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Design & Experimental Analysis of Human Hand Prosthetic.

Research · October 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21458.15046

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 Final Year Project on
Design & Experimental Analysis of Human
Prosthetic Hand
(UDP Project) A Project Report Submitted by:

Sr. NO. Name of student Enrollment NO.

1. Sachin Makvana 130970119059
2. Kuldip Katariya 130970119052
3. Karan Doshi 130970119051
4. Academic Year: 2016-2017
Jatan Aghada 130970119001
Marwadi Education Foundation Group Of institutions Faculty of Technolog
Rajkot.
Affiliate By
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNVERSITY,
Ahmedabad.

Guided By:
Prof. Saurabh Srivastava,
Mechanical Dept.
MEFGI.
Contents

Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................................1
CERTIFICATE...............................................................................................................................2
Plagiarism Search Certificate..........................................................................................................3
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Problem Summery...........................................................................................................4
1.2 Aim & Objective of the project.......................................................................................4
1.3 Problem Specification.....................................................................................................5
1.4 Literature review.............................................................................................................5
1.5 Plan of Work...................................................................................................................8
1.6 Materials/ Tool Required.................................................................................................9
2. Design: Design Methodology and Implementation Strategy.................................................11
2.1 Design Methodology...........................................................................................................11
2.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas..................................................................................................14
2.3 Ideation Canvas...................................................................................................................15
2.4 Product Development Canvas.............................................................................................16
3. Implementations....................................................................................................................18
3.1 Users and Characteristic................................................................................................18
3.2 Operating Environment.................................................................................................18
3.3 Design and Implementation Constraints........................................................................19
4. Conclusion............................................................................................................................20
4.1 Summary of result.........................................................................................................20
4.2 Advantages of 3D printed Human prosthetic hand & Unique Features.........................20
5. References.............................................................................................................................21
 List of Figures

Figure 1. First human body part (toe) Prosthesis.................................................................6

Figure 2. Split Hook Prosthetic Hand..................................................................................7
Figure 3. 3D Printers............................................................................................................9
Figure 4. 3D Printing..........................................................................................................10
Figure 5. 3D printer materials............................................................................................10
Figure 6. Design Methodology Steps.................................................................................11
Figure 7. Creo Model of Prosthetic Hand..........................................................................13
Figure 8 Empathy Mapping Canvas...................................................................................14
Figure 9. Ideation Canvas..................................................................................................15
Figure 10. Product Development Canvas...........................................................................17
 Acknowledgement

No work can be done without the help and guidance of supporting members. We would
sincerely like to thank Prof. Bhavesh Kanabar-Head of Mechanical Engineering
Department for guiding us in the project whenever we needed help. We would also like
to thank our guide Prof. Saurabh Srivastava for being our constant source of inspiration
and guiding us in the completion of the project. We would also like to thank other faculty
members and our friends for giving us extra guidance and help whenever we needed.

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 Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot
Faculty of Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
2016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled Design And Experimental Analysis
Of Human Prosthetic Hand has been carried out by following students under
my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering (7th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad during the academic year 2016-17.
Sr. NO. Name of student Enrollment NO.
1. Sachin Makvana 130970119059
2. Kuldip Katariya 130970119052
3. Karan Doshi 130970119051
4. Jatan Aghada 130970119001

Date:
Internal Guide Head of the Department

Prof. Saurabh Srivastava Prof. Bhavesh Kanabar

Assistant Professor Head of Department.
MEFGI. MEFGI.

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Plagiarism Search Certificate

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1. Introduction
1.1 Problem Summery
Our project mainly focused on person who has been a victim of any fatal accident or any
paralytic disorder which has cause loss of human hand or has been handicapped and not
having hand by birth, the prosthetic hand offered by medical field has a very high cost. So
to serve as an alternative for this, additive manufacturing method and particularly 3D
printing method can give a highly cost effective and flexible method of making a
prosthetic hand.

