
bau und die Depression der europäischen Montanwirtschaft im 14. und 15.
Jahrhundert: Akten der internationalen bergbaugeschtlichen Tagung Stein-
haus / herausgegeben von Rudolf Tasser und Ekkehard Westermann. Inns-
bruck: Wien: München: Bozen: Studien Verlag, 2004, 87–93.
ISBN–10 3706518872
ISBN–13 978-3706518871
76. Les métaux précieux de Serbie et le marché européen (XIVe – XVe

siécles) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 41 (2004) 191–203. ISSN 0584–9888.
[Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ:] ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ
(XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ).
57
77. ɉɢɫɦɨ Ȼɚɪɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ Ɂɨɩɢʁɚ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɪɞɨɜɢɧɢʁɚ ɛɪɚʄɢ

Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɭ ɉɟɡɚɪɭ 26. ʁɭɥɚ 1426. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ //
Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ (Miscellanea), ɤʃ. 22. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ,
2004, 111–116. ISSN 0350–5650.
2005.
78. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ: (1352–1460) /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɢʄɚ / ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ
Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ. Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ, 2005, 79–98.
Résumé: Aspect de Srebrenica dans les sources ragusaines (1351–
1460).
ISBN 99938-631-6-5
203–218.
79. Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ

Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ: (XIII–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
16 (ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2005) 103–112. ISSN 0350–2112.
Summary: Merchants as Forerunners of Catholic Church Organiza-
tions in the Balkans (XIII–XV Century).
225–235.
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ „Les marchands, précurceurs des organisations catho-
liques dans les Balkans du XIIIe au XVe siècle”. ȼɢɞ. ʋ 9/8 ɢ 67.
80. Les Catalans dans les affaires de la compagnie Caboga: (1426–

1433) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Acta Historica et Archaeologica Media-
evalia 26 (Barcelona 2005) 759–766. (Homenatge a la professora Dra Car-
men Batlle I Gallart) ISSN 0212–2960.
ɇɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 83.
58
2006.
81. I libri contabili dei fratelli Caboga (Kabužiü) (1426–1433) fonte

importante per la storia dei rapporti economici fra la Serbia e Venezia (compre-
se le città marchigiane) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Ƚɥɚɫ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 404–13 (2006) 107–118. ISSN 0351–4765.
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga) (1426–1433)
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ȼɟɧɟ-
ɰɢʁɟ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ Ɇɚɪɤɟ).
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ „Serbia e Italia nel medioevo (sec. X–
e
XV )” („ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ (X–XV ɜɟɤ)”), ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, 18–20. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2001.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine
82. Poslovne knjige dubrovaþkih trgovaca (XV vijek) / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Med srednjo Evropo in Sredozemljem: Vojetov zbornik /
uredio Saso Jerse. Ljubljana: Zgodovinski inštitut Milka Kosa ZRC SAZU:
Odelek za zgodovino Filozofske fakultete, 2006, 451–461.
[Summary:] Business Books of the Merchants of 15th-Century
Dubrovnik. ISBN 978-961-6568-3
2008.
83. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga) 1426–1433 /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 56 (2008) 39–48. ISSN
0350–0802.
Summary: Catalans in the Caboga (Kabužiü) Brothers' Business
(1426–1433).
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ „Les Catalans dans les affaires de la compagnie Caboga:
(1426–1433)”. ȼɢɞ. ʋ 9/10 ɢ 80.
84. Poslovne knjige dubrovaþkih trgovaca (XV stoljeüa) / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Raþunovodstvo, revizija i financije 18–8 (Zagreb 2008)
155–159. ISSN 0353–8087.
2009.
85. La Serbie dans l’économie de Venise au XVème siècle / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Balcani occidentali, Adriatico e Venezia fra XIII e XVIII
59
secolo = Der westliche Balkan, der Adriaraum und Venedig (13–18. Jahr-
hundert) / a cura di / herausgegeben von Gherardo Ortalli e / und Oliver Jens
Schmitt. Venezia: Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
2009, 39–52. (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-
historische Klasse. Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti. Schrifthen der
Balkan-Kommission; 50).
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, 25–29. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 2006.
ISBN 978-3-7001-6501-9
ISBN 978-3-7001-6718-1
2010.
86. Pliko srebro iz Srednje Bosne u trgovaþkim knjigama braüe Kabu-

