S PA N I S H

GRAMMAR
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© OllieMFL
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The Level Ladder
A RAG rating per column every month will give you
a good idea how students are feeling about their
self-efficacy with their grammar. You’ll also be able to
track progress. Use the worksheets in this booklet as
bridging work for each grammar point.

I have tried to cover important aspects of the You found an error

GCSE course but there is a lot missing. One day I
will make this a more comprehensive guide.
Use it for cover, KS3, KS4, homework or as a
transition resource for year 11s opting for A Level.
I tend to rush resources because I get excited about
completing them. If you find an error please let me
know and I’ll amend the resource ready for you to
redownload on TES.

Meanings and abbreviations

Conjugate Putting the verb into a tense and changing it so it agrees
with the verb subject.

Subject The person, place or thing doing the action of the verb.

NMS A masculine singular noun

NMP A masculine plural noun

NFS A feminine singular noun

NFP A feminine plural noun

Denotes that the task contains an irregular verb

 The Ladder
23 SUBJUNCTIVE

22 IDIOMS

21 DOPS

20 PRESENT PERFECT

19 IMPERFECT TENSE

18 IF CLAUSE

17 REFLEXIVE VERBS

16 PRETERITE IRREGULARS

15 SER & ESTAR

14 SI PUDIERA & TUVIERA

13 CONDITIONAL TENSE

12 INFINITIVE STRUCTURES

11 SUPERLATIVES

10 COMPARARIVES

9 FUTURE TENSE

8 ME GUSTARÍA

7 PRETERITE REGULARS

6 CONNECTIVES

5 OPINIONS

4 TIME PHRASES

3 PRESENT TENSE

2 ADJECTIVAL AGREEMENT

1 NOUNS
 Contents
NOUNS 01

ADJECTIVES 02

OPINIONS 03

CONNECTIVES 04

PRESENT TENSE 05

REFLEXIVE VERBS 06

PRETERITE TENSE 07

FUTURE TENSE 08

COMPARATIVES 09

SUPERLATIVES 10

CONDITIONAL 11

INFINITIVE STRUCTURES 12

IMPERFECT TENSE 13

PRESENT PERFECT 14

SER & ESTAR 15

PRESENT CONTINUOUS 16

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS 17

IDIOMS 18

SUBJUNCTIVE 19
 OllieMFL
Nouns
Rule
Nouns in Spanish can be masculine or feminine There are lots of nouns. Thousands. Maybe
in a grammatical sense. It is strange but that is even millions. You will need to be adept at
how it is. An adjective or article (see articles using a dictionary and recognising the gender
box) that go with a noun must agree with it. and number of them.
A masculine noun requires a masculine
adjective or article.

Most masculine nouns end with an O and

Articles
feminine with an A. Although there are lots of Nouns come with articles. These are either definite
exceptions, we will focus on the general O and articles (the) or indefinite articles (a/an).
A ending nouns in this section.

Nouns can also be singular or plural. La The A or An

manzana (apple) is singular but las uvas Masculine singular el Masculine singular un
(grapes) is plural. You can tell because of the Masculine plural los Masculine plural unos
article and the s at the end. Feminine singular la Feminine singular una
Feminine plural las Feminine plural unas

Practice
Decide if the nouns below are NMS, You will now need to use a dictionary
1 NMP, NFS or NFP and translate them 2 to find the meaning of the nouns in pink
into English. Check back to the list of and write the correct article before it.
abbreviations if you have forgotten them.
La gente NFS
El perro The dog
Los móviles NMP

Un caballo A horse
El chico NMS

Unos libros Some books
Las sillas NFP

Un television A television
Los ríos NMP

El internet The internet
La llave NFS

El español NMS
Los camareros The waiters (masculine)

Las ciencias NFP

Los gentes The people
El hermanastro NMS
Un zapato A shoe

Which team is the most

“ successful in Spanish history?

