A

REPORT ENTITLED
Sustainable Planning of Recreational Area With Reference to
Green Concept
User Defined Project

SUBMITTED UNDER THE SUBJECT

PROJECT-1 (2170001)

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP ID - 65090
NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT NO.
Rutvij Jagani 130420106049
Nidhi Sheta 130420106053
Alekh Shah 130420106063
Pritesh Gamit 140423106002
Pareshkumar Lathiya 140423106007
Guided By
Prof. Minakshi Vaghani
Civil Engineering Department,SCET

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGAND TECHNOLOGY,
SURAT
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERCITY

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 SELF-DECLARATION
We Nidhi Sheta, Rutvij Jagani, Alekh Shah, Pritesh Gamit and Pareshkumar Lathiya,
the students of Civil Engineering Branch, having enrolment number
130420106053,130420106049,130420106063, 140423106002 and 140423106007 enrolled
at Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology hereby certify and declare the
following:

1. We Student ID-65090 have defined my/our project based on inputs by

professor(internal Guide) and each of us will make significant efforts to make
attempt to solve the challenges.
2. We will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the direct and
consistent monitoring of Prof. Minakshi Vaghani. We will adopt all ethical practices
to share credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the
project work.
3. We have not purchased the solutions developed by any 3rd party directly and the
efforts are made by us under the guidance of guides.
4. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same
project can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before
then it may not be accepted)
5. Self to the best of my knowledge is a genuine industry engaged in the professional
service/social organizations.
6. We understand and accept that the above declaration if found to be untrue, it can
result in punishment/cancellation of project definition to me/we including failure in
the subject of project work.

Names: Nidhi Sheta, Rutvij Jagani, Alekh Shah, Pritesh Gamit and Pareshkumar Lathiya.
Contact number: 9033229427
Date: 9/10/2016
Place: Sarvajanik College of engineering Surat.

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 GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
[UNDERTAKING ABOUT ORIGINALITY OF WORK]
We hereby certify that we are the sole authors of this IDP/UDP project report and that neither
any part of this IDP/UDP project report nor the whole of the IDP/UDP Project report has
been submitted for a degree by other student(s) to any other University or Institution.
We certify that, to the best of our knowledge, the current IDP/UDP Project report does not
infringe upon anyone‘s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas,
techniques, quotations or any other material from the work of other people included in our
IDP/UDP Project report, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with
the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that we have included
copyrighted material that surpasses the boundary of fair dealing within the meaning of the
Indian Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, we certify that we have obtained a written
permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in the current IDP/UDP
Project report and have included copies of such copyright clearances to our appendix.
We have checked the write up of the present IDP/UDP Project report using anti-plagiarism
database and it is in the allowable limit. In case of any complaints pertaining to plagiarism,
we certify that we shall be solely responsible for the same and we understand that as per
norms, University can even revoke BE degree conferred upon the student(s) submitting this
IDP/UDP Project report, in case it is found to be plagiarized.
Team ID: 65090
Enrollment no. Name Signature
130420106053 Nidhi Sheta
130420106049 Rutvij Jagani
130420106063 Alekh Shah
140423106002 Pritesh Gamit
140423106007 Pareshkumar Lathiya

Place: Sarvajanik College of Engineering, Surat

Date:9/10/2016

Name of Guide: Prof. Minakshi Vaghani

Signature of Guide:

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 SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
2016-2017

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Miss.Nidhi Sheta (Enrollment No.1304201060353), Mr.Rutvij Jagani

(130420106049), Mr.Alekh Shah (130420106063), Mr.Pritesh Gamit(140423106002),
Mr.Pareshkumar Lathiya (140423106007) has successfully presented their project work in
form of technical report ―Sustainable Planning of Recreational Area with reference to
Green Concept‖ for academic year 2016-2017.

Date:
Place:

Prof. Minakshi Vaghani Prof. Dharmesh Bhagat

Faculty Guide Head of Department
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SCET, Surat SCET, Surat
 Sustainable Planning of
Recreational Area with Reference
to Green Concept

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Index
SELF-DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... 2

CERTIFICATE.................................................................................................................................. 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. 8

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 10

 Literature review: .................................................................................................................. 25

2. Analysis, Design Methodology and Implementation Strategy: ............................................... 35

 Canvas: ................................................................................................................................... 35

 Empathy Canvas: .................................................................................................................. 35

 Ideation Canvas: ................................................................................................................... 37

 Product Development Canvas: ............................................................................................. 38

 AEIOU SUMMARY: ........................................................................................................... 39

3. IMPLEMENTATION: ............................................................................................................ 42

3.1 Materials: ............................................................................................................................... 42

3.2 Concrete Mix Design: ............................................................................................................. 42

3.3 Casting: ................................................................................................................................... 43

4. CONCLUSION: ...................................................................................................................... 50

4.1 References: ............................................................................................................................. 52

