Tamás Bezeczky, Trade connections... (351-358) Histria Antiqua, 19/2010.

Tamás BEZECZKY

TRADE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EPHESUS

AND ADRIATIC REGION*

UDC 656.11 (497.5 - 3 Istra - 16) “652” : 519.876.5 Tamás Bezeczky

Original scientific paper Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike
Received: 20. 12. 2009. der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Approved: 15. 09. 2010. Bäckerstrasse 13, PF 8
Austria - 1010 Wien
e-mail: t.bezeczky@gmx.at

T here were close trade connections between Italy and Ephesus from the late Hellenistic period to the late Roman
times. Here I shall discuss the Ephesian import of Adriatic foodstuffs and amphorae.1 These amphorae were found
at the excavations of the Tetragonos Agora, the Terrace House 2, and the Basilica Stoa. In addition, I shall give a
brief account of the export of the foodstuffs and amphorae from Ephesus and its vicinity to Adriatic region.

Key words: Ephesus, Adriatic region, trade connections

*
I would like to thank my brother
1. Late Republican - early Roman obvious targets. Cheap slave labour came to Italy through Gábor Bezeczky for translating my
Delos. The slaves gave an impetus to agriculture, and the manuscript and David Peacock for
production in Italy correcting the English text.
surplus was exported to East and West, which needed the 1
Ephesus olive oil import from
The Roman power in the Eastern Mediterranean gained support of troops, merchants and businessmen. Brindisi region: Bezeczky 2002,
355-358.
momentum after the victory of Pydna and the Pergamon 2
Peacock and Williams 1986,
inheritance. Delos was declared to be a free port in order to The earliest Western wine came from Campania and Sicily Class 2; Will 1982, 338-356;
Tchernia 1986, 42-44, 314-315;
undermine the role of Rhodes. Roman expansion reached to Ephesus: the characteristic Greco-Italic amphora type2 Empereur and Hesnard 1987,
a new stage at the end of the second century B.C. This here - like elsewhere - is restricted to a few pieces. There 25-29; Manacorda 1986, 581-586;
started the large-scale immigration of Italian merchants Vandermersch 1994, 69-92; Lund,
are more Italian amphorae among the objects belonging 2000, 80; Williams, Panella and
in the Eastern Mediterranean, and Ephesus was one of the to the period from the end of the second century to the first Keay 2005, Greco-Italic.

351
 Tamás Bezeczky, Trade connections... (351-358) Histria Antiqua, 19/2010.

Fig. 1. Upper part, Adriatic trade to

Ephesus
Amphorae from Tetragonos Agora: no.
1, Brindisian-Ovoid Adriatic (95002-3),
no. 2, Lamboglia 2 (93059-17), no.
3, Dressel 6A (92095-1268), no. 4,
Schörgendorfer 558 (99042-1610).
Lower part, Ephesus trade to Adriatic
region
No. 5, Agora F65 (Magdalensberg M75,
NG 45), no. 6, LR 3 (Brijuni, Castrum,
DS II), no. 7, Ephesus 56 (Brijuni,
Castrum, 209), no. 8, LR 3 (Aquileia),
no. 9 Agora M 125 (Zadar, Roman
Harbour 1979-85)

3
Peacock 1971, 162-165; Tchernia
1986, 42-48; Peacock and Williams
1986, Class 3-5; Lund 2000, 82-83; part of the first century B.C. Among the earliest amphorae is not known where these were produced.
Williams, Panella and Keay 2005, (Dressel 1A and 1C) which had wines from Campania.3 The olive oil in the Brindisi type amphorae (Fig. 1, no. 1)
Dressel 1;
4
Peacock and Williams 1986, Class They were followed by the Lamboglia 2, as well as the was exported by well-known workshops.6 The best-known
8; Tchernia 1986, 68-73; Cipriano Brindisi amphorae. owners were Visellius, Betilienus and Vehilius. Their
and Carre 1989, 80-85; Cipriano
1994, 205-208; Lund 2000, 84; amphorae can be found all over the Mediterranean region.
Bezeczky 2005, Lamboglia 2. The Lamboglia 2 amphorae (Fig. 1, no. 2) contained The amphorae produced in the Giancola and “La Rosa”
5
Bezeczky 2004, 85-91; Bezeczky
2006, 289-301.
various wines from the Adriatic coast.4 The petrological workshops, with the [V]ISELLI, STABVA, DEMETRIVS? and
6
Manacorda 2001, 229-240; analysis shows that some of the amphorae were produced PHILIPVSBETIL stamps can be dated to the second quarter
Palazzo 1989, 550-553; Cipriano near Brindisi. Other amphorae probably came from middle of the first century BC. The one with the MENOPILVS
and Carre 1989, 68-80; Lund 2000,
84-85. or northern Italy. Some of the amphorae have stamps: stamp can be dated to the second half of the first century.7
7
Bezeczky 2002, 355-358. (ER[TE]C, LICIN, L. OPIM, DAM, CADMVS).5 However, it There are other Brindisi or Adriatic ovoid amphora types