“
1
 OllieMFL
Adjectives
Rule
Adjectives describe nouns. In Spanish adjectives In order to correctly use adjectives you will need to be
must agree in number and gender with the noun confident with nouns first. If you didn’t know that un libro
they describe. is a masculine singular noun then you may struggle to
place the correct adjective with it.
Adjectives can be MS, MP or FS, FP. The table
below lays out how adjectives change according
to gender and number. Generoso is a MS noun as
it ends with an O. It would change to generosos in Note
the masculine plural form.
Very few adjectives come before the noun. This is called
apocopation. Below are some common examples in
MS MP FS FP sentences.
O OS A AS
E ES E ES
ISTA ISTAS ISTA ISTAS
Z CES Z CES
James es un buen amigo (James is a good friend)
OR ORES ORA ORAS Jess es una mala amiga (Jess is a bad friend)
ÓN ONES ONA ONAS
ÍN INES INA INAS Es en una gran casa (It is a big house)
L LES L LES

Practice
Decide if the adjectives below are MS, MP, Translate the adjective in pink into
3 FS or FP or can apply to several categories. 4 Spanish making sure it agrees in gender
Check back to the list of abbreviations if and number with the subject.
you have forgotten them.
Felices MP/FP
Lindas los gatos cute
Contento MS

Interesante la historia interesting
Altas FP

Faciles los examenes easy
Complicadas FP

Abburido la tele boring
Fácil MS/FS

Emocionante el fútbol exciting
Trabajador MS

Ambiciosa FS
Adictivo el café addictive

Optimistas FP
Caros los libros expensive
Generoso MS
Rapidos los coches fast

What is the Tomatina? When

“ and where does it take place?

“
2
 OllieMFL
Opinions
Rule
Asking for opinions is a part and parcel How do you know if the thing (noun) you like is
of the GCSE course but is also essential plural? Go to the nouns page and review the
in everyday conversation. articles that precede them to refresh your memory.

We will concentrate on verbs like me

gusta in this section. Note
In real life you will have to refer to other
me gusta is a basic opinion which
people’s opinions and ask questions. Opinion
means I like. When using an opinion
verbs still end with an n if the noun is plural.
like me gusta it is important that if the
thing you like is plural then me gusta (Do) you like? ¿Te gusta(n)?
changes to me gustan. She or he likes Le gusta(n)
They like Les gusta(n)
We like Nos gusta(n)
You all like Os gusta(n)

Practice
Match the Spanish opinion with the English Remember that if the thing you’re talking
5 counterpart in the box below. 6 about is plural you add an n to the opinion.
Write the correct opinion in each box below
1. Me aburre a. Stresses me
adding an n if necessary.
2. Me fastidia b. Interests me
3. Me encanta c. Saddens me
Me encantan los gatos I love cats
4. Me interesa d. Worries me

Me interesa la historia History interests you
5. Me emociona e. Fascinates me
6. Me flipa f. Drives me mad
Me preocupan los exámenes Exams worry him
7. Me preocupa g. Bores me
8. Me enloquece h. Angers me
Me aburre la tele TV bores him
9. Me entristece i. I love

Me emociona el fútbol Football excites me
10. Me estresa j. Excites me
11. Me fascina k. I’m mad about
Me estresa el café Coffee stresses you out
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Me interesan los libros Books interest them
g h i b j k d f c a e

Me flipan los coches I’m mad about cars

If a Spaniard says something is

“ la leche, what do they mean?

“
3
 OllieMFL
Connectives
Rule
A well-placed connective in place of a comma,
semi-colon or full-stop will allow you to extend your
Note
writing or juxtapose ideas. This is not to say you You can also use connectives to explain the cause
shouldn’t use a full-stop or other form of punctuation and consequence of an action.
when it makes sense to do so.
Cause
Porque because
Connectives to extend
Y and Ya que since
También also Debido a due to
Además furthermore A causa de due to
O or
Consequence
Así que so
Connectives to juxtapose Entonces then
Pero but Por eso therefore
Aunque although Por lo tanto therefore
Sin embargo however
No obstante however

Practice
Decide if the sentences below require a For each noun below write a
7 connectice or not. If they do, write in each 8 sentence including a connective from
box which one you would use. the rule box above.