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Table of Figures:
Figure 1 Urban Environment ............................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2 Recreational area ................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3 Sustainable Development ...................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4 Green building....................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 5 planning of green building .................................................................................................... 15
Figure 6 Zeolite ................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 7 Coconut Fibres ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 8 White coconut fibres ............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 9 Coconut fibre concrete blocks............................................................................................... 20
Figure 10 Properties of Fly ash ........................................................................................................... 21
Figure 11 Properties of Fly ash ........................................................................................................... 22
Figure 12 Fly ash cement .................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 13 Fly ash bricks ...................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 14 Empathy Canvas ................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 15 Ideation Canvas ................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 16 Product Development Canvas ............................................................................................. 38
Figure 17 AEIOU Summary ................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 18 Users ................................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 19 Concrete Mix Design .......................................................................................................... 44
Figure 20 Brown coconut fibres .......................................................................................................... 44
Figure 21 Mixing .................................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 22 Tamping ............................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 23 compact by vibrator ............................................................................................................ 46
Figure 24 Surface Levelling ................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 25 Cube Moulds ....................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 26 Coconut fibre concrete blocks............................................................................................. 47
Figure 27 Curing ................................................................................................................................. 48

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have put efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the
support of our parents. We are highly indebted to our guide Prof. Minakshi Vaghani for
their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project and also their unstated support for completing our project. This
successful project won‘t be possible without the encouragement of Prof. Dharmesh Bhagat,
HOD, Civil Department, SCET. Our thanks and appreciation also goes to colleagues in
developing the project and people who have willingly helped us with their abilities.

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 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

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1. Introduction
In recent year, nearly 30% of Indians live in cities and urban areas, and by 2050 India will
lead the world‘s urban population. People choose to live in urban areas so they can have a
better standard of life. They want to be a part of all economic activities and to have more job
opportunities and other social and economic advantages. However, people have to face more
challenges while living in urban area. While living in cities people use more resources for
their better life style and so contribute to sustainability, other factors such as air pollution can
also be occurred in cities. Over-crowding, traffic pollution and noise, and industrial
emissions are major issues that have to be constantly monitored and addressed to achieve a
high quality of life without high environmental costs.

The Indian government is committed to making India‘s cities healthy, attractive and
sustainable, and to improving citizens‘ quality of life, now and for the future. Over the last 50
years, cities have seen improvements in terms of mobility, green areas and waste
management, and this has contributed to a significant improvement in living standards.
However, India‘s cities still face a numbers of environmental challenges which influence the
everyday lives of millions of Indians and these often highly political issues and need to be
tackled through cooperation between local, national and government authorities and their
stakeholders.

Figure 1 Urban Environment

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Indian Government Authorities address these challenges and ensure a high level of protection
for citizenes who live and work in urban areas. It promotes best practices and sharing of
experiences and informations among local governments working to make their cities
sustainable and pollution free.

In areas such as environmental protection, regional development and transport, Indian

government initiates some laws and policies, are measures aimed specifically at protecting
and managing the urban environment.

Several Indian Government policies and laws support cities in using land sustainably by
providing eco-friendly recreation areas, quiet places to live and respecting urban heritages to
promote green urban area. Green spaces are promoted for nature and biodiversity protection.
A number of cities across the India are plans to reduce pesticide use or risks in urban areas
such as public parks and gardens, sports and recreation areas, school grounds and children‘s
playgrounds.

Figure 2 Recreational area

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Environmental noise is the main common source of stress for a people living in cities. Health
experts give linked between noise pollution and health problems, including cardiovasculars
disease, elevated hormone levels, psychological problems and even death. To avoid these all
problems, people live in cities require some quite and pollution free recreational areas.

A recreation area is a protected area designated in some precincts. Research has confirmed a
relation between physical activity that takes place outdoors and positive health outcomes—
and also an association between an indoor, busy lifestyle and negative health issues. There is
also see that both being outdoors and viewing natural scenes can reduce stress. The links are
sufficiently strong that all health related fields are now beginning to identify parks and
recreation as a health service.

There are many diseases such as heart attack, cancer, obesity, high systolic blood pressure,
and elevated heart rates headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue, receptiveness to
allergies, and other maladies, related to chronic stress. Stress may suppress the body‘s
immune system and cause to hormonal imbalances that increase production of abnormal
cells. Mental stress can reduce blood flow to the heart. Outdoor recreation reduce this kind of
health problems. And of course, due to the recreation activities, people are less likely to feel
free from all stresses and also provide quiet and green spaces give an environment to the
people where they feel comfort, relax and convenience.

Sustainable development is a process for meeting human needs while sustaining the ability of
environment to continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which
the country‘s economy and society depends. Sustainable development provides concern for
the carrying capacity of environment with the social, political, and economic challenges
faced by human activities. Sustainability science, plays an important role in recent years and
is the study of the concepts of sustainable development and environmental science. There is
also focus on the present generation‘s responsibilities to regenerate, maintain and improve
voluminous resources for use by future generations.
India is thriving country and now a days sustainable development becomes more and more
important. In recent years, India‘s population is about 1.2 billion and is expected to increase

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by 300 million within the next couple of decades. The rapid growth of cities causes many
challenges, including inadequate power supply, unreliable public transportation systems and
limited access to adequate medical treatment.