žiü (1426–1433) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Spomenica akademika Mar-
ka Šunjiüa: (1927–1998). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet, 2010, 59–68.
Summary: Auriferous Silver from Central Bosnia in the Accounting
Records of the Kabužiü (Caboga) Brothers (1426–1433).
ISBN 978-9958-625-14-5
2011.
87. ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚ-
ɤɚ: ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ / [ɭɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚ-
ɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɪɤɨ Ⱥɬɥɚɝɢʄ, Ⱦɚɥɢɛɨɪ ȿɥɟɡɨɜɢʄ]. Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ:
Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, 2011, 235–241.
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧ-
ɨɝ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɢ, 6–8. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 2011.
ISBN 978-86-80273-68-6
88. ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ / Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩ ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ,
6–8. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2011; [ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ] ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ; [ɭɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɢʄ] = Book of
Abstracts / International Scientific Conference Life and Work of Academi-
cian Bogumil Hrabak, Kosovska Mitrovica, October 6–8, 2011; [organizer]
60
University of Pristhina, Faculty of Philosophy; [editors Dragi Malikovic,
Dragana Spasic]. Kosovska Mitrovica: Faculty of Philosophy, University of
Pristhina, 2011, 41–42.
ISBN: 978-86-80273-64-8
89. ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ //

ɉɚɞ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ 12–14. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 2011, 257–262. (ɇɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ / ɋȺɇɍ; 134. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ; 32).
Summary: Smederevo as a Centre of Trade.
ISBN 978–86–7025–543–2
90. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ (XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ɋɢɦɟ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ / ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ
ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɭɞɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2011, 15–27.
(Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ; 25).
Résumé: La Serbie dans l'économie de Venise au XVéme siècle.
ISBN 978–86–7743–091–7
91. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ. Ɍɨɦ I, ɤʃ. 2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – Ȼɭɲɬɪɚʃɟ. –
ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ; Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋȺɇɍ: Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ, 2011. –
690 ɫɬɪ.; 31 cm.
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ:] Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ, 243;
Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ, ɤɟɮɚɥɢʁɚ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɟ / Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ, 492.
ISBN: 978–86–7946–097–4
2012.
92. L’image de Belgrade dans les œuvres des contemporains (1403–

1521) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Bild und Wahrnehmung der Stadt /
herausgegeben von Peter Johanek). Wien: Köln: Weimar: Böhlau Verlag,
2012, 99–104. (Städteforschung Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für ver-
gleichende Städtegeschichte in Münster. Reihe A: Darstellungen; 63).
English Summary.
ISBN 978-3-412-20595-9
61
93. Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ: ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɋɪɟɛ-
ɪɟɧɢɰɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɥɚɫ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 420–16 (2012) 139–146. ISSN 0351–4765.
Summary: Relationship between Town and Village in XV Century on
the Examples of Novo Brdo and Srebrenica.
2013.
94. O ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɞɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-

ɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 50–2 (2013) 853–861 (Mélanges Ljubomir Maksimo-
viü) ISSN 0584–9888.
Summary: About the Composition and Processing of Precious Metals
from the Serbian Medieval Mines.
2014.
95. On the Composition and Processing of Precious Metals from the

Serbian Medieval Mines // Balcanica 45 (2014) 97–106. ISSN 0350–7653.
OɋȼɊɌɂ, ɄɊɂɌɂɄȿ, ɉɊɂɄȺɁɂ
1952.
96. Ⱦɪ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ɋɢɦɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɟɨ-

ɝɪɚɞ 1951 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 4 (1952) 301–304. ISSN 0350–1981.
1954.
97. Ⱥɧɚɥɢ ɏɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-

ɱɟɜɢʄ // ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ 10 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1954).
1956.
98. Ⱥɧɪɢ ɉɢɪɟɧ (Henri Pirenne), ɉɨɜɢʁɟɫɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 8
(1956) 350–351. ISSN 0350–1981.
62
1962.
99. B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant au Moyen Age, École

Pratique des Hautes Études – Sorbonne VIe section, Mounton et Co. la
Haye, Paris 1961, str. 440. / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Jugoslovenski istorijski
þasopis 1 (1962) 90–95. ISSN 0350–2902.
1963.
100. M. Diniü, Za istoriju rudarstva u srednjevekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni I,

posebno izdanje SAN, Beograd 1955, 109; Za istoriju rudarstva u srednjo-
vekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni II, posebno izdanje SAN, Beograd 1962, str. 109 /
Desanka Kovaþeviü // Jugoslovenski istorijski þasopis 2 (1963) 104–108.
ISSN 0350–2902.
101. M. Diniü, Iz Dubrovaþkog arhiva, knj. I, Posebno izdanje SAN,