Me gusta el fútbol y el rugby Odio el colegio y los deberes. El colegio

Leer me fascina, es guay. Tengo la comida pero no tengo el desayuno La comida
Como pizza. Tengo hambre. pero Me encanta mi familia aunque comen mi comida La familia

Visito a mis primos. Son irritantes. sin embargo Me gusta me pueblo sin embargo tu pueblo es mas Tugrande
pueblo
Me encanta el inglés y el español. La tecnología
Me encanta la television pero no tengo la tecnologia

Me quedo en casa debido a la lluvia El tiempo libre

Me encanta mi tiempo libre aunque no tengo mucho.

Leo libros. Son fascinantes. porque

Me gusta futbol y tambien tenis. El fútbol
Hago arte debido mi madre. El arte
Como KFC aunque es malsana.
Los animales
Soy unganjero pero no me gustan nada los animales
Soy generoso, además soy simpático. Odio tu hermano ya que comes mi perro Tu hermano/a
No tengo móvil pero tengo tableta. Me encanta mi madre y mi padre Tu padre

What is an autonomous region

“
and how many does Spain?

“
4
 OllieMFL
The present
Rule
Step 1: Remove the ending (ar, er, ir). Precede the present with one of these:
Step 2: Add: Normalmente Normally
De vez en cuando Now and again
ar verbs Raramente Rarely
I - o We - amos
You - as You all - áis
He or she - a
er verbs
They - an
Irregulars
I - o We - emos
You - es You all - éis
The list below features the most common
He or she - e They - en occurrences of irregulars and their first person
ir verbs conjugation.
I - o We - imos
You - es You all - ís Hacer hago Soy soy
He or she - e They - en
Tener tengo Estar estoy
Yo I Nosotros we Poder puedo Querer quiero
Tú You Vosotros you all Ir voy Ver veo
Él&Ella He&She or it Ellos&Ellas they

Practice
Translate the following verbs into In each sentence conjugate the infinitive
9 Spanish. The infinitives are given to help. 10 verb so that it agrees with the subject.

Comprar We buy Compramos El hombre beber agua Bebe

Ganar They win Ganan Los niños jugar al rugby Jugais
Pasar I spend Paso La mujer leer un libro Leo
Invitar She invites Invita El equipo ganar el partido Gana

Insistir You all insist Insistis Nosotros usar el móvil Usamos

Prohibir You ban Prohibes Yo tener un hermano Tengo
Recibir He receives Recibe Tú desayunar fruta Desayunas
Subir I upload Subo Vosotros estudiar en casa Estudias

Comer You all eat Comeis El gato beber la leche Bebe

Conoce He knows Conoce Yo celebrar mi cumpleaños Celebro
Volver We return Volvemos Ellas hablar a menudo hablais
Merecer You deserve Mereces Nosotros montar en bicicleta montamos

What city is Paella said to

“
originate from?

“
5
 OllieMFL
Reflexive verbs
Rule
A verb is reflexive when the subject and Here are some pre-made examples.
the object are of the same entity or if the Me lavo I wash
subject performs the action on themselves. Te duchas You shower
For this reason nearly all daily routine verbs
Se maquilla She puts make-up on
are reflexive.

The verb endings are the same as the Note

present tense but you will need to add a
pronoun before the conjugated verb which
agrees with the subject.
Pronouns
I - me We - nos
You - te You all - os
He or she - se They - se
When using an infinitive structure and a
reflexive verb, the pronoun can either attach to the
end of the infinitive verb or come before the first
person verb already conjugated.
Quiero bañarme me quiero bañar
Quieres ducharte te quieres duchar
Quiere levantarse se quiere levantar

Practice
In the box provided conjugate the verb. It Complete the sentences using a
11 must agree with the subject. Remember, 12 reflexive verb.
the pronoun comes before the verb.
Mis padres
lavantan levantarse a las seis
Cuidarse You take care Te cuidas de la mañana.
Lavarse He washes Se lava
Preguntarse I wonder Me pregunto Yo
estiro estirarse antes de correr.
Casarse They marry Se casan

Mi hermana levanta levantarse a las

Ducharse You shower Te duchas
ocho de la mañana.
Estirarse We stretch Nos estiramos
Ponerse He puts on Se pone
Levantarse They get up Se levanta Yo
cepillo cepillarse los dientes después
de bañarme.
Llamarse I am called Me llamo
Cepillarse He brushes Se cepillas
La pareja
casa casarse en la iglesia.
Olvidarse We forget Nos olvidamos

How do you win the traditional

“
Basque game Frontón?