To meet the demands of a growing population, any Indian urban aggregate needs an
infrastructure development and smart city planning. Some of the key elements for sustainable
urban development are providing access to healthcare and drinking water, a reliable power
supply and public transportation.

The aim of sustainable development is to define the relation between the economic, social,
and environmental aspects of human activity. The main aim of sustainable development is to
find a coherent and long-lasting balance between these economic, social and environment
aspects.

Figure 3 Sustainable Development

Green building, also known as sustainable building refers to both a structure and the using
of methods that are environmentally liable and resource-tactician throughout a building's life-
cycle: from siting to planning, designing, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation,
and demolition. In other words, green building design involves the balance between home-
building and the sustainable environment.
Buildings use energy, water, and raw materials, generate waste, and emit potentially harmful
atmospheric emissions during the construction, occupancy, renovation, repurposing, and

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demolition. These facts have prompted the formation of green building standards,
certifications, and rating systems aimed at mitigating the harmful impact of buildings on the
natural environment through sustainable design.

There are a numbers of purposes for green buildings, including environmental, economic,
and social benefits. Modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and collegial
design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of existing structures.

Green building brings a vast area of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and
concussively eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It
often give priority to taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through
photovoltaic equipments, and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and
reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using low-impact building
materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or
asphalt to enlarge replenishment of ground water or using some innovative materials, are
used in green buildings.

Figure 4 Green building

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The practices or technologies employed in green building are constantly developing and may
differ from region to region. There are several key steps in designing green buildings: specify
'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, using
innovative materials and generate on-site renewable energy.

Green buildings that require less energy for lighting, heating and cooling through clever use
of glass and innovative materials, are an important components to achieve efficient and
sustainable Indian cities. The India promotes green buildings through several ideas, which
sets minimum standards requiring to make new and existing buildings more energy efficient
and sustainable. The India‘s Green Building Programme supports this idea, encouraging
renewable resources to be combined into non-residential buildings.

Figure 5 planning of green building

Now a days there are several construction methods as well as construction materials used.
Most of the materials used are unfavorable to the environment which is cause of several
crisis. This unfavorable materials concludes cement, aggregate, sand and admixtures etc.

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 th
During the second half of 20 century, any seismic resistant houses and buildings requires
expensive materials like steel reinforcement that ultimately results in costly housing. This
materials are very expensive. These costly materials cannot be used in underdeveloped or
developing countries at large scale especially in rural areas, because people simply cannot
afford it. Presently we are preceding constructions with advance construction materials like
polymer rubbers as well as different innovative materials etc. However we use advance
materials we are far away from dominating pollution intensity .That is the only reason we are
facing innumerable problems. The most catastrophic gas which gets emitted from
construction is CO2. CO2 which act as back bone of global warming as well as cause of
several ailments expel from constructions.

So many remedies have been implied as a material, instruments, etc. These materials include
different types of polymers, purifying machines, refineries, different innovative materials etc.
But still we are unable to reduce percentage discharge of CO2. ‗Green‘ materials include
those which are renewable and/or cause the least impact on the environment.

This emission should be stopped and CO2 from the air must be abated putting this as a main
soul we are designing a concrete (which is main constituent of construction) by taking
Zeolite as a rationale. This Zeolite substitute for fine aggregate and cement will consequently
absorb the CO2. Zeolite is manufactured in factories. This kind of material has property to
absorb CO2 with unbelievable strength. Because of this nature this material can be substituted
in place of aggregate. The Zeolite is available in fine aggregates as well as in powder form
which can be used to replace sand and cement in concrete in planting the property to absorb
CO2 from the atmosphere. These types of materials are easily available in the market. As the
material costly even here the replacement is made only up to certain extent so that this will
be affordable. Considering all these problems and properties of this material we are making
this CO2 absorbing cement.

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 Figure 6 Zeolite

Concrete with Zeolite as a additive material can absorb large quantity of CO2.concrete with
Zeolite material absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere hence it will be eco-friendly. Absorb CO2
and reduces the pollution, Keep environment clean, free from pollution and full of oxygen.

Another option is to utilize natural fibres as concrete reinforcement. There is a wide range of
natural fibres, namely bamboo, sisal, coir (coconut fibre), jute, kenaf and many others. A
natural fibre are good alternatives at lower cost and promotes sustainable development as
they are recyclable and renewable materials. Moreover, natural fibres are generally opulently
available in most developing countries where the need of appropriate and cheap housing
construction is on high demand.

Compare to the other natural fibres, Coconut fibres are selected because of their highest
toughness. The strain values of other natural fibres are in the range of 3–6%, while strain
values of 24% and 39% are reported for single and bundle coconut fibres, respectively.
Coconut fibres were reported as the best option for retaining a good percentage of their
original tensile strength in all tests. Coconut fibres are reported as the best option for
increasing the tensile and compressive strength of the concrete compare to the plain concrete.
Coconut fibres are extricated from the outer shell of a coconut. The scientific name, common
name and plant family of coconut fibres is Cocoas nucifera, Coir, and Arecaceas (Palm),
respectively.

