RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

Influence of the postpolymerization type and time on the flexural

strength and dimensional stability of 3D-printed interim resins
Nathalia R. Silva, DDS, MSc, PhD,a Fernanda G. de G. Moreira, DDS, MSc,b Ana B. de C. Cabral, DDS,a
Marco A. Bottino, DDS, MSc, PhD,c Renata M. de M. Marinho, DDS, MSc, PhD,d and
Rodrigo O.A. Souza, DDS, MSc, PhDe

ABSTRACT
Statement of problem. The mechanical strength of 3-dimensionally (3D) printed interim resins is unclear but influenced by printing
parameters. Evidence regarding standardization of the postpolymerization type and time for 3D-printed interim resins is sparse.
Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of postpolymerization type and time on flexural strength and
dimensional stability of 3D-printed resins for interim restorations.
Material and methods. A total of 288 bars were 3D printed (Form 2; Formlabs, stereolithography—SLA, 50 µm, 30 degrees), (25×2×2 mm;
International Organization for Standardization—ISO 4049:2019) abraded and randomly divided into 9 groups (n=30) according to
postpolymerization (Ultraviolet device—UV; Microwave with water—MWA; Microwave without water—MW) and time (15, 20, and
30 minutes for UV; and 5, 8, and 10 minutes for MW and MWA). Each bar was then measured with digital calipers at 11 points for length,
thickness, and width before and after postpolymerization to analyze dimensional stability. The flexural strength was then measured
(σ; 980.6 N, 1 mm/minute) and the fractured surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. The σ (MPa) data were evaluated
by using a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) pairwise comparisons test (α=.05).
Dimensional stability data (mm) were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner multiple comparisons.
The Weibull analysis was performed with σ data.
Results. The 2-way ANOVA revealed that all factors and their interaction were significant for σ (P<.001). The UV groups presented the
highest σ values, being statistically higher than all MW and MWA groups. The Weibull analysis revealed that postpolymerization UV groups
found the highest values regarding the characteristic strength, although the MW 8-minute group (13.71) found the highest value for the
Weibull modulus. Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that only the postpolymerization factor was significant for dimensional
stability (P<.001). The postpolymerization microwave groups found greater expansion variations at all times, with the MW 8-minute group
(0.78 ±0.54) presenting the greatest variation in dimensional stability.
Conclusions. UV was determined to be the most suitable type of postpolymerization for interim printed resin among the
postpolymerization methods, regardless of the application time. The postpolymerization MW groups found greater variations in
dimensional stability. (J Prosthet Dent xxxx;xxx:xxx-xxx)

Presented at the Brazilian Society for Research in Dentistry (SBPQO), Annual Meeting, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, September 2022.
Funding: Supported in part by the Coordination for the Development of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) (finance code 001), Brazil. Materials used in study were
provided by Oral Way Laboratory (Natal/RN, Brazil) and Yller (Pelotas/RS, Brazil).
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article.
a
Researcher, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
b
PhD student, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
c
Professor, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
d
Researcher, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
e
Professor, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.