“
6
 OllieMFL
The preterite
Rule
Use the preterite to make reference to Precede the past with one of these:
something which started and finished at a El año pasado Last year
specific time in the past. Recientemente Recently
Step 1: Remove the ending (ar, er, ir). Ayer Yesterday

Step 2: Add: Irregulars

ar verbs The list below features the most common
I - é We - amos occurrences of irregulars and their first person
You - aste You all - asteis conjugation.
He or she - ó They - aron
Hacer hice Ser fui
er and ir verbs Tener tuve Estar estuve
I - í We - imos
Poder pude Querer quise
You - iste You all - isteis
He or she - ió They - ieron
Ir fui Ver vi

Practice
Translate the following verbs into In each sentence conjugate the infinitive
13 Spanish. The infinitives are given to help. 14 verb so that it agrees with the subject.

Comprar We bought Compramos El hombre beber agua Bebió

Ganar They won Ganaron Yo hacer los deberes Hice
Pasar I spent Pasé La mujer leer un libro Leyó
Invitar She invited invitó El equipo ganar el partido Ganó

Insistir You all insisted Insisteis Nosotros usar el móvil Usamos

Prohibir You banned Prohibiste Yo ir al cine con mi amigo Fui
Recibir He received Recibió Tú desayunar fruta Desayunaste
Hacer I made Hice Vosotros estudiar en casa Estudiasteis

Comer You all ate Comisteis El gato beber la leche Bebió

Ir I went Fui Yo celebarar mi cumpleaños Celebaré
Volver We returned Volvimos Ellas hablar a menudo Hablaron
Merecer You deserved Mereciste Nosotros montar en bicicleta Montamos

The 3 main ingredients for a

“
Tortilla de patatas are...

“
7
 OllieMFL
The future
Rule
In this section we’ll focus on the future Precede the future with one of these:
tense and how to use it. El año que viene Next year
Mañana Tomorrow
Step 1: Keep the ending on (ar, er, ir).
La semana que viene Next week
Step 2: Add the endings.
I-é
Irregulars
You - ás Irregular future verbs have the same endings
He or she - á but different stems (the start of the verb). The
We - emos most frequent changes are below.
You all - éis Hacer har + ending
They - án Tener tendr + ending
Poder podr + ending
Salir saldr + ending

Practice
Translate the following verbs into In each sentence conjugate the infinitive
15 Spanish. The infinitives are given to help. 16 verb so that it agrees with the subject.

Comprar We will buy El hombre beber agua

Ganar They will win Yo hacer los deberes
Pasar I will spend La mujer leer un libro
Invitar She will invite El equipo ganar el partido

Insistir You will insist Nosotros usar el móvil

Prohibir She will ban Yo ir al cine con mi amigo
Recibir He will receive Tú desayunar fruta
Hacer I will do Vosotros estudiar en casa

Comer You all will eat El gato beber la leche

Tener I will have Yo celebarar mi cumpleaños
Volver We will return Ellas hablar a menudo
Merecer I will deserve Nosotros montar en bicicleta

Who are Paco de Lucía and

“
Camarón de la Isla?

“
8
 OllieMFL
Comparatives
Rule agree. Look at what changes in the two
examples below.
Use a comparative to compare two
things. You can compare nouns or El gato es más mono que el perro
verbs. You might say that cats are Los gatos son más monos que los perros
better than dogs or that running is
more tiring than cycling. You can use
comparatives across all topics. Careful
Noun 1 es más adjective que Noun 2 To say something is better or worse
Verb 1 es menos adjective que Verb 2 than something else you cannot say
Noun 1 es tan adjective como Noun 2
más bueno or más malo.
Mejor means better.
If you want to compare two nouns Peor means worse.
which are plural then you will need to
make sure your verbs and adjectives Noun 1 es mejor que Noun 2
Noun 1 es peor que Noun 2

Practice
Fill the gap with either más, menos, mejor For each category below write a
17 or peor according to your opinion. Only 18 comparative sentence. Try to include a
four options require a mejor or peor. mejor or peor sentence.

