FOC CLASS 15

11TH SEPTEMBER 2023

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 MACH ZENDER INTERFEROMETER MUTIPLEXER

•MZI will work as Multiplexer

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 SPLIT-INTRODUCE PHASE SHIFT & COMBINE
• Mach-Zehnder interferometry is used to make
wavelength dependent Devices
• These devices can be either active or passive.
• One Passive Device-Multiplexer
• A layout of 2 x 2 passive MZI consists of three stages
• 3-dB splitter Phase shifter 3-dB Coupler 11/9/2023 3
11/9/2023 4
• Initial 3 dB directional coupler is used to split input signals. The
middle stage, in which one of waveguide is longer by ∆L to given a
wavelength dependent phase shift between the two arms. The second
3 dB coupler which recombines the signals.
• Thus input beam is splitted, an phase shift it introduced in one of
the paths, the recombined signals will be in phase at one output
and out of phase at other output. The output will be available in
only one
• SO IT IS A 2 X 1 MULTIPLEXER
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• The function of this arrangement is that, by splitting the
input beam and introducing a phase shift in one of the
paths, the recombined signals will interfere constructively
at one output and destructively at the other. The signals
then finally emerge from only one output port , where
constructive interference takes place.
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• The propagation matrix M coupler for a coupler of length d
is

• Mcoupler = ⎡cos kd jsinkd ⎤

[ jsinkd cos kd ⎦
• where k is the coupling coefficient. Since we are considering
3-dB couplers that divide the power equally, then
• 2kd = / 2, so that 11/9/2023 7
•Mcoupler 1/√ 2 = ⎡1 j⎤
[ j 1⎦

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 IMPORTANT EQUATION
• In the central region, when the signals in two arms come from same
source , The output from these two waveguides have a phase
difference Δ

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• Phase difference may be due to path difference(ΔL)
or Due to difference in refractive index
• But here both the arms will have same refractive
index n1 =n2=neff (Effective refractive index in the
waveguide)
• Hence phase difference is only due to path difference
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• Therefore the above phase difference equation can
be written as Δ = k ΔL
• K= 2 neff/λ

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CONDITION TO EXIT FROM ONE OUTPUT
• If All the power from both inputs to leave from port2 (Eout2)
• The required condition is K1 ΔL/2 = K2 ΔL/2 = /2
• Where K =2 neff /λ K1=2 neff /λ1 K2 =2 neff /λ2

1 1
= ( k1 − k 2 ) L = 2neff ( − )L
 1 2
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 THE LENGTH DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO OF THEM

1 1 c
L = [2neff ( − )L] =
−1

 1 2 2neff 

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11/9/2023 14
SOLUTION

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Hence for the given two frequencies and for given waveguide
there must be 10mm/0.77mm path difference then only
construction interference takes place at one output and distractive
output at other end.
The light emerges from only one out put
So 2 Inputs 1 output 2X1 Multiplexer
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 EXTEND 2 X 2 TO 4 X 4

Now extend 2 inputs into 4 inputs and any one output

only
It is 4 X 4 Multiplexer
Here we are using 3 Arms with 3 Different Path
Lengths
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•By Extending this one we can design M X N
Multiplexer with the help of MZI.

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 11/9/2023

23 OPTICAL ISOLATORS
• Non Reciprocal Passive Device
• Power Is Allowed In Only One Direction-not in Reverse Direction
• One Way Traffic
• To prevent scattered or reflected light from traveling in the
reverse direction.
• E.g., can keep backward-traveling light from entering a laser
diode and possibly causing instabilities in the optical output
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24 DEFINITION

• : An optical component that permits the propagation of the

light signal in one direction only and completely blocking the
other direction is known as Optical Isolator. Faraday effect is
the basis of working of this device.
• Basically, when a light ray is allowed to pass through the fiber
then there are some chances that it may get reflected back. So,
to avoid backward reflection of transmitted signal optical
isolators are used.
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25 COMPONENTS OF OPTICAL ISOLATOR

• The device consists of mainly 3 components namely,

input and output polarizer it can be 2 input and output
birefringent plate that acts as a polarizer and a Faraday
rotator.
• The whole operation of the isolator relies on these
three components.
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• Polarization dependent isolator: A polarization dependent

isolator is composed of mainly input and output polarizer along with
Faraday rotator. These are mainly used in free space optical system
as the system maintains the polarization of the source.
• Polarization independent isolator: A polarization independent
isolator is composed of input and output birefringent wedges along
with Faraday rotator. It basically consists of 2 collimators. As firstly,
at the time of transmission the beam gets splits and then merged
afterwards thereby focusing at the other collimator
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28 MANY DESIGNS