352
Tamás Bezeczky, Trade connections... (351-358) Histria Antiqua, 19/2010.

in Ephesus without stamps. 3. Late Hellenistic/Late Republican - early Roman

The Dressel 6A amphorae (Fig. 1, no. 3) replaced the production in Ephesus
8
Lamboglia 2 amphorae at the beginning of the Augustan From the late Hellenistic period to the Byzantine period Baldacci 1967-67, 7-49; Buchi
1973, 531-637; Carre 1985, 211;
period. The Adriatic wines in these amphorae were several kinds of food and amphorae were produced on Cipriano and Carre 1989, 85-88;
produced until the middle of the first century BC.8 Some the coast of Asia Minor and on the neighbouring Greek Tchernia 1986, 129-133; Pesavento
Mattioli et al. 1992; Piccottini, 1997,
of the amphorae have stamps: (M.HER.PICENT, S.L.E.[P], islands. The location of Ephesus at the mouth of the river 204-205.
C.F.G, D.L.F.PRI, …/..RVM).9 Seven possible Lamboglia Caystros was excellent from the point of view of sea trade. 9
Bezeczky 2001, 11-18.
10
2 production sites on the coast between Aquileia and Ephesus owned a fertile territory in the valley of Caystros Cipriano 1994, 207, Fig. 3;
Panella 1970; Empereur & Hesnard
Brindisi have been published so far.10 A workshop on the where various foodstuffs were produced for the temple of 1987, 33; Cipriano and Carre 1989;
island of Vis (Issa) in the eastern Adriatic region has also Artemis and for the city. The merchandise produced in Bruno 1995, 83-92; Panella 1989,
544-552.
been mentioned.11 The area of Narona may have had the valley passed through the port of Ephesus on its way 11
Kirigin at al. 2006, 193-194.
workshops as well.12 Recently, A. Lindhagen has stated to its final destination. 12
13
Cambi 1989, 321.
Lindhagen 2009, 83-108.
that these amphorae were produced on the Dalmatian 14
Muffati Musselli 1987, 187-189;
coast.13 However, the petrological analyses show that the Strabo came to Ephesus in 29 B.C. He wrote20 that “… Toniolo 1991, 28-29; Bezeczky
2004, 289-305; Bezeczky 2005,
Lamboglia 2 amphorae were also produced in Brindisi. Such, then, is the harbour; and the city, because of its Schörgendorfer 558,
advantageous situation in other respects, grows daily, and 15
Bezeczky 2005a, 53-55.
16
Olives were brought to Ephesus in Schörgendorfer 558 is the largest emporium in Asia this side the Taurus…”. Sauer 2005, 120-121.
17
Mange and Bezeczky 2006, 445-
amphorae (Fig. 1, no. 4). These amphorae were exported The development of the city started under Augustus and 449.
to northern Italy, Noricum, Raetia, Pannonia and Dacia.14 reached its climax in the second century A.D. It was Heavy Mineals Schörgendorfer
There are a few pieces in Pergamon, and Berenice considered as one of the largest and richest cities beside 558
(Egypt).15 So far, no Schörgendorfer 558 workshop has Zirkon 1-7
Rome in the Empire21 (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage
Garnet 30-56
been discovered. On the basis of petrological analysis, and Lugdunum). The consumption of foodstuffs grew Hornblede 26-52
Roman Sauer supposes that the production may have steadily, the amphorae unearthed represent the demand Epidot 0-9 and 12-44
