*Other concepts related to plant growth and Plant life processes

Report by: Kizzel mae Pural

Reflection:

Many ideas related to the development and survival of plants, including

photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and plant hormones, have come to my
attention. Plants use light energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose
and oxygen through a process called photosynthesis. Conversely, plants use oxygen
during respiration to break down glucose and release energy. Transpiration is the
process by which plants expel water vapor into the atmosphere through tiny pores
on their leaves. Auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins are examples of plant hormones
that regulate plant growth and development by having an impact on everything
from cell division and elongation to flowering and fruiting.

Another key idea in the study of plant growth and life cycles is plant nutrition. Both
macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as well as micronutrients
like iron, zinc, and manganese are necessary for plants to grow and develop. These
nutrients are normally taken up by plants from the soil, and they have evolved a
variety of methods to do so, such as root growth and nutrient uptake through
mycorrhizal connections. In order to ensure that nutrients are transferred to the
tissues that need them the most, plants must regulate nutrient allocation in addition
to nutrient uptake. This calls for an intricate web of communication and transport
channels that enable plants to react instantly to shifting environmental conditions.

*Plant reproduction
Report By: Michael Angelo P. Tagalog

Reflection:
All living things require the capacity for reproduction in order to survive. If there

were no means of reproduction, life would end. Every living creature is capable of

reproduction. This lesson taught me that the two basic types of reproduction are

sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction in an individual happens independently of

other individuals in the same species. An illustration of asexual reproduction in

plants is the division of a bacterial cell into two daughter cells. Sexual reproduction

requires two persons, often of opposing sexes.

Moreover, the cell cycle is a series of procedures that leads to cell division and

includes chromosome duplication and internal organelles. Before eukaryotic cells

undergo mitosis, meiosis, or cell division

*Affecting Crop Production – Environmental

Report By: James Luzon

Reflection:

Crop farming is a significant component of global agricultural production because it

is the foundation of a large portion of our crop production and the source of income

for countless people globally. Depending on the environment, including the

weather, the soil's quality, the availability of water, and the frequency of pests and

illnesses, it responds in various ways. It could vary considerably between locations

and have a substantial impact on farmers' ability to grow products that satisfy both

local and global demand. Climate change, altered rainfall patterns, and an increase

in the frequency of severe weather are projected to have an effect on crop yields and

overall production. In order to deal with problems related to climate change, such as

soil erosion and nutrient depletion,

*Factors Affecting Crop Production – Abiotic Factors

Report By: Gleneal Jay L. Buelis

Abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical

components of the environment that affect live species and the operation of

ecosystems. The diversity and abundance of animal and plant species, as well as the

health and efficiency of our habitats, are all generated by abiotic forces that have a

profound impact on the biological realm found in nature. The amount and

accessibility of water and soil nutrients, as well as the frequency and length of

natural sunshine and temperature, are all examples of the vast and intricate

networks of environmental linkages that they engage in to generate. Knowing how

the environment is changed by factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and

environmental degradation is critical for developing.

*Factors Affecting Crop Production – Biotic Factors

Report By: John Lenard P. Pande

A biotic component is made up of living species. An ecosystem is made up of a biotic

community, or all of the naturally occurring species in the system, as well as the

surrounding environmental factors. In an ecosystem, biotic elements are those that

are linked to or generated by biological beings. These creatures may also interact

with one another through hunting, competition for food supply, and symbiotic

relationships. This article focuses on the two most common biotic variables that

affect crop output. A pest is any organism that causes sickness, causes damage, or is

in any manner irritating. Furthermore, weeds are plants that are seen adversely in a
specific area because they grow and spread in undesirable places and reduce

agricultural yield by interfering with crop production.

*Factors Affecting Crop Production – Genetic Factors

Report By: Giean Kaila S. Laurente

Reflection: NO REPORT

*Interaction between genetic and environmental factors

Report By: Fayed B. Mohamad

Reflection: NO REPORT
*Factors Affecting Crop Production – Human Factors

Report By: Isiah John R. Mebrano

Reflection:

When referring to workplace behavior that may have an impact on agricultural

productivity and human health, "human factors" include environmental,
organizational, and job-related variables, as well as human and individual attributes.
Population growth, labor, money (finance), technological improvement, market
pressures, and government are all social and economic factors that influence
agricultural productivity. Farmers determine what to plant, how much and what
kind of resources to employ, and how to plant it. People make their decisions based
on a number of social, economic, and environmental factors. Farmers' attitudes and
competence are even more important.