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Clinical Implications
Resins for manufacturing 3D-printed interim
restorations should preferably be postpolymerized
with ultraviolet light because it promotes better
mechanical characteristics and less dimensional
change in relation to alternative
postpolymerization protocols in a microwave oven.
Computer-aided design and computer-aided manu­
facturing (CAD-CAM) technology enabled producing
interim and definitive restorations with satisfactory
precision and adaptation through a digital workflow.1
The use of 3-dimensional (3D) printing has become
popular for making interim restorations2 and has the
advantage of reducing working time, with greater pre­
dictability and comfort for the patient compared with
conventional fabrication techniques.3–5
Interim restorations must be able to resist mastica­
tory loads and have adequate dimensional stability so
that the restoration adapts to the tooth preparation.
Printed interim restorations have been reported to have
greater hardness6 and better flexural strength when than
autopolymerized acrylic resins.7 However, the low me­
chanical strength of printed resins has also been re­
ported.8
Dimensional stability9 is also important and is di­
rectly related to the adaptation of interim crowns.10
Printed interim resins have been reported to have better
marginal and internal adaptation11 and better occlusal
accuracy12 than milled crowns or those fabricated with
the lost wax technique. However, when comparing
printed resin, milled polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA),
and acrylic resin, Mohajeri et al13 reported marginal
misfit values of 91.40, 75.28, and 51.23 µm, respectively,
with these values being considered clinically acceptable
(below 150 µm).14,15
The mechanical strength11 and dimensional stabi­
16
lity of 3D-printed interim restorations depend on
factors that include resin type,17 printer type,18 post­
polymerization technique,19 and printing parameters,
including the angle,20,21 speed,22 orientation,23 and print
layer thickness.24 Among these factors, post­
polymerization is a postprinting step to increase the
degree of conversion of the resin through polymerizing
unreacted monomers.25,26 Postpolymerization of 3D-
printed restorations is currently done with devices that
combine ultraviolet (UV) light and heat. The duration of
this exposure to UV light can influence aspects such as
polymerization degree, surface roughness, mechanical
properties, and the accuracy of printed objects.24–29
Most previous studies24–29 investigated UV light as
the postpolymerization method. However, some den­
tists may postpolymerize in a microwave (MW) oven.
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Volume xxx Issue xx
MW postpolymerization has been reported to improve
the degree of conversion of composite resin and denture
base acrylic resins.30–33 However, evidence for its use for
postpolymerization of printed resins is lacking.
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of
postpolymerization type and time on the flexural
strength and dimensional stability of 3D-printed interim
resins. The research hypotheses were that the post­
polymerization type would influence the flexural
strength of the 3D-printed interim resin specimens, that
a longer postpolymerization time would increase the
flexural strength of the 3D-printed resin, and that di­
mensional stability would be influenced by the post­
polymerization type and times.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The specimens were designed in a software program
(Meshmixer; Autodesk Inc) and a standard tessellation
language file was obtained, which was then exported to
the printer software program (PreForm; Formlabs Inc),
and the specimens printed by the stereolithography
technique in a 3D printer (Form 2; Formlabs Inc). Before
printing, the angle of the bars was configured in a
software program (PreForm; Formlabs Inc) with a
30-degree angle and with a 50-μm print layer thickness.
Then, 288 bars (26×2.2×2.2 mm) were printed with the
interim resin (Cosmos Temp; Yller).
After printing, the specimens were cleaned with iso­
propyl alcohol and had their fixation supports removed with
a double-sided diamond disk (22 mm×0.15 mm; Dhpro) in
a straight handpiece and a manual benchtop micromotor
(500; Kavo). All bars were abraded with 600-, 800-, and
1200-grit abrasive article to the definitive dimensions
(25×2×2 mm) specified by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) 4049:2019 standard.34 The bars
were numbered, and simple randomization was performed
to subdivide the specimens into 9 groups (n=30) according
to the “postpolymerization” (3 levels) and “time” (3 levels)
factors (Fig. 1). The information regarding the post­
polymerization devices and times are specified in Table 1.
The postpolymerization times for the UV and MW groups
were based on a pilot study (n=5) and the recommenda­
tions of the manufacturer for the UV device.
The specimens were measured with high-precision di­
gital calipers (Digital Absolute AOS; Mitutoyo) at 11 points:
5 thickness, 5 height, and 1 length, before and after post­
polymerization. The mean surface area of each specimen
was calculated, and the dimensional change analyzed by
calculating the subtracted area of the printed bar in relation
to the processed postpolymerized bar.
All specimens were 3-point flexural strength tested in
a universal testing machine (Microtensile OM150;
Odeme Biotechnology) adjusted according to the di­
mensions of the bar in accordance with ISO 4049:201934
Silva et al
Month xxxx 1.e3

Does postpolymerization type and time influence flexural strength, dimensional

Research question
stability, and microscopic characteristics of 3D-printed interim resin?

I) Postpolymerization type influences flexural strength of 3D-printed resin;

Hypotheses II) Longer postpolymerization time increses flexural strength of 3D-printed resin:
III) Dimensional stability is influenced by postpolymerization type and times.