La historia es fácil como la geografía Food

Sports person
Londres es grande que Bristol Drinks
Mi madre es alta que mi padre Films
Family
Yo soy rápido/a que mi amigo Friends
España es que Inglaterra Books
Cities
Dominos es que McDonalds
Singers
Samsung es que Apple Famous people
Apps
Nike es que Adidas

Who is Salvador Dalí and what

“
is his most famous work?

“
9
 OllieMFL
Superlatives
Rule
Use a superlative to say something is Just like you did when using
the most amazing, the least effective, comparatives it’s important that your
the best or the worst. adjectives agree!
The most
NMS 1 es el más agreeing adjective
NMP 1 son los más agreeing adjective Careful
NFS 1 es la más agreeing adjective To say something is the best or the
NFP 1 son las más agreeing adjective worst you cannot say el más bueno
The least or any variants of that.
NMS 1 es el menos agreeing adjective NMS 1 es el mejor/peor
NMP 1 son los menos agreeing adjective NMP 1 son los mejores/peores
NFS 1 es la menos agreeing adjective NFS 1 es la mejor/peor
NFP 1 son las menos agreeing adjective NFP 1 son las mejores/peores

Practice
Fill in the gap with the missing words For each noun below write a superlative
19 (listed above in rules) according to the 20 sentence. Try to include a mejor or peor
gender and number of each noun. sentence.

La historia es interesante the most El colegio

La fruta
El español es difícil the least
El té
Las ciencias son utiles the most
Donald Trump
Las matemáticas son duras the least
Los libros
KFC es sabroso the most El rugby
Harry Potter es valiente the most El fútbol
Chepstow es histórico the most El arte
Los libros son caros the least Tu pueblo
Tu hermano/a
Mi amiga es rápida the most
Tu padre
Mi profesora es creativa the most

In which cities in Spain will you

“
find Moorish architecture?

“
10
 OllieMFL
The conditional
Rule
In this section we’ll look at the Precede the conditional with one of these:
conditional tense itself as well as Si tuviera If I had + noun
some common conditions. Si fuera If I were + adjective
Si pudiera If I could + infinitive verb
Step 1: Keep the ending on (ar, er, ir).

Step 2: Add conditional endings. Irregulars

Irregular conditional verbs have the same
I - ía
endings but different stems (the start of the
You - ías
verb). The most frequent changes are below.
He or she - ía
We - íamos Hacer har + ending
You all - íais Tener tendr + ending
They - ían Poder podr + ending
Salir saldr + ending

Practice
Translate the following verbs into In each sentence conjugate the infinitive
21 Spanish. The infinitives are given to help. 22 verb so that it agrees with the subject.

Comprar We would buy El hombre beber agua

Ganar They would win Yo hacer los deberes
Pasar I would spend La mujer leer un libro
Invitar She would invite El equipo ganar el partido

Insistir You would insist Nosotros usar el móvil

Prohibir She would ban Yo ir al cine con mi amigo
Recibir He would receive Tú desayunar fruta
Salir I would go out Vosotros estudiar en casa

Comer You all would eat El gato beber la leche

Hacer I would do Yo celebarar mi cumpleaños
Volver We would return Ellas hablar a menudo
Merecer I would deserve Nosotros montar en bicicleta

What does the word tapas mean

“
and where did it come from?