taken place near Lake Garda.16 The Istrian region can of the local population. The evidence for the goods that Turmalin 0-2
be excluded with relative certainty. The heavy minerals went through Ephesus can be found in the ports and the Apatite 0
show fundamental differences between the two regions. warehouses.
Dressel 6B Dressel 6B
The biggest workshop in southern Istria belonged to the Laecanius Calvia Crispinilla
Laecanius family from the period of Augustus to the period There were several kinds of amphorae made in and workshop workshop
of Vespasian. The workshop in the middle of the peninsula 4-21 17
around Ephesus, only a few of which were used for long-
12-43 34
belonged to Calvia Crispinilla during the period of Nero. distance transportation. The amphorae and other ceramic 4-25 0
The Dressel 6B amphorae produced in these workshops material suggest large-scale production, even if no kilns 17-46 21
have been compared to the Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae have been identified so far. The production seems to 9-18 21
found in Vindobona (Pannonia provincia) and Ephesus. have been continuous from the Hellenistic times to the 5-20 3
While the pieces coming from the two Istrian workshops Byzantine period. 18
Aldini 1978, 230-245; Panella
are not identical, the quantities of heavy minerals they 2001; Tchernia 1986, 258-259;
Cipriano and Carre 1989, 88-90;
contain are quite similar.17 On the other hand, the heavy Some of the amphorae were probably wine containers. Williams, Panella and Rizzo 2005,
mineral composition of the Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae Strabo thought22 the Ephesus wine was good: “… and Forlimpopoli; Paczynska and
is rather dissimilar. Naumenko 2004, 309-312.
indeed the Ephesian and Metropolitan wines are good…” 19
Rizzo 2003, 157-158; Bonifay
Pliny the Elder,23 in contrast, had a different opinion: 2004, 146-148; Panella 1973, 469-
2. Mid and late Roman production in “… as for the vintage of Mesogis, it has been found to 471; Riley 1979, 177; Sciallano and
Sibella 1994.
Italy cause headache, and that of Ephesus has also proved to 20
Strabo, Geogr. XIV, 1.24.
21
This period is characterized by the flat-based amphorae. be unwholesome, because sea-water and boiled must Rostovtzeff 1957, 139.
22
Strabo, Geogr. XIV.1.15.
Their shape makes it likely that they were produced in are employed to season it….” . It seems reasonable to 23
Pliny, Nat.His. 14.75.
Forlimpopoli and that they contained wine.18 There is also suppose that the amphorae contained wine, oil or other 24
Ladstätter 2008, 181, K 219;
Compare Apicius I. 1. conditum
a small quantity of Mid Roman 1 amphorae from Sicily.19 liquids. Since there are very few tituli picti or inscriptions, paradoxum (wine of spice and
The late Roman period witnessed the end of the Italian their content is hard to define. There is a Late Roman 3 surprise). A similar titulus pictus has
been found in a amphora neck in
export to Ephesus. The Italian import from Ephesus is amphora in the Vedius Gymnasium on which the graffiti Italy in a Late Roman cemetery,
entirely different. in Greek letters mentions wine κονδ(ίτιον).24 Martin 1999, 358, “in cursive Greek
leters: -κον-;”