Specimen 288 3D-printed bars (26 × 2 × 2 mm) using stereolithography (SLA) technique -
preparation Angulation: 30 degrees / Thickness 50 µm.

•Ultraviolet Light (UV): Ultraviolet device (Anycubic Wash & Cure Plus; Anycubic,
450 nm, 40 W) for 15, 20, and 30 minutes;
Postpolymerization •Microwave (MN): Microwave (MRAS21: Midea; 700 W) for 5, 8 and 10 minutes;
protocols
•Microwave + water (MWA): Microwave (MRAS21; Midea; 700 W) for 5, 8, and 10
minutes, immersed in water

Flexural strength Weilbull Dimensional stability Scanning Electron

(n=30) analysis (n=30) Microscopy (n=2)

Figure 1. Flowchart of study design.

The test power was evaluated by using the OpenEpi

Table 1. Postpolymerization groups, model, manufacture, power of website. Data normality and homoscedasticity were
devices, and time of application evaluated by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and
Postpolymerization Postpolymerization Times Levene tests, respectively. A comparison among groups
Groups Device
Ultraviolet light (UV) Anycubic Wash & Cure 15 min
was performed by 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Plus; Anycubic, 40 W 20 min (postpolymerization type, postpolymerization time) and
30 min the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) pairwise
Microwave (MW) MRAS21; Midea; 70 W 05 min
08 min comparisons test (α=.05) for the flexural strength data
10 min with a computer program (Statistix v.8.0; Analytical
Microwave with MRAS21; Midea; 70 W 05 min
specimens immersed in 08 min Software). Descriptive analysis was performed for the
water (MWA) 10 min SEM analysis.
The dimensional stability data were analyzed by
using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dwass-Steel-
with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min and a 980.6-N load Critchlow-Fligner multiple comparisons in a computer
cell. The flexural strength in MPa was calculated based program (Jamovi v.2.3; The Jamovi project).
on the load at rupture according to the equation: A Weibull analysis was performed to evaluate the
3lF
FS = 2wh2 , where FS is the flexural strength (MPa), l is flexural strength reliability by the Weibull parameter (m)
the distance (mm) between the centers of the lower and the characteristic strength (σo) with a 95% con­
rollers, F the load (N) applied at the rupture moment, h fidence interval, which were calculated by the ln{ln
the thickness (mm), and w the width. Two additional [1/(1 – F(σc)]} versus lnσc being diagram (according to
specimens from each experimental group were made for ENV 843-5): lnln(1/(1 F( c))) = mln c mln o.
analysis with a scanning electron microscope (TM 3000; The characteristic strength is the resistance to a failure
HITACHI) at ×3000 to observe changes in the surface probability of approximately 63.3%, and the Weibull mod­
topography resulting from postpolymerization. ulus (m) was used as a measure of the strength distribution,