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There are two types of coconut fibres, brown fibres that are extracted from matured coconuts
and white fibres that are extracted from immature coconuts. Brown fibres are thick, strong
and have high abrasion resistance and high tensile strength.

Figure 7 Coconut Fibres

White fibres are smoother and finer, but also weaker and having lesser tensile strength.
Coconut fibres are commercial available in three forms, namely bristle (long fibres), mattress
(relatively short) and decorticated (mixed fibres). These different types of fibres have
different uses depending upon the requirement and their strength. In engineering, brown
fibres are mostly used because of their higher toughness.

Figure 8 White coconut fibres

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In most practical techniques, raw natural fibres were not able to provide sufficient interfacial
bond strength. The pre-treatment can be done by physical and chemical processes of the fibre
surface. The main constituents on the surface of coconut fibres are cellulose and lignin.
Boiled and washed fibres have more strength compared to raw fibres because they have
higher lignin and cellulose contents on the surface of the coconut fibres.

The use of sodium alginate and calcium chloride effectively improved the ultimate tensile
strength of a coconut fibres by 18%. Sodium alginate and calcium chloride are safe to use
and are environmentally friendly.

Now days, coconut fibres reinforced concrete blocks becomes more popular because of their
environmentally friendly nature and their higher tensile strength. Coconut fibre reinforced
concrete (CFRC) blocks with cracks have more strength than those without cracks. To further
enhance the damping capability of the structure, Coconut fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC)
interlocking blocks are used in the mortar-free construction. It is also noted that the mortar-
free construction can also help in energy dissipation during a seismic events. This current
study is conducted to identify the seismic behaviour of mortar-free structure having newly
developed interlocking CFRC blocks.

The mix designs (cement: sand: aggregates) for plain concrete was 1:2:4 with water cement
ratio of 0.5. Per cubic metre of concrete mix design was cement = 375 kg, fine aggregetes =
727.12 kg, coarse aggregetes = 1095.654 kg and water = 185 kg. The maximum size of
aggregetes was 20mm. Coir fibres having length of 1.7cmcm and diameter of 0.4mm with
volume fractions of 1, 2 and 3% were added to prepared a coconut fibre reinforced concrete
(CFRC) blocks.

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 Figure 9 Coconut fibre concrete blocks
We have to understand the environmental cost of the cement used in concrete construction. It
is calculated that for each ton of cement produced an equal amount of carbon dioxide and
released into the atmosphere. More than 610 million tons of fly ash is generated every year
worldwide with 80% disposed of in landfills. The pozzuolanic, air entrainment and
cementitious properties of fly ash make it ideal as a substitute for cement in concrete and thus
remove the need for disposal. It has been found that high performance fly ash concrete can
ameliorate the workability, ultimate strength and durability of the concrete.

Fly ash reacts with the lime in the concrete mix design, it creates more efficient Portland
cement. Fly ash particles are smaller and almost totally spherical in shape, allowing them to
fill voids, blend freely in mixtures and flow easily and thus creating a more efficient durable
structure.

The use of fly ash in concrete increases the ultimate compressive strength. The early strength
of concrete with fly ash has approximately a 25% reduction in overall compressive strength.
But after the 28th day, the strength of the fly ash concrete blocks is more than that of Plain
Cement Concrete blocks.

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The enhanced mechanical properties due to fly ash substitute include a higher elastic
modulus, lower shrinkage and creep, excellent freeze and thawing resistance, lower water
permeability, and lower chloride ion penetration, higher compressive strength development,
retardation of the setting time, all sustainable issues.

Figure 10 Properties of Fly ash

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 Figure 11 Properties of Fly ash

In addition, these properties will have a positive impact on the structure in enormous events.
The propensity of fly ash is to control the crack width and provide the long term durability of
the structure under enormous conditions.

It is essential for us to take advantages of other products, including fly ash materials for
achieving the same or greater benefits of concrete performance in use.

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Note that the substitution of fly ash in concrete could reduce the harmful effects we are
having on the environment, and offer advantages needed in the performance of buildings
under enormous conditions.

Figure 12 Fly ash cement

Figure 13 Fly ash bricks

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Literature Review:

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 Literature review:
1) Macro Synthetic fiber in concrete
J Bothma
Fiber reinforced concrete is not a new concept. In recent times the asbestos fiber was used
extensively in structural components like roofs, wall panels and gates to name a view.

Tensile strength of FRC

The tensile strength of concrete can be increase by adding fiber to a concrete mix. During
research they found that glass fiber reinforced concrete and polypropylene fiber reinforced
concrete have a tensile strength of 20-45% more than that of unreinforced concrete .

Compressive strength of FRC

The compressive strength of the concrete Is one of its main attribute and the reason for
adding any reinforced material is in the most cases to improve other characteristics, little
focus has been put on the compressive strength of FRC.

Fire Resistance
Polypropylene fibers performs well to improve fire resistance of concrete since it has low
melting pointing ,which can be help when fire in building .

2) selection and evolution of natural fibers.

s.sendhil kumar, dr.V.anbumalar

Natural fiber reduce the product weigth, reduce cost of the product , concentrate with control
the environment.