• With Different Complexity Are Available

• The Simple One Depends On State Of Polarization
• In General They Should Be Independent Of Polarization
• Figure Shows Polarized Independent Isolator
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45 DEGREE FARADAY ROTATOR
• This Rotator Is Placed Between Two Birefringent Plates
• O & E Lights:-first Plate
• Rotator Rotates Plane Of Polarization By 45 Passes Second Plate-
• Same Relation Between E & O
• Reverse Direction: not Coupled To Fiber:
• O & E Relationship Is Reversed-diverged Not Same Relationship- Non
Reciprocal Devices
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• . The light signal has the vertical SOP as shown. It is passed through a
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polarizer, which passes only light energy in the vertical SOP and blocks
light energy in the horizontal SOP.
• The Faraday rotator is used to rotate the SOP, say, clockwise by 45
degrees, regardless of the direction of propagation.
• This is again followed by polarizer that passes only SOPs with 45 degrees
orientation.
• Thus the light signal from left to right is passed through the device without
any loss. On the other hand, light entering the device from the right due to
the reflections, with the same 45 degree orientation, is rotated another 45
degrees by the Faraday rotator, and thus blocked by the first polarizer.
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ISOLATOR USING SPACIAL WALK-OFF POLARISER

• The isolator constructed using Spacial Walk-off Polarizer ( SWP ) and Half-
Waveplate is shown in the figure below.
• This forms the basic principle of circulators. The SWP is used to split the light into
two orthogonally polarized components (i.e. horizontal and vertical).
• The Half Wave plate is similar to the Faraday rotator except that it rotates 45
degree clockwise the light coming from left to right and 45 degrees
counterclockwise, the light coming from right to left.
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OPTICAL CIRCULATORS
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OPTICAL CIRCULATORS
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• An optical circulator is a nonreciprocal multiport

passive device that directs light sequentially from
port to port in only one direction.
• In the 3–port example, an input on port 1 is sent
out on port 2, an input on port 2 is sent out on
port 3, and an input on port 3 is sent out on port 1.
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• All circulator s have this common: a signal entering at Port 1

exits only at Port 2; a signal entering at Port 2 exits only at Port
3. In a so-called "perfect" circulator a signal entering at Port 3
would exit only at Port 1. In many applications, however, this
last condition is unnecessary. Most commercial circulators
therefore are designed to be "imperfect" so as to absorb any
signal directed into Port 3
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CIRCULATOR PARAMETERS
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FOC CLASS 16
14TH SEPTEMBER 2023
FIBER BRAGG GRATING
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45 GRATINGS
• Vertical or Horizontal arrangement of n number of
diffraction slits is generally known as Grating
There are two types of diffraction effects;
• General diffraction using ordinary light-Fresnel/Fraunhofer
• Bragg grating-Bragg’s law of diffraction-Generally used in
atomic structure to find the structural properties
• But we are using X Rays so known as X-Ray diffraction
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46 GRATINGS

• Periodic arrangement of two different regions

• Opaque region-non opaque region
• Atoms-gap-atoms
• Glass thickness variation-Diffraction grating experiment
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47 FIBER OPTIC GRATING

• Here the refractive index of core is periodically varied by using
different techniques- so that a grating type of arrangement is
formed. This is grating inside the fiber known as FBG
• Low/Zero refractive index& High refractive index
• Here Bragg’s law is obeyed
• Hence it is known as Fiber Bragg Grating
• Created/creating wonders in optical fiber research
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• 2d sin θ =nλ Bragg’s law

• What happens inside FBG ?
• When a light spectrum is transmitted through fiber where
FBG is present
• A Part of light spectrum gets reflected & remaining gets
transmitted that’s all
• But which is used in n number of applications of photonics
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49 FIBER BRAGG GRATING (FBG)

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50 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF FBG

• The fundamental principle behind the operation of an FBG is Fresnel

reflection, where light traveling between media of different refractive
indices may both reflect and refract at the interface.
• The refractive index will typically alternate over a defined length. The
reflected wavelength(λB)called the Bragg wavelength, is defined by the
relationship λB = 2 Λ ne are reflected
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• Where ne is the effective refractive index of the grating in the fiber

core and Λ Is the grating period
• The effective refractive index quantifies the velocity of propagating
light as compared to its velocity in vacuum.
• ne depends not only on the wavelength but also (for multimode
waveguides) on the mode in which the light propagates. For this
reason, it is also called modal index.
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53 THE WAVELENGTH SPACING BETWEEN THE FIRST

MINIMA

• Δλ = (2δn0 η/ ) λB
• δ n0 = Variation in refractive index
• η = fraction of power in core
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• At each periodic refraction change a small amount of light is reflected.