Silva et al THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

1.e4 Volume xxx Issue xx

which expressed the structural homogeneity of the material.
The statistical analysis was performed with a software
program (Minitab v.17; Minitab Inc) (α=.05).
RESULTS
The test power calculated by comparing means was
100%. The flexural strength data had a normal and
homogeneous distribution (P<.05). Two-way ANOVA
revealed that the “postpolymerization” (P<.001) and
“time” (P<.0001) factors, and the interaction (P<.001)
were significant (Table 2). The Tukey test (5%) found
that there was no significant difference among all groups
submitted UV for 30 minutes (77.90 ±8.23)A, 15 minutes
(73.99 ±8.15)A, and 20 minutes (73.80 ±10.18)A, which
were statistically higher than the other experimental
groups (Fig. 2). Among the results of the groups sub­
mitted to postpolymerization in a microwave oven, the
MW 8-min group (45.58 ±3.84)B obtained higher flex­
ural strength when compared with the other times (with
or without water), with no significant difference among
them (Table 3). The Weibull analysis data are shown in
Table 2. Characteristic strength (P<.001) and Weibull
modulus (P<.001) were significantly different. Regarding
the characteristic strength, the UV 15-minute group
presented the highest values. The MW 8-minute (13.71)
and UV 30-minute (11.47) groups presented the highest
values for the Weibull modulus.
The dimensional stability data did not present
normal distribution (P<.001). The comparison between
the area variation values was significant for the “post­
polymerization” factor (P<.001). The multiple Dwass-
Steel-Critchlow-Fligner comparisons for the post­
polymerization type revealed that the interaction among
the “MW and MWA” and “MW and UV” groups was
significant (P<.001); however, the interaction between
the groups “MWA and UV” were not significant
(P=.423). The groups postpolymerized in MW presented
the biggest expansions (Fig. 3). Among the groups
submitted to postpolymerization in a microwave oven,
the MW 8-minute group (0.78 ±0.54) found the greatest
variation in dimensional stability. Moreover, the MWA
groups presented the lowest expansion values at times
of 5 minutes (0.14 ±0.18) and 8 minutes (0.14 ±0.18),
and there was no significant difference between them.
Regarding the ultraviolet postpolymerized groups, the
UV 15-minute group found greater variation in its di­
mensions (0.37 ±0.37) when compared with the other
UV 20-minute (0.19 ±0.21), and UV 30-minute
(0.22 ±0.28) groups, and there was no significant dif­
ference between them (Table 3).
The SEM for the fractured surface of 3D-printed resin
specimens found that the UV groups (Fig. 4A-C) formed

Table 2. Two-way ANOVA results for flexural strength data

Source GL SQ QM F P
Postpolymerization 2 121 237 60618.5 1373.77 <.001a
Time 2 1367 683.7 15.50 <.001a
Postpolymerizationa Time 4 5291 1322.7 29.98 <.001a
Erro 261 11 517 44.1
Total 269 139 412
DF, degree of freedom; f, F-statistic; QM, mean square; SS, sum of square.
a
Statistically significant (P<.05).

100
90 A A A
Flexural Strength (MPa)

80
70
60
B
50
40 C C C C
C
30
20
10
0
15 min 20 min 30 min 5 min 8 min 10 min 5 min 8 min 10 min
UV MW MWA

Figure 2. Mean 3-point flexural strength (MPa) and standard deviation of groups according to postpolymerization type and time. Different
uppercase letters indicate statistical difference for flexural strength. MW, microwave; MWA, microwave + water; UV, ultraviolet.

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 Month xxxx 1.e5

Table 3. Flexural strength (MPa), characteristic strength (σo), Weibull modulus (m), and respective CI for each group
Postpolymerization Time Flexural Characteristic 95% CI for Weibull 95% CI Variation
Strength Strength σo (MPa) Modulus (m) for m (mm)
(MPa) (σo) (MPa)
UV 15 min 73.99 ±8.15A 77.56a 74.79-80.44 10.34ɑ� 7.40-14.44 0.37 ±0.37‡
20 min 73.80 ±10.18A 77.99a 74.59-81.56 8.50ɑ�ɣ 6.70-10.78 0.19 ±0.21╬
30 min 77.90 ±8.23A 81.30a 78.64-84.05 11.47ɑ 9.17-14.36 0.22 ±0.28╬
MW 05 min 26.44 ±6.13C 28.90cd 26.66-31.34 4.66ɣ 3.41-6.35 0.44 ±0.46‡
08 min 45.58 ±3.84B 47.28b 46.00-48.60 13.71ɑ 9.80-19.18 0.78 ±0.54┼
10 min 29.94 ±3.79C 31.43c 30.22-32.68 9.82ɑ� 7.89-12.23 0.59 ±0.37╪
MWA 05 min 28.75 ±6.36C 31.24cd 29.01-33.64 5.09�ɣ 3.78-6.84 0.14 ±0.18╫
08 min 26.11 ±4.43C 27.89d 26.40-29.46 6.88ɑ�ɣ 5.17-9.16 0.14 ±0.18╫
10 min 27.08 ±5.71C 29.46cd 27.32-31.76 5.02�ɣ 3.40-7.41 0.17 ±0.23║
MW, microwave; MWA, microwave + water; UV, ultraviolet.
*Different uppercase letters indicate statistical difference for flexural strength. Different lowercase letters indicate statistical difference for char­
acteristic resistance. Different Greek letters indicate statistical difference for Weibull module. Different symbols indicate statistical difference for
dimensional stability.