1.2 Aim & Objective of the project

In earlier time, human being lost their human body part i.e. hands, legs etc. They did
replacement of part by means of any wooden or metal prosthetic part. But that had many
constraints and limitation. It was only a static part of the body. As that was made by
wooden or metal material that would increase the weight of structure. Because of that it
was hard to carry body part. Another limitation for same was it would create resistance to
the regular human body motion. At some instance it only be a non-useful human part.
Only purpose of that would be for aesthetic criteria. But as time passed, evolution
occurred in that field. Human didn't want prosthetic hand for just an aesthetic purpose,
they want fully functional prosthetic hand as replacement of it.

As described above, earlier the main origin of this invention is to just provide the
prosthetic hand. After that many development in this field occurred and now a day we had
a fully functional prosthetic hand that can do most of every normal function of human
hand. As improvement and development in technology in mechanical, electrical,
electronics and communication, etc. we had technical gadgets like sensor that would help
use to provide accurate and desired motion to the prosthetic hand. But as we all know that
every coin has two side, improving technology will effect on economic criteria of the
prosthetic hand. As part of literature survey we found that the fully functional sensor
prosthetic to hand cost us approximately 2 lack to 4 lack. That clearly not desirable for
every people.

Due to above reasons, we aligned our project in direction to provide a cost effective
functional human prosthetic hand. To provide cost effective prosthetic hand, firstly we

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need to manufacture it cost effectively. So we dig deep about different manufacturing
process

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and finally we found appropriate manufacturing process for our invention. So we came up
with additive manufacturing process. By additive manufacturing process we can reduce
manufacturing cost up to 60 to 70%. So by this manner we were fulfill aim of invention
of providing cost effective functional prosthetic hand.

1.3 Problem Specification

In this new era of technology, there are many other alternatives to make a prosthetic hand.
But as we dig deep in this prosthetic hand and its manufacturing system. We found this
currently various technologies that are used to make prosthetic hand are very expensive.
So that it is hard to afford a prosthetic hand for a person who has low economic
background. The prosthetic hand which are available in market are cost up to 1.5 to 2
lacks. Considering that excessive money factor, we thought of made cost effective
prosthetic hand. In addition of that, as prosthetic hand is being an external part of the
human body so synchronization of prosthetic hand and human body is essential. For that
at certain particular time user should have to visit to consultant doctor. The prosthetic
hand which are available now have very complex structure. To manufacture this complex
geometry is hard. So that its manufacturing time varies from some weeks to some months
depend up the designing and geometric measures of the prosthetic hand.

1.4 Literature review

Prosthetic, An artificial body part. Essentiality of prosthetic hand was arise when a person
lost his/her any body part in accident, war, disease or may be result of failure in surgery.
Human prosthetic hand is blissful for amputee person. Human prosthesis is not a new
process, it is very old. The first ever human prosthetic was done between 950-710 BC in
Egypt. And it was not a leg, hand, finger, arm or fake eye it was toe of human being.
Then as time passed, new inventions and development are going in this field. Human
prosthesis, a journey starts from toe and now a days we can able to do prosthesis most of
every human body part.

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 Figure 1. First human body part (toe) Prosthesis

Initially development in this field was very slow, but if we consider the progress in
human prosthesis in last two centuries was quite good. Now a days we can able to do
prosthesis of the arm, leg, hand, fingers, fake eyes, ears, nose and also internal body part
i.e. bones, vertebra column, knee joints, hip joint etc. As from that we can say that
prosthesis is very old technology and people are adopting this technology to fulfill their
own intension.

While doing literature survey and patent research work we found that, at initial stage it
was just an artificial hand. It would use only for the aesthetic purpose. People who lost
their body part adopt prosthesis science to just make a static artificial body component.
There are many research paper available from earlier time period. Where people do
research on prosthetic technology and develop the static prosthetic human body part.
Particularly we focused on the prosthetic human hand in our literature survey, and
research and development work in the prosthetic human hand field was quite improving.
Starting from static prosthetic human hand i.e. artificial hand, hook prosthetic hand, split
hook prosthetic hand to the dynamic prosthetic hand i.e. fully controlled and functional
human prosthetic hand.