353

25
Outchar 1993, 46-52.
26
Bezeczky 2005, 45; Sauer 2005,
117-118.
27
28
Sauer 1995.
Lawall 2001; Bezeczky 2006,
287-288.
29
Grace and Savvatianou-
Petropoulakou 1970, 365-367.
30
Gassner 1997, 105-113; Lawall
2004, 177-182; Lawall 2007, 48-53.
31
Bezeczky 2006, 298, Fig. 4, nos.
25-26.
32
Robinson 1959, 17, Pl. 41.
33
Lang 1955, 277-278; Riley 1979,
183-186; Lemaître 1997, 3111-319;
Brun 2004, 92; Pieri 2005
34
Peacock and Williams, 1986,
188-190.
35
Berti 1990, ; Magdalensberg MB
75 NG/45. Personal discussion E.
Schindler-Kaudelka
36
Personal discussion F. Maselli
Scotti, L. Mandruzzato and M.
Pavletić; Vidrih-Perko 1998, 100;
37
Robinson 1959, 17; Riley 1979,
184; Loeschke 1909, 292-293;
Panella 1973, 461-462, fig. 36;
Panella 1986, 622; Lemaître
1997, 311-319; Hayes 1996, 172-
173.; Tomber 2006, 167, 54-961;
Wendrich at al. 2003, 75, “Late
Roman 3 amphora, … Probably
represented in the 1st c, but more
typical of the mid-4th and later.
38
Kapitän 1972, 243-252.
39
Carandini and Panella 1981, 494.
40
Grace 1971, 72 footnote 51; Riley
1979, 192, but Riley did not share
this view; Majcherek 1993, 218.
41
Panella 1973, 228-229; Panella
1986, 617.
42
Peacock & Williams, 1986, 193-
195.
Tamás Bezeczky, Trade connections... (351-358)
It was Ulrike Outchar25 who first came up with the idea
of local production. She suggested that some of the
Roman amphorae (Late Roman 1, Late Roman 3 and
Kapitän II) may have been produced in Ephesus. The
petrographical analyses have confirmed that the LR 3
amphorae were produced near Ephesus. The Kapitän II
amphorae have only circumstantial evidence. There are
Kapitän II amphora fragments in Pannonia province26
which are considered to have been produced in Ephesus.
The possibility of local production of Late Roman 1
amphorae can be excluded. All the analyses are based on
the comprehensive geological survey of the region which
was performed during the 90s.27
Recently Roman Sauer distinguished three main types of
clay. One of them (Fabric A, garnet rich) came from the
area south of Ephesus near the Kuşadasi region, as well
as from the Meander valley. The other (Fabric B, epidot/
clinozoisite rich) originated from the immediate vicinity
of Ephesus and from the Caystros valley. The third fabric
is rich in carbonate (marls) with mica and epidote came
from the Caystros valley too.
The types of the amphorae which are
considered to come from Ephesus are
as follows:
The group of Hellenistic / late Hellenistic
amphorae
The datable Ephesian amphorae in the Hellenistic period
come from various layers. The period from the middle to
the end of the second century BC is characterized by the
significant amount of well-known Greek wine amphorae
from Rhodes, Kos, Chios and Knidos. There are a few
amphorae from Egypt and the Black Sea (Sinope).28 In
addition, there is the group of vessels produced in the
vicinity of Ephesus. The Mushroom rim type (Fig.) seems
to coincide with Nikandros group, so-called for one of the
name-stamps.29 Its dominant presence at Ephesus suggests
a production site in the vicinity.30 The mushroom-shaped
rim types have different fabrics as well. These amphorae
can also be found in a number of sites in Asia Minor and
Athens. There are the less frequent Aegean Local 1 and 2
amphorae, sometimes with monogram stamps, outside
Ephesus.31 According to the petrological analyses, some
of the Mushroom rim type, Aegean Local 1 (Fig.) and
Aegean Local 2 (Fig.) amphorae were produced from the
carbonate rich (marls) fabric in Ephesus.
354
Histria Antiqua, 19/2010.
One handle jar and variation from first century BC to the
fourth century AD
The Agora F 65/66 type (Fig.) of one-handled jar that
was first isolated in the Athenian Agora.32 This type is
the earliest form of a series which was produced from the
middle of the first century BC to the fourth century AD.33
The development of the form, its variants: Agora F 65-66
first century BC; M 45 mid first to early second century
AD.; J 46-47, M 125-126 second to early third century; M
240, M 255-256-257, L 50-51 fourth century; M 275-276-
277, M 279-280-281-282 late fourth century; M 315 sixth
century. Sometimes it is called the one-handle variant
of the LR 3 amphora.34 According to the petrological
analyses, the Agora F65/66 jars were produced from the
Fabric A of Ephesus.
The one-handled vessels are supposed to have been made
in number of workshops in the coastal areas of Asia Minor
also be produced in Sardeis.
The earliest one handle jars (Agora F65) on the Adriatic
coast were found on a sunken ship from the Augustan
period (Comancchio, Valle Ponti). There are similar pieces
in Magdalensberg via Aquileia (Fig. 1, no. 5).35 The one
handle jar and its later versions (Agora F 66, J45/46, M125..)
are found in Aquileia, Istrian peninsula, Brijuni Island,
Slovenia,.36 It can also be found in the western provinces:
France, Germany, Britain, Raetia, Egypt.37
Mid- and later Roman production in Ephesus
During this period one of the most common amphorae was
the Kapitän II type.38 In Ostia, there are such amphorae
belonging to the late second century, but they were most
common in the third and fourth centuries.39 For a long
time it was thought that this type of amphorae came
from production sites in the Aegean region. Based on
morphological considerations, Virginia Grace40 thought
that the amphorae came from Samos. Panella41 has
suggested Kos as a centres of production. The provenance
of this amphora cannot be defined by petrological analysis.
There are two groups of the Kapitän II amphorae. The one
with red fabric has wide distribution and is represented
in substantial numbers in Ephesus and was common
both in the Mediterranean and in the provinces.42 The
amphorae with buff colour are less frequent. The analysis
of the fabric of this piece suggests that it may have been
produced in the Caystros valley (Küçük Menderes) and
in the region of Ephesus (Samos can also be considered).
Tamás Bezeczky, Trade connections... (351-358) Histria Antiqua, 19/2010.