The importance of postpolymerization has been well

Variation of Dimensional

2.0 discussed previously, showing evidence that its ability to

promote improvements in the properties of 3D printed
Stability (mm)

1.5 parts is essential for mechanical strength, in addition to

1.0
0.5
0.0
MW MWA
Post-polymerization
Figure 3. Variation of the dimensional stability (mm) of groups
according to postpolymerization factor. MW, microwave; MWA,
microwave + water; UV, ultraviolet.
a complex pattern that has multiple structures with ir­
regular exfoliated layers. It was also possible to observe a
flatter surface, with some grooves for the MW 05-minute
group (Fig. 4D), and also with exfoliated layers for the
MW 10-minute group (Fig. 4F). The predominance of a
flatter surface for the material polymerized by MW 08-
minute group (Fig. 4E) and MWA groups (Fig. 4G-I),
indicating that the material did not present high
strength against the applied load.
DISCUSSION
The present study evaluated the influence of different
postpolymerization forms, as well as the time variation of
each of these methods, on the flexural strength and di­
mensional stability of 3D-printed interim resin specimens.
The times presented in this study were based on a previous
pilot study and also on the recommendations of the man­
ufacturer of the UV device. It was observed during the
pilot study that increased microwave exposure produced
considerable damage to the resin specimens. Thus, shorter
times were used for the microwave groups than the UV
groups selected for this study.
also influencing the degree of conversion and surface
roughness.26 However, studies which have compared
alternative methods to the UV device are lacking. Thus,
it becomes necessary to standardize a correct protocol
for postpolymerization to achieve the best results for
3D-printed resin interim restorations.
UV The hypothesis that the postpolymerization type
would influence the flexural strength of the 3D-printed
interim resin specimens was accepted. Postpolymerization
with an ultraviolet device, regardless of the time variation,
promoted significantly greater mechanical strength.
However, the mechanical strength of the microwave post­
polymerized printed resin, with and without water, was
lower compared with the UV device, which presented
higher flexural strength to the other microwave groups. In
addition, the characteristic strength results found a similar
tendency to the flexural strength, so the UV groups found
the highest values. The Weibull modulus indicated that the
specimens submitted to UV at all times, MW 8-minute and
MW 10-minute groups, and MWA 8-minute group pre­
sented similar values, indicating that these groups present
more reliable behavior of the material.
Factors such as the postpolymerization type as well
as the exposure time have been reported to influence the
mechanical properties of 3D-printed resins.24–29 How­
ever, comparisons of different postpolymerization
methods with better cost-effectiveness in relation to UV,
the method recommended by the manufacturers, are
lacking. Previous studies have indicated that the use of
microwaves can accelerate the polymerization rate and
increase the extent of polymerization of the composite
resin30 through greater conversion of monomers into
polymeric chains32 thereby, promoting improvements in
microhardness, strength, fracture toughness, wear re­
sistance and color stability of the printed resin.30,32 In
addition, Grazioli et al32 reported a 52% increase in the

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1.e6 Volume xxx Issue xx

A B C

D E F

G H I

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs (original magnification ×500). A, UV 15 min. B, UV 20 min. C, UV 30 min. D, MW 05 min. E, MW 08 min. F,
MW 10 min. G, MWA 05 min. H, MWA 08 min. I, MWA 10 min. MW, microwave; MWA, microwave + water; UV, ultraviolet. Red asterisks indicate
grooves. Yellow arrows indicate an irregular layer structure with chips.