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 Figure 2. Split Hook Prosthetic Hand

While searching about prosthetic human hand on World Wide Web, we get a lot
information for prosthetic human hand. From basic human prosthesis to advanced human
prosthesis. There are basically four type of prosthesis available, that are labeled below,

 Joint Prosthetic
 Leg Prosthesis
 Arm Prosthesis
 Cosmetic Prosthesis

The joint prosthetic commonly deals with hip, knee and shoulder joints. When cartilage
between the joint or bones goes to wear and as a result of that it would weaken the joints
and cause pain in the joint or at extreme stage we should go for replacement of that. So at
that time joint prosthesis are used. While in arm prosthesis, it is used to replace a missing
upper limb. Leg prosthesis are used when a person losses his/her leg either because of any
accident or by birth. Leg prosthesis were deal with lower limb. At other hand, in cosmetic
prosthesis, it is not utilize for the particular any functional purpose but it only used to
improve person’s appearance after losing body part. Cosmetic prosthetic commonly deals
with artificial eyes, silicon hands, fingers, breast, feet and toes. It also used to correct
facial deformities.

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Our project is categorized under arm prosthesis. As part of arm prosthesis, there are many
resources and many manufacturers available, who mainly focused in to prosthetic field.
We also found some companies who manufacture artificial limbs and human prosthetic
body part. Ottobock is one of the reputed artificial limb manufacturers and fitting centers
in India. Endolite India is another manufacturer of prosthetic upper and lower limb. Apart
from manufacture companies, there are also prosthetic Centre are available India, i.e.
Nevedac Prosthetic Centre. These prosthetic are fully functional and well designed. But
as we improve the functional efficiency, we need to apply latest techno gadgets i.e.
sensors, Integrated circuits etc. Applying this gadgets may improve the functional
efficiency but doing so it will increase the cost of the prosthetic hand. After doing
research work on cost of the prosthetic hand we found that the cost of that censored and
fully functional prosthetic hand is up to 1.5 lack to 3 lacks.

As we described above, the available prosthetic hand are excessive in cost. As result of
that it will not affordable to every person. Sometimes it happens that the person we
needed prosthetic hand but due to its high cost it would not able to take advantage of
technology. That problem gave us the aim of project. We planned to manufacture a cost
effective prosthetic hand. So that each every person can afford the prosthetic hand. After
doing more research work we came up with one manufacturing process, which can able to
reduce the cost of human prosthetic hand up to 60 to 70%. An additive manufacturing
process are latest and most advanced manufacturing process. It is capable of manufacture
very complex geometry which are too hard to manufacture in conventional manufacturing
process. An additive manufacturing process, most commonly known as ‘3D printing’
technology can able to manufacture human prosthetic body part easily. It is a future of
Bio-CAD and manufacturing techniques.

1.5 Plan of Work

For any project work, forecasting is the most essential part of designing and
manufacturing. We properly scheduled our project work and there is also a time
constraints so we set appropriate mile stone for project completion according to GTU
dead line. Title of the project is design and experimental analysis of human prosthetic
hand, so we decided to do design for in this semester and the portion of experimental
analysis we will do in next semester. So part of project work in this semester we did
literature survey about human prosthetic hand. According to information available and
with our own knowledge we

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1
design a human prosthetic hand. We also followed GTU guideline and the submitted all
project work on the GTU online project submission portal. We regularly submitted
Periodic Project Reports (PPR) and Patent Search and Analysis Report (PSAR). At final
stage of project we made project report.