 Composite Materials classification

Metal Matrix Composite (MMC)

Ceramic matrix Composite (CMC)

Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC)

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 Types of polymer composite

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)

Particle reinforced polymer

 Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite

Vegetable fiber

Animal fiber

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 Mineral fiber

3) Use of coconut fiber reinforced concrete and coconut-fiber rope for

seismic-resistant construction.
Majid ali

Earthquake resistant is the most desirable need in rural area of developing country. To enable
effecient and cost effect of solution, a new concept of construction , like wallette of
interlocking block is made of coconut fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC).

The mortar-free wallette consists of newly develope interlocking block and coconut-fiber
rope reinforcement. Coconut fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) is use for casting interlocking
block. CFRC is prepared with 5 cm long coconut fibers and 1% content by mass of concrete
material.

The utilization of rope reinforcement is an important to limit the lateral displacement of

structures to some extent. No damage is observe either in block or rope under any earthquake
loading. This might be due to difference of structure and earthquake frequency.

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Following conclusion can be drawn from the conducted study

 Generally, induced acceleration is increased by 10%–20% for the considered

earthquake loading.
 Negligible uplift is observe because of tight interlock, thus there is no cracking in
CFRC blocks.
 As expected, more uplift is observe at the lower part of the wallette.
 The measured tension at exterior rope is more. Only 5% of rope tensile strength of
elastic range is being utilize.

4) Plasto Fly Ash Brick:

Shubham Kulkarni, Karan Petade, Shiwajimane

This product is solution for waste plastic deposition problem by means of using plastic in
bricks, it also reduces the cost of construction by using plastic waste, it gives the chance of
waste plastic management form environment with better property and similar strength as
conventional construction material, so it is the good quality material for construction without
disturbing the environment.

Fly ash brick all ready plays important role in construction. Fly ash form Thermal power
station and plastic waste from daily waste are used in plasto fly ash brick. Which may done
the waste management at higher level for country and being the super quality brick for
construction. It produces more chances for recycling the waste and proper treatment on
wasteis to be done.

'Plasto fly ash brick' is solution for waste plastic disposal. Market wants to a quality and
economical material for construction. This project is similar to the fly ash brick with reduced
weight and best quality more than regular fly ash brick with economical and ecofriendly
manufacturing process. It design on the basis of reduce in weight by waste plastic and
making fly ash brick is more economical. This brick is manufactured without changing its
physical properties but improving its strength for construction.

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5) A Study on Transparent Concrete: A Novel Architectural Material to
Explore Construction Sectors.
Bhavin Kashiyani, Varsha Raina, Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr. Bhavnaben Shah

Transparent concrte is a concrete base building material with light-Tran missive property due
to embedded light optical element usually Optical fibers. Light is conducted through the
stones from end to the other. Therefore the fiber have to go through the whole objects.
Transparent concrete is also knwn as the transluceant concrete and light transmitting
concretes because of its property. It is used in fine architecture as a facade material and for
cladding of interior walls. In these, to integrates the meriit of concretse and optical fibres, for
developing transparent concrete by arranging the high numerical aperture Plastic Optical
Fiber(POF) or big diametre glass optical fibers into concretes. The main purpose is to use
sunlight as light source to reduce the power consumptions of illumination and to use the
optical fibers to sense the stress of structure and also use this concrete as an architectural
purposes for good aesthetical view of the buildings.

6) Effect of Coconut Fibres on the Properties of Simple Concrete

Shreeshail.B.H, Jaydeep Chougale, Dhanraj Pimple, Amar kulkarni

The materials which are choose to construction should not pollute the environment. coconut
fiber is versatile , an abundant ,renewable ,cheap and more resistant to thermal conductivity.
To identify the effects of mechanical strength and workability due to the addition of this
coconut fiber , workability test such as slump test, compaction factor test, mechanical
strength.
Concrete without any fiber may develop cracks because of plastic shrinkage , and changes in
volume of concrete. For required value of flexural strength, fiber are used in normal concrete.
Using fiber in concrete will control the cracking due to shrinkage and also reduce breeding of
water.
After doing various test on plain concrete and fiber concrete the result is, mix concrete
became more cohesive. And workability decreased due to increase in fiber content.

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When 2% of coir by weight of concrete fiber were used there was 6-13% increase in
compressive strength as compare to normal concrete. Split tensile strength increase upto 12%
and flexural strength increase upto 45%.

7) CO2 absorbing concrete block:

Balraj More, Pradeep Jadhav, Vicky Jadhav, Giridhar Narule, Shahid Mulan

Climate change is major problem of now days. Co2 absorption is one of the key solution to
control the global warming. Co2 emission is mainly comes from cement production. Absorb
co2 from point source from air and reducing atmospheric co2 by using Zeolite powder &
Zeolite sand. zeolite as admixture can absorb large quantity of co2.

Zeolite manufacture in factories. This material has property to absorb co2 with incredible
strength. Because of this nature this material can be substituted in place of aggregate. Zeolite
is available in powder and fine aggregates from which it can be used to replace sand &
cement in concrete property to absorb co2 from air.