They are known from Pannonia (Vindobona) and Egypt
(Alexandria).43 It is an interesting question why the
locally produced Kapitän II amphorae can only be found
at faraway sites. The amphora in Vindobona must have
come through Aquileia. In some cases, the amphorae were
found on shipwrecks with marble in Libia, Italy-Sicily,
Greece and Turkey.44
Late Roman 3 and Ephesus 56 amphorae
The Late Roman Amphora 3 (Fig. 1, no. 6 and 8) is one
of the best-known small forms. This type is dated from the
end of the fourth century to the end of the sixth. It had a
widespread distribution in the Empire from Britain, Spain,
Italy, the Istrian peninsula, the Balkans, Greece, the Black
Sea, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Ethiopia to Sudan.45
There is a Late Roman 3 amphora in Ravenna. It has an
‘Aphrodisias’ (άφροδίσιος) graffiti.46 It is supposed to be
a name - perhaps that of the producer or the merchant. It
is a recent development that LR 3 amphorae were found in
a Byzantine villa in the island of Brijuni in the Northern
Adriatic.
The Ephesus 56 type of amphorae (Fig. 1, no. 7) can be
found only in a few places (Carthage, Rome, Bodrum).
The fabric of the pieces in Carthage is the same as that of
the LR 3 amphorae studied by Peacock.47 The dating is also
the same. They occur with LR 3 amphorae at most sites
in Ephesus and can be dated from the end of the fourth
century to the end of the sixth/beginning of the seventh
century A.D. This type also occurs in the villa on the island
of Brijuni and in one of the cemeteries of Zadar.48
Both amphora types (LR 3 and Ephesus
56) have micaceous fabric produced near
Ephesus (Fabric B).
This brief account shows Ephesus and the Adriatic region
had trade connection for centuries. In the first century BC.
the wine in the Lamboglia 2 amphorae and the olive oil
in the Brindisi amphorae amounted to 5-10 percent of the
Ephesan import. It is not easy to estimate the quantity of
the Ephesian export to the Adriatic region because there
is as yet no comprehensive survey. However, LR 3 and
Ephesus 56 amphorae have been found in a number of
sites on the Adriatic coastline.49

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SAŽETAK
TRGOVAČKE VEZE IZMEĐU EFEZA I JADRANSKOGA PODRUČJA

Tamás BEZECZKY

Postojale su čvrste trgovačke veze između Italije i Efeza prilikom iskapanja na tržnici (tetragonos agora), na
od kasnog helenističkog razdoblja do kasnog rimskog terasastoj kući 2 i bazilici-stoi. Osim toga, iznijet ću kratak
razdoblja. U ovom radu govorit ću o efeškom uvozu pregled izvoza namirnica i amfora iz Efeza i okolice u
jadranskih namirnica i amfora. Ove su amfore pronađene jadransko područje.

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