surface hardness of composite resins postprocessed with
microwaves. However, despite the similarities between
the composite resin and the printed resin, the groups
postpolymerized in a microwave oven in this study
found lower flexural strengths. Likewise, a decrease in
the flexural strength of this material was observed when
a microwave oven was used for postpolymerizing the
PMMA.31
The hypothesis that a longer postpolymerization time
would increase the flexural strength of the 3D-printed resin
was rejected because the postpolymerization time did not
significantly affect the mechanical strength of the specimens
subjected to UV. The manufacturers recommend a post­
polymerization UV exposure time of 10 minutes for the
resin tested. Increasing the postpolymerization time with
UV from 5 minutes to 10 or 20 minutes has been reported to
increase the flexural strength of printed resins,29 although
the increase from 10 to 20 minutes did not produce sig­
nificant differences in flexural strength.28 Nevertheless, in­
creasing the postpolymerization time from 60 to 90 minutes
was reported to improve mechanical performance and the
conversion degree of 3D printed resins.19 Although the time
factor did not affect flexural strength in this study, our re­
sults highlight the importance of the postpolymerization
with UV, independent of the time of exposure, because
comparable results were not achieved when comparing
with alternative methods such as microwaves in terms of
the mechanical property of the printed resin for interim
restorations.
SEM analysis in the present study found that the groups
submitted to postpolymerization in a UV device presented a
fracture surface with characteristics of a more ductile ma­
terial. According to Aati et al,28 these characteristics provide
the surface of a material with fragile mechanical behavior.

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Month xxxx
These findings were also consistent with Kim et al,19 who
reported a positive association between fracture toughness
and resin postpolymerization time for 3D-printed interim
restorations. The hypothesis that dimensional stability
would be influenced by the postpolymerization type and
times was accepted. Daneu et al9 specified that dimensional
stability consists of the ability of a polymer to maintain its
dimensions even under different conditions. In the present
study, the groups postpolymerized in a microwave oven
found greater expansion after postpolymerization. The ac­
curacy and trueness of 3D printing have been researched,21
with the ability of the printer to manufacture objects with
exact dimensions or as close as possible to the real object
being investigated. However, studies that have shown the
dimensional stability of printed resin in terms of post­
polymerization are lacking.
Changes in the dimensional stability can be affected
by factors related to the material formulation and
polymerization factors of the material, such as the de­
gree of polymerization, external restriction conditions,
and the polymerization method.27 The groups post­
polymerized in microwaves without water at the 3 times
tested (MW5, MW8, and MW10) found greater expan­
sion variations. Moreover, a correlation between ex­
posure time and contraction of microwave-processed
acrylic resin prostheses has been reported.33
Limitations of this study include that a static test (3-
point flexural strength) was used, which does not simulate
the masticatory load in the oral environment as well as
fatigue testing. Future investigations should consider the
importance of other factors which can also influence the
properties of printed material for interim restorations.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of this in vitro study, the following
conclusions were drawn:
1. Postpolymerization in ultraviolet light was found to
be the most suitable for interim 3D-printed resin,
regardless of the application time, promoting
greater flexural strength.
2. Postpolymerization in a microwave oven, regardless of
the time, promoted greater dimensional changes in
resin expansion of the 3D-printed interim material.
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Volume xxx Issue xx
Corresponding author:
Dr Rodrigo Othávio Assunção Souza
Department of Dentistry
Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)
Avenida Salgado Filho, 1787
Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59056-000
BRAZIL
Email: rodrigoothavio@gmail.com.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Oral Way Laboratory (Natal/RN, Brazil) and the company
Yller (Pelotas/RS, Brazil) for the provision of materials used in this study.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Nathalia Ramos da Silva: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, and
Writing — original draft, Fernanda Gurgel de Gois Moreira: Methodology, Formal
analysis, and Writing — original draft, Ana Beatriz de Carvalho Cabral:
Methodology, and Writing — original draft, Marco Antonio Bottino:
Conceptualization, Writing — review & editing, Renata Marques de Melo
Marinho: Conceptualization, Writing — review & editing, Rodrigo Othávio de
assunção e Souza: Conceptualization, Writing — review & editing, Supervision.
Copyright © 2023 by the Editorial Council of The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.
All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.07.030
Silva et al