Labor is the most important factor in increasing agricultural productivity. But, in

some countries where labor is expensive, farmers use machines instead of cheap
labor. We continue to pursue conventional farming in the Philippines. Some farmers
may be unable to afford the advanced technology used in other countries, which
results in a higher labor force and lower production, as compared to modern
farming, which frequently has a lower labor force and higher productivity.
*Goals and basic concepts in crop improvement

Report By: Carl Harvey R. Gerondio

Reflection:

The main objective of crop improvement is to develop crops with desirable qualities

that satisfy the requirements of farmers, consumers, and the environment. Examples

of these features include increased production, increased nutritional value, disease

and pest resistance, and tolerance to abiotic conditions like drought, heat, or cold. To

accomplish this, crop improvement initiatives employ a range of breeding strategies,

including conventional plant breeding and molecular breeding techniques. By these

techniques, it is hoped to develop crops with enhanced genetic features that will be

better able to endure environmental challenges, yield higher yields, and meet the

growing global demand for food.

*General methods of crop improvement (introduction, selection,

hybridization, introgression

Report By: Emie Grace D. Tura

Reflection:

The process of developing new crop varieties with desirable traits including high

yield, disease resistance, and nutritional quality is known as crop improvement.

Several general strategies, including introduction, selection, hybridization, and

introgression, are used to improve crops. To expand the genetic variety of the crop,

the introduction approach comprises introducing fresh plant materials from

different regions, nations, or even continents. This technique helps crops better

adapt to varied environmental circumstances while introducing new features.

 *Mating systems in crops (top cross, polycross, backcross, hybrid

crosses)

Report By: Joreben Timothy C. Samulde

Reflection: NO REPORT

*Classes of seeds

Report By: Mariefe D. Alagon

Reflection:
A seed is made up of a seed coat and an embryo. The embryo is made up of a
radicle, an embryonal axis, and one to two cotyledons, like those of a gram and a
pea. Fruits carry seeds that, when sown, grow into new plants. Hence, the seed is the
most important part. Breeder seeds, foundation seeds, registered seeds, and certified
seeds are the four categories into which seeds fall, I learned in this presentation.

Breeder seed is the purest seed of a new variety that is created, processed, controlled,
and supplied directly by producers for additional reproduction, according to what
I've learnt from the report. Breeder seeds produce foundation seeds, also known as
fundamental seeds, which are produced under conditions that ensure preserving
genetic integrity and uniqueness. Thereafter it will be a registered seed, a descendant
of the foundation seed grown by selected farmers, treated to maintain genetic purity
and identity, and subject to field and seed inspections to ensure compliance with
requirements. Last but not least, certified seeds of a known variety are manufactured
in compliance with stringent seed certification procedures to ensure varietal
integrity. Afterwards it can be sold at the local market.

*Production and Distribution of seeds

Report By: Kassandra R. Radoc

Reflection:

All operations leading up to and including the actual final harvesting of the seed

from the seed crop field are referred to as "seed production" in this context. Seed

dispersion refers to the movement or transportation of seeds away from the parent

plant. After hearing this report, I gained more knowledge about seeds. Seed source,
seed cleaning, seed drying, seed treatment, seed testing, seed storage, seed

certification, and seed distribution are the eight steps that need to be finished in the

field of seed technology.

*Preservation of germplasm

Report By: Marc Edsel B. Puebla

Reflection:

Seeds, plants, or plant components that can be used for crop breeding, research, or

conservation are referred to as germplasm. When germplasm is managed or used for

its genetic information, it is referred to as germplasm. In addition, the three major

types of germplasm conservation were discussed in this talk. In situ (on-site)

conservation refers to the preservation and use of wild plant populations in their

natural settings. Anything that occurs outside of its natural environment is referred
to as ex situ. The last type is in vitro conservation, which can be accomplished in a

variety of methods, including isolated protoplasts, suspension cells, and shoot tips.

*Features of sustainable crop production

Report By: Jessabel O. Labadan

Reflection:

A farming system that strives to meet the requirements of the present without
risking future generations' ability to meet their own needs is known as sustainable
crop production. It has several properties that encourage environmental, social, and
economic sustainability. Protection of natural resources such as soil, water, and
biodiversity is critical to long-term agricultural productivity. This comprises
implementing measures that promote the use of non-toxic pesticides and fertilizers
while improving soil health and conserving water. Another aspect of sustainable
crop production is the promotion of social equality and fairness, which includes
ensuring that farmers receive fair pricing for their crops and encouraging the use of
labor practices that are human-rights compliant. Finally, sustainable agricultural
production is advantageous. Economic viability and resilience can be improved
through Encouraging the development of varied farming systems that lessen
reliance on a particular product or market, as well as the adoption of regionally
adapted crop varieties that are better suited to local environmental conditions.
Generally, sustainable crop production is a comprehensive approach to farming that
aims to balance economic, social, and environmental factors in order to ensure the
long-term sustainability of the global food system.