1.6 Materials/ Tool Required

Additive manufacturing required some basic concepts and platforms for manufacturing
the product. Basic requirement of 3D manufacturing process is to develop a software
based digital model of product. To develop a digital model of we can utilize a different
CAD software i.e. Pro-E, Creo, SolidWorks, CATIA, Blender etc. To manufacture the
prosthetic hand with use of the additive manufacturing/3D printer we have to set some
parameter for printing. To set that parameter i.e. bed temperature, nozzle temperature,
alignment of object, coordinates of the object, layer thickness etc. different software are
used. One of the software used for this application is ‘CURA’. After setting all parameter
in software, we just input that software generated file to 3D printer. 3D printer will read
the file and manufacture the object according to given dimension and parameter.

Figure 3. 3D Printers

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 Figure 4. 3D Printing

For manufacturing any object/ workpiece through additive manufacturing process, there
are limitation in material used. We cannot use any material in 3D printing. Material used
for 3D manufacturing process are listed below.

 ABS(Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)

Plastic
 PLA(Polylactic acid)
 Silver  Photo polymers

 Titanium  Glass filmed Polyamide

 Steel  Epoxy Resins

 Wax  Poly Carbonate.

Figure 5. 3D printer materials

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2. Design: Design Methodology and Implementation
Strategy.
2.1 Design Methodology
“Design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.” A quote by
well-known personality named Steve Jobs. Design is the core of any product. The success
of good product is all depends on the how accurately, how precisely the design of product
done. As our project about the human hand prosthesis and manufacturing by rapid
manufacturing process. So for that design is heart of our project. Design of any product
involves specific steps. In general any engineering design follows following particular
steps.

Point of
Understand Observe view Ideate Prototype Test

Figure 6. Design Methodology Steps

As from above, the very first stage is understanding of project and aim of the project must
be cleared. We decided to do project in the field of bio-cad prosthetic arm understanding
the need of the poor people who can’t afford the expensive prosthetic hand which used to
do the normal work like grapping and the pinching something in day to day life. So we
decided to develop a cost effective prosthetic hand. To reduce the cost of human
prosthetic hand we think to design the prosthetic arm and using the additive
manufacturing to manufacture its cost will reduce up to 60 to 70% from available human
prosthetic hand. After deciding what to do we consult doctor and discuss our idea with
him and also we gather information related to it, which is very important for the designing
purpose and after knowing our idea he praised and told us to do the work in that field and
gave his full support and also he made our contact with one of his patient who is having
the prosthetic hand of now a day’s technology so that we can understand and get the
review of the prosthetic arm. As from the understanding of the subject and doing enough
good literature survey, we are pretty much clear about the current scenario of the

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prosthetic hand. As far as manufacturing

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of prosthetic hand concerns, the additive manufacturing process in clearly new concept of
manufacturing. Applying concept of the additive manufacturing in field of medical
science will changed the future of the prosthesis science.

As described earlier to apply additive manufacturing process we required some basic

platform. For the manufacturing any product by additive manufacturing need the digital
model of the product. So layout of work was clear from that. We have to develop the
software model of our prosthetic hand. Now there are many software available for the
developing the digital model of the prosthetic hand. Initially we work on software called
Blender. It most widely software used for developing the model of human body part. But
there is one constraint, that the model and the printer must be compatible with each other.
As in literature survey, we found that for additive manufacturing CAD software are most
widely used. So finally we decided to design a prosthetic hand in CAD software named
‘CREO’. Creo is most compatible software with 3D printing technology. The model
which is designed in Creo is easily synchronized with the software used for 3D printing
named ‘Fractory’. While designing the prosthetic hand we must satisfy some parameter of
it. As we are going to develop human prosthetic hand, so aesthetic of prosthetic hand is
one the most essential parameter of designing. Simultaneously with the aesthetic of the
prosthetic hand, safety is also important criteria of designing. Failure of structure must be
avoided. Prosthetic hand must satisfy the user expectations. So considering all the
measures of the designing we develop the software model of our human prosthetic hand.
The software model of our human prosthetic hand is as shown in below figure.