Beograd, 1957, 114. / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara
Bosne i Hercegovine 13 (1963) 389–391. ISSN 0350–1981.
1964.
102. ɀ. Ʉɚɥɦɟɬ, Ɏɟɭɞɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1964, 182 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 14
(1964) 292–293. ISSN 0350–1981.
103. Tadeusz Rosáanowski, Recherches sur la vie urbaine et en particulier
sur le patricia dans les villes de la moyenne Rhénanie septentrionale (Fin du XI –
début du XIV siècles), Instytut historii kultury materijalnej polskiej Akademii
Nauk, Warszawa 1964, 137 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 14 (1964) 295–296. ISSN 0350–1981.
1968.
104. Sima ûirkoviü, Herceg Stefan Vukþiü Kosaþa i njegovo doba,

Posebno izdanje SAN, Beograd 1964, 309 / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü //
Jugoslovenski istorijski þasopis 7/1–2 (1968) 121–123. ISSN 0350–2902.
1969.
105. Jovanka Kaliü Mijuškoviü, Beograd u srednjem veku, SKZ. Beo-

grad 1967, 503 / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Jugoslovenski istorijski þaso-
pis 8/1–2 (1969) 240–243. ISSN 0350–2902.
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106. Ĉuro Tošiü, Trg Drijeva u srednjem vijeku. Veselin Masleša,

Sarajevo, 1987, 324. / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Prilozi. Institut za istori-
ju 22–23 (Sarajevo 1987) 227–229. ISSN 0350–1159.
1997.
107. ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɂɞɟɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995,

271 // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 42–43 (1997) 423–427. ISSN 0350–0802.
2014.
108. La Serbie et les pays serbes: l'économie urbaine: XIVe–XVe

siècles / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de
livres scolaires: ASSA, Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012 // Ɍɪɢɛɢɧɚ
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɋȺɇɍ 2–2 (2014) 86–88. ISSN 2335–0121.
Ɋɟɱ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɢ ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɭ, 28. ɦɚʁɚ 2013.
ɋɥɚɜɢɰɚ Ɇɟɪɟɧɢɤ
64
Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɢ
ɍȾɄ 622.33.06:930.253(497.11)“04/15“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15016

ɊɍȾȺɊɋɄɂ ɉɊȿȾɍɁȿɌɇɂɐɂ ɄȺɈ ɉɊɂɅɈɀɇɂɐɂ

ɂ ɁȺȾɍɀȻɂɇȺɊɂ
Ⱦɪ ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɍɟɦɚ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɞɚɪ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱ-
ɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɩɨɱɟɜ
ɨɞ 13. ɩɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ 17. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉ ɨɜɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɧɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɧɢʁɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ.
Ɋɭɞɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɚ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ.1 Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚ
ʁɚɫɧɭ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.2
Ɋɚɞ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ

ɧɚɭɤɟ „ȿɬɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ: ɍɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɧɚ-
ɫɥɟɻɚ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɯɟɦɢʁɟ”, ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɨɧɢ ɛɪ. III 47025.
1
Ⱥɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɨɫɬ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ-ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɨʁ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨʁ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɪɢɦ-
ɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚ Ɇɟɡɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ
ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɭ, Ⱥɜɚɥɢ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ȼɢɲɟ ɨ
ɨɜɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ: Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ⱥɪɟɯɨɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ – ɧɨɜɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ
ɞɨɛɚɪɚ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ 37–38 (20052006) 212; Ȼɨɪɢɫɥɚɜ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪʂɭɲɚ, Ɇɚɥɢ ɒɬɭ-
ɪɚɰ, ɉɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɛɚɤɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɇɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ ɑɚɱɤɭ 18 (1988) 5–12; Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ɇɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ɇɪɤɨɛɪɚɞ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋȺȾ 4 (1987) 49; S. Dušaniü,
Roman mining in Illyricum: Historical aspects, Dall' Adriatico al Danubio-L'Illirico nell'età
greca e romana, Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 25–27 settembre 2003,
Pisa: Edizione Elettronica, 255, 259260.
2
ɉɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ
289
ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ
Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ

ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 13. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɜɚ ɫɚɫɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜ-
ʂɚ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɦɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɨɬɜɚ-
ɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ɏɪɚʁɛɟɪɝɚ ɭ ɋɚɤ-
ɫɨɧɢʁɢ.3 ɍɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɨɧɨɫɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɋɤɭɩɢɧɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɧɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɜɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢʁɭ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɢɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɟ
ɤɚɨ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ.4 Ɉɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ
ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟ-
ʃɟ, ɱɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɭ, ɩɪɜɨʁ ɫɚɫɤɨʁ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨ-
ɦɢʁɨɦ, ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, ɤɨ-
ʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɭɞɧɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ Ⱦɢɧɚɪɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɦɚɤɟ-
ɞɨɧɫɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɟ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɢɦ ɢ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɧɢɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɢɡ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɱɢʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɫɭ Ɍɪɟɩɱɚ, ȳɚʃɟɜɨ, ɉɥɚɧɚ, Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɚ, Ʉɨɩɨ-
ɪɢʄ, Ɉɫɬɚɬɢʁɚ.5
ɍ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɜɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɢ
ɤɚɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ
Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɨʁ ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɝɪɻɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɢ
ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɟɪɧɢɰɢ ɢ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɤɚɨ zentilhomini ɢɥɢ gentilho-
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɦ ɥɟɠɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢɦ ɭ

ɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢ ɫɚ
ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ɞɨɧɟɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɭ ɤɨɩɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɢ ɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɝɜɨɠɻɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɢɡɚ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ ɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟɧɨ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɰɢ
ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 50; Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ⱥɧɬɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟ-
ɻɟ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 18.
3
I. Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, vol.2, Afro-
European Supremacy, 11251225, Stuttgart 2001, 687; The Cambridge Economic History
of Europe, vol. 2, Trade and the Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. M. M. Postan and E.
Miller, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 699.
4
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, 713, 715716; Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ⱦɨɥɚ-
ɡɚɤ ɋɚɫɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɚ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 29–31.
5
V. Simiü, Istorijski razvoj našeg rudarstva, Beograd 1951, 206.
290
mini, ɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɤɚɨ maiores civitatis, domini anciani. ɉɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ

ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɟ ʃɢ-
ɯɨɜɨɝ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɜɚɬɚ.6 Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɢɡɭ-
ɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 14. ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɥɢɯɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɥɟɦɟ-
ɧɢɬɨɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ.7
Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 14. ɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ. ɍ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɪɟɝɚɥɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɫɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɪɛɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ ɨɞ
ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
(ɇɨɜɨ Ȼɪɞɨ, ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ, ɉɥɚɧɚ, Ɍɪɟɩɱɚ,
Ɋɭɞɢɲɬɚ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ).8 ɍɪɭɛɭɪɚ ʁɟ ɭɛɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɨɤɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɟ ɪɭɞɟ ɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭ-
ɬɢɧ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɨʁ ɨɞ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 200 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɰɟɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ Ƚɥɭɯɟ ȼɚɫɢ, ɬʁ. „kolo
v ùse i sý rùdari; i dohod ùke da daõ cr(ý)kvi kako sù davali kral-
(èvý)s(t)v(ù) mi”.9 ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɛɭɪɚ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɬʁ. ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɟ ɪɨɛɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɟ-
6
ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɥɨʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɇɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ 12 (2011) 8283, ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ.
7
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɦɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɟɤɚɞɚɦɚ 15. ɜɟɤɚ,
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 30 ɬɨɧɚ. D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie médiévales:
les mines d'or et d'argent, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, vol. 15, no. 2
(1960) 248258; Idem, ɋɪɩɫɤo ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ (XIV-XV ɜɢʁɟɤ),
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 1996, 168; Idem, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 118; Idem, Les metaux precieux de Serbie
et le marche europeen, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 41 (2004) 191–202.
ɇɟɲɬɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ ɨɞ 10 ɞɨ 8,5 ɬɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɞɚʁɭ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ
ȳ. Ȼɥɚɧɱɚɪɞ. S. ûirkoviü, The Production of Gold, Silver and Copper in the Central Parts
of the Balkans from the 13th to the 16rh Century, Precios metals in the age of expansion:
papers of the XVIth International Conress of the Histor. Sciences, ed. Hermann Kellenbenz,
Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981, 53; Ian Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the
Middle Ages, vol. 3., Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 12501450, Stuttgart : Stainer
2005, 1021.
8
Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɐɚɪɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, 16–17.
9
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, (ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ: ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 468.
291
ʂɭ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ. ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɧɢ

ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɱɢʁɚ
ʁɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ 1423. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɱɚɤ 4.868 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɥɢ 42.838
ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ȳɨɲ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɋɜɚɧɢɰɟ, ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ʁɟ ɭɫ-
ɬɭɩɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 150 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɞ ɧɨ-
ɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ. Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ʁɟ, ɨɞ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ
ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɭ 60 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɚ Ʌɚɜɪɢ ɋɜ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 20 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȭɭɪɚɻ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ȿɫɮɢɝɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 50 ɥɢ-
ɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɚ Ʌɚɜɪɢ ɋɜ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ, 80 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.10
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɪɭɞɚɪɢ, ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɭɪɡɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɦ ɛɨ-
ɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ.
ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɢɡ 13. ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ʌɚɬɢɧɟ – ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɭ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɋɚɫɢ, Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁ-
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɥɚɝɚ-
ʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɭ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɭ.11
ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɬɨʃɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɲɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɝ ɥɟɝɚɬɚ. ɇɚʁ-
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ-
ɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɢɯ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ.12 ɇɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɚ
ɫɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɧɢɦɚ ɞɚɪɭʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨ-
ɥɟ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɡɥɚɬɚɪ ɉɟɬɤɨ
ɉɪɢɛɨʁɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɉɚɨɤɨ ɋɬɢɩɚɲɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ
ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɪɭɩɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɩɪɟɦɚ-
ʃɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ.13 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɞ-
10
Ⱥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2003, 54; Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ,
Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ, 222, 225227.
11
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁ-
ɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 244.
12
Ɉ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1955; ɂɫɬɢ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ II,
Beograd 1962; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧ-
ɬɢɦɚ (I), Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ 22 (2004) 9–80; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, 240258; ɢɫɬɢ, ȳɟɞɧɚ ɩɚɪɧɢɰɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɰɚ, Ƚɨɞɢɲ-
ʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 4041 (1989–1990) 3041.
13
Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ
ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ (XIII–XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ), Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), Ȼɟɨ-
292
ɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɲɬɚʃɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɨɛɡɢɻɢɜɚʃɭ

ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ
ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ.14
Ʉɪɭɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɲɢɪɢɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢɦ ɢ
ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɜɪɫɬɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɬɟɦɭ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɱɟɥɧɢɤɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɚɜɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɥɧɢɤ Ɋɚɞɢɱ, ɤɚɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬ ɫɟɥɚ, ɡɚɫɟ-
ɥɚɤɚ, ɫɟɥɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ʉɭɩɢɧɢɤ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧ ɢ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɨ „ɞɟɥɨɜɟ” ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɤɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ȼɟɥɚɫɢɰɟ. Ɍɭ ʁɟ ɢɦ-
ɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ „ɤɭʄɟ” ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɫ-
ɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ Ƚɪɚɛɨɜɧɢɱɢɰɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜ. ȭɨɪɻɚ ɭ ȼɪɚʄɟɜɲɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ „ɞɪɭɝɢ” ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ʉɚɫ-
ɬɚɦɨɧɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ. ɉɨɤɥɚʃɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɨ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɨɝɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ.15
ɂɡ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟ 1430. ɢɥɢ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ʉɚɫɬɚɦɨɧɢɬɭ ɫɚɡ-
ɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ȼɪɚʄɟɜ-
ɲɧɢɰɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɫɚɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɰɢ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ,
ɱɟɥɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɭ ɫɚɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ
Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ.16
ɍ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ ɨ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ
ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɢ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ
ɝɪɚɞ 2007, 230, 233; ɂɫɬɚ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010,
140.
14
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, 246.
15
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1997, 239241; Ɉ ɱɟɥɧɢɤɭ Ɋɚɞɢɱɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɞɫɟɩɨɬɚ, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ 2013, 211219, ɫɚ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ. (ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɪɭɤɩɨɢɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɧɚ: https://iib-ac.aca-
demia.edu/Milo%C5%A1Ivanovi%C4%87)
16
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɢ, ɚɤɬɢ, ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ, ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ, ɬɢɩɢ-
ɰɢ, ɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ 3 (1899) 3435.
293
ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ. ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚ-

ɬɢʁɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɤɨɩɚ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɡɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ
ɋɚɛɨɪɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ce, ɩo ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɧɚɥɚ-
ɡɢɥɟ ɨɡɢɞɚɧɟ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɨɜɨɝ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.17 Ɂɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ, ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ
ɭɤɨɩɢɦɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɚɫɟɨɤɭ Ʉɪɚɫɨʁɟɜɰɢɦɚ, ɭ
ɱɢʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɟʃɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɨɛ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɥɚɡ ɫɪɟɛɪɧɨɝ
ɩɪɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɨɦ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ʉɨɫʁɟɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɨɜɟ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɟ ɫɚ Ɉɥɢɜɟɪɨɦ Ʉɨɫʁɟɪɨɦ (Oliuero Chosereuich), ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 15. ɜɟ-
ɤɚ ɛɢɨ ɤɧɟɡ ɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ. ɇɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ Ɇɚʇɚɪɫɤɨ ɛɪɞɨ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɨ-
ɛɪɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɢ, ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɝɪɨɛɨ-
ɜɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɤɨɩɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɭ.18
Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɝ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ-
ɭɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ
ɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɟʄ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 16. ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤ, Ʉɭ-
ɱɚʁɧɚ, Ȼɚɯ ɢ Ⱥɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɭ.19 Ɉɜɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ
ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧoɦ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɚ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɥɟ ɲɢɪɨɦ Ɉɫ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ.20 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ
17
Ɇ. ȴɭɛɢɧɤɨɜɢʄ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
1957. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ 9–10 (19581959) 325; Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, Ɂɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ 42 (2010) 54; ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬ-
ɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɥɨʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, 8487.
18
Ⱦ. Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ȼɭɥɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ ɭ Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɨʁ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɦɨʄ – ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɨɞ 1365. ɞɨ 1402. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ
2014, 125126; Ⱦ. Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɢʄ, ɍ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ. ɒɚ-
ɩɚɬ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2014, 311313. Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962, 14; Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ.
Ȼɭɥɢʄ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɛɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 58 (2009)
4362.
19
ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɍ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɨ ɭ 16. ɜɟɤɭ, Ɇɟ-
ɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ 35 (2014) 22.
20
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɢɡ Ɋɭɦɟɥɢʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 16. ɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ
ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɦ ɒɢɪɜɚɧɭ (Ⱥɡɟɪɛɟʁʇɚɧɭ). ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ
294
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-

ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.21
ɍ ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ
ɫɭ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɀɟɠɧɟ, ʁɟɞɚɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
16. ɜɟɤɚ, ɛɢɥɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɋɪɛɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1520. ɞɨ 1538. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɨ
ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ: ɉɟɬɚɪ, ɫɢɧ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ; ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɫɢɧ Ɋɚʁɢɧɚ; Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢ-
ʁɟ, ɫɢɧ ɉɟɬɤɚ; Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɱɚ; Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧ Ȼɨʁɚɧɚ; ɋɢɦɚ, ɫɢɧ
ȳɨɜɚɧɚ; ȼɭɤ, ɫɢɧ Ɋɚɞɨʃɟ; ɉɚɜɥɟ, ɫɢɧ Ɍɨɦɢʁɚɧɚ; Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ, ɫɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ;
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ; ɀɢɜɤɨ, ɫɢɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ, ɫɢɧ ɋɬɨɥɟɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, Ɍɪɟɩɱɟ, ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ, ȼɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɂɡɜɨ-
ɪɚ.22 ɍ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ
ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɭ.23
Ⱦɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɰɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɢ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɭɥɚɝɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ, ɨɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɩ-
ɪɚɜɤɭ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. Ɉ ɨɜɢɦ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 47, 68 (ɞɨɤ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ). ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɨ-
ɜɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɢ ɡɚɭɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɝɜɨɠɻɚ ɢ ɛɚɤɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɡɥɚɬɨɦ
ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ. S. Katiü, I. Iliü, D. Živkoviü, Copper Production in Majdanpek in sixties and
Sevenies of the 16th Century, Journal of Mining and Metallurgy 45 (2) B (2009) 218. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɫɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɢ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɚɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɢɫɤɨɫɪɟɛɪɨɧɨɫɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɤɚɨ „Saigerprozess“. Ian
Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, vol. 3. Continuing Afro-
European Supremacy, 12501450, 972, 1071. „Saigerprozess“ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɢ ɜɢɲɟɮɚɡɧɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɤɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɚɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɫɜɟ
ɞɨ 19. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɩɢɫ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɭ: M. L'Héritier, F. Téreygeol,
From copper to silver: Understanding the saigerprozess through experimental liquation
and drying, Historical Metallurgy 44–2 (2010) 136152.
21
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɉɥɚɧɚ 1530. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɤɚɞɢ-
ɥɭɤɚ. ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɟʁɨɧɭ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɪɟʁɨɧɭ Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ,
ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 82.484 ɚɤɱɢ, ɚ ɪɚɞɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ
ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɚ ɫɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ ɉɥɚɧɢ, Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɫɢɰɢ. ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 47;
ɂɫɬɢ, ɋɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɭ ɤɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɉɥɚɧɚ, Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ
Ȼɟɥɚɫɢɰɚ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɱɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 13 (2008) 74; Ⱦ. Ⱥɦɟɞɨɫɤɢ, ɉɥɚɧɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɚ, 7980.
22
ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɍ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ ɀɚɠɧɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ɋɨɝɨɡɧɟ ɢ ɉɨɞɛɭɤɨɜɢɤɚ ɭ 16.
ɜɟɤɭ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 59 (2010) 219220.
23
ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʅ, Ʉɨɜɚɱɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜɨ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɜɥɚɞɟɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɬ ɋɭʁɟɥɦɚɧ I ȼɟɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɨɬ (1520–1566) , Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ 54 1–2 (2010) 72, 7779.
295
ɧɟɦɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɪɚɫɜɟɬɥɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɨɛɢɦ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ, ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɨɧɰɢɦɚ
Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪ ɧɢɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ
Ƚɪɚɲɧɢɱɤɟ, Ɋɚɢɱɤɟ ɢ ȼɢɝɚʃɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ. ɍ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ
ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɝɜɨɠɻɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ
ȳɟɪɢɧɢɧ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨ 100 ɤɭʄɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɡ-
ɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ ɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɬɨɩɨ-
ɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɦɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɟʁɨɧɭ
ɤɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.24
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɝɪɨ-
ɛʂɭ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɭɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ 14. ɜɟɤɚ, ɞɨɤ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɮɚɡɚ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 14.
ɢ 18. ɜɟɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ
ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɬɪɚ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ. ɂɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɦɨɧɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɟ ɩɥɨɱɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɞɨɦ. ȵɢɯɨɜɟ ɝɨɪʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɤɪɢɜɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɮɥɨɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɨɡɟɬɚɦɚ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ʁɟ
ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɥɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ
ɨɛɧɨɜɚ.25 ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ
ɨɞ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɋɚɱɢʃɚɜɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ – ɝɨɪʃɢ ɞɟɨ ɭ ɨɛ-
ɥɢɤɭ ɫɚɧɞɭɤɚ ɨɞ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɢ ɭɤɨɩɚɧɢ ɢɡɞɭɛʂɟɧɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢ ɤɨ-
ɦɚɞ ɤɪɟɱʃɚɤɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧɢ ʁɟ „ɤɢɪ“ Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ 1656. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɭ
ɰɪɤɜɟ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɡɢɞɭ ɧɚɨɫɚ.26
ɍ ɨɥɬɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɭ ɧɢɲɢ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɦɢɞɢʁɟ, ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢɦɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬ-
ɧɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɚ. Ɍɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɢ ɢɦɟ ɇɟɞɚ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɭɪɟɡɚɧ
ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɡɢɞɭ ɫɚ ɥɟɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɍ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ
24
ɉɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ʌɭɤɨɜɫɤɟ Ȼɚʃɟ ɢ Ɇɟɪʄɟɡɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ
ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ ɞɟɜɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɜɚ. ȼ. ɋɢɦɢʄ, Ɋɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 385386.
25
Ȼ. Ⱦɟʂɚɧɢɧ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ. 1 Aɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, Ɍɨɤ 16–17 (1981)
113118; ɋ. ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɒɬɚɜɟ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬ
XVI ɢ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995, 330331. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɥɨ-
ɱɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɚɻɟɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɩɟɲɱɚɪɨɦ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɩɨɞɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ⱥ.
Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ. 3 Aɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, Ɍɨɤ 16–17 (1981) 123.
26
Ȼ. Ⱦɟʂɚɧɢɧ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ, 113118; Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɚɲ-
ʃɟʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɬ ɭ: ɋ. ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɒɬɚɜɟ, 330–331.
296
ɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɛɚ Ȼɨɠɢʁɚ ɇɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɚ

7151 (1643) ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɟɲɬɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ „gospo`da gvarka Andre”. Ȼɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɇɟɞɚ ɫɭɩ-
ɪɭɝɚ ɤɢɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɬ-
ɩɢɫ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɭɥɚɝɚɧ ɭ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɟ
ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ 17. ɜɟɤɚ.27 ɂɚɤɨ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 16. ɢ ɬɨɤ-
ɨɦ 17. ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɞɢ-
ɦɨ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɟ, ɩɨɦɟɧ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɟ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤɟ (ɲɚɮɚɪɟ) ɢ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɪɚɞɢ ɪɭɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɜɚɪɤɟ (ɜɚɪɤɟ) – ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɩɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɥɢ ɤɨɩɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɟ ɡɚ ɲɬɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɫɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɢ
ɢɡɧɨɫ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.28
Ɉ ɡɧɚʃɭ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɬɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ
ʁɟ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɧɟ, ɤɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɨɪɟ-
ɤɥɨɦ ɋɪɛɢɧ, ɭ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɢɡ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɜɟɲɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ.29 ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ
ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɉɥɚɧɟ,
ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟɝ ɪɭɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɝ ɪɟʁɨɧɚ ɤɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɨɻɟ-
ɧɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɯɭ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɛɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɝɜɨɠɻɟ. ɇɢʁɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ɨɬɢɲɥɢ ɭ
Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɡɚ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɩɨɞɧɟɛʂɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʃɚ ɢ
ɞɟɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ Ȼɟɱɤɢ ɪɚɬ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɫɩɟɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ.30
27
Ⱥɭɬɨɪ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ.
28
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 16. ɜɟɤɚ, ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɪɭɞɧɢ-
ɤɚ ɀɟɠɧɟ ɫɭ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɧɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧ ɫɬɚɭɬɭɫ.
Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɲɟ: ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɍ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ ɀɟɠɧɚ, 206, 222. Ɉɩɢɫ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɭ: F. Spaho, Turski rudarski zakoni, Glasnik Zemaljskog
muzeja BiH 25 (1913) 166170; ȼ. ɋɤɚɪɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1939, 28, 3739, 8188.
29
Ʉɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɚɤ ɪɨɻɚɤ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɫɢɧ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ
Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ ɢ ȼɥɚɲɤɨʁ, 1635. ɋɬɢ-
ɝɚɨ ɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ, ɝɞɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɟ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɢɤɟ ȳɨɧɟ. ȼɢɲɟ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ: Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ɉɩɚɪɢɧɚ,“ɂɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɵ ɝɪɟɤɨɜ” ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XVII ɜ., Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɤ. ȼɵɩɭɫɤ II–III, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004,
288325. (ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ http://krotov.info/history/17/2/oparina_2.htm )
30
G. Gariü Petroviü, V. Petroviü, Human capital and Serbian mining: historical per-
spective, Mining in The Central Europe Through History, Belgrade–Košice, 2010, 3637.
297
Vladeta Petroviü, Ph.D.

Institute of History, Belgrade, Serbia
MINING ENTREPRENEURS AS DONATORS AND KTETORS

OF CHURCHES AND MONASTERIES
Summary
The development of this industrial branch in Medieval Serbia can be tracked

through written sources starting from mid-13th century, when the Saxon miners
come to Serbia, forming ethnical and professional groups with a special status.
Mining, which during 14th and in the first half of 15th century, becomes one of the
most important economic branches of Middle-Ages Serbia, represented a signifi-
cant source of income for rulers; a part of this income was distributed to certain
monasteries thanks to the rulers’ donations. In addition to rulers, both the individu-
als and groups, differently engaged in mining tasks, also became donators and
ktetors of monastery and churches. The oldest written records on such a donation
of the inhabitants of the mining urban settlements date back from 13th century and
relate to the Latines – a catholic community to which belonged the Saxons, the
inhabitants of Kotor and Dubrovnik. With an increase in the production volume,
the circle of mining entrepreneurs spread including the local population too, which
allowed the most prominent and wealthiest persons to become donators and ktetors
of orthodox churches. Among the local businessmen the great leader Radic had a
special place, who donated mining parts that he head in Rudnik to the monasteries
Kastamonit and Vracevsnica, as well as a wheel that he built in his village of
Kamenica. He donated to Kastamonit the customs duty too and the parts in Saxon
places of Novo Brdo and Rudnik. Due to the lack of written sources, indirect con-
clusions on ktetor’s endeavors of entrepreneurs involved in mining production and
metal trade, may be drawn on the basis of material remnants of sacral buildings in
mining settlements, as is the case with the churches in Novo Brdo and Rudnik. As
the development of mining in the Balkans Peninsula continued after the Ottoman
conquest, domestic entrepreneurs who had considerable capital, were also included
in the Ottoman system of renting mines. An inscription on the church of St. Mina
in Stava, in which master kir Andrew (Andra) is mentioned, also testifies of the
investment of this capital in ktetor’s efforts, in which master kir Andrew (Andra) is
mentioned.
298

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