All the reflected light signals combine coherently to one large reflection
at a particular wavelength when the grating period is approximately half
the input light’s wavelength.This is referred to as the Bragg condition,
and the wavelength at which this reflection occurs is called the Bragg
wavelength. Light signals at wavelengths other than the Bragg wavelength,
which are not phase matched, are essentially transparent. This principle is
shown in Figure
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• Light propagates through the grating with negligible

attenuation or signal variation. Only those wavelengths
that satisfy the Bragg condition are affected and
strongly back-reflected. The ability to accurately preset
and maintain the grating wavelength is a fundamental
feature and advantage of fiber Bragg gratings.
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• The central wavelength of the reflected component satisfies the Bragg

relation: λBragg = 2nΛ, with n the index of refraction and Λ the period of
the index of refraction variation of the FBG. Due to the temperature and
strain dependence of the parameters n and Λ, the wavelength of the
reflected component will also change as function of temperature and/or
strain, see Figure 2. This dependency is well known what allows
determining the temperature or strain from the reflected FBG wavelength
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60 A SHIFT IN THE REFLECTED BRAGG WAVELENGTH IS

DETECTED WITH THE HELP OF INTERROGATION.
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where pe is the strain-optic coefficient, Ԑ is strain induced,

α is thermal expansion coefficient, ζ is thermo-optic
coefficient and ΔT is change in temperature. Above
equation states that Bragg shift is a function of both
temperature and strain.
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Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)

Grating pattern etched

wavelength into body of fibre

Detector Optical fibre

For a given grating period a particular wavelength

(frequency) of light is reflected. In this case yellow
light will be reflected
If the grating spacing is changed (e.g. reduced due to
compression of the fibre or a drop in temperature} the
wavelength of the reflected light changes. In this case it
becomes higher and reflects blue light
In practice the colour shifts will be much finer than those illustated
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• The reflection bandwidth of a fiber grating, which is typically well

below 1 nm, depends on both the length and the strength of the
refractive index modulation.The narrowest bandwidth values, as are
desirable e.g. for the construction of single-frequency fiber
lasers or for certain optical filters, are obtained for long gratings
with weak index modulation. Large bandwidths may be achieved with
short and strong gratings, but also with aperiodic designs of longer
length (s
 (FBG)-FORMATION 11/9/2023

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Example formation:
Two ultraviolet beams will create a
permanent interference pattern in
a GeO2-doped silica fiber to form a
periodic index variation along the
axis.

Incident  0
n2
Reflected  0 n1
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71 SIX COMMON STRUCTURES FOR FIBER BRAGG

GRATINGS
• ;

• Uniform positive-only index change

• Gaussian apodized
• Raised-cosine apodized
• Chirped
• Discrete phase shift
• Superstructure
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• The Bragg gratings can be customized on:

• Center wavelength: 1530~1560nm
• 3dB bandwidth range: 0.1~0.5nm (value as requested by customer)
• Center wavelength accuracy: +/-0.3nm
• Reflectivity: 0.05~0.95 Insertion loss: 0.1~0.2dB
• Applications
• Lab applications on WDM, fiber sensor or fiber laser systems
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76 ORDERING INFORMATION

a-b-e-c-d
a: Center Wavelength in nm, for example a=1550.50 for 1550.50nm.
b: Bandwidth (-3dB) in nm; b=0.2 for 0.2nm, b=0.5 for 0.5nm, etc.
e: Peak Reflectivity; e=0.9 for 90% reflectivity at the center wavelength;
e=0.5 for 50%, etc.
c: Fiber Pigtail Type; c=0 for 250 micron bare fiber; c=1 for 0.9mm loose
tube pigtail (excluding the grating section).
d: Connector Type, d=FA for FC/APC, d=SU for SC/UPC, d=N for no
connectors, etc.
• Example: FBG-S-1535-0.3-0.95-0-N
Optical fiber Bragg gratings, FBG, C band, 1550n
 FIBER BRAGG GRATING APPLICATION 11/9/2023

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Demultiplexing (wavelength dropping) process:

• Consider 4 wavelengths entering a circulator at port 1.
• All wavelengths exit from port 2.
• The fiber Bragg grating is designed to reflect λ2 and pass all other
wavelengths.
• After reflection, λ2 enters port 2 and comes out of port 3.
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 FOL BLOCK DIAGRAM 11/9/2023

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Inside the fiber core

Diode
Pump FBG1
Active Medium
FBG2 Laser
Laser
100% Reflection 95% Reflection Output

Normal Laser : Optical Fiber Laser

Pump source : Diode Pump Laser
Active medium : Rare earth materials doping
Reflectors : FBGs Pump source
 11/9/2023