*Sustainable Agricultural Concept

Report By: Eduardine Elloise M. Pichon

Reflection:

A sustainable agriculture system aims to increase output and income while reducing

negative environmental and social impacts. It is a holistic approach that takes into

account the economic, social, and environmental components of agriculture. The

concept of sustainable agriculture emphasizes the necessity of farming practices that

are environmentally sound, socially just, and economically viable. This involves the

integration of numerous techniques and practices, such as the use of renewable

resources, the conservation of natural resources, the promotion of biodiversity, the

employment of integrated pest control strategies, and the development of diversified

and resilient farming systems. Sustainable agriculture also highlights the necessity of

supporting social justice and fairness, such as guaranteeing fair prices for farmers'

products and equitable treatment of farm employees.

*Diversification

Report By: Glaidyl D. Quines

Reflection:

Crop diversification is an agricultural practice in which multiple crops are grown on

a single farm rather than focusing on a single crop. I learned in this lecture that crop

variety offers many advantages, including lowering the risk of crop failure due to

pests, diseases, or bad weather conditions. It can also assist maintain soil health by

decreasing erosion and boosting soil fertility, as various crops require different

nutrients, and it can help break up pest and disease cycles. Crop diversification can

also provide economic benefits to farmers by spreading out the risk of price

variations in any particular crop. Also, by planting a variety of crops, farmers can

have a more consistent revenue throughout the year. Because different crops mature

at different periods and can be sold at various markets. Overall, I believe crop

diversity is an important agricultural technique that may assist farmers in increasing

the resilience and sustainability of their farming systems while also delivering

economic and environmental benefits.

*Resource conservation and regeneration

Report By: Kenn Antonio G. Alpiz

Reflection:

A vital part of sustainable agriculture, which attempts to protect and improve the

natural resources that underpin agricultural production, is resource conservation

and regeneration. This entails using techniques that, among other things, enhance

biodiversity, conserve water, and improve soil health. Techniques like conservation

tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, agroforestry, and the application of integrated pest

management techniques are examples of resource conservation and regeneration

strategies. These methods can support the long-term sustainability of agricultural

output by lowering erosion, enhancing soil fertility, conserving water, and

enhancing biodiversity. Farmers may lessen their dependency on synthetic inputs

like fertilizers and pesticides, which can have detrimental effects on the environment

and human health, by conserving and regenerating natural resources. Generally

speaking, resource preservation and The long-term resilience and sustainability of

the world food system can be facilitated by regeneration, which is a crucial element

of sustainable agriculture.

*Productivity and stability of production system

Report By: Oliver Edjay Aballe

Reflection:
Productivity and production system stability are critical elements in sustainable
agriculture. I learned in this lecture that productivity is the amount of output that
can be generated per unit of input. This is critical for farmers in order to increase
yields and profitability while using fewer resources such as water, fertilizers, and
pesticides. Stability, on the other hand, refers to a production system's ability to
sustain consistent yields and profitability over time, despite variations in weather,
pests, illnesses, and other circumstances. Farmers must do this to decrease their risks
of crop failure, market changes, and other economic uncertainties. Crop rotation,
intercropping, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and other sustainable practices
are examples of agricultural strategies that increase productivity and stability. These

procedures can aid in the development of soil health, the conservation of water and
other resources, and the promotion of biodiversity, all while maintaining consistent
yields and profitability. Overall, I believe that promoting both productivity and
stability in production systems is critical for long-term agricultural sustainability.
Farmers may assure a sustainable source of income and food security while also
contributing to the long-term health of the environment and society by achieving
large yields while also preserving consistency and resilience.

*Sustainable Crop Management for lowland and upland

Report By: Charlene Joy T. Ricot

Reflection:

The long-term sustainability and resilience of the world food system depend on the

use of sustainable crop management techniques in both lowland and upland

agriculture. Reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss in lowland agriculture, which is
characterized by flooded fields, by using integrated pest control, effective water

usage, and conservation tillage. The biological integrity of the landscape must be

preserved whereas highland agriculture, which is characterized by steep slopes,

requires techniques like contour farming, agroforestry, and soil conservation

methods. Sustainable crop management techniques for both lowland and upland

areas should encourage crop rotation, crop diversification, and the use of organic

and biological inputs to lessen dependency on synthetic inputs like fertilizers and

pesticides. By utilizing sustainable crop management techniques, farmers may

ensure long-term productivity and stability while promoting biodiversity

conservation, improving soil health and fertility, saving water, and reducing the

detrimental effects of agriculture on the environment and society.

*Integrated nutrient management and Integrated pest management

Report By: Daniela Faye O. Cabal

Reflection: NO REPORT