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 Figure 7. Creo Model of Prosthetic Hand

After developing the digital model of the prosthetic hand, we will perform the analysis
task of our human prosthetic hand. For analysis purpose we will use power analysis tool
named Ansys. According to the Ansys final result, we will observe it and if result will not
satisfied we will redesign it. After getting satisfied result in the analysis, we will proceed
ahead towards the manufacturing of our prosthetic hand. We will import model file in to
software cura. Which is synchronized with 3D printer. That will be the final outcome of
the project.

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2.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas
Empathy mapping canvas include general details of user, stakeholders, activities which
we gone through and the story boarding. As described earlier that user of prosthetic hand
will be from poor person to the rich person. Everyone can afford this human prosthetic
hand. As mentioned in canvas, our primary stakeholder are government and social
organization. Our aim is to provide prosthetic hand who previously not able to afford it. It
also include the various activities, which we done in this project.

Figure 8 Empathy Mapping Canvas

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2.3 Ideation Canvas

Figure 9. Ideation Canvas

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Ideation canvas mainly focused on the prospective of the project. It includes the details of
various people which going to use this product. In addition of that, it also include the
context and situations details, because of that situations a person may need the prosthetic
hand i.e. a person may be victim of any accident and in result of that person lost his/her
body part. In other scenario in which a solider, who serves his/her nation with full
dedication. A critical situation arise and a war happens. In war solider may have chances
to have a major injuries. If a soldier lost his/her hand then prosthetic hand is appropriate
solution of it. So in general prosthetic hand made by additive manufacturing can
acceptable globally. Apart from that ideation canvas also includes the details of props and
possible solution for product.

2.4 Product Development Canvas

Product development canvas is link between past, present and future of the product. It
gives overall idea about the product, product features and product functions. As described
in that canvas, the main purpose of the product is to provide a cost effective human
prosthetic hand so that every person who needs this facility, can afford it.

The basic features of the product are describe below.

 The material used for the making of the prosthetic arm is the different plastic
materials as discussed above in the section 1.6, so the weight of the prosthetic
arm is very less compare to available prosthetic arm.
 Using the additive manufacturing one can manufacture the 3D arm within the 48
hours, while current technology of making the prosthetic arm will take more than
a week or a month in particular case.
 The aesthetic of the product is amazing. Mostly kids love the different cool and
catchy looked prosthetic hand.
 The cost of the product is very less compare to the current prosthetic hand, so
that every people can afford it easily. While in other case, suppose at present a
prosthetic hand is designed for the kid, as the kid grows we have to redesign the
prosthetic hand according to the dimensions of the hand. So if we consider the
cost factor in it then it will be too much expensive compare to 3D printed
prosthetic hand.
 This arm is very durable. Even a child alone himself/herself can engage it and
disengage it whenever he/she wants.

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Figure 10. Product Development Canvas

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3. Implementations
3.1 Users and Characteristic

'Modern surgery and intensive efforts to rehabilitate persons who have lost parts of their
limbs through warfare, disease, or accident, have resulted in great advances in the science
of prosthetics. So overall our invention is mainly focused on human being, but as we dig
deep in particular kind of human being then we can characterised it as below.

 A person who is victim of any accident, in which he lost his/her hand, arm or limb.

 A patient, who has any disease or suffer from paralytic disorder.

 A soldier who lost his hand in war.

 A normal being who did not have hand by birth.

 A passionate sportsperson who lost his/her hand because of certain reason.

The clear idea behind this invention is to provide cost effective prosthetic hand, so that it
can afford to every person who, till now due to economic and high cost of prosthetic hand
they needed most but could not able to buy it. So our most important user of this
invention are poor patient who needed prosthetic hand but due to its excessive cost they
couldn’t afford it. Then after soldiers, passionate sportsperson and other humankind
comes in lesser priority.