“
11
 OllieMFL
Infinitive structures
Rule
An infinitive structure includes a first You might find some infinitive verbs which end
person verb followed by an infinitive. with se. They are reflexive or pronominal verbs,
go to page 8 to practise them in isolation.
I want (first person) to go (inf) to KFC

Infinitive verbs are what you will find Careful

when you search for a verb in the
dictionary. They end with ar, er or ir.
In this section we will focus on lots
of different structures but the rule
remains. Conjugated verb goes first,
infinitive verb comes directly after.
When you would use a gerund (an ing verb)
to start a sentence in English you would use
an infinitive in Spanish.
Playing football is fun jugar al fútbol es divertido
Eating greens is healthy comer verduras es sano
Sunbathing is relaxing tomar el sol es relajante
Studying is essential estudiar es esencial

Practice
Match the first person verbs with their Now combine a first person verb with
23 English counterpart. 24 an infinitive to form a simple sentence.
1. Quiero a. I can
KFC I want to eat KFC
2. Espero b. I decided
3. Me gusta c. I try to el inglés I usually study English
4. Se puede d. I used to
5. Trato de e. We will try a Egipto I want to go to Egypt
6. Decidí f. One can
7. Intentaremos g. I usually al fútbol I hope to play football
8. Puedo h. I wanted to enviar fotos One can send photos
9. Suelo i. I want
10. Quería j. I like el té I wanted to drink tea
11. Solía k. I hope
mucho I used to read a lot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
italiano I can speak italian

What is peculiar about La

“
Sagrada Familia?

“
12

The imperfect
Rule
Use the imperfect to refer to a repeated
action in the past, something you used
to do or what you were doing when you
were interrupted by something else.
Step 1: Remove the ending (ar, er, ir).
Step 2: Add:
ar verbs
I - aba We - ábamos
You - abas You all - abais
He or she - aba They - aban
er and ir verbs
I - ía We - íamos
You - ías You all - íais
He or she - ia They - ían
Practice
In the box provided conjugate the verb. It
25 must agree with the subject.
Comer I used to eat
Correr He used to run
Estudiar We studied
Intentar They used to try
Jugar We used to play
Ir I used to go
Escribir She used to write
Ver I used to see
Hacer You all used to do
Usar He used to use
Vivir You used to live
“
OllieMFL
Precede the imperfect with one of these:
Cuando era joven When I was young
En el pasado In the past
Hace muchos años Years ago
Irregulars
The list below features the most common occurrences
of irregulars and their first person conjugation.
Ir iba
Ser era
Ver veía
It’s common to use used to when using the imperfect
but you can also use would (when I was ten I would
play football every day in the park) or neither!
Complete the sentences using a verb in
26 the imperfect tense.
Cuando era joven jugar al fútbol
todos los días con mi padre en el parque.
En el pasado mi madre querer ir
de vacaciones a Egipto.
Hace muchos años yo ir a casa
de mis amigos cada día.
En los años 90 la gente llevar
cortes de pelo muy diferentes.
En los años 80 mi padre escuchar
la música rock, le gustaba mucho Motorhead.
How to Spaniards celebrate
the New Year with grapes?
“
13
 OllieMFL
Present Perfect
Rule
Use the present perfect to refer to actions Precede the present perfect with one of these:
which have happened in the recent past. Hoy Today
Step 1: Correct form of verb haber. Este mes This month
I have he Esta semana This week
You have has
He or she has ha
We have hemos Irregulars
You all have habeís The verb ending with ado or ido is called a
They have han past participle (PP). Some PPs are irregular.

Step 2: Add verb. Remove ending (ar, er, ir)

Hacer hecho Ver visto
ar verbs
+ ado Escribir escrito Abrir abierto
Decir dicho Poner puesto
er and ir verbs
Ir ido Descubrir descubierto
+ ido

Practice
In the box provided conjugate the verb. It In the space provided conjugate the
27 must agree with the subject. 28 verb in pink according to the subject.

Comer I have eaten El hombre beber agua

Correr He has run Yo hacer los deberes
Estudiar We have studied La mujer leer un libro
Intentar They have tried El equipo ganar el partido

Jugar We have played Nosotros usar el móvil

Ir I have been Yo ir al cine con mi amigo
Escribir She has written Tú desayunar fruta
Ver I have seen Vosotros estudiar en casa

Hacer You have made El gato beber la leche

Usar He has used Yo celebarar mi cumpleaños
Vivir I have lived Ellas hablar a menudo
Nosotros montar en bicicleta

What is said to be the most

“
famous Spanish book of all time?