For testing strength of Zeolite blocks proportion of water , cement and send is
0.378:1:1.128:2.35.

After testing strength of blocks, conclusion is there isn‘t big effect on strength of block
prepared by zeolite sand & powder as alternative . But it will help to absorb co2 from the air.
Hence we can use it as a green material.

8) Making our cities attractive and sustainable

How the EU contributes to improving the urban environment

Key elements of the EU‘s approach to the urban environment:

 The Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment aims for better implementation of
existing environmental policies and legisslation at local level through exchange of
experiences and good practices between local authoritiies, in order to achieve ‗a
better quality of life through an integreted approach concentrating on urban areas.‘ Its
principles are reflected further in other strategies such as the Thematic Strategy on
Air Pollutions.

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  The Laipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities demonstrates a commitment to
making our cities healthy, attractive and sustainable places to live in.

 The renewed Sustainable Development Strategy calls for the creations of sustainable
local communitiies with a high quality of life, attention to urban transport and greater
cooperation between urban and rural areas.

 The renewed Lisbon Strategy sets as a priority the high quality of urban environments
to ‗make a more attractive place in which to invest and live and work‘.

 The Europe 2020 Strategy builds on the Lisbon Strategy and sets out a aimed at
achieving a resource efficient country. This means decoupling economic growth from
the uses of resources, supporting the shift towards a law carbon economy, increasing
the uses of renewable energy sources, modernising our transport sector and promoting
energy efficiency – actions that will affects developing cities.

9) Sustainable Development" A Critical Review

Sharachchandra M. LeLe
Over the past few years, 'Sustainable Developmant" (SD) has emerged as the latest
development. A wide range of non-governmental as well as governmental organizations have
suggested it as the new paradigm of development. A review of the literature that has sprung
up around the concept of sustainable development. More important, while the all-
encompassing nature of the concept gives it political strength, its current formulation by the
mainstream of SD thinking contains significant weaknesses. These include an incomplete
perception of the problems of poverty and harmful effects to the environment, and confusion
about the role of economic growth and about the concepts of sustainability and participation.
How these weaknesses can lead to insufficiency and contradictions in policy making is
demonstrated in the context of international trade, agriculture, and forestry. It is suggested
that if Sustainable Development is to have a fundamental impact, politically expedient
fuzziness will have to be given up in favor of intellectual clarity.

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10) Green Building Architecture: A Literature Review On Designing
Techniques:
Kushagra Varma, Mayank Chaurasia, Prasenjit Shukla, Tariq Ahmed

Buildings are found to be both, one of the biggest consumer of energies and producer of
greenhouse gases into atmosphere. It has become a global issue. According to the National
Institute of Building Sciences(USA), buildings generate 35 percent of the carbon dioxiide, 49
percent of the sulphur dioxide, and 25 percent of the nitrogen oxide found in the atmosphere.
Building has imposed an immediate requirement to not only think of, but implement
sustainability in every new construction instantly. This will render us a healthy ecosystem.
Green Buildings are buildings that subscribe to the principle of handling of natuaral
resources, which means causing as littele environmental interference as possible, using
environment friandly materials, requires low operational energies, utilizes renewable sources
of energy to fulfill its requirements, follows high-quality and longevity as a guideline for
construction and, must be economically liable. Pollution is the common problem in
developing nations. The paper focuses on green design as a vital transformetion of
contemporary architecture practiced in developing nations. It endeavors to presents some
environmental and physical design approaches for green buildings in fast developing
countries chiefly India. In this regard, the study presents the analysis of basics and principles
of green architectures, theories and viewpoints outliined in the field and also the analysis of
effective cases of environment friendly buildings in India.

11) Use Of Coconut FibresAs An Enhancement Of Concrete:

Yalley, P. P. and Kwan, A.S K.

This research provides experimental studies on the use of coconut fibres as enhancement of
concrete. The addition of coconut-fibres ultimately improved many of the engineering
properties of the concrete, such as torsion, toughness and tensile strength. The ability to resist
cracking and swelling were also enhanced. However, the addition of fibres adversely affected
the compressive and tensile strength. When coconut fibre was added to plain concrete, the

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torsional strength increased by up to about 25% as well as increased the energy-absorbing
capacity, but there is an optimum weight fraction beyond which the torsional strength started
to decrease again. Similar results were also obtained for different fibres aspect ratios, where
again results showed there was an optimum aspect ratio. Overall the study has concluded that
addition of coconut fibres to concrete leads to improvement of concrete the toughness,
torsion and the tensile stress, Further work, required to assess the long term durability of
concrete enhanced with coconut fibres.. Due to its excellent properties, coconut fibres as an
enhancement of concrete is unlikely to replace steel for the vast majority of structures.