80 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Temperature sensing
Strain sensing
Hydrophone and geophone acoustic sensing
Laser wavelength locking
Wavelength division multiplexing
 11/9/2023

81 TECHNICA-A COMMERCIAL COMPANY

Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are considered excellent sensor elements,

suitable for measuring various engineering parameters such as
temperature, strain, pressure, tilt, displacement, acceleration, load, as
well as the presence of various industrial, biomedical and chemical
substances in both static and dynamic modes of operation.The FBG is
also an excellent signal shaping and filtering element for a growing field
of applications.
 11/9/2023

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• Technica currently serves north of 100 different

applications in more than 30 fields, worldwide. These
are some of our more popular applications
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• Civil and geotechnical engineering

• Energy production, conversion, storage
• Commercial transportation
• Performance vessels, vehicles, equipment
• Security and perimeter monitoring
• Medical and biotech
• Industrial
• Telecommunications
• Research and development
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 11/9/2023

85 HONGKONG RAILWAY FBG SENSORS

DOUBLE CLAD FIBER FOR HIGH POWER
LASERS
•FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
Fiber optic censors can be divided by:

Places where sensing happens

▪ Extrinsic or Hybrid fiber optic sensors
▪ Intrinsic or All-Fiber fiber optic sensors
❑Characteristics of light modulated by environmental effect
▪ Intensity-based fiber optic sensors
▪ Spectrally-based fiber optic sensors
▪ Interferometeric fiber optic sensors
BLOCK DIAGARAM OF FIBER SENSOR
DIFFERENT MODULATING CHARACTERSTICS OF
LIGHT
•Classification of Optical Fiber Sensors
by Transducing Approach
 DIRECT Fiber itself is
the
(intrinsic)
transducer

Transducer
INDIRECT acts on the fiber

(extrinsic)

Fiber carries
light in and
HYBRID out of the
device
 FIBER OPTIC DISTRICUTED SENSORS

Interferometer Bragg Grating Raman Brillouin RAYLEIGH

MP/C MULTIP CONTIN C C

OINT UOUS

PHASE INTENSIT FY
Y
TEMP T/S/VIB T/S VIBRATION/
STRAIN TEMP
ACOUSTIC
VIBRATI
PULSE
ON
•DIIFERENT APPLICATIONS OF FO
SENSORS
DISTRIBUTED FIBER SENSOR APPLICATIONS
ONE ENGINEERING BRANCH AS AN EXAMPLE

•CIVIL ENGINEERING
•STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
•(SHM) VERY POPULAR WORD
CIVIL STRUCTURE APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL
FIBER SENSORS

• Bridges:Stres
• Stress monitoring of long spans (>1km) with hundreds of sensors
• Tracking behavior in high stress conditions (earthquake, heavy traffic, high wind)
• Long-term stress& vibration monitoring
• Embedded sensors in concrete beams and pilings
• Embedded/surface sensors on cables for suspension structures
• Surface-mounted sensors on steel components in expansion joints
• Strain sensing on steel girders
•
•

• Hillsides:

• Monitoring of gradual shift in soil and rock

• Detection and prediction of possible landslides

•
 FEW MORE
• Dams:Stress & vibration monitoring Footing
settlement Temperature monitoring during curing
• Tunnels:Monitoring of strains and stresses Crack
detection and monitoring Settlements
• Reservoirs:Precise reservoir water level monitoring for dam
flow control-River level and flow monitoring for improved
flood control
APPLICATIONS FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING(NDT)

• The fundamental applications envisioned for FOS within the field of civil
engineering can be grouped into three main areas, namely:
• Structural monitoring and damage evaluation
• Experimental stress analysis
• Management and control of systems and service installations
PHOTOGRAPH OF A COMMERCIAL FIBER BRAGG GRATING STRAIN
SENSOR. FIBER IS PRE-MOUNTED ON A METALLIC CARRIER (PHOTO
COURTESY OF MICRON OPTICS INC.)
SENSOR EMBEDMENT INTO A CONCRETE SLAB
PRIOR TO CURING.
CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE WITH EMBEDDED
FIBER OPTIC BRAGG GRATING SENSOR (SOURCE; DAIMLER-BENZ).
ONE COUNTRY PRACTILLY USING TODAY
WITHOUT CARONA

• HONGKONG RAILWAY CURRENTLY USING FIBER OPTIC

SENSORS
• FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF RAILWAY
TRACK & TRAINS
OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS FOR CRYOGENIC
APPLICATIONS
DISPLACEMENT: LONG/SHORT RANGE

Fabry-

Fabry-
Perot

Perot
FBG

FBG
MARKET VALUE