“
14
 OllieMFL
Ser & Estar
Rule
Both ser and estar mean to be. However there
are specific rules for when to use one and the other.
Acronyms
In this section we will learn two acronyms to help us
learn the difference. To begin with though, you will DOCTOR (SER) PLACE (ESTAR)
need to know how each verb conjugates. D description P position
O occupation L location
Estar Ser C characteristic A action
I am estoy I am soy T time C condition
You are estás You are eres O origin E emotion
He, she or it is está He, she or it is es R relationship
We are estamos We are somos
You all are estáis You all are sois
They are están They are son In exercise 1 you will be asked to identify whether
ser or estar should be used in a Spanish translation.
To help you do this you should cross reference the
At this point you will be familiar with how verbs sentence with the acronyms above. If the verb is
conjugate to agree with their subject. Ser and estar referring to position then you know to use estar
are no different, both are verbs and both must however if the verb is referring to occupation then
agree with the subject in the sentence. you would know to use ser.

Practice Translate the sentences into Spanish

In the sentences below write down
29 whether in a Spanish translation ser or 30 with the correct form of ser or estar.
estar would be required.

My mum is a nurse
The cat is in the kitchen
I love the book, it’s great
My friend is from Spain
The tea is cold
We are brothers
I am learning a language
My birthday is the 7th May
My laptop is from Currys
My mate is really angry

Who was Picasso and what

“
is his most famous work?

“
15

Present Continuous
Rule
Use the present continuous to refer to an
ongoing action.
Step 1: Correct form of verb estar.
I am estoy Que yo sepa As far as I know
You are estás
He or she is está
We are estamos
You all are estáis
They are están
Step 2: Add verb. Remove ending (ar, er, ir)
ar verbs
+ ando
er and ir verbs
+ iendo
Practice
Conjugate the verb paying attention to the
31 subject (and thus the correct form of estar).
Comer I am eating
Correr He is running
Estudiar We are studying
Intentar They are trying
Jugar We are playing
Beber I am drinking
Escribir She is writing
Crear I am creating
Hacer You all are doing
Usar He is using
Vivir You are living
“
OllieMFL
If you’re describing a photo, start with some
conjecture to vary your sentence starters.
Supongo que I suppose
Diría que I would say that
Note
Although it sounds counter-intuitive. Use an
infinitive verb rather than a gerund (ing verb)
when you want to say things like watching
football is boring.
Cocinar es guay Cooking is cool
Compartir es generoso Sharing is kind
Me gusta hablar I like talking
Change the verb in pink in each
32 sentence to the present continuous. You
must include both parts of the verb
(estar + gerund).
El hombre beber agua
Yo hacer los deberes
La mujer comprar un libro
El equipo ganar el partido
Nosotros usar el móvil
Yo visitar mi abuela
Tú desayunar fruta
Vosotros estudiar en casa
El gato beber la leche
Yo celebarar mi cumpleaños
What is Caga Tío and
where is it a tradition?
“
16
 OllieMFL
DOPS
Rule
In white below the sentence is without a DOP and in
Direct Object Pronouns (DOPs) replace pink the noun is replaced by a DOP.
objects in sentence. An object is the
answer to the question who or what. Compro el libro Lo compro
Saco una foto La saco
“I bought the book in Waterstones, the
book was £10. I think the book will be
better than the last book I bought.” Note
DOPs have to agree in number and gender with the
In the sentence above the book can be noun (see examples above). They generally come
replaced by the word it and that is a DOP. before the verb as well (as above).
In infinitive structure sentences they can attach to the
Direct Object Pronouns end of the infinitive verb.
Me - me We - nos
You - te You all - os
Quiero comprarlo lo quiero comprar
He, she or it - lo/la They - los/las Quieres comerlas las quieres comer
Quiere estudiarla la quiere estudiar