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 CHAPTER-2

Analysis, Design Methodology and

Implementation Strategy

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2. Analysis, Design Methodology and Implementation
Strategy:

 Canvas:
 Empathy Canvas:

Figure 14 Empathy Canvas

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Empathy Canvas: We use engineer as a user. The stakeholders are those person who use it,
includes students, labours, police, managers, lawyer, etc. Based on our project topic, there are
two happy and two sad stories. The stories are as follws:

Happy Story:

 Riaz is a guy who is very eco-friendly and spreads awareness for it. He uses cycle as
a mode of transportation and visits everywhere in the city by his cycle. Once his cycle
got punctured and he needed to change tube of his cycle‘s wheel. While changing he
saw the old tube was thrown away in garbage. He then thought of reducing it and
found that these waste tubes can be used for making concrete pavements of blocks
and such increases strength of concrete.
 Rehan went to U.S.A. for studying civil engineering. There he studied about green
building using green materials. When he returned to India and saw waste lying all
around. When he saw floral waste, he remembered of green building cncept and made
plan to use that waste for construction.

Sad Story:

 Pooja daily used to visit temple before going to her university. It was a festival of
navratri and as usual pooja visited temple in the morning. Due to the festival there
was a waste everywhere and the temple and its surrounding was very dirty due to
flowers and coconut. During such big festival, when she saw these, she felt very sad
as these waste can be reused e.g. coconut fibres can be used in making concrete.
 Aditya used to live in Mumbai with his parents. Once during diwali vacation, they
decided to go to their native place. They were going there after a long time. Aditya
and his family observed that there were no more trees left. It has become concrete
jungle. Before it was full of trees and green surroundings. On seeing this they got
tensed, as only trees absorb co2 and keep balance in atmosphere. But now no more
trees exist. He felt very sad.

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  Ideation Canvas:

Figure 15 Ideation Canvas

Ideation canvas: In this canvas, there are many activities to be done such as site selection,
surveying, planning, designing, construction, landscaping etc. There are many situations in
which it is to be used such as stressful life, health issues, pollution, etc. Many tools and
materials are to be used including theodolite, sand, cement, aggregate, cranes, tractors etc.

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  Product Development Canvas:

Figure 16 Product
Fig.2(c) ProductDevelopment
DevelopmentCanvas
Canvas

Product Development Canvas: The purpose of recreation area is provide the fresh
environment, quite places, reduce environmental pollution and provide healthy atmosphere.
The people who are mainly using it are children, youngster and senior citizen. It provides
feeling of comfort, convenience, relaxation, healthy etc. It has different functions such as
improving urban environment, provide clean air to breadth, making our cities attractive and
sustainable, etc. There are various components used in it such as coconut fibres concrete
blocks, plants, accessories, etc.

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  AEIOU SUMMARY:

Figure 17 AEIOU Summary

AEIOU Summary: In this canvas there are four sections: 1) Activity, 2) Environment, 3)
Interaction, 4) Objects, 5) Users. They are as follows:

Activity: There are different activities such as playing, cycling, exercises, yoga, gossips,
shopping etc.

Environment: This includes eco-friendly recreation areas which provide clean environment.
There are different materials to be used such as zeolite concrete blocks which is used to
absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and keep the environment clean.

Interaction: There is direct interaction between people and environment due to this idea.

Objects: There are different green materials which provide less impact on environment such
as coconut fibre concrete blocks, zeolite concrete blocks, fly ash cement etc.

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Users: People are main users who feel comfort and convenience due to eco friendly
atmosphere.

Figure 18 Users

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 CHAPTER – 3

Implementation

Page | 41
 3. IMPLEMENTATION:

To accomplish the objectives and purposes of the study, the experimental programs were
carried out on cubes. The details of the matarials used for these specimen and testing
procedure incorporated in the test program are presented in the subsequents sections.

3.1 Materials:

The materials required for the cube casting are as follows:

 Coarse Aggregates: passing through 20mm sieve and retained on 10mm sieve.
 Fine Aggregates: passing through 4.75mm sieve.
 Pozzolanic Portland Cement: having properties such as initial setting time is 45 min
and final setting time is 165 min.
 Coconut Fibres: having average diameter of 0.023cm and average length is about
19.43cm.

3.2 Concrete Mix Design:

The Mix Design for concrete was carried out for M30 grade concrete with the water cement
ratio of 0.5.
1) Water= 185 kg/m3
2) Cement= 375 kg/m3
3) w/c ratio= 0.50
4) Aggregates:

fraction=( 1-0.58)=0.42
5) Volume of concrete= 1m3
 Volume of cement= (375/2.92)*(1/1000)
= 0.13m3
 Volume of water= (185/1)*(1/1000)

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 = 0.18m3
 Volume of aggregates in all= (1-0.128-0.185)
= 0.67m3
 Coarse aggregates= 0.695*0.58*2.75*1000
= 1095.77 kg/m3
 Fine aggregates= 0.695*0.42*2.52*1000
= 727.1208 kg/m3
Mix proportion is 1:2:4(cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates).
For 1m3
Water Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates
185kg 375kg 727 kg 1095

3.3 Casting:

First a layer of coarse aggregates were spread on clean tray. Then the coconut fibers were
separated manually and spread over it. Over the fibers fine aggregates were spread and dry
mixed for 2 minutes. Then cement was added and dry mixed again.

50% of the water was added first and mixed properly. Then by addiing remaining water the
concrete was mixed.

