Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in Satellite
2015-2016
What is Polarization?
Polarization is the property of electromagnetic
waves that describes the direction of the
transverse electric field.
Since electromagnetic waves consist of an electric
and a magnetic field vibrating at right angles to
each other.
Types of Polarization
Linear Polarization (horizontal
or vertical):
◦ the two orthogonal components
of the electric field are in phase;
◦ The direction of the line in the
plane depends on the relative
amplitudes of the two
components.
Circular Polarization:
◦ The two components are exactly
90º out of phase and have exactly
the same amplitude.
Elliptical Polarization:
Linear Polarization Circular Polarization Elliptical Polarization ◦ All other cases.
Satellite Communications
Alternating vertical and
horizontal polarization is
widely used on satellite
communications.
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Transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM): Both the
magnetic field H and the electric field E are
transverse to the direction of propagation (k) .
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Cross-Polarization Discrimination
The propagation path between a satellite and earth station
passes through the ionosphere, and possibly through layers of
ice crystals in the upper atmosphere and rain, all of which are
capable of altering the polarization of the wave being transmitted.
Depolarization: An orthogonal component may be generated
from the transmitted polarization, an effect referred to as
depolarization.
This can cause interference where orthogonal polarization is
used to provided isolation between signals, as in the case of
frequency reuse.
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Cross-Polarization Discrimination
(continued)
Two measures are in use to quantify the effects of polarization
interference:
Cross-Polarization Discrimination: The most widely used measure
When the transmitted signals have the same magnitudes and where the
receiving system introduces negligible depolarization, then I and XPD
give identical results.
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Depolarization
Ionospheric Depolarization:
One of the effects of the ionoshpere is to produce a
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Transponders in Satellite
In a communications satellite, the equipment which
provides the connecting link between the satellite’s
transmit and receive antennas is referred to as the
transponder.
transponder
Advantages
Disadvantages
REGENERATIVE TRANSPONDER
Regenerative Transponder
Amplification and Frequency Translation along with
Signal Processing.
a) Satellite communication
b) Aviation
c) Marine
d) Automotive
e) Road
f) Motorsport
g) Underwater,.. etc.
TRANSPONDER APPLICATIONS