3.2 Operating Environment

As the invention is prosthetic hand, so it most commonly used in day to day human life.
Either it can be used for household works if user is housewife, or it can be fulfill our
perspective in any sport activity if user is any sportsperson i.e. bob radocy, shooter. While
if the user is gardener, farmer, and worker prosthetic hand can be used in any respective
environment. As the material used in additive manufacturing process, it is enough strong
and chemical resistant. In addition of this material is water resistance and atmospheric
moisture resistance so that it will also use in underwater environment. i.e scuba diver. In
short we can say that prosthetic hand can used in most of every work environment.

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3.3 Design and Implementation Constraints

As we know that nothing is 100% in this universe, everything has its own limitations and
constraints. To design desired prosthetic hand some constraints we must have to face.
Design and implementation constraints of our invention are stated below,

 As it is prosthetic human hand, so design consideration of prosthetic hand is

differs from person to person. So we must design prosthetic hand according to
user age, gender, area of application of user etc,

 Prosthetic hand is made from the material used in additive manufacturing process,
i.e. PLA, ABS etc. So the material has its own strength limitation so that will
effect on the application constraints of the user. User can’t carry heavy weight
which results onto material failure of prosthetic hand.

 While digging deep in this area of field we found one research paper. According
to that research paper, we get information that self-weight of the prosthetic hand
must not exceed the weight of normal human being. It also says that it is desirable
to have self-weight of prosthetic hand should not exceed 3.5 kg for convenient
and comfortable hand movement.

 As per our invention, we preferred mechanical actuate system for movement of

the prosthetic hand and fingers. For that movement we required arm or wrist limb
to create sufficient tension in strings and provide gripping and grabbing motion.
As invention is about human prosthetic hand, so one constraint is always be part
of it and that is aesthetic of hand. Prosthetic hand satisfies safety criteria as well
as it also fulfil the aesthetic criteria of user.

 While considering post manufacture criteria, we found that the material used for
the prosthetic hand in additive manufacturing process it temperature sensitive at
certain level. We can’t use prosthetic hand in near high temperature region i.e. in
factory near about furnace.

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4. Conclusion
4.1 Summary of result
As summary of our project we can say that the prosthetic hand through additive
manufacturing process is the ultimate solution for a cost effective prosthetic hand. It is a
multi-disciplinary project, a unique combination of medical science and computer aid
designing and manufacturing. It is a bridge between the both discipline and future
technology of manufacturing process. 3D printed prosthetic hand had enough strength,
flexibility, durability and also it will appropriate for any environment. More than all this it
is cheaper in cost compare to existing available prosthetic hand. Which makes it unique,
most favorable and user appropriate product.

4.2 Advantages of 3D printed Human prosthetic hand & Unique

Features
Advantages of 3D printed Human Prosthetic hand over existing prosthetic hand are listed
below,

 The main advantage of 3D printed prosthetic hand is its manufacturing cost.

 The manufacturing time for the 3D printed prosthetic hand is maximum 28
hours while through existing technology it can take time up to a week or month
in particular case scenario.
 3D printed prosthetic hand provides catchy look.
 Self-weight the 3D printed prosthetic hand is less compare to available prosthetic
hand. That will provide a comfortable and quick movement of the hand.
 3D printed prosthetic hand had enough strength and it is durable.

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 5. References

i. Dr. Dinesh Chauhan, M.S. , M. Ch. (Othro.), Yash Hospital, Rajkot.

ii. https://dschool.stanford.edu/groups/k12/wiki/17cff/Steps_in_a_Design_Thinkin
g_Process.html
iii. http://www.ottobock.in
iv. http://www.nevedacprostheticcentre.com
v. Design of a Human Hand Prosthesis - Semantic Scholar –Research paper
(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a6f4/a43d1c5e344db13997eb6ea62d30ead0efd
f.pdf)
vi. http://enablingthefuture.org\
vii. 3D Printing: Make anything you want
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0EJmBoLq-g)
viii. 3D printing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing)

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