12 cubes of 150*150*150mm, were cast for 28 days strength and were demoulded after 24
hours of casting and were subsequentely cured in water bath for 28 days.

Out of the 12 cubes 4 cubes of 150*150*150mm, were cast from plain concrete for 28 days
strength and were demoulded after 24 hours of casting and were cured in water bath for 28
days.

Then 8 cubes were cast from concrete with 1%, 2% and 3% coconut fibres by weight of the
cement respectively and were demoulded after 24 hours of casting and were cured in water
bath for 28 days for testing its strength.

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 Figure 19 Concrete Mix Design
First we find out the coconut fibres and separate all fibres and added into the concrete by weight of
cement.

Figure 20 Brown coconut fibres

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 Figure 21 Mixing

After the sample has been remixed, filled the cube moulds and compact the concrete, either by
hand or by vibrator. Hence, the cubes must be fully compacted.

Figure 22 Tamping

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Figure 23 compact by vibrator

Figure 24 Surface Levelling

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 Figure 25 Cube Moulds

Figure 26 Coconut fibre concrete blocks

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 Figure 27 Curing

After 28 days curing, cubes are ready to check its compressive strength and compare it with
strength of plain concrete blocks. To determine the compressive strength of cubes, all the
cubes were tested in a ‗compressive testing machine‘. Compressive strength decreases with
increase in fibre content in coconut fibre reinforced concrete blocks. Compared to the Plain
Concrete, CFRC blocks with 2% fibre content has a higher compressive strength. Higher
fibre content in CFRC blocks might have caused voids which decreased compressive strength
of CFRC blocks.

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 CHAPTER- 4

Conclusion

Page | 49
4. CONCLUSION:

 The study gives a review of long-term sustainability challanges in India.

Implementation of low carbon green growth strategies requires some policy action
and interventions. Some key interventions areas are recommended to faster green
growth and development in India such as main streaming in decision making process,
mobilizing finance, capacity building etc.
 The organizations which manage these outdoor recreation activities should plan,
manage, lead, and evaluate for health benefits. A growing number of public park,
quiet palces and recreation parks in several countries are now planning and managing
for beneficial outcomes and to keep the environment clean.
 Planning for outdoor recreation in urban areas should not involve only schools and
recreation departments, but also public health, transportations, public utilities,
hospitals, hotels and restaurant and organizations like Master Gardeners.
 Coconut fibres are considered as most ductile and energy absorbent material. It is
concluded that coconut fibres are to be used in composites for different purposes.
Coconut fibres have been used as reinforcement in composites for non-structural
components in civil engineering. It is required to investigating the behaviour of
coconut fibre reinforced concrete to be used in main structural components like
beams and columns.
 Coconut fibres are used for casting coconut fibre interlocking blocks. CFRC blocks
are prepared with 5 cm long coconut fibres and 1%, 2% and 3% content by mass of
concrete materials. Coconut fibre concrete blocks with 1% and 2% of coconut fibre
by mass of concrete materials having more compressive strength than with 3% of
coconut fibre by mass of concrete materials.

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REFERENCE

Page | 51
4.1 References:

1. Balraj More, Pradeep Jadhav, Vicky Jadhav, Giridhar Narule, Shahid Mulani (2014),
―CO2 Absorbing Concrete Block‖, International journal of technology enhancement
and emerging engineering research, 2(7), ISSN 2347-4289.
2. Brian Milani (August 25, 2001), ―Building Materials In Green Economy‖, Montreal.
3. Geoffrey Godbey (May, 2009), ―Outdoor recreation, health and wellness‖.
4. J Bothma (2013), ―Literature Review on Macro Synthetic Fibres in Concrete‖.
5. Jong-Jin Kim (December, 1998), ―Qualities, use and examples of sustainable building
materials‖.
6. Kushagra Varma, Mayank Chaurasia, Prasenjit Shukla, Tariq Ahmed (2010), ―Green
Building Architecture‖, Bhopal.
7. Mahdi Sharif Jadidi, Malek Mohammad Ranjbar (2016), ―Review of determining the
influence of zeolite on concrete strength under high temperature conditions‖.
8. Majid Ali (June, 2010), ―Coconut Fibre – A Versatile Material and its Applications
in Engineering‖.
9. Majid Ali (2016), ―Use of coconut fibre reinforced concrete and coconut-fibre ropes
for seismic-resistant construction‖, Materiales de Construcción 66(321).
10. Michael Thomas (2007), ―Optimizing the use of flyash in concrete‖.
11. S.Sendhil Kumar, Dr.V. Anbumalar (November 2015), ―Selection and Evaluation of
Natural Fibers –A Literature Review‖, IJISET - International Journal of Innovative
Science, Engineering & Technology, 2(11).
12. Sharachchandra M. LeLe (1991), ―Sustainable development- A critical review‖,
World Development, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 607-621.
13. Shreeshail.B.H, Jaydeep Chougale, Dhanraj Pimple, Amar kulkarni (2016), ―Effects
of coconut fibres on the properties of cocncrete‖.
14. Yalley, P. P. and Kwan, A.S K. (2012), ―Use of coconut fibres as an enhancement of
concrete‖.

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