Practice
Replace the object in each sentence with a Read each sentence and decide if the
33 DOP. Remember an object is the answer to 34 DOP placement is correct or incorrect
the question who or what.
El hombre lo bebe
Siempre como las uvas Yo hago los
Mi padre lleva gafas La mujer lee lo
Mi gato bebe la leche El equipo lo gana
Visito a mis abuelos Nosotros lo usamos
Los lunes estudio la historia Yo visito la
Miguel compra un libro Tú desayunas la
Nosotros lo estudiamos
Mis tíos tienen un perro
El gato la bebe
Voy a comer una pizza
Yo celebro lo
Suelo escuchar música Ellas lo tienen
No tengo mi móvil Nosotros la estudio

What are churros and when

“
is it typical to eat them?

“
17
 OllieMFL
Idioms
Rule
Idioms are little things which are said that make
language more interesting. They are not to be taken Note
literally. Idioms can be used to vary your language
and will really impress when used correctly. There are thousands of idioms.

By glancing over the list of idioms in pink below
you will notice that the majority of them begin with
a verb. That initial verb will need to be conjugated
so that it matches with the subject.
If for example you wanted to say that your friend
is a bookworm, the idiom you would need is ser
un ratón de biblioteca and ser, being the verb,
would need to change to es for he or she.
Below is a list of idioms which cover positive and
negative opinions as well as some more general
idioms to do with everyday actions.
If idioms interest you then upon completing this
page go and find some more online and write them
down somewhere you´ll remember them. You could
even categorise them for easy use in the future.

Mi amigo es un ratón de biblioteca

Practice
35
Match up each idiom with its literal translation and meaning in English.
1. Ser un ratón de biblioteca a. To have bad milk i. To be muscly
2. Echar una mano b. To not have hairs on the tongue ii. To be in good health
3. Hablar por los codos c. To be without white iii. To not have money
4. Tener mala leche d. To put yourself purple iv. To be easy as pie
5. Estar cuadrado e. To be bread eaten v. To have bad character
6. Estar sin blanca f. To be the pear vi. To speak a lot
7. Ponerse morado g. To be a library rat vii. To speak frankly
8. No tener pelos en la lengua h. To be the milk viii. To be the best
9. Ser pan comido i. When frogs grow fur ix. To help
10. Cuando las ranas crién pelo j. To be like a rose x. To be a bookworm
11. Estar como una rosa k. To lend a hand xi. To be exceptional
12. Ser la pera l. To be square xii. To eat a lot
13. Ser la leche m. To speak by the elbows xiii. Never

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

What is the most practised

“
religion in Spain?

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18
 OllieMFL
The subjunctive
Rule
You must precede a subjunctive verb with a Here are the steps to form a simple opinion trigger.
subjunctive trigger (on the right). To form the
subjunctive verb, follow the steps below. Es + adjective + que + subjunctive verb
Practise your triggers in exercise 1.
Step 1: Remove the ending (ar, er, ir).
Irregulars
Step 2: Add: The list below features the most common
ar verbs occurrences of irregulars and their first person
I - e We - emos conjugation.
You - es You all - eís
He or she - e They - en Hacer haga Haber haya
er and ir verbs Tener tenga Saber sepa
I - a We - amos Soy sea Llegar llegue
You - as You all - aís Ir vaya Sacar saque
He or she - a They - an

Practice
Complete the trigger by translating the Change the verb into the subjunctive. It
36 adjective into Spanish in the space. 37 must agree with the given subject.

Es que interesting Es bueno que el hombre beber agua

Es que strange Es fantástico que yo hacer los deberes
Es que good Es interesante que la mujer leer un libro
Es que bad Es malo que el equipo ganar el partido
Es que incredible Es curioso que nosotros usar el móvil
Es que horrible Es increíble que yo ir al cine
Es que amazing Es bueno que tú desayunar fruta
Es que ridiculous Es fantástico que nosotros estudiar
Es que fantastic Es mono que el gato beber la leche
Es que clear Es bueno que yo celebrar
Es que suspicious Es sospechoso que ellas hablar
Es que clever Es bueno que nosotros montar en bici

When did the Spanish Civil

“
War start and finish?

“
19